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  1. <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455</id><updated>2024-09-02T02:17:35.986-07:00</updated><category term="Schizophrenia"/><category term="Sperm"/><category term="Male Biological Clock"/><category term="Mutations"/><category term="advanced paternal age and schizophrenia"/><category term="male infertility"/><category term="paternal age"/><category term="5% cases of cardiac defects are due to advanced paternal age greater 35 years"/><category term="Alzheimer&#39;s"/><category term="Aperts syndrome"/><category term="Harry Fisch"/><category term="Michael Moore"/><category term="Older Men with Tired Sperm: Health Blog"/><category term="advanced paternal age and autism"/><category term="apoptosis"/><category term="autism. schizophrenia"/><category term="germ line mutations"/><category term="male genetic biological clock"/><category term="sperm mutations"/><category term="sperm precursor cells are vulnerable"/><category term="spermatagonia"/><category term="&quot; he said."/><category term="&quot; says Dr. Dolores Malaspina"/><category term="&quot;Men around 40 ought to be thinking about the increased risk to their children"/><category term="&quot;Sicko&quot;"/><category term="&quot;Sicko&quot;. Cuba"/><category term="&quot;The biological clock for men and women is really the same"/><category term="&#39;I&#39;m 41 and childless. Is it too late to become a father?&#39;"/><category term="1974"/><category term="20s are the healthiest time to father babies not the teens or post 35"/><category term="23 August 2008"/><category term="35 is older paternal age genetically"/><category term="63 year old sperm dna with mutations surely CNVs?"/><category term="9/11"/><category term="A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia."/><category term="A small study of children with autism spectrum disorder"/><category term="Adam-Oliver"/><category term="Advanced Parental Age and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder."/><category term="Advanced Parental Age at Birth Is Associated With Poorer Social Functioning in Adolescent Males"/><category term="Advanced paternal age and risk of fetal death:"/><category term="Advanced paternal age is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Iranians."/><category term="Advanced paternal age is associated with alterations in discrete behavioural domains and cortical neuroanatomy of C57BL/6J mice."/><category term="Advanced paternal age may play a role in non-Hodgkin lymphoma etiology."/><category term="Advanced paternal age: How old is too old?"/><category term="Advanced paternal and grandpaternal age and schizophrenia"/><category term="Advancing Paternal Age Is Associated with Deficits in Social and Exploratory Behaviors in the Offspring: A Mouse Model"/><category term="Advancing paternal age and risk of autism: new evidence from a population-based study and a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies."/><category term="Advice for when to father babies"/><category term="Age of the father and the Health of Future Generations Leslie B. Raschka"/><category term="Alzheimer w/o a major gene"/><category term="Alzheimer&#39;s link to older fathers"/><category term="Andrew Wyrobek"/><category term="As humans become more dependent on reproductive technologies"/><category term="Autism Speaks"/><category term="Being Born Small"/><category term="Bipolar risk rises with father&#39;s age"/><category term="Breast Cancer"/><category term="Bruce Ponder"/><category term="CNVs mental retardation"/><category term="Copy Number Variations"/><category term="Crouzon"/><category term="DNA"/><category term="DNA damage"/><category term="DNA mutations"/><category term="Dad&#39;s Hidden Influence"/><category term="Data Converges About Older Fathers"/><category term="David Archuleta&#39;s father Jeff caring"/><category term="Delayed fathering and risk of mental disorders in adult offspring."/><category term="Derek Fisher"/><category term="Diabetes Type 1"/><category term="Dr. Philip Gorwood"/><category term="Dr. Sheena Lewis"/><category term="Dr. Susan Bewley"/><category term="Dr. Victor McKusick"/><category term="Early Raises Autism Risk"/><category term="Eric Vilain"/><category term="Ethylin Wong Jabs"/><category term="Father Time: Children with Older Dads at Greater Risk for Mental Illness"/><category term="Father&#39;s age increase miscarriage"/><category term="Federal Study Links Autism to Parental Age"/><category term="Fertility concerns for the aging male."/><category term="Fertility: women aren&#39;t to blame any more"/><category term="First-born children of older parents were three times more likely to develop autism than later children of younger parents"/><category term="For males"/><category term="Frieda Birnbaum"/><category term="Gender equality: Aging egg and sperm are both problematic  Cindy Haines MD"/><category term="Genetic clock ticks for men"/><category term="HIGH PATERNAL AGE greater OR =35 FOR SOME KINDS ALL"/><category term="Harry Fisch M.D."/><category term="Hashimoto&#39;s"/><category term="Hay-Wells"/><category term="Healthcare"/><category term="INCREASING PATERNAL AGE"/><category term="In cases of sporadic achondroplasia as well as in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva"/><category term="In fact the risk of miscarriage if the father was over the age of 40 was 75 percent."/><category term="In females but not in males"/><category term="Increased Bipolar Risk Linked to Father&#39;s Age by Joan Arehart-Treichel"/><category term="Influence of paternal age in schizophrenia"/><category term="Is Your Sperm Too Old"/><category term="James Watson on older paternal age and schizophrenia"/><category term="Judy Foreman"/><category term="Kaiser"/><category term="Ken Birbaum"/><category term="Kids With Autism May Have Gene That Causes Muscle Weakness"/><category term="Later paternal age 35 or older accounts for one quarter of all schizophrenia cases."/><category term="Leslie B. Raschka"/><category term="Limb malformations with associated congenital constriction rings in two unrelated Egyptian males"/><category term="Long-term effects of delayed fatherhood in mice on postnatal development and behavioral traits of offspring1"/><category term="M.D."/><category term="MS"/><category term="Mark Teich tells it like it is about male aging and genetic disease"/><category term="Mark Walport"/><category term="Maternal grandfathers mean age at birth of the carrier daughter 33.7 vs. 29.5 in the control in Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy in 1980"/><category term="Men Must Contend With a Biological Clock"/><category term="Men also have a biological clock"/><category term="Men have biological clock too"/><category term="Men: Your Biological Clocks are Ticking"/><category term="Mens&#39; biological clocks are ticking"/><category term="Men’s Biological Clocks. Will the Risks of Fathering a Baby After Age 35 Start A New Dating Trend?"/><category term="Myelin"/><category term="Narendra P.Singh"/><category term="New study backs parent age-autism link"/><category term="Older Fathers: Increased risk of having children with autism"/><category term="Older Men Are More Likely to Father Bipolar Children"/><category term="Older age among fathers may be associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder in their offspring"/><category term="Older men are having children"/><category term="Older paternal age strongly increases the morbidity for schizophrenia in sisters of affected females."/><category term="Oprah"/><category term="Our findings suggest that paternal age may be a risk factor for some multifactorial birth defects"/><category term="Overcome Infertility - Understanding the Male Biological Clock"/><category term="Overlap Found Between Autism"/><category term="PTPN2"/><category term="Part 1 and Part 2"/><category term="Paternal Age Schizophrenia"/><category term="Paternal Age and Schizophrenia"/><category term="Paternal age and mortality in children"/><category term="Paternal age and mortality in nonaffective psychosis"/><category term="Paternal age as a risk factor for schizophrenia: How important is it?"/><category term="Paternal age increases the risk for autism in an Iranian population sample."/><category term="Paul D. Thacker"/><category term="Paul Turek"/><category term="Penrose"/><category term="Peter Weissberg"/><category term="Prostate Cancer"/><category term="Rebecca Schulman"/><category term="Retinoblastoma"/><category term="Rivka Glaser"/><category term="Robinow"/><category term="Saturday"/><category term="Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders"/><category term="Scientific American Fact or Fiction Men have a biological clock"/><category term="Scientists concluded that the 20s and early 30s are the ideal years for fatherhood"/><category term="Scientists discover link between older dads and genetic diseases"/><category term="Scientists reveal dangers of older fathersm autism"/><category term="Sebat"/><category term="Seung-Hui&#39;s Father Considerably Older Than His Mother"/><category term="Sperm 2. DNA damage is significantly related to age"/><category term="Stickler"/><category term="Study: Bipolar Disorder Linked to Older Dads"/><category term="Tatum Fisher"/><category term="The Father Factor: How Dad&#39;s Age Increases Baby&#39;s Risk of Mental Illness"/><category term="The Irish Times"/><category term="The Male Time Bomb Biological Clock"/><category term="The potential public health consequences of delayed parenting were emphasized."/><category term="The present trend of increasing paternal age is accompanied by concerns for the development of complex multi-gene diseases"/><category term="The report said there was significant DNA damage to sperm in samples from men over the age of 35."/><category term="The results indicate that advanced paternal age at conception has negative long-term effects on reproductive fitness and longevity of offspring in the mouse model."/><category term="There was a statistically significant increase in the odds of Klinefelter syndrome with increasing paternal age"/><category term="These results support the claim that increased paternal age is associated with a birth of a child with autism  spectrum disorder"/><category term="This work makes significant inroads schizophrenia and autism same"/><category term="Thyroid Cancer"/><category term="Tick tock goes the male biological clock"/><category term="Time is not on the side of older dads"/><category term="Too Older males face higher risk of fathering children with medical problems"/><category term="Treacher-Collins"/><category term="Unlike schizophrenia"/><category term="Utah Jazz"/><category term="WILM&#39;S TUMOR"/><category term="We do indeed have a biological clock of sorts"/><category term="Wellcome Trust"/><category term="a finding that might be related to elevated rates of de novo copy number variation seem in ASD&#39;s&quot;"/><category term="achondroplasia"/><category term="age not a factor in mutation of neurexin 1 gene"/><category term="age of grandparents and risk of autism study in Mississippi"/><category term="age of the father autism"/><category term="although instead of one that stops"/><category term="an Australian reproductive biologist says we must remain vigilant to avoid the spread of genetic defects."/><category term="and bipolar troubles in children."/><category term="anorexia nervosa"/><category term="autism and paternal age"/><category term="autism and schizophrenia and paternal age"/><category term="autism and schizophrenia rise drastically as the father&#39;s age rises at the population level"/><category term="autism is a result of older paternal age in some cases"/><category term="autism risk is associated with advancing paternal age May 2007 UCLA"/><category term="autoimmune"/><category term="babies"/><category term="birth defects"/><category term="breast cancer risk in the offspring: the relations with father&#39;s age at birth"/><category term="but the reality of a male biological clock makes this trend worrisome"/><category term="cancers"/><category term="childhood schizophrenia/autism rate rises as paternal age rises"/><category term="children"/><category term="children conceived by older fathers are at increased risk of genetic illness due to a recent mutation in the male germ line"/><category term="claim researchers"/><category term="copy number variations?"/><category term="cryobanking semen"/><category term="de novo mutation paternal germ line"/><category term="decreased learning capacity"/><category term="dementia"/><category term="disorders linked to paternal age begin to increase ... age 33to 35"/><category term="do the parenting bit with your career on hold."/><category term="dominsnt mutations"/><category term="e.g. autism and schizophrenia"/><category term="father&#39;s age and offspring&#39;s health"/><category term="fathers"/><category term="female infertility"/><category term="fertility"/><category term="found they were more likely to have been fathered by men over the age of 33."/><category term="genes"/><category term="genetic defects"/><category term="genetic disease"/><category term="genetic mutations"/><category term="genetic risks of art"/><category term="greater maternal and paternal age at birth"/><category term="have babies by 30"/><category term="health of father and father&#39;s habits and age important to offspring&#39;s genetic health"/><category term="healthy children"/><category term="heriditary central nervous system cancers show a paternal age effect"/><category term="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1094454/How-new-study-fertility-risk-men-35-woke-biological-timebomb.html"/><category term="increasing paternal age was associated with a linear increased risk of suicide"/><category term="infertility"/><category term="is the risk of older fathers slight?"/><category term="it’s worthwhile trying to settle down earlier"/><category term="male biological clock disorders"/><category term="male biological clock is reality"/><category term="malformation"/><category term="mental retardation"/><category term="mental retardation and paternal age CNVs?"/><category term="miscarriages"/><category term="nervous system"/><category term="no public health warning about the risks for offspring of older fathers"/><category term="ntists show children of older fathers face a higher risk of a type of lymphoma"/><category term="numerous mitotic divisions that occur in the spermatogonial germ cells prior to meiosis"/><category term="old sperm may be contributing to increases in autism"/><category term="older dads increase death rate"/><category term="older fathers autistic/childhood schizophrenic twin"/><category term="older fathers problem for children"/><category term="older fathers problems for offspring"/><category term="on-line survey for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders"/><category term="ours becomes increasingly unreliable over time"/><category term="paternal age is no friend of offspring"/><category term="prevention of avoidable mutational disease"/><category term="psychotic disorders"/><category term="research finds"/><category term="researchers found"/><category term="risk of autism"/><category term="schizophrenia and Alzheimer&#39;s."/><category term="schizophrenia and older fathers"/><category term="severely damaged sperm are not being eliminated"/><category term="some damage could be transmitted to the baby"/><category term="sperm damage increases with age"/><category term="sperm defects"/><category term="sperm donor cut-off 30"/><category term="sperm donor cut-off 35"/><category term="sperm double-strand DNA breaks"/><category term="sperm stem cells"/><category term="the mutation in the chromosome of the father&#39;s sperm only and he has two autistic daughters"/><category term="the relationship between a father’s age and his adult offspring’s likelihood of developing certain cancers."/><category term="the risk of BPAD seems to be associated with both paternal and maternal ages"/><category term="the same as women do"/><category term="the umbrella term for a range of similar conditions"/><category term="there is a strong association with paternal age"/><category term="too"/><category term="very old dads"/><category term="what is the best time to father a child"/><category term="which group have men fathering in their 20s?"/><category term="why doesn&#39;t science central publicize the paternal age effect in schizophrenia?"/><title type='text'>AGE OF THE FATHER AND THE HEALTH OF FUTURE GENERATIONS</title><subtitle type='html'>Leslie B. Raschka, MD: &quot;The age of the father is an important determinant of the health of future generations. Children conceived by fathers older than 34 years of age are at increased risk for genetic illness due to recent mutation in the male germ cell. &#xa; The ageing process in the male is an important, probably the most important, cause of genetic illness in human populations.&quot;</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>208</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-4192712536003819045</id><published>2013-11-09T10:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-11-09T10:51:14.527-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Best Vegetable to eat and worse vegetables to eat</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  2. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  3. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  4. &lt;b&gt;By Dr. Mercola&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  5. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  6. There&#39;s little doubt that one of the best ways to improve your health is to make sure you&#39;re eating plenty of fresh, minimally processed high-quality vegetables, ideally locally-grown and organic, with a majority of them consumed raw (see my recommended list of vegetables below). One simple way to boost your vegetable intake is to juice them.&lt;/div&gt;
  7. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  8. Juicing organic vegetables is highly recommended to patients in our clinic who are working to restore or improve their health. I am firmly convinced that juicing is one of the key factors to giving you a radiant, energetic life, and truly optimal health. I simply do not know of any other single nutritional intervention that has a more profound influence on health than eating and/or juicing fresh, organic vegetables.&lt;/div&gt;
  9. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  10. You can review my comprehensive approach to how to juice on &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/11/13/benefits-of-juicing.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;my vegetable juicing page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Even better, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mercola.com/nutritionplan/index.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;review my nutrition plan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which can help you take a comprehensive look at your overall health as it relates to food, and may even help you to change the way you think about eating.&lt;/div&gt;
  11. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  12. &lt;b&gt;Are All Vegetables the Same?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  13. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  14. If you were to get all of your vegetables from conventionally farmed sources, this would be better for your health than eating no fresh vegetables at all. However, conventionally farmed vegetables are not your best choice. Organic vegetables are a much better option.&lt;/div&gt;
  15. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  16. Why?&lt;/div&gt;
  17. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  18. USDA Organic farmers (and many small, &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/11/04/ten-reasons-to-buy-local-food.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;local organic farms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; working without certification) must use different standards when growing vegetables. These standards include never using:&lt;/div&gt;
  19. &lt;ul class=&quot;ul1&quot;&gt;
  20. &lt;li class=&quot;li4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/10/13/Fruit-and-Vegetables-Have-Unacceptable-Levels-of-Pesticides.aspx&quot;&gt;Pesticides&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  21. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;Synthetic Fertilizers&lt;/li&gt;
  22. &lt;li class=&quot;li4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/12/17/toxic-sewage-sludge-in-your-food.aspx&quot;&gt;Sewage sludge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  23. &lt;li class=&quot;li4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gmo.mercola.com/&quot;&gt;Genetically modified organisms (GMO)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  24. &lt;li class=&quot;li4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/11/05/why-are-your-spices--seasonings-exposed-to-half-a-billion-chest-xrays-worth-of-radiation.aspx&quot;&gt;Ionizing radiation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  25. &lt;/ul&gt;
  26. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  27. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers 60 percent of herbicides, 90 percent of fungicides, and 30 percent of insecticides to be carcinogenic, and most are damaging to your nervous system as well. In fact, these powerful and dangerous chemicals have been linked to numerous health problems such as:&lt;/div&gt;
  28. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;t1&quot;&gt;
  29. &lt;tbody&gt;
  30. &lt;tr&gt;
  31. &lt;td class=&quot;td1&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  32. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  33. Neurotoxicity&lt;/div&gt;
  34. &lt;/td&gt;
  35. &lt;td class=&quot;td2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  36. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  37. Disruption of your endocrine system&lt;/div&gt;
  38. &lt;/td&gt;
  39. &lt;td class=&quot;td3&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  40. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  41. Carcinogenicity&lt;/div&gt;
  42. &lt;/td&gt;
  43. &lt;/tr&gt;
  44. &lt;tr&gt;
  45. &lt;td class=&quot;td1&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  46. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  47. Immune system suppression&lt;/div&gt;
  48. &lt;/td&gt;
  49. &lt;td class=&quot;td2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  50. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  51. Male infertility and reduced reproductive function&lt;/div&gt;
  52. &lt;/td&gt;
  53. &lt;td class=&quot;td3&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  54. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  55. &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/12/26/Prevail-Against-Pests-without-Pesticides.aspx&quot;&gt;Miscarriages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  56. &lt;/td&gt;
  57. &lt;/tr&gt;
  58. &lt;tr&gt;
  59. &lt;td class=&quot;td1&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  60. &lt;div class=&quot;p6&quot;&gt;
  61. &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/03/01/us-study-links-pesticides-to-parkinsons-disease.aspx&quot;&gt;Parkinson&#39;s disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  62. &lt;/td&gt;
  63. &lt;td class=&quot;td2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  64. &lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  65. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  66. &lt;/td&gt;
  67. &lt;td class=&quot;td3&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  68. &lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  69. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  70. &lt;/td&gt;
  71. &lt;/tr&gt;
  72. &lt;/tbody&gt;
  73. &lt;/table&gt;
  74. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  75. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  76. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  77. This information alone should give you pause when considering whether to buy local, organic vegetables or not. But I encourage you to do further research about organic versus conventional farming conditions. I believe that after researching the facts and statistics, you&#39;ll come to the conclusion that &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/08/12/12-foods-you-don-t-have-to-buy-organic.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;organic vegetables&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; are far more nutritious than conventionally farmed vegetables.&lt;/div&gt;
  78. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  79. &lt;b&gt;Conventional Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Loads&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  80. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  81. Certainly helpful to your decision about which vegetables should be purchased organic and which conventional veggies may be safe, is the measured pesticide loads found on conventionally farmed fruits and vegetables. So if you need to work within a certain budget, use this information to help guide you to the best choices when it comes to lowering your overall pesticide exposure.&lt;/div&gt;
  82. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  83. Of the 43 different fruit and vegetable categories tested by the Environmental Working Group and included in their &lt;i&gt;Shoppers&#39; Guide to Pesticides in Produce&lt;/i&gt;, the following 12 fruits and vegetables had the &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/08/16/12-foods-you-don-t-have-to-buy-organic.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;highest pesticide load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, making them the most important to buy or grow organically:&lt;/div&gt;
  84. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;t1&quot;&gt;
  85. &lt;tbody&gt;
  86. &lt;tr&gt;
  87. &lt;td class=&quot;td4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  88. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  89. Peaches&lt;/div&gt;
  90. &lt;/td&gt;
  91. &lt;td class=&quot;td5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  92. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  93. Apples&lt;/div&gt;
  94. &lt;/td&gt;
  95. &lt;td class=&quot;td6&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  96. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  97. Sweet bell peppers&lt;/div&gt;
  98. &lt;/td&gt;
  99. &lt;/tr&gt;
  100. &lt;tr&gt;
  101. &lt;td class=&quot;td4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  102. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  103. Celery&lt;/div&gt;
  104. &lt;/td&gt;
  105. &lt;td class=&quot;td5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  106. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  107. Nectarines&lt;/div&gt;
  108. &lt;/td&gt;
  109. &lt;td class=&quot;td6&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  110. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  111. Strawberries&lt;/div&gt;
  112. &lt;/td&gt;
  113. &lt;/tr&gt;
  114. &lt;tr&gt;
  115. &lt;td class=&quot;td4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  116. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  117. Cherries&lt;/div&gt;
  118. &lt;/td&gt;
  119. &lt;td class=&quot;td5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  120. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  121. Lettuce&lt;/div&gt;
  122. &lt;/td&gt;
  123. &lt;td class=&quot;td6&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  124. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  125. Grapes (imported)&lt;/div&gt;
  126. &lt;/td&gt;
  127. &lt;/tr&gt;
  128. &lt;tr&gt;
  129. &lt;td class=&quot;td4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  130. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  131. Pears&lt;/div&gt;
  132. &lt;/td&gt;
  133. &lt;td class=&quot;td5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  134. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  135. Spinach&lt;/div&gt;
  136. &lt;/td&gt;
  137. &lt;td class=&quot;td6&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  138. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  139. Potatoes&lt;/div&gt;
  140. &lt;/td&gt;
  141. &lt;/tr&gt;
  142. &lt;/tbody&gt;
  143. &lt;/table&gt;
  144. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  145. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  146. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  147. In contrast, the following foods were found to have the lowest residual pesticide load, making them the safest bet among conventionally grown vegetables:&lt;/div&gt;
  148. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;t2&quot;&gt;
  149. &lt;tbody&gt;
  150. &lt;tr&gt;
  151. &lt;td class=&quot;td7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  152. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  153. Broccoli&lt;/div&gt;
  154. &lt;/td&gt;
  155. &lt;td class=&quot;td8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  156. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  157. Cabbage&lt;/div&gt;
  158. &lt;/td&gt;
  159. &lt;td class=&quot;td9&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  160. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  161. Banana&lt;/div&gt;
  162. &lt;/td&gt;
  163. &lt;/tr&gt;
  164. &lt;tr&gt;
  165. &lt;td class=&quot;td7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  166. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  167. Kiwi&lt;/div&gt;
  168. &lt;/td&gt;
  169. &lt;td class=&quot;td8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  170. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  171. Asparagus&lt;/div&gt;
  172. &lt;/td&gt;
  173. &lt;td class=&quot;td9&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  174. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  175. Sweet peas (frozen)&lt;/div&gt;
  176. &lt;/td&gt;
  177. &lt;/tr&gt;
  178. &lt;tr&gt;
  179. &lt;td class=&quot;td7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  180. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  181. Mango&lt;/div&gt;
  182. &lt;/td&gt;
  183. &lt;td class=&quot;td8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  184. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  185. Pineapple&lt;/div&gt;
  186. &lt;/td&gt;
  187. &lt;td class=&quot;td9&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  188. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  189. Sweet corn (frozen)&lt;/div&gt;
  190. &lt;/td&gt;
  191. &lt;/tr&gt;
  192. &lt;tr&gt;
  193. &lt;td class=&quot;td7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  194. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  195. Avocado&lt;/div&gt;
  196. &lt;/td&gt;
  197. &lt;td class=&quot;td8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  198. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  199. Onion&lt;/div&gt;
  200. &lt;/td&gt;
  201. &lt;td class=&quot;td9&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  202. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  203. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  204. &lt;/td&gt;
  205. &lt;/tr&gt;
  206. &lt;/tbody&gt;
  207. &lt;/table&gt;
  208. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  209. &lt;b&gt;The Importance of Fresh Vegetables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  210. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  211. Buying your vegetables from a local organic source is the ideal way to ensure that your vegetables are both fresh and high-quality. I strongly advise you to avoid wilted vegetables of any kind, because when vegetables wilt, they lose much of their nutritional value. In fact, wilted organic vegetables may actually be less healthful than fresh conventionally farmed vegetables!&lt;/div&gt;
  212. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  213. Another reason to buy your organic vegetables from a local source is that fresher vegetables also contain the highest amounts of biophotons.&lt;/div&gt;
  214. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  215. &lt;b&gt;What are the Biophotons?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  216. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  217. Biophotons are the smallest physical units of light, which are stored in and used by all biological organisms – including your body. Dr. Fritz-Albert Popp was the first to suggest that this light inside all biological organisms must originate, at least in part, from the foods you eat. When you eat plant foods, the light waves (photons) are thought assimilate into the cells in your body. The purpose of these biophotons is much more important than many have realized, because they are the transmitters of important nutritional bio-information used in many complex vital processes in your body.&lt;/div&gt;
  218. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  219. Every living organism emits biophotons, or low-level luminescence (light with a wavelength between 200 and 800 nanometers). It is thought that the higher the level of light energy a cell emits, the greater the vitality and potential for the transfer of light energy to your body. In other words, the more light a food is able to store, the more nutritious it is when you consume it. Fresh, organic vegetables are naturally rich in this biophoton light energy.&lt;/div&gt;
  220. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  221. &lt;b&gt;Illness Can Occur When Biophoton Emissions are Out of Sync&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  222. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  223. Research by Dr. Popp also showed that the light emissions of healthy people follow a set of biological rhythms by day and night, and also by week and month. However, in his studies, the light emissions from cancer patients had no such rhythms and appeared scrambled, which suggests that their cells were no longer communicating properly. Likewise, according to Dr. Popp&#39;s research, multiple sclerosis patients were taking in too much light, leading to what he considered confusion on a cellular level.&lt;/div&gt;
  224. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  225. Even stress can influence your biophoton emissions, causing them to increase when stress increases. It&#39;s also known that cancer-causing chemicals alter your body&#39;s biophoton emissions, interrupting proper cellular communication, while certain natural substances can help to restore proper cellular communication.&lt;/div&gt;
  226. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  227. For instance, Dr. Popp found that mistletoe appeared to restore biophoton emissions of tumor cells to a normal level! Interestingly, even conventional medicine confirmed that mistletoe extract does appear to have a beneficial effect on cancer&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;, with one study&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; published in &lt;i&gt;Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine&lt;/i&gt; showing that mean survival rates nearly doubled among breast cancer patients who received mistletoe extract.&lt;/div&gt;
  228. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  229. &lt;b&gt;An Important Tip for Gathering Valuable Light Energy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  230. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  231. As regular readers know, I&#39;ve long recommended eating a diet of mostly &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/03/21/eat-your-food-uncooked-heres-the-really-raw-truth.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;RAW food&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to stay optimally healthy. This is because living raw foods have the highest biophoton energy. The greater your store of light energy from healthy raw foods (this should not be confused with your &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/12/16/my-one-hour-vitamin-d-lecture-to-clear-up-all-your-confusion-on-this-vital-nutrient.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;vitamin D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; status, which is produced by the sun on your skin), the greater the power of your overall electromagnetic field, and consequently the more energy is available for healing and maintenance of optimal health.&lt;/div&gt;
  232. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  233. I firmly believe it&#39;s only a matter of time before the importance of light energy in your health and well-being becomes more widely recognized and applied in the field of medicine. Until then, remember that your body is not only made up of tissue, blood vessels, and organs—it&#39;s also composed of light.&lt;/div&gt;
  234. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  235. &lt;b&gt;Reasons to Juice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  236. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  237. As I mentioned at the beginning, one of the best ways to get ample amounts of raw vegetables into your diet is through juicing. Many people see juicing as inconvenient, but with the proper juicer, it&#39;s really not very time consuming at all. The fact is, many people initially think juicing will be a real chore, but most are pleasantly surprised to find it&#39;s much easier than they thought. There are three main reasons why you will want to consider incorporating organic vegetable juicing into your optimal health program:&lt;/div&gt;
  238. &lt;ul class=&quot;ul1&quot;&gt;
  239. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Juicing helps you absorb most of the nutrients from the vegetables.&lt;/b&gt; This is important because most of us have impaired digestion as a result of making less-than-optimal food choices over many years. This limits your body&#39;s ability to absorb all the nutrients from the vegetables. Juicing will help to &quot;pre-digest&quot; them for you, so you will receive most of the nutrition, rather than having it go down the toilet.&lt;/li&gt;
  240. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Juicing allows you to consume an optimal amount of vegetables in an efficient manner&lt;/b&gt;. If you are a carb type, you should eat one pound of raw vegetables per 50 pounds of body weight per day. Some people may find eating that many vegetables difficult, but it can be easily accomplished with a quick glass of vegetable juice.&lt;/li&gt;
  241. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;You can add a wider variety of vegetables in your diet.&lt;/b&gt; Many people eat the same vegetable salads every day. This violates the principle of regular food rotation and increases your chance of developing an allergy to a certain food. But with juicing, you can juice a wide variety of vegetables that you may not normally enjoy eating whole.&lt;/li&gt;
  242. &lt;/ul&gt;
  243. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  244. Start by juicing only vegetables that you enjoy eating non-juiced. The juice should taste pleasant -- not make you feel nauseous. It is very important to listen to your body when juicing. Your stomach should feel good all morning long. If it is churning or growling or generally making its presence known, you probably juiced something you should not be eating. Personally, I&#39;ve noticed that I can&#39;t juice large amounts of cabbage, but if I spread it out, I do fine.&lt;/div&gt;
  245. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  246. Please review my comprehensive &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/11/13/benefits-of-juicing.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;vegetable juicing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; instructions for more information. To learn more about the ins-and-outs of juicing, you can also check out my three-part interview with Cherie Calbom, aka &quot;The Juice Lady&quot;:&lt;/div&gt;
  247. &lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  248. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  249. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  250. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  251. &lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  252. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  253. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  254. &lt;b&gt;What are the Best Vegetables for Good Health?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  255. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  256. My &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/11/29/recommended-vegetable-list.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;Recommended List of Vegetables &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;provides a guide to the most nutritious vegetables, and those to limit due to their high carbohydrate content. Remember: the greener the vegetable, the more nutritious it will be. Ideally, you&#39;ll want to juice vegetables that are appropriate for your particular nutritional type, which I&#39;ll summarize below. There is a basic test you can take to find out your nutritional type, which is detailed in my book, &lt;a href=&quot;http://products.mercola.com/take-control/&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Take Control of Your Health&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Alternatively, you can take the free &lt;a href=&quot;http://products.mercola.com/nutritional-typing/&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;online Nutritional Typing test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  257. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  258. As a general guide, the following list of vegetables details some of the best and worst vegetables for your health.&lt;/div&gt;
  259. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;t3&quot; style=&quot;width: 665.0px;&quot;&gt;
  260. &lt;tbody&gt;
  261. &lt;tr&gt;
  262. &lt;td class=&quot;td10&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  263. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  264. &lt;b&gt;Highly Recommended Vegetables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  265. &lt;/td&gt;
  266. &lt;/tr&gt;
  267. &lt;tr&gt;
  268. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  269. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  270. Asparagus&lt;/div&gt;
  271. &lt;/td&gt;
  272. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  273. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  274. Escarole&lt;/div&gt;
  275. &lt;/td&gt;
  276. &lt;/tr&gt;
  277. &lt;tr&gt;
  278. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  279. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  280. Avocado (actually a fruit)&lt;/div&gt;
  281. &lt;/td&gt;
  282. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  283. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  284. Fennel&lt;/div&gt;
  285. &lt;/td&gt;
  286. &lt;/tr&gt;
  287. &lt;tr&gt;
  288. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  289. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  290. Beet greens&lt;/div&gt;
  291. &lt;/td&gt;
  292. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  293. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  294. Green and red cabbage&lt;/div&gt;
  295. &lt;/td&gt;
  296. &lt;/tr&gt;
  297. &lt;tr&gt;
  298. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  299. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  300. Bok Choy&lt;/div&gt;
  301. &lt;/td&gt;
  302. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  303. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  304. Kale&lt;/div&gt;
  305. &lt;/td&gt;
  306. &lt;/tr&gt;
  307. &lt;tr&gt;
  308. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  309. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  310. Broccoli&lt;/div&gt;
  311. &lt;/td&gt;
  312. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  313. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  314. Kohlrabi&lt;/div&gt;
  315. &lt;/td&gt;
  316. &lt;/tr&gt;
  317. &lt;tr&gt;
  318. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  319. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  320. Brussels sprouts&lt;/div&gt;
  321. &lt;/td&gt;
  322. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  323. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  324. Lettuce: romaine, red leaf, green leaf&lt;/div&gt;
  325. &lt;/td&gt;
  326. &lt;/tr&gt;
  327. &lt;tr&gt;
  328. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  329. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  330. Cauliflower&lt;/div&gt;
  331. &lt;/td&gt;
  332. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  333. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  334. Mustard greens&lt;/div&gt;
  335. &lt;/td&gt;
  336. &lt;/tr&gt;
  337. &lt;tr&gt;
  338. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  339. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  340. Celery&lt;/div&gt;
  341. &lt;/td&gt;
  342. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  343. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  344. Onions&lt;/div&gt;
  345. &lt;/td&gt;
  346. &lt;/tr&gt;
  347. &lt;tr&gt;
  348. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  349. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  350. Chicory&lt;/div&gt;
  351. &lt;/td&gt;
  352. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  353. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  354. Parsley&lt;/div&gt;
  355. &lt;/td&gt;
  356. &lt;/tr&gt;
  357. &lt;tr&gt;
  358. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  359. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  360. Chinese cabbage&lt;/div&gt;
  361. &lt;/td&gt;
  362. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  363. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  364. Peppers: red, green, yellow and hot&lt;/div&gt;
  365. &lt;/td&gt;
  366. &lt;/tr&gt;
  367. &lt;tr&gt;
  368. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  369. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  370. Chives&lt;/div&gt;
  371. &lt;/td&gt;
  372. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  373. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  374. Tomatoes&lt;/div&gt;
  375. &lt;/td&gt;
  376. &lt;/tr&gt;
  377. &lt;tr&gt;
  378. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  379. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  380. Collard greens&lt;/div&gt;
  381. &lt;/td&gt;
  382. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  383. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  384. Turnips&lt;/div&gt;
  385. &lt;/td&gt;
  386. &lt;/tr&gt;
  387. &lt;tr&gt;
  388. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  389. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  390. Cucumbers&lt;/div&gt;
  391. &lt;/td&gt;
  392. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  393. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  394. Spinach&lt;/div&gt;
  395. &lt;/td&gt;
  396. &lt;/tr&gt;
  397. &lt;tr&gt;
  398. &lt;td class=&quot;td11&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  399. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  400. Dandelion greens&lt;/div&gt;
  401. &lt;/td&gt;
  402. &lt;td class=&quot;td12&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  403. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  404. Zucchini&lt;/div&gt;
  405. &lt;/td&gt;
  406. &lt;/tr&gt;
  407. &lt;tr&gt;
  408. &lt;td class=&quot;td13&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  409. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  410. Endive&lt;/div&gt;
  411. &lt;/td&gt;
  412. &lt;td class=&quot;td14&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  413. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  414. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  415. &lt;/td&gt;
  416. &lt;/tr&gt;
  417. &lt;/tbody&gt;
  418. &lt;/table&gt;
  419. &lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  420. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  421. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;t3&quot; style=&quot;width: 665.0px;&quot;&gt;
  422. &lt;tbody&gt;
  423. &lt;tr&gt;
  424. &lt;td class=&quot;td15&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  425. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  426. &lt;b&gt;Use sparingly due to high carbohydrate levels&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  427. &lt;/td&gt;
  428. &lt;/tr&gt;
  429. &lt;tr&gt;
  430. &lt;td class=&quot;td16&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  431. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  432. Beets&lt;/div&gt;
  433. &lt;/td&gt;
  434. &lt;td class=&quot;td17&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  435. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  436. Jicama&lt;/div&gt;
  437. &lt;/td&gt;
  438. &lt;/tr&gt;
  439. &lt;tr&gt;
  440. &lt;td class=&quot;td16&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  441. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  442. Carrots&lt;/div&gt;
  443. &lt;/td&gt;
  444. &lt;td class=&quot;td17&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  445. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  446. Winter Squashes&lt;/div&gt;
  447. &lt;/td&gt;
  448. &lt;/tr&gt;
  449. &lt;tr&gt;
  450. &lt;td class=&quot;td18&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  451. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  452. Eggplant&lt;/div&gt;
  453. &lt;/td&gt;
  454. &lt;td class=&quot;td19&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  455. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  456. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  457. &lt;/td&gt;
  458. &lt;/tr&gt;
  459. &lt;/tbody&gt;
  460. &lt;/table&gt;
  461. &lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  462. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  463. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;t3&quot; style=&quot;width: 665.0px;&quot;&gt;
  464. &lt;tbody&gt;
  465. &lt;tr&gt;
  466. &lt;td class=&quot;td20&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  467. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  468. &lt;b&gt;Vegetables to Avoid&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  469. &lt;/td&gt;
  470. &lt;/tr&gt;
  471. &lt;tr&gt;
  472. &lt;td class=&quot;td21&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  473. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  474. Potatoes&lt;/div&gt;
  475. &lt;/td&gt;
  476. &lt;td class=&quot;td22&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;
  477. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  478. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  479. &lt;/td&gt;
  480. &lt;/tr&gt;
  481. &lt;/tbody&gt;
  482. &lt;/table&gt;
  483. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  484. &lt;b&gt;Tips to Make Your Juice Taste Better&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  485. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  486. If you would like to make your juice taste a bit more palatable, especially in the beginning, you can add these elements:&lt;/div&gt;
  487. &lt;ul class=&quot;ul1&quot;&gt;
  488. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Coconut:&lt;/b&gt; This is one of my favorites! You can purchase the whole coconut or use unsweetened shredded coconut. It adds a delightful flavor and is an excellent source of fat to balance your meal. Coconut has medium chain triglycerides, which have &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/10/22/coconut-oil-and-saturated-fats-can-make-you-healthy.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;many health benefits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. You can even add &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/11/27/coconut-water-ultimate-rehydrator.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;coconut water&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to your juice, which is an excellent natural source of electrolytes, especially potassium.&lt;/li&gt;
  489. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lemons and Limes:&lt;/b&gt; You can add half a lemon or lime (leaving much of the white rind on), which really brightens up the flavor of your juice.&lt;/li&gt;
  490. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cranberries:&lt;/b&gt; Researchers have discovered that cranberries have five times the antioxidant content of broccoli, which means they may help protect against cancer, stroke and heart disease. Limit the cranberries to about 4 ounces per pint of juice.&lt;/li&gt;
  491. &lt;li class=&quot;li2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fresh ginger: &lt;/b&gt;This is an excellent addition if you can tolerate it. It gives your juice a little &quot;kick&quot;! And, as an added boon, researchers have found ginger can have dramatic benefits for cardiovascular health, including preventing atherosclerosis, lowering cholesterol levels, and preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).&lt;/li&gt;
  492. &lt;/ul&gt;
  493. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  494. &lt;b&gt;Nutritional Typing and Juicing Vegetables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  495. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  496. According to Nutritional Typing principles, if you are a carb type, vegetable juicing is STRONGLY recommended. With patients in our clinic, we strongly encourage carbohydrate types to juice if they expect to regain their health. If you are a mixed type, it is certainly useful to juice. However, protein types need to follow some specific guidelines to make it work for them, which I&#39;ll review below.&lt;/div&gt;
  497. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  498. Do you know your nutritional type? If not, you can easily determine this by taking my free online &lt;a href=&quot;http://products.mercola.com/nutritional-typing/&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;nutritional type test.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  499. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  500. &lt;b&gt;Protein Types and Juicing Vegetables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  501. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  502. If you are a protein type, juicing needs to be done cautiously. The only vegetables you should juice are your prime protein type vegetables, which are celery, spinach, asparagus, string beans and cauliflower (including the base).&lt;/div&gt;
  503. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  504. Also, to make drinking vegetable juice compatible with protein type metabolism (which needs high amounts of fat), it is important to blend a source of raw fat into the juice. Raw cream, raw butter, raw eggs, avocado, coconut butter, or freshly ground flax seed are the sources of raw fat I most recommend. In addition to adding a source of raw fat to your juice, you may also find that adding some, or even all, of the vegetable pulp back into your juice helps make it more satisfying&lt;/div&gt;
  505. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  506. &lt;b&gt;Final Thoughts about Vegetables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  507. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  508. The truth is, scientists really don&#39;t know all that much about nutrients, and taking isolated nutrients through supplements is not always a good idea. A much better way to get the vital nutrients your body needs is through eating whole, fresh organic vegetables. I recommend at least one third of your total diet be eaten raw, and a great way to do this is through incorporating juicing into your eating plan. Personally, I aim for consuming about 80 percent of my food raw, including raw eggs, dairy, and meat.&lt;/div&gt;
  509. &lt;br /&gt;
  510. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  511. I want to emphasize that eating any vegetable is better than eating no vegetables at all, so don&#39;t get down on yourself if you&#39;re able to juice organic fresh vegetables only a few times a week. Even if you have to start slowly, I think you&#39;ll soon begin to notice positive changes to your health when you increase your fresh vegetable intake. Also, please review my complete &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mercola.com/nutritionplan/index.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;nutrition plan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which can help you take a comprehensive look at your health as it relates to food, and may even help you change the way you think about eating.&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/11/29/recommended-vegetable-list.aspx&quot;&gt;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/11/29/recommended-vegetable-list.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  512. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/4192712536003819045/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=4192712536003819045' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/4192712536003819045'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/4192712536003819045'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2013/11/best-vegetable-to-eat-and-worse.html' title='Best Vegetable to eat and worse vegetables to eat'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2308691505276542984</id><published>2013-11-09T10:06:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-11-09T10:06:36.304-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Eat Your Broccoli</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul class=&quot;ul1&quot;&gt;
  513. &lt;li class=&quot;li1&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  514. &lt;/ul&gt;
  515. &lt;div class=&quot;p15&quot;&gt;
  516. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  517. &lt;div class=&quot;p15&quot;&gt;
  518. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  519. &lt;div class=&quot;p15&quot;&gt;
  520. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  521. &lt;div class=&quot;p15&quot;&gt;
  522. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  523. &lt;div class=&quot;p27&quot;&gt;
  524. &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/11/09/broccoli-benefits.aspx?e_cid=20131109Z1_PRNL_art_2&amp;amp;utm_source=prmrnl&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_content=art2&amp;amp;utm_campaign=20131109Z1&amp;amp;et_cid=DM33219&amp;amp;et_rid=331874255&quot;&gt;Eat Your Broccoli&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  525. &lt;div class=&quot;p28&quot;&gt;
  526. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  527. &lt;div class=&quot;p26&quot;&gt;
  528. November 09, 2013 &lt;span class=&quot;s13&quot;&gt;|&lt;/span&gt; 19,398 views&lt;/div&gt;
  529. &lt;div class=&quot;p29&quot;&gt;
  530. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  531. &lt;div class=&quot;p30&quot;&gt;
  532. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  533. &lt;div class=&quot;p28&quot;&gt;
  534. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  535. &lt;div class=&quot;p15&quot;&gt;
  536. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  537. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  538. &lt;b&gt;By Dr. Mercola&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  539. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  540. Vegetables have an impressive way of offering &lt;i&gt;widespread &lt;/i&gt;benefits to your health, and broccoli is no exception. When you eat broccoli you’re getting dozens, maybe even hundreds, of super-nutrients that support optimal, body-wide health.&lt;/div&gt;
  541. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  542. Man-made substances just can’t compare, and that’s why, if you take just one piece of advice away from your childhood, make it this one: eat your broccoli!&lt;/div&gt;
  543. &lt;div class=&quot;p46&quot;&gt;
  544. &lt;b&gt;5 Leading Benefits of Broccoli&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  545. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  546. We’ve compiled an extensive review of the health benefits of broccoli on our &lt;a href=&quot;http://foodfacts.mercola.com/broccoli.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s11&quot;&gt;Broccoli Food Facts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; page. This cruciferous veggie (in the same family as Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and more) is one of the best health-boosting foods around, with research proving its effectiveness for …&lt;/div&gt;
  547. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  548. &lt;b&gt;1. Arthritis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  549. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  550. Recent tests on cells, tissues and mice show that a sulfur-rich broccoli compound, sulforaphane, blocks a key destructive enzyme that damages cartilage.&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; It’s thought that increasing broccoli in your diet may help to slow down and even prevent osteoarthritis.&lt;/div&gt;
  551. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  552. &lt;b&gt;2. Cancer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  553. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  554. Sulforaphane in broccoli has also been shown to kill cancer stem cells, thereby striking to the root of tumor growth, and the broccoli compound &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/01/02/broccoli-sprouts.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s11&quot;&gt;glucoraphanin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; -- a precursor to sulforaphane – boosts cell enzymes that protect against molecular damage from cancer-causing chemicals.&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s7&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  555. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  556. Studies have also found that sulforaphane normalizes DNA methylation&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; —a process that involves a methyl group (one carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms) being added to part of a DNA molecule, and therefore influencing its expression.&lt;/div&gt;
  557. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  558. DNA methylation is a crucial part of normal cell function, allowing cells to &quot;remember who they are and where they have been&quot; and is indispensable for regulating gene expression.&lt;/div&gt;
  559. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  560. DNA methylation also suppresses the genes for things you &lt;i&gt;don’t &lt;/i&gt;want, such as viral and other disease-related genes, and abnormal DNA methylation plays a critical role in the development of nearly all types of cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
  561. One study published in &lt;i&gt;PLoS One,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt; for instance,&lt;/i&gt; found that just four servings of broccoli per week could protect men from prostate cancer. One serving of broccoli is about two spears, so that&#39;s only 10 broccoli spears per week.&lt;/div&gt;
  562. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  563. In this study, the researchers collected tissue samples over the course of the study and found that the men who ate broccoli showed &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;hundreds&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; of beneficial changes in genes known to play a role in fighting cancer.&lt;/div&gt;
  564. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  565. &lt;b&gt;3. Blood Pressure and Kidney Health&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  566. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  567. Sulforaphane in broccoli may also significantly improve your blood pressure and kidney function, according to yet another study in which hypertensive rats with impaired kidney function were given sulforaphane. The natural compound improved the rats&#39; kidney function and lowered their blood pressure by normalizing DNA methylation patterns within their cells.&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  568. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  569. &lt;b&gt;4. Anti-Aging and Immune System Health&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  570. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  571. Sulforaphane also seems to stimulate a variety of antioxidant defense pathways in your body that can directly reduce oxidative stress and slow down the decline in your immune system that happens with age.&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; In theory, this means that eating vegetables that contain sulforaphane, such as broccoli, could quite literally slow down the hands of time.&lt;/div&gt;
  572. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  573. &lt;b&gt;5. Heart Health, Especially for Diabetics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  574. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  575. Sulforaphane encourages production of enzymes that protect the blood vessels, and reduces the number of molecules that cause cell damage -- known as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- by up to 73 percent.&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; People with diabetes are up to five times more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes -- both of which are linked to damaged blood vessels. Eating broccoli may help to reverse some of this damage.&lt;/div&gt;
  576. &lt;div class=&quot;p46&quot;&gt;
  577. &lt;b&gt;Broccoli Benefits Your Eyes, Your Skin and Much More&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  578. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  579. The benefits of broccoli are seemingly endless. It’s also known, for instance, that broccoli:&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  580. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;t2&quot;&gt;
  581. &lt;tbody&gt;
  582. &lt;tr&gt;
  583. &lt;td class=&quot;td7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  584. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  585. Supports your body’s detoxification, thanks to the phytonutrients glucoraphanin, gluconasturtiian, and glucobrassicin&lt;/div&gt;
  586. &lt;/td&gt;
  587. &lt;td class=&quot;td8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  588. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  589. Is anti-inflammatory (inflammation is at the root of many chronic diseases)&lt;/div&gt;
  590. &lt;/td&gt;
  591. &lt;td class=&quot;td9&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  592. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  593. Contains the flavonoid kaempferol, which may fight allergies and inflammation&lt;/div&gt;
  594. &lt;/td&gt;
  595. &lt;/tr&gt;
  596. &lt;tr&gt;
  597. &lt;td class=&quot;td7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  598. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  599. Contains significant amounts of fiber to facilitate better digestion&lt;/div&gt;
  600. &lt;/td&gt;
  601. &lt;td class=&quot;td8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  602. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  603. Supports eye health, thanks to high levels of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin&lt;/div&gt;
  604. &lt;/td&gt;
  605. &lt;td class=&quot;td9&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  606. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  607. Benefits your skin, as sulforaphane helps repair skin damage&lt;/div&gt;
  608. &lt;/td&gt;
  609. &lt;/tr&gt;
  610. &lt;tr&gt;
  611. &lt;td class=&quot;td7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  612. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  613. Is rich in beneficial nutrients like potassium, calcium, protein and vitamin C&lt;/div&gt;
  614. &lt;/td&gt;
  615. &lt;td class=&quot;td8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  616. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  617. May reduce blood sugar levels, as it contains both soluble fiber and chromium&lt;/div&gt;
  618. &lt;/td&gt;
  619. &lt;td class=&quot;td9&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  620. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  621. Supports heart health and contains lutein, which may help prevent thickening of your arteries&lt;/div&gt;
  622. &lt;/td&gt;
  623. &lt;/tr&gt;
  624. &lt;/tbody&gt;
  625. &lt;/table&gt;
  626. &lt;div class=&quot;p46&quot;&gt;
  627. &lt;b&gt;The ‘Secret’ Way to Enhance the Health Benefits of Broccoli&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  628. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  629. I call it secret because so many people believe that the only way to eat broccoli is after it’s been roasted or steamed. Not so, as broccoli can also be enjoyed raw or even ‘tender-crisp’ – which is one of the best ways to protect its nutrient levels. However, an even &lt;i&gt;better &lt;/i&gt;way to get the health benefits of broccoli is by eating its &lt;i&gt;sprouts. &lt;/i&gt;Fresh broccoli &lt;i&gt;sprouts&lt;/i&gt; are FAR more potent nutritionally speaking than mature broccoli, allowing you to eat far less in terms of quantity to get key therapeutic compounds like sulforaphane.&lt;/div&gt;
  630. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  631. This is also an excellent alternative if you don’t like the taste (or smell) of broccoli. In terms of research, even small quantities of broccoli sprout extracts have been shown to markedly reduce the size of rat mammary tumors that were induced by chemical carcinogens. According to researchers at Johns Hopkins University:&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  632. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  633. &lt;i&gt;&quot;Three-day-old broccoli sprouts consistently contain 20 to 50 times the amount of chemoprotective compounds found in mature broccoli heads, and may offer a simple, dietary means of chemically reducing cancer risk.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  634. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  635. When compared to either broccoli or cauliflower, which also contains sulforaphane,&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; three-day-old broccoli sprouts contain anywhere from 10 to &lt;i&gt;100 times&lt;/i&gt; higher levels of glucoraphanin, compared to the mature varieties. Best of all, you can grow broccoli sprouts at home quite easily and inexpensively. Another major benefit is that you don&#39;t have to cook them. They are eaten raw, usually as an addition to salad, making them a super-healthy convenience food!&lt;/div&gt;
  636. &lt;div class=&quot;p46&quot;&gt;
  637. &lt;b&gt;How to Grow Your Own Broccoli Sprouts&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  638. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  639. Broccoli sprouts look and taste similar to alfalfa sprouts, and are easily grown at home, even if you’re limited on space. I strongly recommend using organic seeds, and a pound of seeds will probably make over 10 pounds of sprouts. From the researcher’s calculations mentioned earlier, this can translate to as much cancer-protecting phytochemicals as 1,000 pounds (half a ton) of broccoli!&lt;/div&gt;
  640. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  641. I used to &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/05/23/edible-garden.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s11&quot;&gt;grow sprouts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in Ball jars over 10 years ago but stopped doing that. I am strongly convinced that actually growing them in soil is far easier and produces more nutritious and abundant food. It is also less time consuming, as with Ball jars you need to rinse them several times a day to prevent mold growth. Trays also take up less space than jars. I am now consuming one whole tray of sprouts every 2-3 days, and to produce that much food with Ball jars I would need dozens of jars. I simply don&#39;t have the time or patience for that. You can find instructions on how to grow sprouts by viewing a step-by-step guide at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rawfoods-livingfoods.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s11&quot;&gt;rawfoods-livingfoods.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  642. &lt;div class=&quot;p46&quot;&gt;
  643. &lt;b&gt;Broccoli is Only One “Superstar” Veggie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  644. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  645. There’s no doubt that broccoli is a vegetable you should strive to eat frequently, but like most foods if you eat it &lt;i&gt;too &lt;/i&gt;often you may grow tired of it or even develop an aversion to it. &amp;nbsp;Fortunately you don’t have to because there are so many vegetables to choose from that you can’t possibly get tired of them..&lt;/div&gt;
  646. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  647. My best recommendation is to eat a &lt;i&gt;variety &lt;/i&gt;of vegetables each day. My &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mercola.com/nutritionplan/recommended_vegetables.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s11&quot;&gt;Recommended Vegetables List&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; provides a guide to the most nutritious vegetables and those to limit due to their high carbohydrate content. You can also get creative with how you consume them, alternating whole vegetables with &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/11/13/benefits-of-juicing.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s11&quot;&gt;freshly prepared vegetable juice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/12/15/caroline-barringer-interview.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s11&quot;&gt;fermented vegetables&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  648. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  649. As an example, you can easily consume several different types of raw vegetables each day just by thinking outside the box for your lunchtime salad. My current salad consists of about half a pound of sunflower sprouts, four ounces of fermented vegetables, half a large red pepper, several tablespoon of raw organic butter, some red onion, a whole avocado and about three ounces of salmon or chicken.&lt;/div&gt;
  650. &lt;br /&gt;
  651. &lt;div class=&quot;p45&quot;&gt;
  652. You could also add some raw broccoli or broccoli sprouts, asparagus, garlic, tomatoes, celery, parsley, spinach, zucchini and so on. The key is to branch out beyond plain lettuce. Of course, you can also get creative with your recipes. The New York Times&lt;span class=&quot;s17&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; recently featured several broccoli recipes that sound delicious, including broccoli, quinoa and purslane salad, broccoli stem and red pepper slaw and roasted broccoli with tahini garlic sauce. If you’re bored with broccoli, give these recipes a try (and do share how they taste by commenting below!).&lt;/div&gt;
  653. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2308691505276542984/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2308691505276542984' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2308691505276542984'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2308691505276542984'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2013/11/eat-your-broccoli.html' title='Eat Your Broccoli'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-711517694035983487</id><published>2013-09-24T09:38:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-09-24T09:38:18.231-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Effects of age on male fertility.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  654. &lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab.&lt;/span&gt; 2013 Aug;27(4):617-28. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.07.004. Epub 2013 Aug 17.&lt;/div&gt;
  655. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  656. &lt;b&gt;Effects of age on male fertility.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  657. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  658. &lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Zitzmann%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24054934&quot;&gt;Zitzmann M&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s3&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  659. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  660. &lt;b&gt;Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  661. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  662. Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical Andrology, Domagkstrasse 11, D-48149 Muenster, Germany. Electronic address: Michael.Zitzmann@ukmuenster.de.&lt;/div&gt;
  663. &lt;div class=&quot;p6&quot;&gt;
  664. &lt;b&gt;Abstract&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  665. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  666. Later parenting is considered by many to have advantages, parents-to-be may feel themselves more stable to rear children. In addition, many men start a second family later in life. Thus, paternal age becomes an emerging issue. Aging affects male fertility by a scope of factors, which are not fully understood to date. Generally, the amount of produced sperm cells as well as their motility decreases with age, as testicular histological architecture deteriorates. Decreased fecundity and an increased risk for disturbed pregnancies occur with advancing paternal age. Some rare autosomal dominant pathologies are clearly related to paternal age. Altered patterns of epigenetics/gene expression in aging sperm seem to affect a range of neurocognitive disorders and also metabolic dyshomeostasis across generations. Such effects refer to men older than 40 years and may have impact on socio-economic issues. Nevertheless, councelling of older men seeking paternity should be patient-oriented and weigh statistical probabilities against the right for individual life-planning.&lt;/div&gt;
  667. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  668. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.&lt;/div&gt;
  669. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  670. &lt;b&gt;KEYWORDS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  671. &lt;br /&gt;
  672. &lt;div class=&quot;p9&quot;&gt;
  673. aging and sperm, aging fathers, epigenetics and fertility, male fertility, paternal age&lt;/div&gt;
  674. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/711517694035983487/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=711517694035983487' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/711517694035983487'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/711517694035983487'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2013/09/effects-of-age-on-male-fertility.html' title='Effects of age on male fertility.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2359012199973581781</id><published>2013-06-07T07:27:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-07T07:27:22.222-07:00</updated><title type='text'>New evidence for positive selection helps explain the paternal age effect observed in achondroplasia.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  675. &lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;Hum Mol Genet.&lt;/span&gt; 2013 Jun 4. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;/div&gt;
  676. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  677. &lt;b&gt;New evidence for positive selection helps explain the paternal age effect observed in achondroplasia.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  678. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  679. &lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Shinde%20DN%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23740942&quot;&gt;Shinde DN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s3&quot;&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Elmer%20DP%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23740942&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;Elmer DP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Calabrese%20P%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23740942&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;Calabrese P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Boulanger%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23740942&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;Boulanger J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Arnheim%20N%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23740942&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;Arnheim N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Tiemann-Boege%20I%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23740942&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;Tiemann-Boege I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  680. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  681. &lt;b&gt;Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  682. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  683. Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States of America.&lt;/div&gt;
  684. &lt;div class=&quot;p6&quot;&gt;
  685. &lt;b&gt;Abstract&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  686. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  687. There are certain de novo germline mutations associated with genetic disorders whose mutation rates per generation are orders of magnitude higher than the genome average. Moreover, these mutations occur exclusively in the male germ line and older men have a higher probability of having an affected child than younger ones, known as the paternal age-effect. The classic example of a genetic disorder exhibiting a PAE is achondroplasia, caused predominantly by a single nucleotide substitution (c.1138G&amp;gt;A) in FGFR3. To elucidate what mechanisms might be driving the high frequency of this mutation in the male germline, we examined the spatial distribution of the c.1138G&amp;gt;A substitution in a testis from an 80-year old unaffected man. Using a technology based on bead-emulsion amplification, we were able to measure mutation frequencies in 192 individual pieces of the dissected testis with a false positive rate lower than 2.7x10&lt;span class=&quot;s4&quot;&gt;-6&lt;/span&gt;. We observed that most mutations are clustered in a few pieces with 95% of all mutations occurring in 27% of the total testis. Using computational simulations, we rejected the model proposing an elevated mutation rate per cell division at this nucleotide site. Instead we determined that the observed mutation distribution fits a germline selection model, where mutant spermatogonial stem cells have a proliferative advantage over unmutated cells. Combined with data on several other PAE mutations, our results support the idea that the PAE, associated with a number of Mendelian disorders, may be explained primarily by a selective mechanism.&lt;/div&gt;
  688. &lt;br /&gt;
  689. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  690. PMID: 23740942 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]&lt;/div&gt;
  691. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2359012199973581781/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2359012199973581781' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2359012199973581781'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2359012199973581781'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2013/06/new-evidence-for-positive-selection.html' title='New evidence for positive selection helps explain the paternal age effect observed in achondroplasia.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-5398907693960819245</id><published>2013-06-06T16:32:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-06T16:32:20.229-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Common Genetic Disease Linked to Father’s Age</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  692. Common Genetic Disease Linked to Father’s Age&lt;/div&gt;
  693. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  694. 1 hour ago&lt;/div&gt;
  695. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  696. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  697. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  698. &lt;b&gt;Genetic mutation of a testis stem cell actually gives the disease an edge, making older fathers more likely to pass it along to their children&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  699. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  700. Scientists at USC have unlocked the mystery of why new cases of the genetic disease Noonan Syndrome are so common: a mutation that causes the disease disproportionately increases a normal father’s production of sperm carrying the disease trait.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
  701. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  702. When this Noonan syndrome mutation arises in a normal sperm stem cell it makes that cell more likely to reproduce itself than stem cells lacking the mutation. The father then is more likely to have an affected child because more mutant stem cells result in more mutant sperm. The longer the man waits to have children the greater the chance of having a child with Noonan syndrome.&lt;/div&gt;
  703. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  704. Noonan Syndrome is among the most common genetic diseases with a simple inheritance pattern. About one of every 4,000 live births is a child with a new disease mutation. The disease can cause craniofacial abnormalities, short stature, heart defects, intellectual disability and sometimes blood cancers.&lt;/div&gt;
  705. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  706. By examining the testes from 15 unaffected men, a team led by USC molecular and computational biologists Norman Arnheim and Peter Calabrese found that the new mutations were highly clustered in the testis, and that the overall proportion of mutated stem cells increased with age. Their computational analysis indicated that the mutation gave a selective edge over non-mutated cells.&lt;/div&gt;
  707. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  708. “There is competition between stem cells with and without the mutation in each individual testis,” said Arnheim, who has joint appointments at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and the Keck School of Medicine of USC. “But what is also unusual in this case is that the mutation which confers the advantage to testis stem cells is disadvantageous to any offspring that inherits it.”&lt;/div&gt;
  709. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  710. The new findings also suggest an important new molecular mechanism to explain how certain genetic disease mutations can alter sperm stem cell function leading to exceptionally high frequencies of new cases every generation.&lt;/div&gt;
  711. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  712. The Arnheim and Calabrese team included USC postdoctoral research associates Song-Ro Yoon, and Soo-Kung Choi, graduate student Jordan Eboreime and Dr. Bruce D. Gelb of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. A paper detailing their research will be published on June 6 in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/AJHG/&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The American Journal of Human Genetics&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  713. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  714. This research was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences grant number R01GM36745 and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (National Institutes of Health) grant number HL071207.&lt;/div&gt;
  715. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  716. ###&lt;/div&gt;
  717. &lt;br /&gt;
  718. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  719. Contact: Robert Perkins at (213) 740-9226 or &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:perkinsr@usc.edu&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;perkinsr@usc.edu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  720. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/5398907693960819245/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=5398907693960819245' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/5398907693960819245'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/5398907693960819245'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2013/06/common-genetic-disease-linked-to.html' title='Common Genetic Disease Linked to Father’s Age'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-7965054414434871074</id><published>2013-05-21T19:53:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-21T19:53:08.814-07:00</updated><title type='text'>. Recent studies have shown that 76% of new mutations originate in the paternal lineage and provide unequivocal evidence for an increase in mutation with paternal age. </title><content type='html'>
  721.  
  722.  
  723.  
  724.  
  725.  
  726.  
  727.  
  728. &lt;br /&gt;
  729. &lt;div class=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;
  730. &lt;span class=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;Trends Genet.&lt;/span&gt; 2013 May 16. pii: S0168-9525(13)00070-X. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.04.005. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;/div&gt;
  731. &lt;div class=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;
  732. &lt;b&gt;Properties and rates of germline mutations in humans.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  733. &lt;div class=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;
  734. &lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Campbell%20CD%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23684843&quot;&gt;Campbell CD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s3&quot;&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Eichler%20EE%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23684843&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;Eichler EE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  735. &lt;div class=&quot;p4&quot;&gt;
  736. &lt;b&gt;Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  737. &lt;div class=&quot;p5&quot;&gt;
  738. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.&lt;/div&gt;
  739. &lt;div class=&quot;p6&quot;&gt;
  740. &lt;b&gt;Abstract&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  741. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  742. All genetic variation arises via new mutations; therefore, determining the rate and biases for different classes of mutation is essential for understanding the genetics of human disease and evolution. Decades of mutation rate analyses have focused on a relatively small number of loci because of technical limitations. However, advances in sequencing technology have allowed for empirical assessments of genome-wide rates of mutation. Recent studies have shown that 76% of new mutations originate in the paternal lineage and provide unequivocal evidence for an increase in mutation with paternal age. Although most analyses have focused on single nucleotide variants (SNVs), studies have begun to provide insight into the mutation rate for other classes of variation, including copy number variants (CNVs), microsatellites, and mobile element insertions (MEIs). Here, we review the genome-wide analyses for the mutation rate of several types of variants and suggest areas for future research.&lt;/div&gt;
  743. &lt;div class=&quot;p7&quot;&gt;
  744. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.&lt;/div&gt;
  745. &lt;div class=&quot;p8&quot;&gt;
  746. PMID: 23684843 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]&lt;/div&gt;
  747. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/7965054414434871074/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=7965054414434871074' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/7965054414434871074'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/7965054414434871074'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2013/05/recent-studies-have-shown-that-76-of.html' title='. Recent studies have shown that 76% of new mutations originate in the paternal lineage and provide unequivocal evidence for an increase in mutation with paternal age. '/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-3768778737202711607</id><published>2013-03-16T06:47:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-03-16T06:47:34.885-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Impact of age on male fertility.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
  748. &lt;div class=&quot;cit&quot;&gt;
  749. &lt;span role=&quot;menubar&quot;&gt;&lt;a abstractlink=&quot;yes&quot; alsec=&quot;jour&quot; alterm=&quot;Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol.&quot; aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493186#&quot; role=&quot;menuitem&quot; title=&quot;Current opinion in obstetrics &amp;amp; gynecology.&quot;&gt;Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 2013 Mar 13. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;/div&gt;
  750. &lt;h1&gt;
  751. Impact of age on male fertility.&lt;/h1&gt;
  752. &lt;div class=&quot;auths&quot;&gt;
  753. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Crosnoe%20LE%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23493186&quot;&gt;Crosnoe LE&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kim%20ED%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=23493186&quot;&gt;Kim ED&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  754. &lt;div class=&quot;aff&quot;&gt;
  755. &lt;h3 class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;
  756. Source&lt;/h3&gt;
  757. University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.&lt;/div&gt;
  758. &lt;div class=&quot;abstr&quot;&gt;
  759. &lt;h3&gt;
  760. Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;
  761. &lt;div class=&quot;&quot;&gt;
  762. &lt;h4&gt;
  763. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: &lt;/h4&gt;
  764. An
  765. increasing number of older men are seeking help for fathering a child,
  766. but male fertility gradually declines with age. This review highlights
  767. changes in male reproductive biology and practical clinical concerns for
  768. aging men.&lt;br /&gt;
  769. &lt;h4&gt;
  770. RECENT FINDINGS: &lt;/h4&gt;
  771. Aging may have an impact on
  772. sperm DNA damage such as single nucleotide polymorphisms. A recent
  773. landmark study identified that the number of single gene de-novo
  774. mutations in the offspring increased by two mutations per year based on
  775. paternal age. Additionally, advanced paternal age has been linked with
  776. neurocognitive disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. For the
  777. management of hypogonadism, strategies using selective estrogen
  778. modulators have been increasingly utilized to maintain fertility
  779. potential.&lt;br /&gt;
  780. &lt;h4&gt;
  781. SUMMARY: &lt;/h4&gt;
  782. Aging has an impact on male fertility potential, as well as potential genetic effects for the offspring.&lt;/div&gt;
  783. &lt;/div&gt;
  784. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/3768778737202711607/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=3768778737202711607' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/3768778737202711607'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/3768778737202711607'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2013/03/impact-of-age-on-male-fertility.html' title='Impact of age on male fertility.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-3224797109662810098</id><published>2012-09-11T17:37:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-11T17:37:12.055-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Paternal Age and Risk of Autism in an Ethnically Diverse, Non-Industrialized Setting: Aruba</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
  785. &lt;h1 datatype=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text&quot; property=&quot;dc:title&quot; rel=&quot;dc:type&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  786. Paternal Age and Risk of Autism in an Ethnically Diverse, Non-Industrialized Setting: Aruba&lt;/h1&gt;
  787. &lt;div datatype=&quot;&quot; property=&quot;dc:description&quot; style=&quot;display: none; visibility: hidden;&quot;&gt;
  788. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine paternal age in relation to risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in a setting other than the industrialized west.DesignA case-control study of Aruban-born children (1990–2003). Cases (N = 95) were identified at the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, the only such clinic in Aruba; gender and age matched controls (N = 347) were gathered from public health records. Parental age was defined categorically (≤29, 30–39, 40–49, ≥50y). The analysis was made, using conditional logistic regression.ResultsAdvanced paternal age was associated with increased risk of ASDs in offspring. In comparison to the youngest paternal age group (≤29y), risk of autism increased 2.18 times for children born from fathers in their thirties, 2.71 times for fathers in their forties, and 3.22 thereafter.ConclusionThis study, part of the first epidemiologic study of autism in the Caribbean, contributes additional evidence, from a distinctive sociocultural setting, of the risk of ASD associated with increased paternal age.&lt;/div&gt;
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  819. &lt;/ul&gt;
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  822. &lt;/div&gt;
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  825. &lt;/div&gt;
  826. &lt;/div&gt;
  827. &lt;div class=&quot;authors&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  828. &lt;span rel=&quot;dc:creator&quot;&gt;Ingrid D. C. van Balkom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff1&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff2&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff3&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fnoteref&quot; href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#cor1&quot;&gt;*&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;span rel=&quot;dc:creator&quot;&gt;Michaeline Bresnahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff4&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff5&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;span rel=&quot;dc:creator&quot;&gt;Pieter Jelle Vuijk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff6&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;span rel=&quot;dc:creator&quot;&gt;Jan Hubert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff7&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;span rel=&quot;dc:creator&quot;&gt;Ezra Susser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff4&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff5&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff8&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;span rel=&quot;dc:creator&quot;&gt;Hans W. Hoek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff4&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff9&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#aff10&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  829. &lt;div class=&quot;affiliations&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  830. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff1&quot; name=&quot;aff1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Oranjestad, Aruba, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff2&quot; name=&quot;aff2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt; Jonx Department of Youth Mental Health, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff3&quot; name=&quot;aff3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt; Rob Giel Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff4&quot; name=&quot;aff4&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff5&quot; name=&quot;aff5&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5&lt;/strong&gt; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States of America, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff6&quot; name=&quot;aff6&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6&lt;/strong&gt; Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff7&quot; name=&quot;aff7&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7&lt;/strong&gt; Child and Youth Health Services, Department of Public Health of Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff8&quot; name=&quot;aff8&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8&lt;/strong&gt; College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff9&quot; name=&quot;aff9&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9&lt;/strong&gt; Parnassia Bavo Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands, &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;aff10&quot; name=&quot;aff10&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10&lt;/strong&gt; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands&lt;/div&gt;
  831. &lt;div class=&quot;abstract&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[1]&quot;&gt;
  832. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;abstract0&quot; name=&quot;abstract0&quot; title=&quot;Abstract&quot; toc=&quot;abstract0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h2 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  833. Abstract &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
  834. &lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  835. Objective&lt;/h3&gt;
  836. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[1]/sec[1]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  837. The aim of this study was to examine paternal age in relation to risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in a setting other than the industrialized west.&lt;/div&gt;
  838. &lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  839. Design&lt;/h3&gt;
  840. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[1]/sec[2]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  841. A case-control study of Aruban-born children (1990–2003). Cases (N = 95) were identified at the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, the only such clinic in Aruba; gender and age matched controls (N = 347) were gathered from public health records. Parental age was defined categorically (≤29, 30–39, 40–49, ≥50y). The analysis was made, using conditional logistic regression.&lt;/div&gt;
  842. &lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  843. Results&lt;/h3&gt;
  844. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[1]/sec[3]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  845. Advanced paternal age was associated with increased risk of ASDs in offspring. In comparison to the youngest paternal age group (≤29y), risk of autism increased 2.18 times for children born from fathers in their thirties, 2.71 times for fathers in their forties, and 3.22 thereafter.&lt;/div&gt;
  846. &lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  847. Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;
  848. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/front[1]/article-meta[1]/abstract[1]/sec[4]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  849. This study, part of the first epidemiologic study of autism in the Caribbean, contributes additional evidence, from a distinctive sociocultural setting, of the risk of ASD associated with increased paternal age.&lt;/div&gt;
  850. &lt;/div&gt;
  851. &lt;div class=&quot;articleinfo&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  852. &lt;strong&gt;Citation: &lt;/strong&gt;van Balkom IDC, Bresnahan M, Vuijk PJ, Hubert J, Susser E, et al.  (2012) Paternal Age and Risk of Autism in an Ethnically Diverse, Non-Industrialized Setting: Aruba. PLoS ONE 7(9):          e45090.            doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045090&lt;br /&gt;
  853. &lt;strong&gt;Editor: &lt;/strong&gt;Thomas Burne,         University of Queensland, Australia      &lt;br /&gt;
  854. &lt;br /&gt;
  855. &lt;strong&gt;Received:&lt;/strong&gt; March 9, 2012; &lt;strong&gt;Accepted:&lt;/strong&gt; August 17, 2012; &lt;strong&gt;Published:&lt;/strong&gt; September 11, 2012&lt;br /&gt;
  856. &lt;strong&gt;Copyright:&lt;/strong&gt; © 2012 van Balkom et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.&lt;br /&gt;
  857. &lt;strong&gt;Funding: &lt;/strong&gt;The authors have no support or funding to report.&lt;br /&gt;
  858. &lt;strong&gt;Competing interests:&lt;/strong&gt; The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.&lt;br /&gt;
  859. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;cor1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;* E-mail: &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:idc.vanbalkom@lentis.nl&quot;&gt;idc.vanbalkom@lentis.nl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  860. &lt;div id=&quot;section1&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[1]&quot;&gt;
  861. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;s1&quot; name=&quot;s1&quot; title=&quot;Introduction&quot; toc=&quot;s1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  862. Introduction &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  863. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[1]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  864. Major studies showing that advanced paternal age elevates risk of autism in offspring have been conducted in predominantly high-income countries (the United States (California), Denmark, Israel, Western Australia, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-BuizerVoskamp1&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;–&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Shelton1&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  865. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[1]/p[2]&quot;&gt;
  866. The mechanisms underlying the association between advanced parental age and autism risk are not yet fully understood. The leading hypothesis is that with advancing paternal age, de novo genomic alterations and/or changes in gene expression regulation levels increase the risk of autism &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Alter1&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Sebat1&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;. Alternatively, delayed parenthood could reflect sub threshold autistic traits in individuals leading them to delay parenting &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Constantino1&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Puleo1&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;. There are also suggestions that sociocultural determinants of age at parenting may better explain the finding. Sociocultural factors which influence age at parenting differ across countries and include factors such as immigration, access to family planning services, educational attainment, and socioeconomic status &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Bongaarts1&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;–&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Leonard1&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;. The significance of these sociocultural factors is difficult to evaluate due to the lack of sociocultural diversity of the major studies to date. Studies of autism in a greater diversity of settings are underway or have recently been published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Sasanfar1&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Zhang1&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;. Among the first of these was a prevalence study of treated autism spectrum disorders in Aruba &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-vanBalkom1&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;. Our aim in the current study was to examine the hypothesis that advanced paternal age increases risk of autism in the non-industrial, ethnically diverse setting of Aruba.&lt;/div&gt;
  867. &lt;/div&gt;
  868. &lt;div id=&quot;section2&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]&quot;&gt;
  869. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;s2&quot; name=&quot;s2&quot; title=&quot;Methods&quot; toc=&quot;s2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  870. Methods &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  871. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[1]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  872. Area and population&lt;/h4&gt;
  873. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[1]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  874. Aruba is a Caribbean island 17 miles off the coast of Venezuela (population 90,506 in 2000) The native-born population of Aruba is predominantly of Amerindian (Arawak), Dutch, and Spanish ancestry &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-ToroLabrador1&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;. In conjunction with an economic transition in the 1990s, Aruba absorbed a large number of immigrants. Since 2000, immigrants have constituted at least 30% of the population &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Central1&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;. Although social distinctions based on race may exist, these are nowhere documented, and race is officially considered a continuously distributed trait. During the 1990s health insurance was nearly universal for legal residents; in 2001 access to health care in Aruba improved further with the introduction of mandatory health insurance. All children of legal residents are entitled to health care &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-vanBalkom1&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  875. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[2]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  876. Study Design&lt;/h4&gt;
  877. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[2]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  878. This study is a population-based case-control study using clinic and public health records. The sampling frame includes all births in Aruba between 1990 and 2003 recorded in the Aruban public health records. Autism in children born between 1990–1999 had previously been identified in the Aruba Autism Project, a prevalence study of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) in Aruba &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-vanBalkom1&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;. This earlier prevalence study was extended to include children born from 1990 to 2003, from clinic records of assessments recorded until January 1, 2006. Controls were selected from the public health records (well-baby clinics records and adolescent health preventative clinic records) matching on date/month/year of birth and gender.&lt;/div&gt;
  879. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[3]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  880. Case identification&lt;/h4&gt;
  881. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[3]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  882. Records from the Aruba Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, the first and only child and adolescent psychiatry service on the island, were systematically screened for diagnosed and suspected cases of ASD in children born in Aruba from 1990 to 2003, extending the birth years investigated in the prevalence study of treated ASDs in Aruba &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-vanBalkom1&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;. Standardized chart abstractions were conducted on all potential cases, including children with a clinic ASD diagnosis, or a working diagnosis &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Charman1&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt; of ASD; abstracts were reviewed and a study diagnosis was assigned based on chart evidence of symptoms in accordance with DSM-IV symptom criteria. Autism Spectrum Disorders were defined to include Autistic Disorder, Asperger&#39;s Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Eligibility for inclusion in the analysis was based wholly on chart review, and not on standing clinic diagnosis. In total, 101 cases of ASDs were identified by these methods and included; 23 of these cases were validated in a previous study (see Van Balkom et al., 2009 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-vanBalkom1&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt; for a more complete description).&lt;/div&gt;
  883. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[4]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  884. Control identification&lt;/h4&gt;
  885. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[4]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  886. A minimum of three and a maximum of five controls, matched to each subject classified with an ASD for date of birth and gender, were randomly selected from the public health records. With these methods 469 controls were identified for the 101 ASD subjects.&lt;/div&gt;
  887. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[5]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  888. Covariate information&lt;/h4&gt;
  889. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[5]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  890. Data on controls were abstracted from the centralized computer records of the Aruban public health clinics, which serve all Aruban children from infancy to age 10 to 11 years. Public health clinic files for selected controls were retained in one of two locations (the centralized archive or home clinic) depending upon birth years. Clinic files include immunization history, visit notes, and in most instances parental characteristics including parents&#39; place of birth, date and/or year of birth, maternal parity, and parental occupation. Parental characteristics were abstracted for each control using a standardized abstraction form. Only anonymized data were extracted from the clinic records. A similar abstraction process for parental characteristics of cases was carried out.&lt;/div&gt;
  891. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[5]/p[2]&quot;&gt;
  892. Characteristics of the study sample are shown in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone-0045090-t001&quot;&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  893. &lt;div class=&quot;figure&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[5]/table-wrap[1]&quot;&gt;
  894. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090?imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001&quot; id=&quot;pone-0045090-t001&quot; name=&quot;pone-0045090-t001&quot; title=&quot;Click for larger image &quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;expand-link&quot;&gt;
  895. &lt;/div&gt;
  896. &lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;thumbnail&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;thumbnail&quot; src=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001&amp;amp;representation=PNG_I&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[5]/table-wrap[1]/label[1]&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090?imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;Table 1. &lt;/a&gt; &lt;span xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[5]/table-wrap[1]/caption[1]/title[1]&quot;&gt;Characteristics of the study sample.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  897. &lt;span xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;clearer&quot;&gt;
  898. &lt;/div&gt;
  899. &lt;div class=&quot;figure-inline-download&quot;&gt;
  900. &lt;ul&gt;
  901. &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Download: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001/powerpoint&quot;&gt;PowerPoint slide&lt;/a&gt; |                  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001/largerimage&quot;&gt;                    larger image (&lt;span id=&quot;info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001.PNG_L&quot;&gt;44KB&lt;/span&gt; PNG)&lt;/a&gt; |                  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001/originalimage&quot;&gt;                    original image (&lt;span id=&quot;info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t001.TIF&quot;&gt;211KB&lt;/span&gt; TIFF)                  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  902. &lt;/ul&gt;
  903. &lt;/div&gt;
  904. &lt;/div&gt;
  905. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[5]/p[3]&quot;&gt;
  906. Six of the cases classified as ASD for this study were excluded due to missing data on mother and/or father&#39;s age along with their 26 matched controls. An additional 96 controls were excluded due to missing data on maternal and/or paternal age. The final sample consisted of 95 cases and 347 controls.&lt;/div&gt;
  907. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[6]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  908. Variables&lt;/h4&gt;
  909. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[6]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  910. Paternal and maternal age, the primary confounder &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Shelton1&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Glasson1&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;, were defined as categorical variables. Parental age was categorized in 10 year increments, resulting in four categories of paternal age (≤29 =  age group 1 (reference category), 30–39 =  age group 2, 40–49 =  age group 3, and ≥50 =  age group 4), and three categories of maternal age as there were no mothers older than 49 years (≤29 =  age group 1 (reference category), 30–39 = age group 2, and 40–49 =  age group 3). Three additional covariates were identified for inclusion as possible confounders: low birth weight &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Larsson1&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Shah1&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Tough1&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;, preterm birth &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Larsson1&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Buchmayer1&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;–&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Tough1&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt; and parental immigrant status &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Hultman1&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Lauritsen1&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;. Low birth weight was defined as &lt;2 11=&quot;11&quot; 39=&quot;39&quot; and=&quot;and&quot; aruba=&quot;aruba&quot; as=&quot;as&quot; birth=&quot;birth&quot; class=&quot;inline-formula&quot; classified=&quot;classified&quot; grams=&quot;grams&quot; not=&quot;not&quot; of=&quot;of&quot; parental=&quot;parental&quot; place=&quot;place&quot; pregnancy=&quot;pregnancy&quot; preterm=&quot;preterm&quot; span=&quot;span&quot; was=&quot;was&quot; weeks=&quot;weeks&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.e001&amp;amp;representation=PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  911. &lt;/div&gt;
  912. ); from this four categories of combined parental place of birth were defined, i.e. A&lt;sub&gt;FA&lt;/sub&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;MO&lt;/sub&gt; (reference category, N = 207), A&lt;sub&gt;FA&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.e002&amp;amp;representation=PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;MO&lt;/sub&gt; (N = 90), &lt;span class=&quot;inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.e003&amp;amp;representation=PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;FA&lt;/sub&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;MO&lt;/sub&gt; (N = 47), &lt;span class=&quot;inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.e004&amp;amp;representation=PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;FA&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.e005&amp;amp;representation=PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;MO&lt;/sub&gt; (N = 74); for 24 children the birthplace of the parents was unknown. Neither low birth weight, nor parental immigrant status were associated with ASD in bivariate analysis, and were therefore dropped from the models.&lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[7]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  913. Analysis&lt;/h4&gt;
  914. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[7]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  915. The data were analyzed using STATA version 9. Conditional logistic regression was used for matched case-control groups with STATA&#39;s “clogit” command to examine paternal age effects of increased risk in ASDs in offspring unadjusted, while controlling for maternal age effects, and while controlling for maternal age and preterm birth effects, as well as the interaction effect beteen maternal age and paternal age.&lt;/div&gt;
  916. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[8]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  917. Confidentiality&lt;/h4&gt;
  918. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[2]/sec[8]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  919. In keeping with Dutch medical ethical guidelines for the conduct of record review studies personal information was treated confidentially. Only the treating child psychiatrist and the research psychiatrist had access to the medical charts. Data were entered into a statistical database without identifying information. Informed consent was not applicable. The study was approved by the Ministry of Health of Aruba.&lt;/div&gt;
  920. &lt;div id=&quot;section3&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[3]&quot;&gt;
  921. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;s3&quot; name=&quot;s3&quot; title=&quot;Results&quot; toc=&quot;s3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  922. Results &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  923. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[3]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  924. Mean paternal age in cases was 33.5 (sd = 6.8), and in controls 31.1 (sd = 7.1) years; mean maternal age in cases was 30.2 (sd = 5.7), and in controls 27.6 (sd = 5.6) years.&lt;/div&gt;
  925. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[3]/p[2]&quot;&gt;
  926. Advanced paternal age was associated with increased risk of ASDs in offspring (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone-0045090-t002&quot;&gt;Table 2&lt;/a&gt;). In comparison to the youngest paternal age group (≤29), the risk of autism increased significantly to 2.18 times (p = .004) for children with fathers in their thirties, and to 2.71 times (p = .01) in their forties. Adjusting for maternal age, paternal age effects were significant for fathers in their thirties, compared to younger fathers. However effects were rendered non-significant for other paternal age groups. When adjusting for confounding variables maternal age and preterm birth, fathers in their thirties (OR = 2.16; p = .02) and forties (OR = 2.67; p = .04) have a significantly increased risk for ASDs in their offspring compared to the reference group. No significant interaction effect was found between paternal age and maternal age (p = .55).&lt;/div&gt;
  927. &lt;div class=&quot;figure&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[3]/table-wrap[1]&quot;&gt;
  928. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090?imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002&quot; id=&quot;pone-0045090-t002&quot; name=&quot;pone-0045090-t002&quot; title=&quot;Click for larger image &quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;expand-link&quot;&gt;
  929. &lt;/div&gt;
  930. &lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;thumbnail&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;thumbnail&quot; src=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002&amp;amp;representation=PNG_I&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[3]/table-wrap[1]/label[1]&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090?imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;Table 2. &lt;/a&gt; &lt;span xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[3]/table-wrap[1]/caption[1]/title[1]&quot;&gt;Odds ratios for paternal age adjusted for maternal age and preterm birth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  931. &lt;span xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;clearer&quot;&gt;
  932. &lt;/div&gt;
  933. &lt;div class=&quot;figure-inline-download&quot;&gt;
  934. &lt;ul&gt;
  935. &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Download: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002/powerpoint&quot;&gt;PowerPoint slide&lt;/a&gt; |                  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002/largerimage&quot;&gt;                    larger image (&lt;span id=&quot;info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002.PNG_L&quot;&gt;50KB&lt;/span&gt; PNG)&lt;/a&gt; |                  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002/originalimage&quot;&gt;                    original image (&lt;span id=&quot;info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045090.t002.TIF&quot;&gt;147KB&lt;/span&gt; TIFF)                  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  936. &lt;/ul&gt;
  937. &lt;/div&gt;
  938. &lt;/div&gt;
  939. &lt;/div&gt;
  940. &lt;div id=&quot;section4&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]&quot;&gt;
  941. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;s4&quot; name=&quot;s4&quot; title=&quot;Discussion&quot; toc=&quot;s4&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  942. Discussion &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  943. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  944. In this case-control study in a total population Aruban birth cohort (1990–2003) we found that advanced paternal age, in comparison to young paternal age (≤29), was associated with a greater than two-fold increased risk of ASDs in offspring. Adjusting for both maternal age and preterm birth had little impact on the finding. These results are consistent with other reports from western countries &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-BuizerVoskamp1&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;–&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Shelton1&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;, and fall within the range of effects reported in a recent meta-analysis &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Hultman1&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  945. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/p[2]&quot;&gt;
  946. The leading explanations for increasing risk with advancing paternal age are genetic mutations/cytogenetic abnormalities known to increase with age &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Buwe1&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Crow1&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt;, or age associated methylation differences &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Flanagan1&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;. The leading alternative explanation is that subthreshold autistic traits in the fathers, associated with delayed or late parenting, elevates the risk of autism. Support for this hypothesis is based in part on evidence of social and communication impairments in parents and siblings of autistic probands, referred to as the broader autism phenotype (BAP) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Bailey1&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  947. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/p[3]&quot;&gt;
  948. Attempts to discriminate between the two major alternatives (mutation/epigenetics versus broader autism phenotype self selection) have adopted different strategies. The first strategy is the most direct, and examines parental characteristics and reproductive age in multiplex families. Using this strategy, Puleo and colleagues &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Puleo1&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt; found that no major dimension of the broader autism phenotype increased with age at paternity.&lt;/div&gt;
  949. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/p[4]&quot;&gt;
  950. A second strategy, also focused within affected families, reasons that an association of paternal age and risk of autism within affected families argues against a primary role for the self-selection hypothesis. Hultman et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Hultman1&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; examined paternal age effects in sibships with one or more autistic children, and one non-autistic sibling, and found that the association was observed in first born and subsequent births. Stratifying on age at birth of first child, increasing risk with advancing paternal age was reported for all but one strata. Parner et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Parner1&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt; included a sibling subcohort analysis which adjusted for common genetic and environmental factors, and found that the parental age association persisted, and increased risk of ASD could not be explained by these factors.&lt;/div&gt;
  951. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/p[5]&quot;&gt;
  952. The study in Aruba reflects a third strategy. This approach, focused on culturally distinct environments, reasons that in different cultural circumstances individuals selected into delayed parenting will differ. For example, it is likely that social, cultural, and ethnic influences on age of reproduction in Aruba are affected by the transitional economy and the rapid influx of immigrants, changing the meaning of older ages at parenting. If paternal age effects are consistent across cultures, this would argue for an age related, rather than BAP related effects.&lt;/div&gt;
  953. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/p[6]&quot;&gt;
  954. In Aruba, we found a two to three-fold increased risk of autism in offspring associated with advancing paternal age. These findings add to the line of evidence demonstrating consistent paternal age effect in culturally dissimilar environments. Two case control studies in non-western countries – Iran and China – have recently been published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Sasanfar1&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-Zhang1&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;. In the Iranian study, controls were matched to cases on parental education, birth order, sex, consanguinity, urbanism and province. In matched analysis, fathers age 35–39 had nearly a twofold increased risk, and fathers 40+ a 2.58 times increased risk compared to fathers aged 25–29. A small case control study in Tianjin, China, reported a significant advanced paternal age (&amp;gt;30) effect, associated with increased risk of 2.63 adjusting for sex and birth year. Maternal age effects were nonsignificant. It is notable that in both Iran and China, arranged marriages are common.&lt;/div&gt;
  955. &lt;h4 xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/sec[1]/title[1]&quot;&gt;
  956. Strengths and limitations&lt;/h4&gt;
  957. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/sec[1]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  958. Major strengths of the study include access to rigorously defined cases arising in the total population of Aruban births 1990–2003, ascertainment through the only child psychiatry clinic within a well-established universal health care system, and accurate enumeration of the population at risk through the population registry.&lt;/div&gt;
  959. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/sec[1]/p[2]&quot;&gt;
  960. Nonetheless, the limitations of the present study also need to be considered. First, the small sample size is an inherent limitation to the study of this population. In addition, the decrease in the effect size for paternal age when maternal age is added to the model, may reflect the difficulty of fully separating paternal and maternal age effects; the instability of the confidence intervals clearly reflects the limited sample size.&lt;/div&gt;
  961. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[4]/sec[1]/p[3]&quot;&gt;
  962. A second limitation pertains to the record-based methodology. Findings with respect to assigning a study diagnosis, as in any record-based study, are usually limited by the absence of in-person standardized research interviews and direct clinical assessments of the study classified cases. However, in a prior validation study (N = 30; 24 cases and 6 controls) we reported that 23 of the 24 cases were confirmed. Since these 23 cases have been included in the present study the diagnosis of 24% of present study cases was validated &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#pone.0045090-vanBalkom1&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  963. &lt;/div&gt;
  964. &lt;div id=&quot;section5&quot; xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[5]&quot;&gt;
  965. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;s5&quot; name=&quot;s5&quot; title=&quot;Conclusion&quot; toc=&quot;s5&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  966. Conclusion &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  967. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/body[1]/sec[5]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  968. The study contributes additional evidence from a distinctive sociocultural setting, to the literature on the relationship between paternal age and risk of ASDs, and it emphasizes the importance of replicating these findings across environments since increased paternal age may encapsulate both biological and sociocultural risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Taken together with findings from other studies employing distinct research designs, these findings suggest that the paternal age effect is not explained by a selection effect in which fathers with autistic traits preferrentially delay parenting.&lt;/div&gt;
  969. &lt;/div&gt;
  970. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  971. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;ack&quot; name=&quot;ack&quot; title=&quot;Acknowledgments&quot; toc=&quot;ack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  972. Acknowledgments &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  973. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;/article[1]/back[1]/ack[1]/p[1]&quot;&gt;
  974. We would like to thank the Central Bureau of Statistics in Aruba for their ongoing contributions to our work. In particular we thank Karin Kock and Martijn Balkestein for their continued support.&lt;/div&gt;
  975. &lt;/div&gt;
  976. &lt;div class=&quot;contributions&quot;&gt;
  977. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;authcontrib&quot; name=&quot;authcontrib&quot; title=&quot;Author Contributions&quot; toc=&quot;authcontrib&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  978. Author Contributions &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045090?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FMentalHealth+(PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Mental+Health)#top&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  979. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  980. Conceived and designed the experiments: IvB MB ES HWH. Analyzed the data: PJV. Wrote the paper: IvB MB. Sampling frame/matching subjects to controls: IvB JH. Interpretation of the data: IvB MB HWH ES. Final approval: IvB MB PJV JH ES HWH.&lt;/div&gt;
  981. &lt;/div&gt;
  982. &lt;div xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
  983. &lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;references&quot; name=&quot;references&quot; title=&quot;References&quot; toc=&quot;references&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;
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  1014. &lt;li xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;pone.0045090-Bailey1&quot; name=&quot;pone.0045090-Bailey1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Bailey A, Palferman S, Heavey L, Le Couteur A (1998) Autism: the phenotype in relatives. J Autism Dev Disord 28: 369–392. &lt;a class=&quot;find&quot; href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/findArticle.action?author=Bailey&amp;amp;title=Autism:%20the%20phenotype%20in%20relatives&quot;&gt;                    Find this article online                  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  1015. &lt;li xpathlocation=&quot;noSelect&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;pone.0045090-Parner1&quot; name=&quot;pone.0045090-Parner1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Parner ET, Baron-Cohen S, Lauritsen MB, Jorgensen M, Schieve LA, et al. (2012) Parental age and autism spectrum disorders. Ann Epidemiol 22: 143–150. &lt;a class=&quot;find&quot; href=&quot;http://www.plosone.org/article/findArticle.action?author=Parner&amp;amp;title=Parental%20age%20and%20autism%20spectrum%20disorders&quot;&gt;                    Find this article online&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  1016. &lt;/ol&gt;
  1017. &lt;/div&gt;
  1018. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/3224797109662810098/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=3224797109662810098' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/3224797109662810098'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/3224797109662810098'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/09/paternal-age-and-risk-of-autism-in.html' title='Paternal Age and Risk of Autism in an Ethnically Diverse, Non-Industrialized Setting: Aruba'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-225836406997275493</id><published>2012-08-24T08:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-24T08:47:32.049-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Older Fathers Linked to Kids’ Autism and Schizophrenia Risk   Don&#39;t blame older mothers for their offsprings&#39; developmental problems. A new study finds &quot;there is probably much more reason to be concerned with the age of the father&quot;   Read more: http://healthland.time.com/2012/08/23/older-fathers-linked-to-kids-autism-and-schizophrenia-risk/#ixzz24Tl8tE00</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthland.time.com/2012/08/23/older-fathers-linked-to-kids-autism-and-schizophrenia-risk/&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthland.time.com/2012/08/23/older-fathers-linked-to-kids-autism-and-schizophrenia-risk/&quot;&gt;http://healthland.time.com/2012/08/23/older-fathers-linked-to-kids-autism-and-schizophrenia-risk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/225836406997275493/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=225836406997275493' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/225836406997275493'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/225836406997275493'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/08/older-fathers-linked-to-kids-autism-and.html' title='Older Fathers Linked to Kids’ Autism and Schizophrenia Risk   Don&#39;t blame older mothers for their offsprings&#39; developmental problems. A new study finds &quot;there is probably much more reason to be concerned with the age of the father&quot;   Read more: http://healthland.time.com/2012/08/23/older-fathers-linked-to-kids-autism-and-schizophrenia-risk/#ixzz24Tl8tE00'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-6482687303430335546</id><published>2012-08-24T08:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-24T08:12:13.457-07:00</updated><title type='text'> Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father&#39;s age to disease risk.     Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K.     Nature. 2012 Aug 22;488(7412):471-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11396.     PMID: 22914163 [PubMed - in process] </title><content type='html'>
  1019. Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father&#39;s age to disease risk.
  1020.  
  1021.  
  1022.  
  1023.  
  1024. Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K.
  1025.  
  1026.  
  1027.  
  1028.  
  1029. Nature. 2012 Aug 22;488(7412):471-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11396.
  1030.  
  1031.  
  1032.  
  1033.  
  1034. PMID: 22914163 [PubMed - in process]
  1035. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/6482687303430335546/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=6482687303430335546' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/6482687303430335546'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/6482687303430335546'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/08/rate-of-de-novo-mutations-and.html' title=' Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father&#39;s age to disease risk.     Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K.     Nature. 2012 Aug 22;488(7412):471-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11396.     PMID: 22914163 [PubMed - in process] '/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-5961238709768160133</id><published>2012-08-22T17:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-22T17:29:01.417-07:00</updated><title type='text'>http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/health/fathers-age-is-linked-to-risk-of-autism-and-schizophrenia.html?_r=1&amp;emc=na</title><content type='html'>http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/health/fathers-age-is-linked-to-risk-of-autism-and-schizophrenia.html?_r=1&amp;emc=na&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/health/fathers-age-is-linked-to-risk-of-autism-and-schizophrenia.html?_r=1&amp;emc=na&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/5961238709768160133/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=5961238709768160133' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/5961238709768160133'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/5961238709768160133'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/08/httpwwwnytimescom20120823healthfathers.html' title='http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/health/fathers-age-is-linked-to-risk-of-autism-and-schizophrenia.html?_r=1&amp;emc=na'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-3475145753124795720</id><published>2012-08-01T09:12:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-01T09:12:41.815-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Two independent de novo mutations as a cause for neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome in a single family.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
  1036. &lt;h1&gt;
  1037. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847776&quot;&gt;Two independent de novo mutations as a cause for neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome in a single family.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/3475145753124795720/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=3475145753124795720' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/3475145753124795720'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/3475145753124795720'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/08/two-independent-de-novo-mutations-as.html' title='Two independent de novo mutations as a cause for neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome in a single family.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-7220806417728180722</id><published>2012-05-09T08:24:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-05-09T08:24:11.157-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Effect of Paternal Age on Fetal Birth Outcomes.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
  1038. &lt;div class=&quot;cit&quot;&gt;
  1039. &lt;a abstractlink=&quot;yes&quot; alsec=&quot;jour&quot; alterm=&quot;Am J Mens Health.&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22564913#&quot; title=&quot;American journal of men&#39;s health.&quot;&gt;Am J Mens Health.&lt;/a&gt; 2012 May 7. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;/div&gt;
  1040. &lt;h1&gt;
  1041. The Effect of Paternal Age on Fetal Birth Outcomes.&lt;/h1&gt;
  1042. &lt;div class=&quot;auths&quot;&gt;
  1043. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Alio%20AP%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Alio AP&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Salihu%20HM%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Salihu HM&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22McIntosh%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;McIntosh C&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22August%20EM%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;August EM&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Weldeselasse%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Weldeselasse H&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sanchez%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Sanchez E&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Mbah%20AK%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Mbah AK&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  1044. &lt;div class=&quot;abstr&quot;&gt;
  1045. &lt;h3&gt;
  1046. Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;
  1047. Research investigating the role of paternal age in adverse birth outcomes is limited. This population-based retrospective cohort study used the Missouri maternally linked data set from 1989 to 2005 to assess whether paternal age affects fetal birth outcomes: low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), stillbirth, and small size for gestational age (SGA). We examined these outcomes among infants across seven paternal age-groups (&amp;lt;20, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-45, and &amp;gt;45 years) using the generalized estimating equation framework. Compared with infants born to younger fathers (25-29 years), infants born to fathers aged 40 to 45 years had a 24% increased risk of stillbirth but a reduced risk of SGA. A 48% increased risk of late stillbirth was observed in infants born to advanced paternal age (&amp;gt;45 years). Moreover, advanced paternal age (&amp;gt;45 years) was observed to result in a 19%, 13%, and 29% greater risk for LBW, PTB, and VPTB (very preterm birth) infants, respectively. Infants born to fathers aged 30 to 39 years had a lower risk of LBW, PTB, and SGA, whereas those born to fathers aged 24 years or younger had an elevated likelihood of experiencing these same adverse outcomes. These findings demonstrate that paternal age influences birth outcomes and warrants further investigation.&lt;/div&gt;
  1048. &lt;div class=&quot;aux&quot;&gt;
  1049. &lt;div class=&quot;resc&quot;&gt;
  1050.  
  1051. &lt;dl class=&quot;rprtid&quot;&gt;
  1052. &lt;dt&gt;PMID:&lt;/dt&gt;
  1053. &lt;dd&gt;22564913&lt;/dd&gt; &lt;dd&gt; [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;
  1054. &lt;/div&gt;
  1055. &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/7220806417728180722/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=7220806417728180722' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/7220806417728180722'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/7220806417728180722'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/05/effect-of-paternal-age-on-fetal-birth.html' title='The Effect of Paternal Age on Fetal Birth Outcomes.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-6558050790109764878</id><published>2012-05-01T07:53:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-05-01T07:53:34.656-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Exome sequencing of 343 families, each with a single child on the autism spectrum and at least one unaffected sibling, reveal de novo small indels and point substitutions, which come mostly from the paternal line in an age-dependent manner</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
  1056. &lt;div&gt;
  1057. &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot; id=&quot;result_sel&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;input name=&quot;EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_ResultsController.ResultCount&quot; sid=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;hidden&quot; value=&quot;1&quot; /&gt;&lt;input name=&quot;EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_ResultsController.RunLastQuery&quot; sid=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;hidden&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  1058. &lt;div class=&quot;rprt_all&quot;&gt;
  1059. &lt;div class=&quot;rprt abstract&quot;&gt;
  1060. &lt;div class=&quot;cit&quot;&gt;
  1061. &lt;a abstractlink=&quot;yes&quot; alsec=&quot;jour&quot; alterm=&quot;Neuron.&quot; aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22542183#&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; title=&quot;Neuron.&quot;&gt;Neuron.&lt;/a&gt; 2012 Apr 26;74(2):285-99.&lt;/div&gt;
  1062. &lt;h1&gt;
  1063. De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum.&lt;/h1&gt;
  1064. &lt;div class=&quot;auths&quot;&gt;
  1065. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Iossifov%20I%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Iossifov I&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ronemus%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Ronemus M&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Levy%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Levy D&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wang%20Z%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Wang Z&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Hakker%20I%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Hakker I&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Rosenbaum%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Rosenbaum J&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Yamrom%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Yamrom B&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Lee%20YH%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Lee YH&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Narzisi%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Narzisi G&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Leotta%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Leotta A&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kendall%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Kendall J&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Grabowska%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Grabowska E&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ma%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Ma B&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Marks%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Marks S&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Rodgers%20L%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Rodgers L&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Stepansky%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Stepansky A&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Troge%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Troge J&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Andrews%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Andrews P&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bekritsky%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Bekritsky M&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Pradhan%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Pradhan K&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ghiban%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Ghiban E&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kramer%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Kramer M&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Parla%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Parla J&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Demeter%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Demeter R&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Fulton%20LL%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Fulton LL&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Fulton%20RS%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Fulton RS&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Magrini%20VJ%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Magrini VJ&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ye%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Ye K&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Darnell%20JC%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Darnell JC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Darnell%20RB%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Darnell RB&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Mardis%20ER%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Mardis ER&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wilson%20RK%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Wilson RK&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Schatz%20MC%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Schatz MC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22McCombie%20WR%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;McCombie WR&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wigler%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&quot;&gt;Wigler M&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
  1066. &lt;div class=&quot;aff&quot;&gt;
  1067. &lt;h3 class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;
  1068. Source&lt;/h3&gt;
  1069. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.&lt;/div&gt;
  1070. &lt;div class=&quot;abstr&quot;&gt;
  1071. &lt;h3&gt;
  1072. Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;
  1073. Exome sequencing of 343 families, each with a single child on the autism spectrum and at least one unaffected sibling, reveal de novo small indels and point substitutions, which come mostly from the paternal line in an age-dependent manner. We do not see significantly greater numbers of de novo missense mutations in affected versus unaffected children, but gene-disrupting mutations (nonsense, splice site, and frame shifts) are twice as frequent, 59 to 28. Based on this differential and the number of recurrent and total targets of gene disruption found in our and similar studies, we estimate between 350 and 400 autism susceptibility genes. Many of the disrupted genes in these studies are associated with the fragile X protein, FMRP, reinforcing links between autism and synaptic plasticity. We find FMRP-associated genes are under greater purifying selection than the remainder of genes and suggest they are especially dosage-sensitive targets of cognitive disorders.&lt;br /&gt;
  1074. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.&lt;/div&gt;
  1075. &lt;div class=&quot;aux&quot;&gt;
  1076. &lt;div class=&quot;resc&quot;&gt;
  1077.  
  1078. &lt;dl class=&quot;rprtid&quot;&gt;
  1079. &lt;dt&gt;PMID:&lt;/dt&gt;
  1080. &lt;dd&gt;22542183&lt;/dd&gt; &lt;dd&gt; [PubMed - in process]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;
  1081. &lt;/div&gt;
  1082. &lt;/div&gt;
  1083. &lt;/div&gt;
  1084. &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/6558050790109764878/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=6558050790109764878' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/6558050790109764878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/6558050790109764878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/05/exome-sequencing-of-343-families-each.html' title='Exome sequencing of 343 families, each with a single child on the autism spectrum and at least one unaffected sibling, reveal de novo small indels and point substitutions, which come mostly from the paternal line in an age-dependent manner'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-1743304734072474377</id><published>2012-04-06T20:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-06T20:10:04.767-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Clues To Autism: Genetic Mutations And The Age Of The Father</title><content type='html'>Clues To Autism: Genetic Mutations And The Age Of The Father</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/1743304734072474377/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=1743304734072474377' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/1743304734072474377'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/1743304734072474377'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/04/clues-to-autism-genetic-mutations-and.html' title='Clues To Autism: Genetic Mutations And The Age Of The Father'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-9151465544999298519</id><published>2012-03-25T09:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-03-25T09:12:18.101-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Fertility clock ticks for men, too</title><content type='html'>Fertility clock ticks for men, too &lt;br /&gt;
  1085. &lt;br /&gt;
  1086. Julia Medew March 26, 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
  1087. &lt;br /&gt;
  1088. &lt;br /&gt;
  1089. &lt;br /&gt;
  1090. &lt;br /&gt;
  1091. &lt;br /&gt;
  1092. &lt;br /&gt;
  1093. MEN are being urged to pay more attention to their biological clocks as research shows those aged over 40 are at higher risk of having a child with autism and birth defects.&lt;br /&gt;
  1094. &lt;br /&gt;
  1095. As the average age of Australian fathers continues to increase, reproductive health experts are calling for men to learn more about their fertility and the risks of older fatherhood.&lt;br /&gt;
  1096. &lt;br /&gt;
  1097. Dr Karin Hammarberg, a researcher with the Victorian Assisted Reproductive Treatment Authority (VARTA), said that while most children are born healthy, large studies of parental age were starting to show higher rates of birth defects and autism in children born to men over 40.&lt;br /&gt;
  1098. &lt;br /&gt;
  1099. A recent review of paternal age published in the Asian Journal of Andrology said an American study of 132,000 men found children of those over 45 were nearly six times more likely to have an autism spectrum disorder compared to children born to men under 30.&lt;br /&gt;
  1100. &lt;br /&gt;
  1101. The review also pointed to a Dutch study of 60,000 births which found children born to men over 40 were three times more likely to have autism and a US study of 5 million births which showed men over 50 had a 15 per cent higher chance of having a baby with birth defects including congenital heart disease and cleft palates.&lt;br /&gt;
  1102. &lt;br /&gt;
  1103. Dr Hammarberg said research also showed men over 40 had much more trouble getting a woman pregnant and the rate of miscarriage doubled for women when their partner was over 45. The average time to pregnancy for men under 25 is just over 4.5 months but nearly two years for men over 40.&lt;br /&gt;
  1104. &lt;br /&gt;
  1105. &quot;Fertility talk is always directed at women and somehow men look like innocent bystanders,&quot; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
  1106. &lt;br /&gt;
  1107. &quot;Men really need to know that their own age and health will affect their fertility, too.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  1108. &lt;br /&gt;
  1109. Between 1990 and 2010, the median age of Australian fathers increased from 31 to 34 while more men in their late 50s and early 60s were becoming fathers. In 2010, 777 men aged 55 to 59 fathered a child, up from 674 in 2004 and 516 in 2000. The number of men in their 60s having babies has also increased from 226 in 2000 to 408 in 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
  1110. &lt;br /&gt;
  1111. The Fertility Coalition, made up of VARTA, Andrology Australia, Jean Hailes for Women&#39;s Health and the Robinson Institute, will launch a website today to teach Australians about fertility. See yourfertility.org.au</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/9151465544999298519/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=9151465544999298519' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/9151465544999298519'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/9151465544999298519'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/03/fertility-clock-ticks-for-men-too.html' title='Fertility clock ticks for men, too'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2437819678132451226</id><published>2012-03-20T08:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-03-20T08:06:59.889-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Advanced paternal age increases the risk of schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder in a Chinese Han population.</title><content type='html'>Psychiatry Res. 2012 Mar 16. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;br /&gt;
  1112. &lt;br /&gt;
  1113. Advanced paternal age increases the risk of schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder in a Chinese Han population.&lt;br /&gt;
  1114. &lt;br /&gt;
  1115. Wu Y, Liu X, Luo H, Deng W, Zhao G, Wang Q, Zhang L, Ma X, Liu X, Murray RA, Collier DA, Li T.&lt;br /&gt;
  1116. &lt;br /&gt;
  1117. &lt;br /&gt;
  1118. Source&lt;br /&gt;
  1119. &lt;br /&gt;
  1120. The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.&lt;br /&gt;
  1121. &lt;br /&gt;
  1122. &lt;br /&gt;
  1123. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1124. &lt;br /&gt;
  1125. Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, patient and non-patient version (SCID-P/NP), this study investigated 351 patients with schizophrenia, 122 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and 238 unrelated healthy volunteers in a Chinese Han population. The relative risks effected by advanced paternal age for schizophrenia and OCD in offspring were computed under logistic regression analyses and adjusted for the participant&#39;s sex, age and co-parent age at birth. Compared to the offspring with paternal age of 25-29years old, the relative risks rose from 2.660 to 10.183 in paternal age range of 30-34 and ≥35. The relative risks for OCD increased from 2.225 to 5.413 in 30-34 and ≥35. For offspring with paternal age of &lt;25, the odds ratios of developing schizophrenia and OCD were 0.628 and 0.289 respectively, whereas, an association between increased maternal age and risk for schizophrenia/OCD was not seen. Interaction analysis showed an interaction effect between paternal age and maternal age at birth. Such a tendency of risk affected by parental age for schizophrenia and OCD existed after splitting out the data of early onset patients. Sex-specific analyses found that the relative risks for schizophrenia with paternal age of 30-34 and ≥35 in male offspring were 2.407 and 10.893, in female were 3.080 and 9.659. The relative risks for OCD with paternal age of 30-34 and ≥35 in male offspring were 3.493 and 7.373, and in female offspring 2.005 and 4.404. The mean paternal age of schizophrenia/OCD patients born before the early 1980s was much greater than that of patients who were born after then. The findings illustrated that advanced paternal age is associated with increased risk for both schizophrenia and OCD in a Chinese Han population, prominently when paternal age is over 35. Biological and non-biological mechanisms may both be involved in the effects of advanced paternal age on schizophrenia and OCD.&lt;br /&gt;
  1126. &lt;br /&gt;
  1127. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2437819678132451226/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2437819678132451226' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2437819678132451226'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2437819678132451226'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/03/advanced-paternal-age-increases-risk-of.html' title='Advanced paternal age increases the risk of schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder in a Chinese Han population.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2473369801099448727</id><published>2012-02-14T09:01:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-14T09:01:39.037-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease.</title><content type='html'>Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Feb 10;90(2):175-200.&lt;br /&gt;
  1128. &lt;br /&gt;
  1129. Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease.&lt;br /&gt;
  1130. &lt;br /&gt;
  1131. Goriely A, Wilkie AO.&lt;br /&gt;
  1132. &lt;br /&gt;
  1133. &lt;br /&gt;
  1134. Source&lt;br /&gt;
  1135. &lt;br /&gt;
  1136. Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.&lt;br /&gt;
  1137. &lt;br /&gt;
  1138. &lt;br /&gt;
  1139. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1140. &lt;br /&gt;
  1141. Advanced paternal age has been associated with an increased risk for spontaneous congenital disorders and common complex diseases (such as some cancers, schizophrenia, and autism), but the mechanisms that mediate this effect have been poorly understood. A small group of disorders, including Apert syndrome (caused by FGFR2 mutations), achondroplasia, and thanatophoric dysplasia (FGFR3), and Costello syndrome (HRAS), which we collectively term &quot;paternal age effect&quot; (PAE) disorders, provides a good model to study the biological and molecular basis of this phenomenon. Recent evidence from direct quantification of PAE mutations in sperm and testes suggests that the common factor in the paternal age effect lies in the dysregulation of spermatogonial cell behavior, an effect mediated molecularly through the growth factor receptor-RAS signal transduction pathway. The data show that PAE mutations, although arising rarely, are positively selected and expand clonally in normal testes through a process akin to oncogenesis. This clonal expansion, which is likely to take place in the testes of all men, leads to the relative enrichment of mutant sperm over time-explaining the observed paternal age effect associated with these disorders-and in rare cases to the formation of testicular tumors. As regulation of RAS and other mediators of cellular proliferation and survival is important in many different biological contexts, for example during tumorigenesis, organ homeostasis and neurogenesis, the consequences of selfish mutations that hijack this process within the testis are likely to extend far beyond congenital skeletal disorders to include complex diseases, such as neurocognitive disorders and cancer predisposition.&lt;br /&gt;
  1142. &lt;br /&gt;
  1143. Copyright © 2012 The American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.&lt;br /&gt;
  1144. &lt;br /&gt;
  1145. &lt;br /&gt;
  1146. PMID: 22325359 [PubMed - in process]</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2473369801099448727/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2473369801099448727' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2473369801099448727'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2473369801099448727'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/02/paternal-age-effect-mutations-and.html' title='Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2596350080430351743</id><published>2012-01-11T10:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T10:13:08.328-08:00</updated><title type='text'>James Crow Dies</title><content type='html'>James Crow Dies&lt;br /&gt;
  1147. &lt;br /&gt;
  1148. January 11, 2012 &lt;br /&gt;
  1149. &lt;br /&gt;
  1150. &lt;br /&gt;
  1151. &lt;br /&gt;
  1152. &lt;br /&gt;
  1153. James Crow, who was a population geneticist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has died, reports The New York Times. He was 95. Crow studied mutational load, and was part of on a National Academy of Sciences committee that assessed mutational damage to the populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki following the use of atomic bombs there. He also was on a committee that paved the way for using DNA forensics in court. The Times notes that when Crow began teaching in the 1940s and 1950s, the field of genetics underwent rapid changes. &quot;When anxious students asked Dr. Crow what would be in the exams, he would tell them that the questions were the same every year but that the answers were different,&quot; the Times says.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2596350080430351743/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2596350080430351743' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2596350080430351743'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2596350080430351743'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/01/james-crow-dies.html' title='James Crow Dies'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2842958338446450999</id><published>2012-01-07T09:41:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-07T09:41:41.161-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Neuron. 2011 Dec 22;72(6):951-63. High Frequencies of De Novo CNVs in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia.</title><content type='html'>Neuron. 2011 Dec 22;72(6):951-63.&lt;br /&gt;
  1154. &lt;br /&gt;
  1155. High Frequencies of De Novo CNVs in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia.&lt;br /&gt;
  1156. &lt;br /&gt;
  1157. Malhotra D, McCarthy S, Michaelson JJ, Vacic V, Burdick KE, Yoon S, Cichon S, Corvin A, Gary S, Gershon ES, Gill M, Karayiorgou M, Kelsoe JR, Krastoshevsky O, Krause V, Leibenluft E, Levy DL, Makarov V, Bhandari A, Malhotra AK, McMahon FJ, Nöthen MM, Potash JB, Rietschel M, Schulze TG, Sebat J.&lt;br /&gt;
  1158. &lt;br /&gt;
  1159. &lt;br /&gt;
  1160. Source&lt;br /&gt;
  1161. &lt;br /&gt;
  1162. Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 12824, USA.&lt;br /&gt;
  1163. &lt;br /&gt;
  1164. &lt;br /&gt;
  1165. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1166. &lt;br /&gt;
  1167. While it is known that rare copy-number variants (CNVs) contribute to risk for some neuropsychiatric disorders, the role of CNVs in bipolar disorder is unclear. Here, we reasoned that a contribution of CNVs to mood disorders might be most evident for de novo mutations. We performed a genome-wide analysis of de novo CNVs in a cohort of 788 trios. Diagnoses of offspring included bipolar disorder (n = 185), schizophrenia (n = 177), and healthy controls (n = 426). Frequencies of de novo CNVs were significantly higher in bipolar disorder as compared with controls (OR = 4.8 [1.4,16.0], p = 0.009). De novo CNVs were particularly enriched among cases with an age at onset younger than 18 (OR = 6.3 [1.7,22.6], p = 0.006). We also confirmed a significant enrichment of de novo CNVs in schizophrenia (OR = 5.0 [1.5,16.8], p = 0.007). Our results suggest that rare spontaneous mutations are an important contributor to risk for bipolar disorder and other major neuropsychiatric diseases.&lt;br /&gt;
  1168. &lt;br /&gt;
  1169. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2842958338446450999/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2842958338446450999' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2842958338446450999'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2842958338446450999'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/01/neuron-2011-dec-22726951-63-high.html' title='Neuron. 2011 Dec 22;72(6):951-63. High Frequencies of De Novo CNVs in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2411232897631368027</id><published>2012-01-04T08:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-04T08:48:55.645-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The results of these different studies are confirmed by two recent meta-analyses which found an increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring of fathers older than 35 years</title><content type='html'>Encephale. 2011 Jun;37(3):199-206. Epub 2011 Apr 2.&lt;br /&gt;
  1170. &lt;br /&gt;
  1171. [Influence of paternal age in schizophrenia].&lt;br /&gt;
  1172. &lt;br /&gt;
  1173. [Article in French]&lt;br /&gt;
  1174. &lt;br /&gt;
  1175. Hubert A, Szöke A, Leboyer M, Schürhoff F.&lt;br /&gt;
  1176. &lt;br /&gt;
  1177. &lt;br /&gt;
  1178. Source&lt;br /&gt;
  1179. &lt;br /&gt;
  1180. Pôle de psychiatrie du CHU de Créteil, groupe hospitalier Henri-Mondor-Albert-Chenevier, AP-HP, 40, rue Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France.&lt;br /&gt;
  1181. &lt;br /&gt;
  1182. &lt;br /&gt;
  1183. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1184. &lt;br /&gt;
  1185. BACKGROUND: &lt;br /&gt;
  1186. &lt;br /&gt;
  1187. Schizophrenia is an aetiologically heterogeneous syndrome, with a strong genetic component. Despite a reduced fertility in this disorder, its prevalence is maintained and could be explained by de novo genetic mutations. Advanced paternal age (APA) is a major source of new mutations in human beings and could thus be associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia in offspring. New mutations related to APA have been implicated as a cause of sporadic cases in several autosomal dominant diseases and also in neurodevelopmental diseases, autism, intellectual disabilities, and social functioning. The aim of the present study was to summarize the results of studies investigating the role of APA, and to discuss some interpretations.&lt;br /&gt;
  1188. &lt;br /&gt;
  1189. METHODS: &lt;br /&gt;
  1190. &lt;br /&gt;
  1191. All relevant studies were identified through the National Library of Medicine (PubMed(®) database). Keywords used for research were &quot;age&quot; and &quot;schizophrenia&quot; linked to &quot;paternal or father&quot;. We have identified and analysed eight cohort studies, five case-control studies, two meta-analyses, and one review concerning different father&#39;s mutations potentially transmitted, two studies comparing paternal age at conception between sporadic versus familial cases of schizophrenia. All studies selected have been published between 2000 and 2009.&lt;br /&gt;
  1192. &lt;br /&gt;
  1193. RESULTS: &lt;br /&gt;
  1194. &lt;br /&gt;
  1195. After controlling for several confounding factors including maternal age, the relative risk of schizophrenia increased from 1.84 to 4.62 in offspring of fathers with an older age of fatherhood. Mother&#39;s age showed no significant effects after adjusting for paternal age. There was a significant association between paternal age and risk of developing schizophrenia, there was a weaker association with psychosis.&lt;br /&gt;
  1196. &lt;br /&gt;
  1197. DISCUSSION: &lt;br /&gt;
  1198. &lt;br /&gt;
  1199. The results of these different studies are confirmed by two recent meta-analyses which found an increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring of fathers older than 35 years. Two main hypotheses could explain these results. The first one is based on the presence of new mutations in the spermatogonia, possibly because of accumulating replication errors in spermatogonial cell lines. This hypothesis is confirmed by Malaspina et al. (2002) [19], who found that patients without a family history of schizophrenia had significantly older fathers than probands with a positive family history of schizophrenia. However, this result has not been confirmed by other studies, and paternal age effect could be also explained by a mechanism called imprinting, which is a form of gene regulation. The second hypothesis is based on the fact that fathers with schizophrenia spectrum personality disorder, known to be genetically related to schizophrenia, could have an advanced age at conception. However, regarding this hypothesis, advanced maternal age at conception should be a risk factor for schizophrenia, and this is not the case. Thus, the first hypothesis seems more plausible than the second. APA has been identified as a risk factor for other psychiatric disorders such as autism, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobia, and thus seems to be a non-specific risk factor. Furthermore, its association with impaired neurocognitive outcomes during infancy and childhood in normal populations raises the question of the phenotype linked to APA.&lt;br /&gt;
  1200. &lt;br /&gt;
  1201. CONCLUSION: &lt;br /&gt;
  1202. &lt;br /&gt;
  1203. APA at conception appears to be a risk factor for schizophrenia. This risk factor probably interacts with genetic factors in a gene-environment interaction. To date, there is no validated cut-off at which the risk is significantly increased in offspring. In the future, studies could benefit from analyzing the phenotype related to APA.&lt;br /&gt;
  1204. &lt;br /&gt;
  1205. Copyright © 2010 L&#39;Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.&lt;br /&gt;
  1206. &lt;br /&gt;
  1207. &lt;br /&gt;
  1208. PMID: 21703435 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] &lt;br /&gt;
  1209. &lt;br /&gt;
  1210. &lt;br /&gt;
  1211. Publication Types, MeSH Terms&lt;br /&gt;
  1212. &lt;br /&gt;
  1213. &lt;br /&gt;
  1214. &lt;br /&gt;
  1215. &lt;br /&gt;
  1216. &lt;br /&gt;
  1217. &lt;br /&gt;
  1218. &lt;br /&gt;
  1219. &lt;br /&gt;
  1220. &lt;br /&gt;
  1221. &lt;br /&gt;
  1222. &lt;br /&gt;
  1223. &lt;br /&gt;
  1224. &lt;br /&gt;
  1225. &lt;br /&gt;
  1226. &lt;br /&gt;
  1227. &lt;br /&gt;
  1228. &lt;br /&gt;
  1229. &lt;br /&gt;
  1230. &lt;br /&gt;
  1231. &lt;br /&gt;
  1232. &lt;br /&gt;
  1233. &lt;br /&gt;
  1234. &lt;br /&gt;
  1235. &lt;br /&gt;
  1236. &lt;br /&gt;
  1237. LinkOut - more resources</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2411232897631368027/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2411232897631368027' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2411232897631368027'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2411232897631368027'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2012/01/results-of-these-different-studies-are.html' title='The results of these different studies are confirmed by two recent meta-analyses which found an increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring of fathers older than 35 years'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-896945672868212979</id><published>2011-12-20T08:40:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-20T08:40:48.568-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Advancing paternal age and simplex autism.</title><content type='html'>Autism. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;br /&gt;
  1238. &lt;br /&gt;
  1239. Advancing paternal age and simplex autism.&lt;br /&gt;
  1240. &lt;br /&gt;
  1241. Puleo CM, Schmeidler J, Reichenberg A, Kolevzon A, Soorya LV, Buxbaum JD, Silverman JM.&lt;br /&gt;
  1242. &lt;br /&gt;
  1243. &lt;br /&gt;
  1244. Source&lt;br /&gt;
  1245. &lt;br /&gt;
  1246. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.&lt;br /&gt;
  1247. &lt;br /&gt;
  1248. &lt;br /&gt;
  1249. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1250. &lt;br /&gt;
  1251. De novo events appear more common in female and simplex autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases and may underlie greater ASD risk in older fathers&#39; offspring. This study examined whether advancing paternal age predicts an increase in simplex (n = 90) versus multiplex ASD cases (n = 587) in 677 participants (340 families). Whether or not controlling for maternal age, results support a significant interaction of linear paternal age and sex of the child on simplex family type. Female ASD cases were significantly more likely to be simplex as paternal age increased, but the increase for males was not significant. Findings suggest that ASD arising from non-familial, de novo events may be far less prominent in males than in females, even if more prevalent in males, due to the substantially larger number of male cases attributable to other, more strongly male-biased risk factors</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/896945672868212979/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=896945672868212979' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/896945672868212979'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/896945672868212979'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2011/12/advancing-paternal-age-and-simplex.html' title='Advancing paternal age and simplex autism.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-5993735052146936300</id><published>2011-11-02T14:55:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-02T14:55:58.372-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Poor sperm quality and advancing age are associated with increased sperm DNA damage in infertile men</title><content type='html'>Andrologia. 2011 Nov 1. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01243.x. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;br /&gt;
  1252. Poor sperm quality and advancing age are associated with increased sperm DNA damage in infertile men.&lt;br /&gt;
  1253. Varshini J, Srinag BS, Kalthur G, Krishnamurthy H, Kumar P, Rao SB, Adiga SK.&lt;br /&gt;
  1254. Source Clinical Embryology, Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India  National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research UAS-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India  Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal Life Science Centre, Manipal University, Manipal, India.&lt;br /&gt;
  1255. &lt;br /&gt;
  1256. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1257. With increasing evidence for faulty paternal contribution to reproduction, there has been a steady increase in studies highlighting an association between sperm DNA damage, failed/delayed fertilisation and aberrant embryo development. Owing to prevailing ambiguity, the aims of the study were to analyse the genetic integrity of the male gamete and then to understand its association with age, standard semen parameters, lifestyle and occupational factors. The study included 504 subjects, attending university infertility clinic for fertility evaluation and treatment. Semen characteristics were analysed by standard criteria; terminal deoxynucelotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labelling assay was employed for DNA damage assessment. The average incidence of sperm DNA damage in patients with normozoospermic semen parameters was &lt;10%. Patients with oligozoospermia, severe oligozoospermia, oligoasthenoteratospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia and necrozoospermia had significantly higher level of sperm DNA damage (P &lt; 0.001). Patients above 40 years of age had significantly high levels of DNA damage (P &lt; 0.001) compared with their counterparts. Patients with varicocele and a history of alcohol consumption had higher incidence of spermatozoa with DNA damage (P &lt; 0.01). Poor sperm characteristics in the ejaculate are associated with increased sperm DNA damage. Age-related increase in sperm DNA damage and association of the same with varicocele and alcohol consumption are also demonstrated.&lt;br /&gt;
  1258. &lt;br /&gt;
  1259. © 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.&lt;br /&gt;
  1260. &lt;br /&gt;
  1261. PMID:22040161[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/5993735052146936300/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=5993735052146936300' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/5993735052146936300'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/5993735052146936300'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2011/11/poor-sperm-quality-and-advancing-age.html' title='Poor sperm quality and advancing age are associated with increased sperm DNA damage in infertile men'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2087375220316490331</id><published>2011-10-18T08:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-18T08:24:16.420-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Advanced paternal and grandpaternal age and schizophrenia"/><title type='text'>Advanced paternal and grandpaternal age and schizophrenia</title><content type='html'>Schizophr Res. 2011 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;br /&gt;
  1262. Advanced paternal and grandpaternal age and schizophrenia: A three-generation perspective.&lt;br /&gt;
  1263. Frans EM, McGrath JJ, Sandin S, Lichtenstein P, Reichenberg A, Långström N, Hultman CM.&lt;br /&gt;
  1264. SourceDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.&lt;br /&gt;
  1265. &lt;br /&gt;
  1266. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1267. BACKGROUND: Advanced paternal age has been linked with an increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring. If age-related de novo mutations in the male germ line underlie this association, grandpaternal and paternal age would both be expected to influence the risk of schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to explore the links between both paternal and grandpaternal age with respect to the risk of schizophrenia in a large, national register-based cohort.&lt;br /&gt;
  1268. &lt;br /&gt;
  1269. METHOD: We linked the Swedish Multi-Generation and Hospital Discharge Registers and compared parents&#39; ages at offspring birth for 20,582 schizophrenia-affected and 100,176 non-affected individuals. Grandparents&#39; ages at the birth of the parent were compared between 2511 affected and 15,619 non-affected individuals. The risk of schizophrenia was examined with logistic regression when the predictor variable (parent or grandparent age) varied across age strata.&lt;br /&gt;
  1270. &lt;br /&gt;
  1271. RESULTS: After adjusting for maternal age, birth year and proband sex, we confirmed that offspring of older fathers had an increased risk of schizophrenia. Compared to those with paternal age 20-24years, those with fathers &gt;55years had a two-fold increased risk of schizophrenia. With respect to grandparent age, older maternal (but not paternal) grandfather age was associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Compared to maternal grandfather age 20-24years, those with maternal grandfathers &gt;55years had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals; 2.79, 1.71-4.56). The pattern of results was essentially unchanged when we examined male and female probands separately.&lt;br /&gt;
  1272. &lt;br /&gt;
  1273. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report an association between grandpaternal age and risk of schizophrenia. The selective effect of advanced maternal grandfather age suggests that the biological mechanisms involving the X-chromosome may differentially contribute to the association between paternal age and offspring risk of schizophrenia.&lt;br /&gt;
  1274. &lt;br /&gt;
  1275. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2087375220316490331/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2087375220316490331' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2087375220316490331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2087375220316490331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2011/10/advanced-paternal-and-grandpaternal-age.html' title='Advanced paternal and grandpaternal age and schizophrenia'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38443455.post-2524589242136882679</id><published>2011-10-05T08:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-05T08:45:27.203-07:00</updated><title type='text'>De novo copy number variants associated with intellectual disability have a paternal origin and age bias.</title><content type='html'>Med Genet. 2011 Oct 3. [Epub ahead of print]&lt;br /&gt;
  1276. De novo copy number variants associated with intellectual disability have a paternal origin and age bias.&lt;br /&gt;
  1277. Hehir-Kwa JY, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Vissers LE, de Leeuw N, Pfundt R, Buitelaar JK, Pérez-Jurado LA, Veltman JA.&lt;br /&gt;
  1278. Source1Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.&lt;br /&gt;
  1279. &lt;br /&gt;
  1280. Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
  1281. BackgroundDe novo mutations and structural rearrangements are a common cause of intellectual disability (ID) and other disorders with reduced or null reproductive fitness. Insight into the genomic and environmental factors predisposing to the generation of these de novo events is therefore of significant clinical importance.MethodsThis study used information from single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays to determine the parent-of-origin of 118 rare de novo copy number variations (CNVs) detected in a cohort of 3443 patients with ID.ResultsThe large majority of these CNVs (76%, p=1.14×10(-8)) originated on the paternal allele. This paternal bias was independent of CNV length and CNV type. Interestingly, the paternal bias was less pronounced for CNVs flanked by segmental duplications (64%), suggesting that molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of rare de novo CNVs may be dependent on the parent-of-origin. In addition, a significantly increased paternal age was only observed for those CNVs which were not flanked by segmental duplications (p=0.02).ConclusionThis indicates that rare de novo CNVs are increasingly being generated with advanced paternal age by replication based mechanisms during spermatogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
  1282. &lt;br /&gt;
  1283. PMID:21969336[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/feeds/2524589242136882679/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=38443455&amp;postID=2524589242136882679' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2524589242136882679'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/38443455/posts/default/2524589242136882679'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/2011/10/de-novo-copy-number-variants-associated.html' title='De novo copy number variants associated with intellectual disability have a paternal origin and age bias.'/><author><name>concerned heart</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14987948292416367555</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>

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