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  1. <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941</id><updated>2022-10-28T07:06:02.031+05:30</updated><category term="basic immunology notes"/><category term="immunology notes"/><category term="basic biotechnology notes"/><category term="functions of"/><category term="csir previous questions"/><category term="human body systems"/><category term="icmr jrf"/><category term="difference between"/><category term="human body systems functions"/><category term="immunology"/><category term="meiosis"/><category term="Molecular Biology Techniques"/><category term="Plasma 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term="Immunoglobulin mcq"/><category term="Immunologic memory"/><category term="Immunology techniques"/><category term="Immunoprecipitation"/><category term="Immunoprecipitation: Definition"/><category term="Important Topics"/><category term="In DNA"/><category term="In vivo gene therapy"/><category term="Incomplete Dominance"/><category term="Independent Assortment"/><category term="Indian Council of Medical Research"/><category term="Indian Forest Service"/><category term="Indian wild dog"/><category term="Indicator Species"/><category term="Inflammatory"/><category term="Inflammatory response"/><category term="Initiation"/><category term="Innate Immunity vs Adaptive Immunity"/><category term="Innate immunity Quiz"/><category term="Insertional Inactivation"/><category term="Instant notes- Ecology"/><category term="Interaction of the Circulatory System"/><category term="Interferons"/><category term="Intermediary Metabolism"/><category term="Intermediate filaments"/><category 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term="Vanilla"/><category term="Vegetable Science Books"/><category term="Veldts"/><category term="Vernalization"/><category term="Vesicular-arbuscular MYCORRHIZA"/><category term="Veterinary"/><category term="Video on cDNA Library"/><category term="Vinblastine"/><category term="Vincristine"/><category term="Vir genes"/><category term="Vir genes function"/><category term="Viral Symmetry"/><category term="Viroid"/><category term="Viroids"/><category term="Virus Capsid"/><category term="Virus Envelope: Structure and Function of capsid"/><category term="Virus vs viroids vs virusoids vs prions"/><category term="Viruses"/><category term="Viruses Definition"/><category term="Vitamin B"/><category term="Vitamins Notes"/><category term="Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"/><category term="Waldeyer"/><category term="Waldhof fermenter"/><category term="Warburg effect"/><category term="Watson and Crick"/><category term="Watson and Crick B DNA dimensions"/><category term="Watson and Crick B dna 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example"/><category term="bile functions"/><category term="bio membrane"/><category term="biochemistry"/><category term="biochemistry waxes"/><category term="biodiversity in India"/><category term="bioindicators"/><category term="bioinformatics simple notes"/><category term="biological clock"/><category term="biological indicator"/><category term="biological magnification"/><category term="biology MCQ preparation tips"/><category term="biology exam"/><category term="biology mcq"/><category term="biology multiple choice"/><category term="biology olympaid"/><category term="biology olympiad 2013"/><category term="biology olympiad sample questions"/><category term="biology test tips"/><category term="biome"/><category term="biomes of the world map"/><category term="biotechnology pdf"/><category term="biotechnology ppt"/><category term="biotechnology questions"/><category term="biotechnology simple notes"/><category term="biotechnology worksheet"/><category term="biotypes"/><category term="blastodisc"/><category term="blastula"/><category term="blepharoplast:"/><category term="blood group problems"/><category term="blood type"/><category term="blunt end meaning"/><category term="bolting"/><category term="bonds in DNA nucleotide"/><category term="bonds in RNA nucleotide"/><category term="bone marrow"/><category term="botany notes"/><category term="bouquet stage"/><category term="box C/D snoRNAs"/><category term="box H/ACA snoRNAs"/><category term="brain parts labelled"/><category term="broad spectrum"/><category term="buffer zone"/><category term="bundle of His"/><category term="cDNA library construction notes"/><category term="cDNA library definition"/><category term="cDNA library poster"/><category term="cDNA library simple notes"/><category term="cadherins"/><category term="calcitonin"/><category term="calmodulin"/><category term="calnexin"/><category term="calreticulin"/><category term="campesterol"/><category term="cancer cell"/><category term="carbohydrates classification simple notes"/><category term="carbohydrates multiple choice"/><category term="carbohydrates on functional group"/><category term="carotene"/><category term="cas9 endonucleae"/><category term="casparian strips"/><category term="caspase -9"/><category term="catabolic"/><category term="catabolism"/><category term="catabolite activator protein"/><category term="catalase"/><category term="catalytic RNA"/><category term="catenation"/><category term="causes of global warming"/><category term="cdk and cyclins in cell cycle"/><category term="cell Surface Receptors"/><category term="cell analogy blueprint"/><category term="cell analogy lesson"/><category term="cell and molecular biology questions"/><category term="cell comparison"/><category term="cell cycle practice test"/><category term="cell cycle questions"/><category term="cell cycle stages"/><category term="cell cytology"/><category term="cell death"/><category term="cell differentiation definition"/><category term="cell division"/><category term="cell junction"/><category term="cell junction types"/><category term="cell membrane function"/><category term="cell membrane functions"/><category term="cell quiz"/><category term="cell ribosomes"/><category term="cell signaling and its types"/><category term="cell signaling definition"/><category term="cell specialization"/><category term="cell wall structure"/><category term="cells in Second line of defense"/><category term="cellsalive"/><category term="cellulose"/><category term="cellwall"/><category term="central nervous system"/><category term="centromeres"/><category term="characteristics of genetic code"/><category term="characteristics of kingdom monera"/><category term="checkpoints in cell cycle"/><category term="chemiosmosis a level"/><category term="chemiosmosis igcse"/><category term="chemiosmosis in chloroplast"/><category term="chemiosmosis in photosynthesis"/><category term="chemiosmotic theory"/><category term="chemotherapeutic 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term="climate definition"/><category term="codons chart"/><category term="coenocytic condition"/><category term="colloid"/><category term="common methods of food preservation"/><category term="common name limitations"/><category term="communicating junctions"/><category term="comparison between plant cell and animal cell"/><category term="comparison of cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria"/><category term="competitive enzyme inhibition km and vmax"/><category term="complement system classical pathway"/><category term="conidia"/><category term="connecting link"/><category term="connexon"/><category term="conservative dispersive"/><category term="constructive method"/><category term="cot curve"/><category term="cot curve analysis"/><category term="cot value"/><category term="cotransformation   frequency"/><category term="count the chromatid"/><category term="covalent bond"/><category term="cp DNA"/><category term="cp DNA notes"/><category term="cpn60"/><category term="crystal violet"/><category term="csir June Results Published"/><category term="csir answer key"/><category term="csir cut off marks"/><category term="csir jrf life sciences question papers"/><category term="csir life science cytology previous questions"/><category term="csir life science notes"/><category term="csir life sciences 2014"/><category term="csir life sciences Biochemistry questions"/><category term="csir life sciences Botany questions"/><category term="csir net jrf  june 2012"/><category term="csir net jrf practice test"/><category term="csir net jrf result december 2012"/><category term="csir net jrf result june 2012"/><category term="csir plant physiology"/><category term="csir ugc exam life sciences"/><category term="csir ugc life sciences"/><category term="cyclin"/><category term="cyclin B"/><category term="cycocel (CCC)"/><category term="cytokines"/><category term="cytomembrane"/><category term="cytoskeleton"/><category term="d and l carbohydrates"/><category term="dNTP vs ddNTP"/><category term="dbr bet exam 2013"/><category term="dbt"/><category term="dbt bet 2018 exam"/><category term="dbt bet 2019"/><category term="dbt bet 2021 exam"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2013"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2013 notification"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2014"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2014 notification"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2015"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2015 notification"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2017"/><category term="dbt jrf exam 2017 notification"/><category term="dbt results 2013"/><category term="ddNTP working"/><category term="dec 2012 csir questions"/><category term="decay accelerating factor"/><category term="deductive method"/><category term="define carbohydrates"/><category term="define cell differentiation"/><category term="define desmosomes"/><category term="definition"/><category term="definition biotechnology"/><category term="definition cell differentiation"/><category term="definition of metabolomics"/><category term="definition of rDNA technology"/><category term="definition peroxisome"/><category term="definition viroids"/><category term="definition virus"/><category term="delayed lethality"/><category term="denaturants"/><category term="desert"/><category term="desmoplakin"/><category term="desmotubule"/><category term="desmotubules"/><category term="devonial"/><category term="di-haploidlines"/><category term="difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes"/><category term="difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ppt"/><category term="difference between rna and dna"/><category term="differentiated cells Types"/><category term="diffusion"/><category term="dihydroflate reducatase"/><category term="diptheria toxin"/><category term="direct cell to cell signaling"/><category term="discovery of TRPV1 receptor"/><category term="discovery of peizo receptor"/><category term="distinguish between the terms gene and allele"/><category term="diversity of reptiles"/><category term="dna genetic code"/><category term="dna negative charge"/><category term="dna notes"/><category term="dna replication enzymes"/><category term="dna structure"/><category term="domain archaebacteria"/><category term="domain bacteria characteristics"/><category term="double fertilization"/><category term="doublet genetic code"/><category term="ds DNA vs ssDNA absorbance"/><category term="dsDNA vs ssDNA absorbance graph"/><category term="eIF1"/><category term="eIF2"/><category term="eIF3"/><category term="eIF4"/><category term="eIF4B"/><category term="eIF4C"/><category term="eIF4D"/><category term="eIF4F."/><category term="eIF5"/><category term="eIF6"/><category term="ecdysone"/><category term="ecology notes for csir net"/><category term="ecology simple notes"/><category term="ecology video"/><category term="ecology worksheet"/><category term="ecosystems"/><category term="ecotone"/><category term="ecotype"/><category term="ectoderm"/><category term="effect definition"/><category term="electron transport chain"/><category term="electron transport chain a level biology"/><category term="electron transport chain and its mechanism"/><category term="electron transport chain definition"/><category term="electron transport chain in a sentence"/><category term="electron transport chain steps"/><category term="embryo sac"/><category term="emerson enhancement effect and red drop"/><category term="emerson red drop experiment summary"/><category term="endangered birds of India"/><category term="endangered species"/><category term="endocrine hormones"/><category term="endocrine system"/><category term="endocrine system glands"/><category term="endoderm"/><category term="endogenote"/><category term="endospore formation"/><category term="endosymbiotic bacteria"/><category term="enzymes mcq"/><category term="episome"/><category term="epitopes"/><category term="equisetum"/><category term="equisetum arvense"/><category term="essential amino 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term="foolish seedling"/><category term="founder effect"/><category term="frameshift mutation"/><category term="free  ebook"/><category term="free biochemistry notes"/><category term="free certificate course"/><category term="free radicals"/><category term="free response questions"/><category term="ftsZ protein role"/><category term="function of Ammonium persulphate in SDS-PAGE"/><category term="function of synaptonemal complex"/><category term="functions of Glyoxysome"/><category term="functions of Prosencephalon"/><category term="functions of SER"/><category term="functions of lipids"/><category term="functions of mitochondria"/><category term="functions of nucleus"/><category term="functions of peroxisome"/><category term="functions of plasma membrane"/><category term="functions of proteins"/><category term="functions of waxes"/><category term="fungal hyphae"/><category term="fungi VS animals"/><category term="fungi video"/><category term="fusion protein basic biotechnology notes"/><category term="fusion protein definition"/><category term="fusion protein tags"/><category term="fusion proteins examples"/><category term="fusion proteins uses"/><category term="gRNA"/><category term="galacturonic acid"/><category term="gametes haploid or diploid"/><category term="gametogenesis"/><category term="gap junction"/><category term="gap junction finction"/><category term="gap junction structure"/><category term="gastrulation"/><category term="gate botany"/><category term="gate questions"/><category term="gcse"/><category term="gel electrophoresis"/><category term="gel- filtration chromatography"/><category term="gene  definiton"/><category term="gene and allele"/><category term="gene augmentation therapy"/><category term="gene cloning vector"/><category term="gene codon table"/><category term="gene expression studies"/><category term="gene inhibition therapy"/><category term="gene libraries"/><category term="gene therapy Limitations"/><category term="gene therapy definition"/><category term="gene therapy vectors"/><category term="gene transfer methods"/><category term="generation time calculation"/><category term="genes vs alleles"/><category term="genetic code definition"/><category term="genetic code logic diagram"/><category term="genetic code notes"/><category term="genetic code table"/><category term="genomic imprinting"/><category term="geological time scale PDF"/><category term="geological time scale notes"/><category term="germ line"/><category term="germinal crossing over"/><category term="giant chromosomes"/><category term="glial cells and its functions"/><category term="glial cells vs neurons"/><category term="global alignment"/><category term="global warming global issue"/><category term="global warming information"/><category term="glomerulus"/><category term="glucomannans"/><category term="gluconeogenesis"/><category term="glutathione peroxidase"/><category term="glycerophospholipids"/><category term="glycolysis PFK rate limiting 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The content of adenine is"/><category term="haemoglobin"/><category term="hairy root disease"/><category term="half chiasma"/><category term="handshake questions"/><category term="haustoria"/><category term="heart of the cell"/><category term="heat-shock protein"/><category term="hemoglobin"/><category term="heterochrony"/><category term="heterocyst"/><category term="heteroduplex"/><category term="heterozygote"/><category term="hexokinase regulatory enzyme glycolysis"/><category term="histochemical markers for mitochondria"/><category term="histone proteins"/><category term="hnRNA"/><category term="homeotic genes"/><category term="homozygote"/><category term="hook"/><category term="hormones"/><category term="hormones vs vitamins"/><category term="house keeping genes examples"/><category term="how to produce monoclonal antibody"/><category term="hsp25"/><category term="hsst botany Exam pattern"/><category term="human biology"/><category term="human body"/><category term="human cloning"/><category term="human fungal diseases"/><category term="human karyotype"/><category term="human organ systems"/><category term="human system"/><category term="human taxonomy chart"/><category term="humoral immunity"/><category term="hybridoma technology ppt"/><category term="hybridoma technology video"/><category term="hyperchromic effect"/><category term="hyperchromic effect of DNA"/><category term="hyperchromic shift DNA"/><category term="hyperchromic vs hypochromic effect"/><category term="hyperchromicity of DNA"/><category term="hypothesis"/><category term="hypothetico-deductive method"/><category term="ibo sample questions"/><category term="icar ars net 2017"/><category term="icar-ars notification 2012"/><category term="icmr Life Science Questions and Answers"/><category term="icmr jrf application form 2013"/><category term="icmr jrf application form 2014"/><category term="icmr jrf exam 2015"/><category term="icmr jrf exam 2016"/><category term="immunization mcq"/><category term="immunoglobulin USMLE"/><category term="immunoglobulin structure"/><category term="immunology innnate response recognition"/><category term="immunology video"/><category term="importance of food preservaiton"/><category term="inbred strain"/><category term="induction"/><category term="inductive method"/><category term="infant jaundice"/><category term="infundibuliform"/><category term="inhibitory postsynaptic potential"/><category term="inorganic molecules"/><category term="inosine"/><category term="insertion sequence"/><category term="integrins"/><category term="interferon"/><category term="interleukin"/><category term="ionic strength equation"/><category term="isoelectric point"/><category term="isosteric inhibition"/><category term="isotope"/><category term="jaccard coefficient"/><category term="jcvi"/><category term="jnu biotech"/><category term="jrf exam"/><category term="jumping gene"/><category term="june 2012 csir life science question paper"/><category term="juvenile hormone"/><category term="kanamycin"/><category term="kerala psc"/><category term="kerala psc botany qiestions"/><category term="kerala psc botany questions"/><category term="keratin"/><category term="keratin filaments"/><category term="keystone species csir notes"/><category term="keystone species prey examples"/><category term="keystone species simple video"/><category term="keystone species types"/><category term="kinetin"/><category term="kinetochores"/><category term="klenow fragment"/><category term="krebs cycle a level biology"/><category term="krebs cycle biochemistry"/><category term="krebs cycle biology"/><category term="krebs cycle class 11"/><category term="lac operon"/><category term="lactic acid bacteria"/><category term="lactum antibiotics"/><category term="lamin"/><category term="laminin-5"/><category term="law of energy transfer"/><category term="law of purity"/><category term="law of trophic efficiency"/><category term="layering"/><category term="leucine zipper proteins"/><category term="leukotriene"/><category term="life science exam"/><category term="ligase working"/><category term="linkage map"/><category term="linker DNA"/><category term="lipid classification vodeo"/><category term="list of anticancer drugs"/><category term="list of plant model organisms"/><category term="lobes of cerebrum"/><category term="logic of genetic code"/><category term="loop of Henle"/><category term="luxury genes and smart genes"/><category term="luxury genes examples"/><category term="lycopin"/><category term="lymphokine"/><category term="mRNA"/><category term="macroglobulin is IgM"/><category term="macromolecules"/><category term="made easy poster"/><category term="major functions of p53"/><category term="major histocompatibility complex class ii"/><category term="major plant hormones"/><category term="marker enzymes"/><category term="mast cell"/><category term="mcq in botany"/><category term="mcq on  ecology"/><category term="mcq on 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term="metabolomics short notes"/><category term="metabolomics simple video"/><category term="metabolomics work flow"/><category term="metamorphic rocks"/><category term="methods in biology"/><category term="methylation"/><category term="micro Ti plasmid"/><category term="microarray"/><category term="microbial growth problems"/><category term="microbiology ppt"/><category term="microcephaly"/><category term="micromolecules and macromolecule"/><category term="microtubule"/><category term="middle lamella"/><category term="minisatellite"/><category term="missing link"/><category term="mitochondria and prokaryotes"/><category term="mitochondria structure"/><category term="mitochondrial genes"/><category term="mitosis meiosis"/><category term="mitosis notes"/><category term="mitotic non disjunction"/><category term="mitotic spindle"/><category term="mode of action"/><category term="model organism characteristics"/><category term="model organism databses"/><category term="model organism plant"/><category term="model organism yeast"/><category term="molecular biology"/><category term="molecular chaperone"/><category term="molecular genetics notes"/><category term="molecular level"/><category term="molecular markers"/><category term="molting"/><category term="monera kingdom"/><category term="monoclonal   antibodies"/><category term="monoclonal   antibodies ppt"/><category term="monoclonal antibodies definition"/><category term="monoclonal antibody"/><category term="mordant"/><category term="morphology of chromosome"/><category term="morula stage"/><category term="mosaicism"/><category term="mt DNA notes"/><category term="mucousal associated lymphoid tissue"/><category term="multiple allele"/><category term="muramic acid."/><category term="mureins"/><category term="mycology"/><category term="myoglobin protein"/><category term="nanobiotechnology"/><category term="natural passive acquired immunity"/><category term="natural selection"/><category term="natural zone"/><category term="neet biology practice test"/><category term="neet exam 2013"/><category term="neet syllabus"/><category term="neet ug"/><category term="nematocyst"/><category term="nerve cells"/><category term="net 2015"/><category term="net primary productivity"/><category term="neuroglial cells examples"/><category term="neurotransmitter"/><category term="neuterophils"/><category term="nitrogen cycle ap bio"/><category term="nitrogen cycle diagram"/><category term="nitrogen cycle equation"/><category term="nitrogen cycle explanation"/><category term="nitrogen cycle steps"/><category term="nobel prize chemistry simple explanation"/><category term="nobel prize winners in biology"/><category term="nobel prize winners in biology 2021"/><category term="nodes of Ranvier"/><category term="non reducing sugar example"/><category term="nose antibiotic"/><category term="notes for human genetic disorder"/><category term="notes on DNA"/><category term="notes on climate change"/><category term="notes on food preservation methods"/><category term="notes on fungi classification"/><category term="notes on human genetic disorders"/><category term="novel antibiotic"/><category term="nuclear pore complex"/><category term="nuclear sap"/><category term="nucleic acids"/><category term="nucleolar organizing regions"/><category term="nucleolus"/><category term="nucleolus function"/><category term="nucleolus in plants"/><category term="nucleolus structure"/><category term="nucleoside in dna nucleotide"/><category term="nucleoside in rna nucleotide"/><category term="nucleosome"/><category term="nucleotide structure"/><category term="nucleus cell organelle"/><category term="nucleus function"/><category term="number of DNA molecule in mitosis"/><category term="observation"/><category term="okazaki fragments"/><category term="oligosaccharides"/><category term="olympiad 2013"/><category term="olympiad competition"/><category term="oncogene"/><category term="oncology"/><category term="oparin coacervates"/><category term="open circulatory system"/><category term="opportunistic species"/><category term="organic molecules"/><category term="organic or inorganic molecules"/><category term="origin of flowering plants"/><category term="origin of mammals"/><category term="origin of terrestrial plants"/><category term="osmosis"/><category term="ovoviviparous"/><category term="oxidative electron transport"/><category term="ozone hole"/><category term="p53 function"/><category term="p53 inactivation"/><category term="p53 p21 pathway"/><category term="p53 structure and function"/><category term="pBR322"/><category term="pGV2260"/><category term="pH problems and answers"/><category term="pH solutions and answers"/><category term="pI"/><category term="pUC vector gene cloning notes"/><category term="pUC vector selecion"/><category term="pUC vector size copy number"/><category term="pachytene"/><category term="pachytene stage"/><category term="papillomavirus"/><category term="paracrine signaling example"/><category term="paratope"/><category term="parenchyma"/><category term="passive immunity"/><category term="pdf notes"/><category term="pedigree analysis a level"/><category term="pedigree analysis ap biology"/><category term="pedigree analysis csir"/><category term="pedigree analysis dbt jrf"/><category term="pedigree analysis neet easy"/><category term="pedigree analysis problem solving tips"/><category term="pencillin discovery"/><category term="pendulous"/><category term="peptide bonds"/><category term="perinuclear dense bodies"/><category term="peripheral nerve system"/><category term="peroxisomes in plants"/><category term="pfk rate limiting why"/><category term="ph mcq"/><category term="phagemids"/><category term="phagosomes"/><category term="phosphodiester bond"/><category term="phosphodiester bond practice problem"/><category term="phosphoric"/><category term="photosynthetic  bacteria"/><category term="photosynthetic equation"/><category term="photosystem"/><category term="physical barriers"/><category term="physiology"/><category term="phytochrome"/><category term="phytoremediation"/><category term="pits"/><category term="placenta functions"/><category term="plant cell structure"/><category term="plant cell wall"/><category term="plant defense signaling pathway"/><category term="plant hormones definition"/><category term="plant model organism"/><category term="plant pathology mcq"/><category term="plant physiology notes"/><category term="plant physiology questions"/><category term="plant propagation"/><category term="plants"/><category term="plants vs animals"/><category term="plasma lemma"/><category term="plasmalemmma"/><category term="plasmid"/><category term="plasmid definition"/><category term="plasmid vector types"/><category term="plasmodesmata function"/><category term="plasmodesmata structure"/><category term="plastid genome"/><category term="plectin"/><category term="pleiotropic gene"/><category term="pleiotropism"/><category term="pneumatophore"/><category term="podzol"/><category term="polyglutamic acid"/><category term="polysaccharides"/><category term="polytene chromosome"/><category term="possible gamete aaBBCc"/><category term="possible gamete calculation"/><category term="possible gamete combination calculation"/><category term="possible gamete formula"/><category term="possible gamete genotype calculation"/><category term="potato spindle tuber viroid"/><category term="ppt"/><category term="practice book GRE-bIochemistry"/><category term="practice test on lipids"/><category term="pre-rRNA processing"/><category term="precursor of ABA"/><category term="precursor of IAA"/><category term="previous CSIR questions"/><category term="previous question paper icmr jrf"/><category term="previous questions"/><category term="previous questions ARS"/><category term="previous questions CSIR"/><category term="previous year question paper"/><category term="primary structure refers to"/><category term="prion protein"/><category term="problems in Hardy - Weinberg Law"/><category term="prokaryotic cell"/><category term="prokaryotic cell and chloroplast"/><category term="prokaryotic cell and mitochondrion"/><category term="prokaryotic initiation factor 1"/><category term="prokaryotic initiation factor 2"/><category term="prokaryotic initiation factor 3"/><category term="prolamellar body"/><category term="proline"/><category term="prolyl cis trans isomerase"/><category term="promoter"/><category term="protamines"/><category term="protein disulphide isomerase"/><category term="protein folding diseases"/><category term="protein folding problems"/><category term="protein functions"/><category term="protein sorting"/><category term="protein structure ap biology"/><category term="proteins in Second line of defense"/><category term="proteins practice test"/><category term="proton-motive force"/><category term="protoplasm"/><category term="psc biology questions"/><category term="pseudocoelomate"/><category term="pseudouridine"/><category term="psoriasis"/><category term="psuedouridine"/><category term="puc vector amp region"/><category term="puc vector full form"/><category term="puc vector notes"/><category term="puc vector selectable marker"/><category term="pyruvate kinase glycolysis regulation"/><category term="qualitative inheritance"/><category term="quantitative inheritance"/><category term="quarternary structure definition example"/><category term="questions"/><category term="questions on  buffer"/><category term="questions on buffer"/><category term="r selection vs K Selection"/><category term="rDNA genes"/><category term="rDNA technology simple definition"/><category term="ransduction"/><category term="reading the gel"/><category term="receptor mediated endocytosis"/><category term="reciprocal altruism"/><category term="recombinant"/><category term="recombinant DNA"/><category term="recombinant insulin ppt"/><category term="recombinant insulin production steps notes"/><category term="recombinant technology"/><category term="recombination nodule"/><category term="red blood cells"/><category term="red drop in plant physiology"/><category term="reducing sugar"/><category term="reducing sugar example"/><category term="reduction division"/><category term="renaturation kinetics"/><category term="repair"/><category term="repetitive DNA"/><category term="replacement"/><category term="replication fork"/><category term="reproductive strategies"/><category term="rescinnamine"/><category term="reserpine"/><category term="respiration"/><category term="restriction enzymes"/><category term="restriction enzymes examples"/><category term="reverse genetics"/><category term="reversible enzyme inhibition a level"/><category term="review questions"/><category term="rhizosphere"/><category term="ribonuclease A"/><category term="ribonucleases"/><category term="ribonucleotide"/><category term="ribose"/><category term="root hormone"/><category 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term="waxes 5 examples"/><category term="waxes chemical structure"/><category term="waxes definition"/><category term="waxes ester bond formation"/><category term="waxes in nature"/><category term="waxes simple video explanation"/><category term="what are carbohydrates"/><category term="what are the 4 lobes of the brain functions of the four lobes of the brain"/><category term="what are the four major lobes of the brain"/><category term="what is Haldenes pre biotic soup"/><category term="what is bioorthogonal chemistry"/><category term="what is cell"/><category term="what is ester bond"/><category term="where glycosidic bond dna"/><category term="where life would have originated"/><category term="wobble"/><category term="world biome"/><category term="world biomes Biomes of The World"/><category term="wound hormone"/><category term="xanthophylls"/><category term="yersiniosis"/><category term="ygyh"/><category term="yourgenome"/><category term="zeatin"/><category term="zika virus"/><category term="zinc finger proteins"/><category term="zoo spores"/><category term="zoology mcqs"/><category term="zygotene"/><category term="α-helix"/><category term="β-pleated sheet"/><category term="β2-microglobulin"/><category term="‘Outdet concept of chromatin"/><title type='text'>Biology Exams 4 U</title><subtitle type='html'>Biology Exam Preparation Portal. Preparing with U 4 ur exams.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>856</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-8106092933579823498</id><published>2022-10-14T19:34:00.004+05:30</published><updated>2022-10-14T19:34:56.868+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="click chemistry simple explanation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nobel Prize"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nobel Prize 2022"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nobel prize chemistry simple explanation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="what is bioorthogonal chemistry"/><title type='text'>Explained. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022. What is Click Chemistry and Bioorthogonal Chemistry?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 was awarded to three scientists 🥇&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Barry Sharpless&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Tw Cen MT Condensed&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #2e2a25; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Scripps Research, USA,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Carolyn R. Bertozzi,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Stanford University, USA and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Morten Meldal,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;University of Copenhagen, Denmark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFs0Kba7pWUMgIQko1n51nFCsGBX4nFRo9qNrNsHunEMazwXCoKC9-gnOBzDCQPaseb85KGHKksvgNo0HwzQcsXCJsaPmHjFTzcql81C0bdIKNOVRfJV36lEkDI9zhUE1ZK6UxmVdf2RqsSGGjwMP38o3pJiEszZWt-h0b72An3O33BE7FoxkvJwj/s1131/Nobel%20chem2022.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Explained. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022. What is Click Chemistry and Bioorthogonal Chemistry?&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1131&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFs0Kba7pWUMgIQko1n51nFCsGBX4nFRo9qNrNsHunEMazwXCoKC9-gnOBzDCQPaseb85KGHKksvgNo0HwzQcsXCJsaPmHjFTzcql81C0bdIKNOVRfJV36lEkDI9zhUE1ZK6UxmVdf2RqsSGGjwMP38o3pJiEszZWt-h0b72An3O33BE7FoxkvJwj/s16000/Nobel%20chem2022.png&quot; title=&quot;Explained. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022. What is Click Chemistry and Bioorthogonal Chemistry?&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Barry Sharpless&lt;/b&gt; pioneered the concept of click chemistry, a form of simple and reliable chemistry, where reactions occur quickly, and unwanted by-products are avoided. He also presented the first click reaction copper catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Carolyn Bertozzi &lt;/b&gt;developed click reactions that work inside living organisms. Her bioorthogonal reactions take place without disrupting the normal chemistry of the cell. She developed strain induced azide-alkyne cycloaddition; a biorthogonal reaction. It is now used globally to explore cells, biomolecules and track biological processes. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;This video is a summary of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/JFSRKapI-oU&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Morten Meldal&lt;/b&gt; independently presented the crown jewel of click chemistry: the copper catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. A chemical reaction utilised in development of pharmaceuticals, for mapping DNA.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Thank You So Much&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/8106092933579823498/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/explained-nobel-prize-in-chemistry-2022.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/8106092933579823498'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/8106092933579823498'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/explained-nobel-prize-in-chemistry-2022.html' title='Explained. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022. What is Click Chemistry and Bioorthogonal Chemistry?'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFs0Kba7pWUMgIQko1n51nFCsGBX4nFRo9qNrNsHunEMazwXCoKC9-gnOBzDCQPaseb85KGHKksvgNo0HwzQcsXCJsaPmHjFTzcql81C0bdIKNOVRfJV36lEkDI9zhUE1ZK6UxmVdf2RqsSGGjwMP38o3pJiEszZWt-h0b72An3O33BE7FoxkvJwj/s72-c/Nobel%20chem2022.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-2419623138099866772</id><published>2022-10-08T08:30:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2022-10-08T08:30:00.804+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="3 Stages of Cell Signaling simple"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell signaling"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell signaling a level biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="stages of cell signal transduction"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="stages of cell signaling"/><title type='text'>3 Stages of Cell Signaling</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cell signaling can be divided into 3 stages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Stage 1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Reception&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;refers to the binding of the signaling molecule (ligand) to the cell surface receptor or receptor inside the cell. In the case of hydrophilic ligands such as insulin, has receptor on the cell surface as it cannot cross plasma membrane. Hydrophobic ligands such as steroid hormones can cross the plasma membrane therefore receptor may be either in the cytoplasm or nucleus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlXP80bLypDCOZa9nzYJOZnXYMxzx1HSvqyFgx9GvfY575yAWIDVUEzSjHcW3wyZ4JwV33qii9I75i0rymtw50c68CaCwKKNq3hONAe-9j_4ltbClMytRRZmMGXJ2Rd7cJZDjtlhuN-28V-GaAywyjOx70t44P9TCAONvPxm2icKZY_wULN1KQFtCa/s1136/3-stages-of-signal-transduction.webp&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;3 Stages of Cell Signaling&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1136&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlXP80bLypDCOZa9nzYJOZnXYMxzx1HSvqyFgx9GvfY575yAWIDVUEzSjHcW3wyZ4JwV33qii9I75i0rymtw50c68CaCwKKNq3hONAe-9j_4ltbClMytRRZmMGXJ2Rd7cJZDjtlhuN-28V-GaAywyjOx70t44P9TCAONvPxm2icKZY_wULN1KQFtCa/s16000/3-stages-of-signal-transduction.webp&quot; title=&quot;3 Stages of Cell Signaling&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Stage 2&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Transduction: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;The binding of ligand to the receptor causes a conformational change in the receptor that initiates a sequence of reactions activating many relay molecules finally transferring the signal to a target molecule leading to a change in cellular function. Target molecules are often transcription factors that can directly bind to DNA and can activate expression or suppression of genes. There are key intermediate signaling molecules called second messengers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/zEZFl3MsmY0&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Stage 3&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Response: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Finally, these signals (target molecule) trigger a cellular response in target cell like cell division, activation of enzymes, expression of some genes, opening of ion channels etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/2419623138099866772/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/3-stages-of-cell-signaling.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2419623138099866772'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2419623138099866772'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/3-stages-of-cell-signaling.html' title='3 Stages of Cell Signaling'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlXP80bLypDCOZa9nzYJOZnXYMxzx1HSvqyFgx9GvfY575yAWIDVUEzSjHcW3wyZ4JwV33qii9I75i0rymtw50c68CaCwKKNq3hONAe-9j_4ltbClMytRRZmMGXJ2Rd7cJZDjtlhuN-28V-GaAywyjOx70t44P9TCAONvPxm2icKZY_wULN1KQFtCa/s72-c/3-stages-of-signal-transduction.webp" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-3855321763113554495</id><published>2022-10-07T15:09:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2022-10-07T15:09:20.168+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="7TM receptors"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell signaling"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ion Channel Linked Receptors"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ligand gated ion channels examples"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Types of Cell Surface Receptors"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"/><title type='text'>3 Types of Cell Surface Receptors</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3 Types of Cell Surface Receptors&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Ion Channel Linked Receptors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Ionotropic receptors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Ion channel gated receptor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through a channel pore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxgzJRFjdCH8RW2FHAqiv3NhCFxx2LrEZ6k7oQa9wDnflmosjvy-7q69eY519Mx_3NotcLWcHgsrHcFgrpOs61Rtk7JpRIN9b-qI06UI0rSiz-LIvAqjFDwB40sxnczPFUNGZIJ5fCtVvMA5RP3zqEiuo2aYB0UDIqhns9Y5H5lQf0X7PEHoVPgIW/s1276/Cell%20surface%20receptors.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;3 Types of Cell Surface Receptors&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;694&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1276&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxgzJRFjdCH8RW2FHAqiv3NhCFxx2LrEZ6k7oQa9wDnflmosjvy-7q69eY519Mx_3NotcLWcHgsrHcFgrpOs61Rtk7JpRIN9b-qI06UI0rSiz-LIvAqjFDwB40sxnczPFUNGZIJ5fCtVvMA5RP3zqEiuo2aYB0UDIqhns9Y5H5lQf0X7PEHoVPgIW/s16000/Cell%20surface%20receptors.png&quot; title=&quot;3 Types of Cell Surface Receptors&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) Ligand gated ion channels&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Allow ions to flow into or out of the cell in response to the binding of a ligand to their respective receptors. Eg: Acetylcholine Receptors.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;At the nerve muscle junction, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to specific receptors that allows Na+ ions to flow into and K+ ions out of the target cell.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;GABAA receptors: that allow chloride ions to flow into a cell upon agonist (GABA) binding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) Voltage-Gated Ion Channels&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ion channels that open and close in response to changes in membrane potential&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Enzyme Linked Receptors:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;These receptors have a catalytic activity that is activated by binding of the ligand.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;have intrinsic enzymatic activity or are associated with an enzyme (usually a kinase)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kinases (Protein Kinases [PKs]) • enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of target molecules to cause their activation.&amp;nbsp; In other words, they add a phosphate group to a molecule/protein/another kinase.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Phosphatases • enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of target molecules. This dephosphorylation usually inactivates the target molecule (effector). Phosphatases act in opposition to kinases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is the balanced activity of kinases and phosphatases that results in effective, signal transduction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;An example are tyrosine-kinase receptors (RTK).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Binding of an often-dimeric ligand induces dimerization of the receptors that leads to cross phosphorylation of the cytosolic domains and phosphorylation of other proteins.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;RTKs bind growth factors like EGFR, NGF to signal processes that result in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and survival through transcription of associated genes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/5EfX-FhewMc&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) or 7 transmembrane receptors&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;largest family of transmembrane signaling proteins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors (7TM receptor), due to the seven alpha helices that transverse the cellular membrane.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The receptor recognizes the appropriate ligand to activate the G proteins.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;there are approximately 950 different human genes encoding GPCRs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;These receptors are coupled to intracellular GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins). Once activated, G-proteins trigger the production of a variety of second messengers (e.g. cyclic AMP [cAMP], inositol triphosphate [IP3], diacylglycerol [DAG], etc.) helping to regulate a number of body functions ranging from sensation to growth to hormone release.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;*A second messenger is a substance that is released in the cytoplasm following activation of a receptor. It is non-specific, short lived and can generate a variety of responses in the cell. Eg: cAMP, DAG, Ca2+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/3855321763113554495/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/3-types-of-cell-surface-receptors.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/3855321763113554495'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/3855321763113554495'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/3-types-of-cell-surface-receptors.html' title='3 Types of Cell Surface Receptors'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxgzJRFjdCH8RW2FHAqiv3NhCFxx2LrEZ6k7oQa9wDnflmosjvy-7q69eY519Mx_3NotcLWcHgsrHcFgrpOs61Rtk7JpRIN9b-qI06UI0rSiz-LIvAqjFDwB40sxnczPFUNGZIJ5fCtVvMA5RP3zqEiuo2aYB0UDIqhns9Y5H5lQf0X7PEHoVPgIW/s72-c/Cell%20surface%20receptors.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-1948444011305945794</id><published>2022-10-04T19:15:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2022-10-07T14:45:31.137+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nobel Prize 2022"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine"/><title type='text'> Explained. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022-Paleogenomics in Human Evolution Research</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/Pd9nMrZxblw&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Explanation of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022-Paleogenomics in Human Evolution Research&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnYZEO-hnrfiXFXKYiZBBJM8r8jk-pMOR26Ah-maUVSOr0KCESjT1Xvj1McOj3Ad7t0V85U7i_TkBD0Fds6OdG0zpooYHMW8odcunO-HT4XS-e_l8_c8FaIys3q2XAB0mjMtekFC8qDyRMHdQOStEO8OnCSpnN_fHXBG5uta1J88c43wOCRApHY1w/s16000/NP%202022.png&quot; title=&quot;Explanation of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022-Paleogenomics in Human Evolution Research&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Awarded to:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #030303; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Swedish geneticist &lt;b&gt;Svante Pääbo&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #030303; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contribution&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #030303; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;for contributions to paleogenomics in Human Evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/Pd9nMrZxblw&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/1948444011305945794/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/explanation-of-nobel-prize-in.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1948444011305945794'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1948444011305945794'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/10/explanation-of-nobel-prize-in.html' title=' Explained. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022-Paleogenomics in Human Evolution Research'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnYZEO-hnrfiXFXKYiZBBJM8r8jk-pMOR26Ah-maUVSOr0KCESjT1Xvj1McOj3Ad7t0V85U7i_TkBD0Fds6OdG0zpooYHMW8odcunO-HT4XS-e_l8_c8FaIys3q2XAB0mjMtekFC8qDyRMHdQOStEO8OnCSpnN_fHXBG5uta1J88c43wOCRApHY1w/s72-c/NP%202022.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-7969835416312940967</id><published>2022-09-29T07:03:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2022-09-29T07:16:46.580+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell signaling"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell Surface Receptors"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="classes of cell surface receptors"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Enzyme Linked Receptors"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="GPCR structure"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ion Channel Linked Receptors"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="types of cell surface receptors notes"/><title type='text'>3 Types of cell Surface Receptors</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Receptors in Cell Signaling&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cell surface receptors are transmembrane integral proteins that interact with ligands and initiates a cellular response.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The receptors may be present either on the cell surface or inside the cell depending on the chemical nature of ligand or signaling molecule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cell surface receptors:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; Hydrophilic (water soluble) molecules cannot pass through lipid membrane as lipid membrane is hydrophobic. Hydrophilic molecules include peptide hormones like insulin and glucagon binds to receptors in the plasma membrane.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Intracellular receptors:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; lipophilic hormones like estrogen have intracellular receptors either on cytoplasm or nucleus. This hormone receptor complex directly binds to regions of DNA activating transcription of certain genes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;3 types of cell surface receptors:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;Ion Channel Linked Receptors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2. Enzyme Linked Receptors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;G protein Coupled Receptors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3C41dkYmsw2QUfgY5T9kgpfj2mac5pKqva0FfSg1NWnAHovu-e0zyGe9KUaHnV6Il8JSzTIrU0RtZMeTJKkU9LeNK1knJi29Vg-8TTXZ4lr8G56ie3WkQKyCpz4rlatEe-8Nud3vftrSvLkWRV-ZQhygqXJLCMMVKPMK3p2lmV6hzNjfmqAZLlqK/s1280/Cell%20surface%20receptor%20post.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;3 Types of cell Surface Receptors&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3C41dkYmsw2QUfgY5T9kgpfj2mac5pKqva0FfSg1NWnAHovu-e0zyGe9KUaHnV6Il8JSzTIrU0RtZMeTJKkU9LeNK1knJi29Vg-8TTXZ4lr8G56ie3WkQKyCpz4rlatEe-8Nud3vftrSvLkWRV-ZQhygqXJLCMMVKPMK3p2lmV6hzNjfmqAZLlqK/s16000/Cell%20surface%20receptor%20post.png&quot; title=&quot;3 Types of cell Surface Receptors&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cell surface receptor has 3 domains&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;Extracellular domain: also called as recognition domain; that binds to the ligand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;Membrane spanning region: hydrophobic region&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;Intracellular domain: contact with cytoplasm also known as coupling domain transmits signals to the interior of the cell.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;Ion Channel Linked Receptors&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ionotropic receptors&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ion channel gated receptor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through a channel pore&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ligand gated ion channels&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Allow ions to flow into or out of the cell in response to the binding of a ligand to their respective receptors. Eg: Acetylcholine Receptors. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;At the nerve muscle junction, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to specific receptors that allows Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;ions to flow into and K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ions out of the target cell.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;GABA receptors: that allow chloride ions to flow into a cell upon agonist (GABA) binding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Voltage-Gated Ion Channels&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ion channels that open and close in response to changes in membrane potential&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;Enzyme Linked Receptors:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;These receptors have a catalytic activity that is activated by binding of the ligand. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;This receptor has intrinsic enzymatic activity or are associated with an enzyme (usually a kinase)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kinases (Protein Kinases [PKs])&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;• enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of target molecules to cause their activation.&amp;nbsp; In other words, they add a phosphate group to a molecule/protein/another kinase.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Phosphatases • enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of target molecules. This dephosphorylation usually inactivates the target molecule (effector). Phosphatases act in opposition to kinases.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is the balanced activity of kinases and phosphatases that results in effective, signal transduction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;An example is&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;tyrosine-kinase receptors (RTK). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Binding of an often-dimeric ligand induces dimerization of the receptors that leads to cross phosphorylation of the cytosolic domains and phosphorylation of other proteins. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;RTKs bind growth factors like EGFR, NGF to signal processes that result in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and survival through transcription of associated genes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;This video summarizes 3 types of receptors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/5EfX-FhewMc&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) or 7 transmembrane receptors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;largest family of transmembrane signaling proteins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors (7TM receptor), due to the seven alpha helices that transverse the cellular membrane.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The receptor recognizes the appropriate ligand to activate the G proteins.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;There are approximately 950 different human genes encoding GPCRs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;These receptors are coupled to intracellular GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins). Once activated, G-proteins trigger the production of a variety of second messengers (e.g. cyclic AMP [cAMP], inositol triphosphate [IP3], diacylglycerol [DAG], etc.) helping to regulate a number of body functions ranging from sensation to growth to hormone release.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;*A second messenger is a substance that is released in the cytoplasm following activation of a receptor. It is non-specific, short lived and can generate a variety of responses in the cell. Eg: cAMP, DAG (di acyl glycerol), Ca2+, IP3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/7969835416312940967/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/09/3-types-of-cell-surface-receptors.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7969835416312940967'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7969835416312940967'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/09/3-types-of-cell-surface-receptors.html' title='3 Types of cell Surface Receptors'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3C41dkYmsw2QUfgY5T9kgpfj2mac5pKqva0FfSg1NWnAHovu-e0zyGe9KUaHnV6Il8JSzTIrU0RtZMeTJKkU9LeNK1knJi29Vg-8TTXZ4lr8G56ie3WkQKyCpz4rlatEe-8Nud3vftrSvLkWRV-ZQhygqXJLCMMVKPMK3p2lmV6hzNjfmqAZLlqK/s72-c/Cell%20surface%20receptor%20post.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-1788618064295167858</id><published>2022-09-16T23:34:00.005+05:30</published><updated>2022-09-26T10:24:28.505+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biotechnology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="free certificate course"/><title type='text'>Enroll Now- Free Online  Certificate Course on Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology - Download Free E book </title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; 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target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Free Online Certificate&amp;nbsp; Course on Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Download Free E book&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;autoplay&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IDQeYE6EIVM5BRd7CyqKkb_tbvvH4Hek/preview&quot; width=&quot;640&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/1788618064295167858/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/09/enroll-now-new-online-course-on.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1788618064295167858'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1788618064295167858'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/09/enroll-now-new-online-course-on.html' title='Enroll Now- Free Online  Certificate Course on Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology - Download Free E book '/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivYHVmd_HqMfe4H9CEi_sL3P6wqjtds-_Yk4hzIsbp3d7Jj5up4fsusiu8PqA_rsEzdvXV8b3pm91p0EAI3QE1bqQACqj6QTTrp8ePe_FrViVgrlGYC9o3ZlvDbpBNrMaUOJDvGhRh0AGBGiRlpD9fU_4XWD9pvu05z4oIla84a7M3X2pK5hDIj5U/s72-c/alison_courseware_intro_5069.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-7558018328190088455</id><published>2022-08-25T18:06:00.005+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-25T18:18:33.330+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="autocrine example"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell biology notes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell signaling a level biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell signaling and its types"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell signaling definition"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="direct cell to cell signaling"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="paracrine signaling example"/><title type='text'>Cell Signaling and its types</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cell Signaling (Cell Communication)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; Cell signaling is the ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;It is the basic property of all cells and is essential for survival, growth and development of an organism.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cells primarily communicates through chemical signals or called ligands (signaling molecules).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ligands are secreted by the sending cells and the target cell has a receptor specific for this ligand. Binding of ligand to the receptor causes some conformational changes that further activate some other proteins inside the cell and finally causing a cellular response.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;4 types of Cell signaling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtuHNoYcw9PqQxGPBRYlgCbzLu-Z-lQx_TcWURLLd8GVctnwGRzqeDLgOdHExDpQiYvn-KfguiZbBCjRuLDOx5Uk2ip0vxN5mthGDvEoF6MIv9iEbjeFLh7wFixcQ81_vCKW28Yi3oltblhZ6MmicGK1gbmkUul2_Vm8atuBy_RXIk4ruDGwgU0wdo/s1169/Picture1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;4 Types of Cell Signaling&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1125&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1169&quot; height=&quot;616&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtuHNoYcw9PqQxGPBRYlgCbzLu-Z-lQx_TcWURLLd8GVctnwGRzqeDLgOdHExDpQiYvn-KfguiZbBCjRuLDOx5Uk2ip0vxN5mthGDvEoF6MIv9iEbjeFLh7wFixcQ81_vCKW28Yi3oltblhZ6MmicGK1gbmkUul2_Vm8atuBy_RXIk4ruDGwgU0wdo/w640-h616/Picture1.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Cell Signaling 4 types&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Image credit:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/hormones/ (CC BY 4.0)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Based on distance travelled by the ligands or signaling molecule&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Autocrine Signaling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; (self-communication): Cells respond to the signal produced by themselves.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Eg: T cell proliferation and differentiation by cytokines secreted by T cells itself&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Secretion of IL1 by macrophages activates macrophages itself.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Paracrine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; (para: nearby) (short distance signaling): Signaling molecules produced by the sender cell affects neighboring target cells &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Eg: Synaptic signaling (conduction of an electrical signal from one nerve cell to another at a synapse using neurotransmitter as signaling molecules. Neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic cell binds to the receptor on the post synaptic cell causing cellular responses like opening of ion channel, change in membrane potential across the membrane etc.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Endocrine Signaling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; (Long distance signaling): Signaling molecules (hormones) are secreted by endocrine cells carried through the blood stream to distant target cells&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Eg: Signaling of hormones; Estrogen hormones produced by ovary stimulates development and maintenance of female reproductive system and associated secondary sex characteristics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/zmdfJ-wcKzI&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Direct cell to cell signaling:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; through gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Communication junctions allows ions and small molecules to pass through to the next cell ensuring direct intercellular communication. Direct cell to cell signaling is crucial in early embryonic development and maintenance of tissues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/7558018328190088455/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/cell-signaling-and-its-types.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7558018328190088455'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7558018328190088455'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/cell-signaling-and-its-types.html' title='Cell Signaling and its types'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtuHNoYcw9PqQxGPBRYlgCbzLu-Z-lQx_TcWURLLd8GVctnwGRzqeDLgOdHExDpQiYvn-KfguiZbBCjRuLDOx5Uk2ip0vxN5mthGDvEoF6MIv9iEbjeFLh7wFixcQ81_vCKW28Yi3oltblhZ6MmicGK1gbmkUul2_Vm8atuBy_RXIk4ruDGwgU0wdo/s72-w640-h616-c/Picture1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-7106002984775350041</id><published>2022-08-10T18:48:00.003+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-10T18:49:22.726+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><title type='text'>Short Notes on Horticulture</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;HORTICULTURE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Short Notes on Horticulture&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEialphksjVCyX-YNuJp_mTvIpk941p6MHPiZg8xIeqr4R450L8nrpiZg3tr0RRIJMhh1TKObzU_PupTp3rcjGuWZusV_kOiKL9365ni7fZ83QGIovLS32GmuBF653HW2S7og7-Wrb6q5UWB8SR9Saghcr9aMiT1vzHkH-eKwNKQAJJH9Olwx5oc_kA/s16000/Short%20Notes%20on%20horticulture%20.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Short Notes on Horticulture&quot; /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Grafting is not successful in&lt;u&gt;monocots &lt;/u&gt;compared to dicots due to &lt;u&gt;Absence of cambium for&lt;/u&gt; secondary growth.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Objective of vegetative propagation:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Multiplication of an elite variety&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Production of ‘true to the type’ plants&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cost effective multiplication of plants&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In pruning care should be taken to avoid&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cutting at internodes &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cutting in dry season&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cutting in flowering season&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Terrarium: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;A&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;miniature garden grown in glass vessels, bottles and dishes&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Bonsai Culture: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Tap root pruning&amp;nbsp; - Wiring- Aging &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The methodology of propagation methods of selected horticultural species by specialized &lt;u&gt;pegging a branch in soil&lt;/u&gt;is known as&lt;b&gt; Layering.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Commonly practiced artificial vegetative propagation &lt;b&gt;in rubber – budding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The method of vegetative propagation in which &lt;u&gt;the scion is separated from the mother plant only after the establishment&lt;/u&gt; of the graft union:&lt;b&gt;Approach grafting&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Puddling is carried in horticulture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; to: Reduce percolation of water , Pulverise and levelling soil and Kill weeds.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;air layering, cutting the bark off the stem, known as girdling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; is performed for Stimulating root formation just above the point of girdling , Helping in breaking off the stem when it is rooted , Gradually starving the stem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/7106002984775350041/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/short-notes-on-horticulture.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7106002984775350041'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7106002984775350041'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/short-notes-on-horticulture.html' title='Short Notes on Horticulture'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEialphksjVCyX-YNuJp_mTvIpk941p6MHPiZg8xIeqr4R450L8nrpiZg3tr0RRIJMhh1TKObzU_PupTp3rcjGuWZusV_kOiKL9365ni7fZ83QGIovLS32GmuBF653HW2S7og7-Wrb6q5UWB8SR9Saghcr9aMiT1vzHkH-eKwNKQAJJH9Olwx5oc_kA/s72-c/Short%20Notes%20on%20horticulture%20.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-4902515298298725389</id><published>2022-08-10T18:26:00.003+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-10T18:32:00.949+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><title type='text'>Notes on Angiosperm Morphology  and Taxonomy </title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Some of them have xylem vessels in their wood&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Scutellum in Monocots: &lt;u&gt;Scaly haustorial embryonic leaf&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gynostegium relates to Fusion of stamens with gynoecium&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In Wheat and rice : &lt;u&gt;Pericarp is fused with seed coat&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Leaf of Tamarindus indica is Paripinnate&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In Smilax tendrils are &lt;b&gt;Modified stipules&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cladode -Asparagus &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Phylloclade - Opuntia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Leaf tendril -Gloriosa &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Stem tendril – Passiflora&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Stem tuber- potato&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Angiosperm: Heterosporous, Male gametes are non motille&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Protandrous:&amp;nbsp; Androecium matures first&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1FErU1lQf7HhdHWOk3Ohn7sSlyThJ5ExkJWLp0AyvSmOG3k90kRftD_sLxdLuU99tN7dva0m52D_sBWWo6PNAPE64Mzb4UpTlSj-AcoFYIsBF3RMGEyQlmynOtpOLTOjmPr8DwuTy3OmzUWYwjXncQU47LK4eDgwXbYNjtgYKH2QknQlo82s9678/s1920/Short%20Notes%20on%20plant%20morphology%20.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;short notes on plant morphology&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1FErU1lQf7HhdHWOk3Ohn7sSlyThJ5ExkJWLp0AyvSmOG3k90kRftD_sLxdLuU99tN7dva0m52D_sBWWo6PNAPE64Mzb4UpTlSj-AcoFYIsBF3RMGEyQlmynOtpOLTOjmPr8DwuTy3OmzUWYwjXncQU47LK4eDgwXbYNjtgYKH2QknQlo82s9678/w640-h360/Short%20Notes%20on%20plant%20morphology%20.jpg&quot; title=&quot;short notes on plant morphology&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/EfzN8-MZZOg&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Type of Fruits: Scientific Name and Edible parts - Angiosperm Morphology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 90.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Fruits&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Samara fruit- Dioscorea &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Inflorescence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Hypanthodium- Ficus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Sorosis - Jack fruit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spike- Achyranthus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spike - Ophioglossum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Hesperidium- Citrus sinensis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Capitulum consist of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ray florets and disc florets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 30.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Aggregate fruits - &lt;b&gt;Annonaceae (Custard Apple)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cyathium -Male flowers represented   by stalked stamens&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Caryopsis - Poaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Umbel- Flowers with stalks of equal   length (Apiaceae)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Siliqua - Brassicaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Corymb - Older and younger flowers   have stalks of different lengths&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 76.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 76.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The dry, one seeded and indehiscent   fruit with the pericarp and testa does not rupture when they fall on ground.   The pericarp is membranous or leathery and free from seed coat or testa is   known as:&lt;b&gt; Achene&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 76.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Hypanthodium - Peduncle is modified   to a pear shaped structure&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 41.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 41.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Legume : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;One chambered dry dehiscent fruit that dehisces along&amp;nbsp; the sutures&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Legume - Fabaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 41.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The characteristic   type of inflorescence of the Genus &lt;b&gt;Arisaema   : Spadix&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 41.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 41.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cyathium -&lt;b&gt;Euphorbiaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 41.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 41.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; height: 41.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;246&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cypsela-Helianthus annuus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 41.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Plant Taxonomy Short Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3phCrM4H7quC9khD8ifcGFkKHhWUqcT6I5HzLPH-6zwMP1vdKD6TtU64jxqUUdBY3FToJ7UZ-HkdXPxFrd1xA5LeZydUB6iGbJbrqZ8yceLGpmMuVzSObdQD0A2OP5ZW3IqRzn7r2Yd10ca41CK5xFQrgiaEv12wFabgKyF5Pq0SNTuPMyJ9DOzU/w640-h360/Short%20Notes%20on%20plant%20taxonomy%20.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Family&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 27.9pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Asclepidceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pollinia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Myrtaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ranunculaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Melastomaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 513pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;684&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Verbanaceae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;rarely &lt;b&gt;gynobasic&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 19.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Magnoliaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 19.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cucurbitaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Capparidaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rubiaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Paracytic stomata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Polygalaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Asteraceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Syngenecious anthers are present &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cryophyllaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Asclepiadaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 23.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 23.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Malvaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Monothecous anther&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Liliaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 29.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 29.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Commelinaceae &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 29.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Arecaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Araceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Orchidaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Cyperaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Boraginaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 22.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 22.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Poaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The scaly membraneous perianth of graminae   is&amp;nbsp; l&lt;b&gt;odicule&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 22.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Leguminosae &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;6   subfamilies&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 33.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Scitamineae &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Amaranthaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Lamiaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gynobasic style - Leucas aspera&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Verticellaster&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Euphorbiaceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 513pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;684&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Dipterocarpacae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Trifid style&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Nymphaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Laminar stamen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Brassicaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Siliqua is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; the characteristic fruit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;354&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Podostemaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;families is &lt;u&gt;pseudo embryo sac&lt;/u&gt; present&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;330&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Oblique   placentation - &lt;b&gt;Asclepiadaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 27.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pollinium -&lt;b&gt; Solanaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Apocarpous pistil -Artabotrys odoratissimus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Petals are absent in Saraca Asoca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Chenopodiaceae, Portulacaceae, Aizoaceae, Cactaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Stegnospermaceae, Basellaceae, Amaranthaceae and Didieraceae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;, which have been placed under a single, &lt;u&gt;order Centrospermae&lt;/u&gt; based on the chemotaxonomic marker &lt;b&gt;Betalins.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Solanaceae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;: Carpels 2, syncarpous in an obliquely placed superior ovary indicate&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Family having the ability to produce &lt;u&gt;cyanogenic glycosides&lt;/u&gt; as a chemotaxonomic marker character:&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Rosaceae , Leguminosae, Poaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Trees with resin; coracious leaves; flower actionomorphic, hermaphrodite, sepals 5, polysepalous, persistent; petals 5, polypetalous; stamens many in one to several whorls, slightly polyandrous, carpels 3, syncarpous, superior; Fruit samara with persistent sepals :&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Dipetrocarpaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gigantic trees with an abundant resin; coracious leaves; flower actionomorphic, hermaphrodite, hypogynous; sepals 5, polysepalous, persistent; petals 5, polypetalous; stamens many in one to several whorls, slightly polyandrous, carpels 3, syncarpous, superior; Fruit samara enclosed in persistent sepals: &lt;b&gt;Dipetrocarpaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Verbanaceae: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gynoecium is bicarpellary, superior, Ovary-2-4-celled, placentation axile, ovule 1 or 2 in each loculus, Style-Simple, terminal, rarely gynobasic&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Polygalaceae: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Flowers are irregular and bisexual, 5 sepals but usually 3 green outer sepals and 2 petallike inner sepals. United petals, usually fused with the stamens, and the lower petal is often fringed. There are 8 stamens, fused to the petals. The ovary is positioned superior. It consists of 2 united carpels with the partition walls present, forming an equal number of chambers. It matures as a capsule, nut, or drupe&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous flowers with monadelphous stamen are characterstic features of &lt;b&gt;Malvaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The family/families possess(es) accessory vascular bundles in the pith – medullary bundles, and in the cortex- cortical bundles either in rings or irregularly: &lt;b&gt;Amaranthaceae and Nyctaginaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Labellum in Orchidaceae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; comes to anterior side by the twisting of the ovary through 180&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;. This process is called &lt;b&gt;Resupination&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Poaceae - Gramineae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Fabaceae – Papilionaceae (Marginal placentation)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Lamiaceae - Labiatae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Brassicaceae – Cruciferae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Guttiferae -Clusiaceae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Asteraceae- Rubiaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Unilocular Ovary - Sunflower &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Bilocular Ovary -&amp;nbsp; Petunia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Trilocular Ovary- Asparagus &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pentalocular Ovary –Hibiscus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Economic Botany&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Asafoetida - Ferula &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;White dammar -Vateria. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rose wood&amp;nbsp; - Dalbergia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Para rubber - Hevea&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/4902515298298725389/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/notes-on-angiosperm-morphology-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/4902515298298725389'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/4902515298298725389'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/notes-on-angiosperm-morphology-and.html' title='Notes on Angiosperm Morphology  and Taxonomy '/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1FErU1lQf7HhdHWOk3Ohn7sSlyThJ5ExkJWLp0AyvSmOG3k90kRftD_sLxdLuU99tN7dva0m52D_sBWWo6PNAPE64Mzb4UpTlSj-AcoFYIsBF3RMGEyQlmynOtpOLTOjmPr8DwuTy3OmzUWYwjXncQU47LK4eDgwXbYNjtgYKH2QknQlo82s9678/s72-w640-h360-c/Short%20Notes%20on%20plant%20morphology%20.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-2679791048808671303</id><published>2022-08-10T17:18:00.006+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-10T18:34:37.133+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><title type='text'>Short Notes on Bryophytes - Pteridophytes - Gymnosperms</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Wy7x3IKMCwttHFhQ6GGLI4v43UWBkWGVyFioyKDS_oqI9nGg_tAHTimdHx4l9Qoj70rA6KoRr9wqkL5YJhLR8TonBJL6bB-ZfAbw4915bokyRjNiQN6L3o4XWVExN8vW8fGQiWHQOelP8KUKQKZ1b_ETntXbw09qZthsP56qGkP37YVSP7p62jM/s1920/Short%20Notes%20on%20Bryophytes%20-%20Pteridophytes%20-%20Gymnosperms%20notes.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Short Notes on Bryophytes - Pteridophytes - Gymnosperms&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Wy7x3IKMCwttHFhQ6GGLI4v43UWBkWGVyFioyKDS_oqI9nGg_tAHTimdHx4l9Qoj70rA6KoRr9wqkL5YJhLR8TonBJL6bB-ZfAbw4915bokyRjNiQN6L3o4XWVExN8vW8fGQiWHQOelP8KUKQKZ1b_ETntXbw09qZthsP56qGkP37YVSP7p62jM/w640-h360/Short%20Notes%20on%20Bryophytes%20-%20Pteridophytes%20-%20Gymnosperms%20notes.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Short Notes on Bryophytes - Pteridophytes - Gymnosperms&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;BRYOLOGY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Famous Indian Bryologist: DK Singh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Hepaticae:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; Each cell in the thallus contains many chloroplasts; the chloroplasts are without pyrenoids.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Anthocerotae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;: Each cell of the thallus possesses a single large chloroplast with a pyrenoid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In Moss, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;primary protonema is haploid and gametophytic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;diploid in moss plant- Spore mother cell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Elators and pseudoelators i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;n the capsules of bryophyte are meant for &lt;b&gt;Spore dispersal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;sporangia of mosses?&lt;b&gt; &lt;u&gt;Sporocytes undergo meiosis to produce spores&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;When moss spore germinate they form&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Protonema , then a leafy gametophyte&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The sporophyte contains pseudoelators in &lt;u&gt;Anthoceros&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Funaria:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The conducting tissues do not consists Xylem and Phloem tissues in&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;class “Metzgeriidae” belongs Jungermanniopsida&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Riccia: bryophyte, the sporophyte at maturity has reduced to the sporangia. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Liverworts and mosses grow on soil, on dampy soil, on rocks, and on tree trunks and also in water&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Pteridophytes and bryophytes common characters :multicellular sex organs with sterile jacket cells&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Porella-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;xerophytic bryophyte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Marchantia, the liverwort is characterized by&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Female organs are known as archegonia and are protected by the thin surrounding perichaetum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the perigonium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Male gametes are produced in numerous and multiflagellate&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The sporophyte hangs down from the underside of the archegonium.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Anthoceros&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Bryophyte &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;with &lt;u&gt;Nostoc&lt;/u&gt; clony can be seen in the thallus&lt;b&gt; : Anthoceros&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pseudo-elaters are present in &lt;b&gt;Anthoceros&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Funaria:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;can produce an embryo during &lt;u&gt;sexual reproduction&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The spore dispersal mechanism of &lt;b&gt;Funaria-&amp;nbsp; Peristomial teeth&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Sphagnum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;most primitive water conducting structures known as hydroids are found in&amp;nbsp; Sphagnum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Bryophyte is known for its capacity to hold water and as a source of peat:&lt;b&gt;Sphagnum&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;PTERIDOLOGY&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In the prothallus of the fern plant , &lt;u&gt;The nuclei of all cells including sex organs and gametes have monoploid number&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The protostele of &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Lycopodium&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;species shows variations with respect to its shape and arrangement of vascular tissue such as actinostele, plectostele, mixed protostels and plectosteles.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Dehiscence of sporangia takes place by a vertical splitting in &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Selaginella&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/DH65cGLvLws&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Classification of Pteridophyte&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pteridophytes with endosporic gametophytes will be heterosporic&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;megaphyllous pteridophytes emergence of leaf traces leaves gaps in the stele.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;SS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/8sxpAzwomsE&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/8sxpAzwomsE&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Stelar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/8sxpAzwomsE&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;types in Pteridophytes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt; has leaf traces: Dictyostele&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Telome theory of Zimmermann&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Telome concept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; has been used in understanding the origin and evolution of the major groups of pteridophytes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Overtopping &lt;b&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt; Reduction &lt;b&gt;-&amp;gt; &lt;/b&gt;Plantation &lt;b&gt;-&amp;gt; &lt;/b&gt;Syngenesis or webbing &lt;b&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;Curvation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;series led to the evolution of megaphyllous leaves:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Over topping - planation – syngenesis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gametes are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;prouced in &lt;b&gt;Prothallus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Vascular bundle in which xylem surrounds phloem is termed as&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Amphivasal.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Antherozoids are spirally coiled and multi- flagellated- Psilotopsida &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spores may be homosporous or heterosporous - Lycopsida &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gametophytes are exosporic and green -&amp;nbsp; Sphenopsida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Tree fern-Cyathea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rhynia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Rhynia has apical sporangium ,&amp;nbsp; Rhynia is a single-species genus of Devonian vascular plants , Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular plant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Haplostele, actinostele, plectostele, medullated protostele alone are protosteles&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Isoetes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;A pteridophyte with the structures, velum and foramen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Prismatic tissue - Isoetes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Selaginella&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Heterospous pteridophyte&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Male gametes in Selaginella are &lt;u&gt;biflagellate.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rhynia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Fossil pteridophyte Rhynia major belong to &lt;b&gt;Psilophytales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rhynia belongs to devonian&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;is a pteridophyte without the differentiation into true leaves and roots&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Salvinia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;is a &lt;u&gt;rootless Pteridophyte. &lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The archegonia are deeply sunk in the apical cushion. They have a very short neck, an egg cell, a venter canal cell and a two nucleate neck canal cell.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Equisetum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pteridophyte with&lt;u&gt; elators&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Peltate disc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; is the characteristic feature of strobilus from the pteridophyta member &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;siphonostele having a single phloem ring external to the xylem is called as &lt;u&gt;ectophloic siphonostele.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Vallecular canals and Carinal canals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; are the characteristic features of Equisetum&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Marsilea&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In the mature sporocarp of Marsilea, &lt;u&gt;inner parenchymatous zone&lt;/u&gt; cells gelatinise and form a gelatinous ring which helps in the dehiscence of the sporocarp at maturity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Osmunda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The maturity of sporangia within a sorus is varied. where, &lt;u&gt;the sorus type &lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;is a simple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; i.e., all the &lt;u&gt;sporangia develop simultaneously&lt;/u&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Tassel -&amp;nbsp; Osmunda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Azolla&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;Section2&quot;&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;It is an aquatic fern&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;It hosts symbiotic nitrogen fixing blue-green alga&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Its vascular cylinder is siphonostelic&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Sporocarp - Azolla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;GYMNOSPERMS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Heterosporous - microspores and megaspores, are typically produced in male ones or ovulate cones, respectively. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cycads and Ginkgo have motile sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule, whereas conifers and gnetophytes have sperm with no flagella that are conveyed to the egg along a pollen tube. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The mature seed comprises the embryo, the endosperm which is haploid, serves as food supplier with a seed coat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Heterosporous&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Generally xylem vessels are absent&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In gymnosperms the endosperm is &lt;u&gt;haploid&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Softwood &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;are wood of gymnosperm.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Largest ovules are found in&lt;u&gt;Gymnosperms&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Manoxylic wood &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;with large amount of parenchyma&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The general &lt;b&gt;pollination &lt;/b&gt;mechanism in&lt;b&gt;gymnosperms is: &lt;/b&gt;Anemophily&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pollination in gymnosperms occurs by &lt;u&gt;wind.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A protective covering in gymnosperms, which morphologically is equivalent to ovuliferous scale, develops next to the integument: &lt;b&gt;Epimatium&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pinus:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gymnosperm with &lt;b&gt;winged pollen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Winged seeds are present&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The seed known by the name ‘&lt;b&gt;Chilgoza&lt;/b&gt;’, that is used as a dry fruit &lt;b&gt;Pinus gerardiana&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Welwitschia mirabilis:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;monotypic gymnosperm genus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;a plant with a thick, short stem less than 45 cm above the soil and a pair of large leathery leaves about two meters long in the south coast of the walvis Bay in South Africa.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gnetum-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;which is a &lt;u&gt;woody climber&lt;/u&gt; - &lt;u&gt;Gnetum ula&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ginkgo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ginkgo biloba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; the only living fossil &lt;u&gt;representative of Gymnosperm&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cedrus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Deodar wood, the strongest coniferous wood&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; is obtained from&amp;nbsp; Cedrus&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Extra:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Gymnosperms is a profusely branching shrub:&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Ephedra distachya&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Economic Importance of Gymnosperms&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;An &lt;u&gt;anticancer drug&lt;/u&gt; obtained from Gymnosperm is &lt;b&gt;Taxol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ramenta - Pteris &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Terminal Sporangium- Rhynia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pycnoxylic wood -Pinus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ovules at the tip of a stalk - Ginkgo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/2679791048808671303/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/short-notes-on-bryophytes-pteridophytes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2679791048808671303'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2679791048808671303'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/short-notes-on-bryophytes-pteridophytes.html' title='Short Notes on Bryophytes - Pteridophytes - Gymnosperms'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Wy7x3IKMCwttHFhQ6GGLI4v43UWBkWGVyFioyKDS_oqI9nGg_tAHTimdHx4l9Qoj70rA6KoRr9wqkL5YJhLR8TonBJL6bB-ZfAbw4915bokyRjNiQN6L3o4XWVExN8vW8fGQiWHQOelP8KUKQKZ1b_ETntXbw09qZthsP56qGkP37YVSP7p62jM/s72-w640-h360-c/Short%20Notes%20on%20Bryophytes%20-%20Pteridophytes%20-%20Gymnosperms%20notes.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-4264921526057010852</id><published>2022-08-10T14:35:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-10T14:35:52.402+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="PLANT PATHOLOGY"/><title type='text'>Plant Pathology Short Notes - Diseases and Causative Organism </title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; 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width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;False smut of paddy -&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202124;&quot;&gt; Ustilaginoidea virens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202124; font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Blight of paddy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202124; font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; is caused by &lt;b&gt;Xanthomonas oryzae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spodoptera mauritia is a pest of &lt;b&gt;Paddy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The ‘army worm’ which attack paddy is the larvae of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spodoptera mauritia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ustilaginoidea sp. - False smut of Paddy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cosmopolites sordidus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; is the pest of Banana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Red rust of tea -Cephaleuros parasiticus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Red rust of tea: caused by an alga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Coffee rust -&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202124;&quot;&gt;hemileia vastatrix fungus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Yellow vein mosaic of ladies finger – &lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202124;&quot;&gt;Begomovirus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Late blight of Potato – Phytophthora infestans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Red rot of Sugarcane – Colletorichum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Quick wilt of pepper - Phytophthora capsici&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Coffee rust -Hemileia vastatrix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pink disease of rubber is caused by Corticium salmonicolor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Powdery mildew of rubber -Oidium heveae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Late blight of potato -Phytophthora infestans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Alternaria - Early blight of potato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ustilago -&amp;nbsp; Loose smut of wheat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Peronosporales - Downy mildews&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Hemileia sp. -Coffee rust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Oidium sp- Powdery mildew of Rubber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bengal famine was caused by &lt;u&gt;Helminthosporium oryzae&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;                                               &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;S&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Symptoms of &lt;b&gt;Leaf spot of Mango&lt;/b&gt; are water-soaked, irregular, black lesions surrounded by chlorotic halos. Due to vein limitations, the spots become angular and result in cankerous, rough, necrotic, raised lesions. Name the causative:&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Xanthomonas campestris&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/4264921526057010852/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/plant-pathology-short-notes-diseases.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/4264921526057010852'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/4264921526057010852'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/plant-pathology-short-notes-diseases.html' title='Plant Pathology Short Notes - Diseases and Causative Organism '/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip2OIPjYlwkhPUfp98bDc-rX_CN1waJLBBU0ueXOiJrwryHt-xDor_0w_QYtSQ92JjPUpqRQNkV53JUO4tS5EmKdKEQkM7ekXTuqulJxzHaI4c9uaWF8c1YaqRLYl9jiFGBd23lL0GTysBJgpJXxQ2z58O_jjhRMGODE8nPTBMSOwaFxQ70wd3RoY/s72-w640-h360-c/plant%20pathology%20nots.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-5825633581405701002</id><published>2022-08-09T14:26:00.003+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-09T14:40:41.806+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><title type='text'>Mycology Fungi and Lichenology - Exam Capsule Quick Revision Notes</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZno7eSgf9h49pkqki8Q4hWLa3Msqg52jc-OGp5Qwc_QX5XQNnpMHOHuD7k7gRWtCk6KjX1hsk87EhX-DnK7KMtA7aKZkDbH8YesBnRj2cQVcqc6QNbBDhIQwWd_xLOgWxT1yxYOeOcRUHlHfWydJNS2tHHDIrfssfkoQrWs-WqIYkCbnd8vDkfk/s1920/mycology%20nots.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Mycology Fungi and Lichenology - Exam Capsule Quick Revision Notes&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZno7eSgf9h49pkqki8Q4hWLa3Msqg52jc-OGp5Qwc_QX5XQNnpMHOHuD7k7gRWtCk6KjX1hsk87EhX-DnK7KMtA7aKZkDbH8YesBnRj2cQVcqc6QNbBDhIQwWd_xLOgWxT1yxYOeOcRUHlHfWydJNS2tHHDIrfssfkoQrWs-WqIYkCbnd8vDkfk/w640-h360/mycology%20nots.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Mycology Fungi and Lichenology - Exam Capsule Quick Revision Notes&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect host plants:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Appressorium&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;vegetative mode of reproduction in fungi :&lt;b&gt;Fragmentation, Rhizomorph ,&amp;nbsp; Sclerotia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rhizopus, Pencillium and Aspergillus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;are examples of&amp;nbsp; Saprophytic fungi&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;edible fungi :&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Agaricus bispora , Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotussajor caju&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;fruiting body of ascomycetes. : Cleistothecium , Perithecium , Gymnothecium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Brachymeiosis :A second reduction division following the usual two meiotic divisions reputed to occur in the ascus of certain fungi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Apothecium - Peziza&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cleistothecium -Erysiphe&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/QQ4ba09ktV4&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Fungi and Common name&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Perithecium -Claviceps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Phycomycetes - Pilobolus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ascostroma – Loculoascomycetidae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Basidospores differ from ascospores :&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Four spores and are exogenously produced&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Club fungi- Agaricus (&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/fn1dbYkkJu0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Life cycle of Agaricus&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Agaricus bisporous - Button mushroom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Lycoperdon sps. -Puff ball&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Amanita phalloides - Death cap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Oyster mushroom- Pleurotus sajor-caju&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Mushroom- Plectenchyma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Chitin formula -C22H54N4O21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/7OMTciw2sLg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Classification of Fungi - 5 Phyla with Examples&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Oomycetes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;They are known as water moulds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;They cause seedling blights, damping-off, root rots and foliar blights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The nuclei of vegetative cells of these fungi are typically diploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The fungal group presently classified under protists is Oomycetes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Zygomycetes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Zygomycetes - Hypahe are generally aseptated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Breadmoulds- Zygomycotina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ascomycetees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ascomycetes - Hyphae are generally septated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Flask shaped fruiting body present in Ascomycetes-&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Perithecium&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Phycomycetes : Aseptate mycelium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Asexual, hollow fungal fruiting body lined inside with conidiophores is called&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Pycnidium &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Myxomycetes, the fungus like organisms are characterized by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Wall less myxamoebae, swarm cells and plasmodium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spores with cellulose cell wall&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Fructifications with a thin wall called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;peridium&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;which is often calcified and may contain cellulose&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Slime moulds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The fruiting bodies of slime moulds are called&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;sori&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Basidomycetes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Basidiomycetes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Sexual spore are produced externally on a basidium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Basidiospores is also known as&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;ballistospores&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Clamp connections are formed during cell division in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Dikaryotic secondary mycelium in Basidiomycetes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Deuteromycetes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Fungi Imperfecti - Asexual reproduction occurs by means of conidia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/uAJtYSIX6MU&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Classification of Function (Ainsworth Classification)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pencillium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;green mould&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Sterigma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is seen in Pencillium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/m0UMYrJPQac&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Puccinia&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;are characterized by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Macrocyclic and&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;heteroeciou&lt;/u&gt;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;rust fungus&lt;/u&gt;. It produces uredia and telia stages on wheat plant. The spores produced on wheat are&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;uredospores and teleutospores.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Uredospores can re-infect wheat but teleutospores cannot do it. Instead they give rise to basidia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Basidiospores&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;infect barberry.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spores of Puccinia causing infection on wheat plant is&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Aeciospore&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Pycnidia develop on the upper surface of barberry leaves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Dikaryotisation occurs. It gives rise to&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;aecidial stage.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Aecidia develop on the lower surface of barberry leaves. They form&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;aecidiospores&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;which infect Wheat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Economic Importance of Fungi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The yeast used for the production of riboflavin :&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Eremothecium ashbyi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Citric acid - Aspergillus niger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cellulase - Trichoderma viride&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Vitamin B12 - Propionibacterium freudenreichii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Butanol - Clostridium acetobutylicum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;LSD is obtained from&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Claviceps purpurea&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Damping off - Pythium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Smut -Ustilago&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rust - Puccinia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Downy mildew - Plasmopara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The feeding of&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;avidin&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;may result in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;deficiency of Biotin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ergot of rye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is caused by a species of&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Claviceps&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The fungus associated with human oral or vaginal infection is&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Candida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;LICHEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Lichen with a 3-dimensional branching, bushy appearance, like a leafless shrub is called&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Fruticose lichen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Parmelia is known as&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Rock flower&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In Lichens ,&amp;nbsp; special&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;vegetative structure is formed as respiratory organs&lt;/u&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Cyphellae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;In lichens that have both green algal and cyanobacterial symbionts, the cyanobacteria are restricted to structures called&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Cephalodia&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Vegetative reproduction in lichens takes place by&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;soredia , Isidia , fragmentation&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Among the fungi&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Ascomycetes&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;are the economically most useful group and&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Cladonia is Ascolichen&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;kind of a Lichen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Usnea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;belongs to&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;fruticose lichen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cladonia verticillata&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;is a Fruticose lichen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Parmelia&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;belongs to&lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ascolichen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cyphellae, Cephalodia, Isidia and Soredia are certain specialized structures associated with thalli of Lichen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Lichen is/are used as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;source of food:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Wila (Bryoria fremontii)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Rock tripe (Umbilicaria esculenta)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Orcinol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;, the derivative for the dye&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Orcein&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;is obtained from&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Roccella.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;bio indicator of SO2 pollution:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Usnic acid, a dibenzofuran derivative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;has been utilized in medicine, perfumery and cosmetics This was isolated by the German scientist W.&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Knop i&lt;/u&gt;n 1844.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Name the lichen/s yield&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;usnic acid: Usnea, Cladonia, Lecanora&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Litmus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a dye obtained&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Roccella lichen&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Glomeromycota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;: Symbiotic associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots are widespread in the natural environment and can provide benefits to the host plant. If so identify the members of this phylum form&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;arbuscular mycorrhizae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) is found in&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Plant roots&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Hartig net is found in Both in Ecto mycorrhizae and ectendomycorrhizae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The fine endings of the hyphae of mycorrhiza in the cell-site of nutrient exchange between the fungus and the host :A&lt;b&gt;rbuscules&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/5825633581405701002/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/mycology-fungi-and-lichenology-exam.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5825633581405701002'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5825633581405701002'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/mycology-fungi-and-lichenology-exam.html' title='Mycology Fungi and Lichenology - Exam Capsule Quick Revision Notes'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZno7eSgf9h49pkqki8Q4hWLa3Msqg52jc-OGp5Qwc_QX5XQNnpMHOHuD7k7gRWtCk6KjX1hsk87EhX-DnK7KMtA7aKZkDbH8YesBnRj2cQVcqc6QNbBDhIQwWd_xLOgWxT1yxYOeOcRUHlHfWydJNS2tHHDIrfssfkoQrWs-WqIYkCbnd8vDkfk/s72-w640-h360-c/mycology%20nots.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-7937834267781623430</id><published>2022-08-04T12:27:00.003+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-04T12:41:05.944+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><title type='text'>Exam Capsule- Quick Revision Notes -Phycology (Algae)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Exam Capsule- Quick Revision Notes -Phycology&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBpnBXeL4ECpUj9EMw-LyWk0GPahrLlnMesmxpcqu7XnDTAJIetvQnN37BVo4T3ISIutpO5LlTmjEprrHRxx18Of7Vy-V_PawMWvpLV3JHQueCP7bvupu6Zro7vUnRy06NwncN6Q2-bc2jGHohHWSQAn4Tpa7-8WCowhYAvk0AdCniEytXAz3-iyA/w640-h360/bio%20quick%20notes%20(2).jpg&quot; title=&quot;Exam Capsule- Quick Revision Notes -Phycology&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Xanthophyceae – Oil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Chrysophyceae -Fat and leucosin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Mannitol and laminarin-Phaeophyceae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Bacillariophyceae -Fat and volutin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Thallus Structure in Algae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/bf6RvQQNZ8Q&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;-----&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Many Rhodophyceae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;members can achieve high degree of thallus development. But some of them are unicellular. &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Unicellular red algae : &lt;b&gt;Porphyridium and Chroothece&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Algal group containing oil, lipid and &lt;u&gt;lucosin as the reserved food&lt;/u&gt; materials&lt;b&gt;: Xanthophycophyta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Laminarin- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Reserve food in &lt;u&gt;Phaeo&lt;/u&gt;phyceae&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;MOP Iyengar – Fampous Indian Phcologist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Sea lettuce: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ulva&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Reticulate Chloroplast: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Oedogonium, Spirogyra , Hydrodictyon.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Mitochondria are &lt;u&gt;absent in Blue green algae&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Alga with unbranched thallus:&lt;b&gt; Zygnema&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pandorina belongs &lt;u&gt;Volvocales&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Palmella stage - Volvox&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Gongrosira-Vaucheria&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Chantansia- Bactrachospermum&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Zygotic meiosis:Algae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In Euglena the effective stroke and the recovery stroke results in &lt;u&gt;Forward movement associated with rotation around its axis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The mode of nutrition in &lt;b&gt;Vorticella is Holozoic&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Bioluminescence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; is usually associated with &lt;b&gt;Pyrrophyta&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Cyanobacteria form a variety of associations with bryophytes ranging from the almost accidental to close symbioses. Anthoceros ,the bryophyte that possesses this property &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The exact role of the hetercysts in blue green algae? &lt;b&gt;Nitrogen fixation&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Green algal life cycle, where the somatic phase (plant) is haploid (gametophyte) while the diploid phase (sporophyte) is represented by zygote is called &lt;b&gt;Haplontic,&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; found in.&lt;b&gt;Ulothrix&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;algal division never produces motile, flagellated cells among any of its members: &lt;b&gt;Rhodophyta&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Classification of Algae by Fritsch &lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/pguaczZXBd0&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plantscience4u.com/2014/01/economic-importance-of-algae.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Economic Importance of Algae&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Source of salad -Ulva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Source of iodine – Laminaria&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Material for photosynthesis research - Chlorella&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;To study nuclecytoplasmic interactions - Acetabularia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Carrageenin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; is obtained from the cell walls of algae:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Chondrus crispus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Irish moss)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Chlorella will fulfill &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;the need of all vitamins except&lt;b&gt; Ascorbic acid&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Laminaria &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;algae gives iodine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Agar-Gelidium, Graciliaria, Gigartina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Chlamydomonas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Iso&lt;u&gt;gamy, Anisogamy and Oogamy &lt;/u&gt;are found in different species of Chlamydomonas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Antheridia and archaegonia are &lt;u&gt;Sexual microgametes of Chlamydomonas.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Oedogonium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Asexual reproduction takes place by multi- flagellate zoospore, where flagella are arranged around the beak-like apical region.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Nannandrous species are always dioecious (heterothallic) i.e., antheridia and oogonia are borne on different filaments. In this type the antheridia develop on a very small filament termed as &lt;u&gt;dwarf male or nannandrium.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The androspores, antherozoids and zoospores are morphologically alike but differ in their size and numbers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Polysiphonia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/QvWQ3f4mHok&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Polysiphonia, a &lt;u&gt;red algae possess&lt;/u&gt;highly branched filaments each with a central axial filament supporting pericentral cells. The number of pericentral cells is 4–24.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The diploid zygote develops to become the carposporophyte, this is a separate phase of the life-cycle and is entirely parasitic on the female&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The tetrasporophyte is diploid and produced spores in fours after meiosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Branches of limited growth are called &lt;u&gt;trichoblasts&lt;/u&gt;, spirally arranged, dichotomously branched, colourless and may develop both from main axis and long branches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The diploid part of the cystocarp represents the&lt;u&gt; carposporophyte. &lt;/u&gt;The carposporangium develops single diploid carpospores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The non motile male spermatia are carried to the female by means of water currents in &lt;u&gt;Polysiphonia&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;         &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/7937834267781623430/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/exam-capsule-quick-revision-notes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7937834267781623430'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7937834267781623430'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/exam-capsule-quick-revision-notes.html' title='Exam Capsule- Quick Revision Notes -Phycology (Algae)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBpnBXeL4ECpUj9EMw-LyWk0GPahrLlnMesmxpcqu7XnDTAJIetvQnN37BVo4T3ISIutpO5LlTmjEprrHRxx18Of7Vy-V_PawMWvpLV3JHQueCP7bvupu6Zro7vUnRy06NwncN6Q2-bc2jGHohHWSQAn4Tpa7-8WCowhYAvk0AdCniEytXAz3-iyA/s72-w640-h360-c/bio%20quick%20notes%20(2).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-5603193838839006258</id><published>2022-08-04T11:58:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-04T11:58:58.349+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><title type='text'>Exam Capsule -Quick Revision Revision Notes- Plant Taxonomy</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Classification based on quantitative analysis of physical traits and evolutionary relationships is &lt;b&gt;Cladistics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Two taxonomic species are distinguished from each other by &lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;their failure to interbreed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Spike with spathe known as Spadix is a typical inflorescence of the plant family &lt;b&gt;Arecaceae &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;families of plants have &lt;u&gt;superior ovary:&lt;/u&gt; &lt;b&gt;Brassicaceae ,Malvaceae , Polygalaceae&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7OnfobQCLbyBt9dhjDtsUFbW8XvcVAnhmJWFbfVc5iP8TelWi5uCgJrVIfnbLs8hNs_mZVaLf2TXo-6fwgzKz0_nhomXdgf4E0ID5I4GnivJkOSCuNiUaKGhxhOpuEfSRpEO_iONbNyhNpNLLsIhqtYRshYuPvS2GJS02oWlYH9OcJEjiXtRfvkw/s1920/bio%20quick%20notes%20(1).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Exam Capsule -Quick Revision Revision Notes- Plant Taxonomy&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7OnfobQCLbyBt9dhjDtsUFbW8XvcVAnhmJWFbfVc5iP8TelWi5uCgJrVIfnbLs8hNs_mZVaLf2TXo-6fwgzKz0_nhomXdgf4E0ID5I4GnivJkOSCuNiUaKGhxhOpuEfSRpEO_iONbNyhNpNLLsIhqtYRshYuPvS2GJS02oWlYH9OcJEjiXtRfvkw/w640-h360/bio%20quick%20notes%20(1).jpg&quot; title=&quot;Exam Capsule -Quick Revision Revision Notes- Plant Taxonomy&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;APG System of Plant Classification: (APG-Angiosperm Phylogeny Group)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;It is based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;It is based on DNA sequences of two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Latest APG system is APG IV (2016)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Cluster analysis is part of&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Numerical System&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;system of classification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Linnaean system of plant classification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is called artificial, because he gave emphasis to&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Number of Stamens&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;only in his classification of plants .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Andropogon aromaticus Sieber&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;ex&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;Schult. In the above given example of binomial nomenclature with author citation what the&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;word ‘ex’ refers&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;It denotes the fact that an initial description did not satisfy the rules for valid publication, but that the same name was subsequently validly published by a second author or authors (or by the same author) in a subsequent publication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Cladistics:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A system of classification based on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Cladistic Taxonomy:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1.Ancestral history&amp;nbsp; 2. Divergence from a common ancestor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;In taxonomy, according to the Law of Priority,&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;The first properly published name of a species or genus takes precedence over any subsequently published one&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The international consortium for molecular taxonomy is&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;COBOL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Genes fo&lt;u&gt;r cytochrome oxidase&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;is used for&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;DNA barcode analyses.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;In a cladogram,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The leaves represent individual species, the nodes denote points of divergence, the branches denote lines of descendance and the length of the branches denote the evolutionary distances.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;An evidence for the ‘&lt;b&gt;molecular clock’&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;phenomenon is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Evolution of the Cytochrome gene&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chronospecies :&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;A group of one or more species derived from a sequential development pattern which involves continual and uniform changes from an extinct ancestral form on an evolutionary scale.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;For preservation in the herbarium, the specimens are treated with Heating , Repellents ,&amp;nbsp; Fumigants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The first herbarium in the world was founded in&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Padua, Italy&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;In the system of classification by Bentham &amp;amp; Hooker dicotyledonous plants have been classified as&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Polypetalae, Gamopetalae, Monochlamydae.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;In the plant name Capparislasiantha R.Br..ex.DC. The author citation indicated that&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Robert Brown and de Candolle have equal status&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Cruciferae: Siliqua&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Phylogenetic Classification:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Charles Bessey ,&amp;nbsp; Robert Thorne,&amp;nbsp; Engler&amp;amp;Prantl&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;A taxon should have a single correct name if the same name to be used for different species or taxa is known as&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Homonym&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Melbourne Code – 2011&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Latin diagnosis is not mandatory for names published on or after 01/01/ 2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Publication of taxa in electronic media is effective on or after 01/01/ 2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The Code is named as International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shenzhen Code&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The current version of ICN accepted by International Botanical Congress in 2017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/5603193838839006258/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/exam-capsule-quick-revision-revision.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5603193838839006258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5603193838839006258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/exam-capsule-quick-revision-revision.html' title='Exam Capsule -Quick Revision Revision Notes- Plant Taxonomy'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7OnfobQCLbyBt9dhjDtsUFbW8XvcVAnhmJWFbfVc5iP8TelWi5uCgJrVIfnbLs8hNs_mZVaLf2TXo-6fwgzKz0_nhomXdgf4E0ID5I4GnivJkOSCuNiUaKGhxhOpuEfSRpEO_iONbNyhNpNLLsIhqtYRshYuPvS2GJS02oWlYH9OcJEjiXtRfvkw/s72-w640-h360-c/bio%20quick%20notes%20(1).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-7335024195029015903</id><published>2022-08-03T18:56:00.009+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-04T11:15:16.734+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bio Quick Revision Notes"/><title type='text'> Exam Capsule  Quick Revision Notes- Plant Systematics Short Notes </title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;An attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relationship is called&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Taximetrics.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The term&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;alpha diversity&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;refers to Community and ecosystem diversity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The diversity within a particular area or ecosystem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Numerical taxonomy is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;otherwise called&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Phenetics&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Alpha diversity:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The diversity&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;within a particular area&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;or ecosystem&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Beta diversity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;refers to&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;between habitat diversity.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;diversity of habitats over the total&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;geographical area is&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Gama diversity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Rule of priority of ICBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;states that&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;the earliest applicable, properly published name is the correct one.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Symbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts has been confirmed by&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;Molecular taxonomy.&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The symbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts has been confirmed by&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Molecular taxonomy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Monophyletic group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;includes all descendant species of a single ancestor and the ancestor species itself.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;A&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;taxonomic clade&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;considers&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Monophyletic groups alone&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;A group of organisms is said to&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;be paraphyletic&lt;/u&gt;, if all the members of the group&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;have a common ancestor,&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;but the group does not include all the descendants of the recent common ancestor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Taxonomic groups that contain organisms, which are descendants of more than one ancestor are called&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;polyphyletic group.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Archae&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;domain eukaryotes derived&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Linnaeus: 2 kingdoms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Chatton: 2 empires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biologyexams4u.com/2021/08/what-are-3-domains-of-life-and-their.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;three domain system&lt;/a&gt; were proposed by&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Carl Woese&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The five kingdom classification proposed by&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Robert Whittaker&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Monera Kingdom of Whittaker’s five kingdom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;system of classification that includes the blue-green algae, nitrogen fixing bacteria and methanogenic archaebacteria.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Cavalier smith&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;- 8 kingdom classification&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Numerical Taxonomy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is otherwise called as&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Adansonian classification&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Homonyms&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;: Identical names for 2 or more different taxa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Species : A group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such species.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Gene flow is a concept best used to describe an exchange between&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Populations&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Taxon:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A group of organisms with common ancestor and with concrete biological objects of classification worthy of being assigned to a definite category in the hierarchical classification.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Bacteria are classified mainly on biochemical and genetic characters.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Main application of phenetics is in classifying organisms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The basic unit of numerical taxonomy is called&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;OTU&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;illegitimate name:&amp;nbsp; Superfluous name , Later homonyms ,Tautonyms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;A nomennudum is a name:&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Without a description&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Date of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;starting point of zoological nomenclature as fixed by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;ICZN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;u&gt;1 January 1758&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;In disputes concerning homonyms, according to the ICZN rules,&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;The ‘senior’ homonym can be replaced with the ‘junior’ homonym if it is scientifically more valid and appropriate&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Chloroplast based DNA markers are now being used for the taxonomic identification of plants. This method is called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/what-is-dna-barcoding-animal-barcode.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;DNA barcoding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;The concept of&amp;nbsp;DNA barcoding&amp;nbsp;for molecular taxonomy of eukaryotes depends on&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene sequences.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;matK in plants and COI in animals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;are widely used for barcoding in plants and animals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6pYsnWyR716VUSOqrrVWfHbZf6riXB7FCA5ZMbkfjLVXCCvzyTNH4SHkRWkRnTxsSrTYIEfTMsshLaGpVLxpOru5cohv9TGj-pwrSCVDN1nZmMltvNL98hra-hynlBMk_1Rv4DVLSGA30X-RAnUeqs8qJ7Omtt0Y7AzGDqrayL9XQ9Rnr3PZ5erQ/s1920/bio%20quick%20notes.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6pYsnWyR716VUSOqrrVWfHbZf6riXB7FCA5ZMbkfjLVXCCvzyTNH4SHkRWkRnTxsSrTYIEfTMsshLaGpVLxpOru5cohv9TGj-pwrSCVDN1nZmMltvNL98hra-hynlBMk_1Rv4DVLSGA30X-RAnUeqs8qJ7Omtt0Y7AzGDqrayL9XQ9Rnr3PZ5erQ/w640-h360/bio%20quick%20notes.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Binomial Nomenclature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The same name is used in all languages avoiding difficulty of translation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The system has been adopted internationally in Botany, Zoology and Bacteriology. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Every species can be unambiguously identified with just two words&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Books and Authors&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Systema Naturae - &lt;b&gt;Carolus Linnaeus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Flora Lapponica is written by &lt;b&gt;Carolus Linnaeus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;The seven volumes of the “&lt;b&gt;Flora of British India&lt;/b&gt; “was compiled by &lt;b&gt;J D Hooker &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Dioscorides wrote the book &quot;De Materia Medica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&quot;, which was a catalog of about 600 plants in the &lt;u&gt;Mediterranean&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Classification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Natural system of classification- Bentham and Hooker Classification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Artificial- Linnaeus System of classification &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Phylognetic System of Classification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.plantscience4u.com/2014/06/bentham-and-hookers-classification.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Bentham and Hooker system ofclassification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Merit :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Placement of monocots after the dicots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Demerit:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Placement of Aseraceae in the beginning of gamopetae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Placement of Gymospermae in between dicots anad monocots.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Placement of family Orchidaceae in the beginning of monocts &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In DNA barcode analysis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;for molecular taxonomy, the material recommended for taxonomical studies in prokaryotes is&lt;b&gt; 16S RNA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Demerits of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/2452852950775407941/7335024195029015903#&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Engler and Prantl systemof classification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Derivation of parietal placentation from axile placentation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Derivation of bisexual flower from unisexual flower. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Derivation of entomophily from anemophily.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/2452852950775407941/7335024195029015903#&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Typification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;When a single specimen is clearly designated &lt;u&gt;in the original description&lt;/u&gt;, this specimen is known as:&lt;b&gt; Holotype&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;In the typification, the specimen designated from the &lt;u&gt;original material as the nomenclatural type,&lt;/u&gt; in conformity with Art. 9.9 and 9.10, if &lt;u&gt;no holotype&lt;/u&gt; was indicated at the time of publication, or if it is missing, or if it is found to belong to more than one taxon is known as &lt;b&gt;Lectotype&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A specimen selected from the original material to serve as a nomenclatural type when no holotype was designated at the time of publication is called &lt;u&gt;Lectotype&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Species with wide geographical ranges of distribution, that develop locally adapted populations are known as&lt;b&gt; Ecotypes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;When a specific epithet exactly repeats the generic name it is known as &lt;b&gt;Tautonym &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;Ideo type &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;&quot;&gt;is a biological model which is &lt;u&gt;expected to perform or behave in a predictable manner within a&lt;/u&gt; defined environment.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;                                                                                                                                                       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/7335024195029015903/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/plant-systematics-short-notes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7335024195029015903'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7335024195029015903'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/plant-systematics-short-notes.html' title=' Exam Capsule  Quick Revision Notes- Plant Systematics Short Notes '/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6pYsnWyR716VUSOqrrVWfHbZf6riXB7FCA5ZMbkfjLVXCCvzyTNH4SHkRWkRnTxsSrTYIEfTMsshLaGpVLxpOru5cohv9TGj-pwrSCVDN1nZmMltvNL98hra-hynlBMk_1Rv4DVLSGA30X-RAnUeqs8qJ7Omtt0Y7AzGDqrayL9XQ9Rnr3PZ5erQ/s72-w640-h360-c/bio%20quick%20notes.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-1243730794433221423</id><published>2022-08-02T11:49:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2022-08-02T12:56:12.378+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="basic biotechnology notes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biotechnology notes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="blunt end meaning"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ligase working"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Restriction enzymes and Ligase"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="restriction enzymes examples"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="stick ends definition"/><title type='text'>Notes on Restriction enzymes and DNA Ligases </title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;What are Restriction Enzymes?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cuts double stranded DNA at unique sequence called recognition sequence or restriction site&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Also called as molecular scissors, molecular knives or molecular scalpels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Hind II is the first restriction nuclease isolated from &lt;i&gt;Haemophilus influenzae&lt;/i&gt; bacteria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Restriction Enzymes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt; belongs to the class nucleases or nucleic acid degrading enzymes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;two types: 1. Restriction endonuclease: makes cuts within the DNA molecule&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2. Restriction exonuclease: remove nucleotides from the ends&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3 types of Restriction endonucleases: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguQpISLZKNQB9--dqwQdeeARAKCJfdcxGr87QTxk_e6_7g1XU35fW0JvKL233pihj8hxvuZsAf0KLQ7-AoIK7mDSVu1f79M_htafZX0G0Z3VmmIE8EuNiXIVcJupjHI60l96licnR-LYqcvqkF_zAuSRQtKX9CvfIm_mSi97gel3KJCGCOqZr2q2hR&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;745&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1435&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguQpISLZKNQB9--dqwQdeeARAKCJfdcxGr87QTxk_e6_7g1XU35fW0JvKL233pihj8hxvuZsAf0KLQ7-AoIK7mDSVu1f79M_htafZX0G0Z3VmmIE8EuNiXIVcJupjHI60l96licnR-LYqcvqkF_zAuSRQtKX9CvfIm_mSi97gel3KJCGCOqZr2q2hR=w640-h332&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Type I, II and III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Type II &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;is used in rDNA technology as its makes cuts within recognition site&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Eg: Eco R1, Hind III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mg2+ is required for cleavage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Type I and Type III makes random cuts; therefore, rarely used in rDNA technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;How Restriction Enzymes cut DNA molecule?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBHfsD8OX5zjunlldCrcmdb796m4aSsMNOXkWkvs33Q6dVN0wzmETSndsQZbh9cXeTgA4tLcxYTDpzH6K-kHZ311fnnvMRBimGPmpWqCpDtWgQ8dP721NVvy-G6KyPTHwIC3VqStL___DoPD7sbYlZzdwpfBTo_l14xytPb8MPsEnBismj00zXekgk/s935/EcoR1.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;How Restriction enzymes works? Eco R1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;359&quot; data-original-width=&quot;935&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBHfsD8OX5zjunlldCrcmdb796m4aSsMNOXkWkvs33Q6dVN0wzmETSndsQZbh9cXeTgA4tLcxYTDpzH6K-kHZ311fnnvMRBimGPmpWqCpDtWgQ8dP721NVvy-G6KyPTHwIC3VqStL___DoPD7sbYlZzdwpfBTo_l14xytPb8MPsEnBismj00zXekgk/s16000/EcoR1.gif&quot; title=&quot;How Restriction enzymes works? Eco R1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Example is Eco R1: &lt;i&gt;EcoR1 Restriction site :&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5`---GAATTC---3`&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;3`---CTTAAG---5`&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;Watch this video for better&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;understanding&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/UuoFvqfsu88&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Characteristics of restriction sites&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Recognition sites are often 4-8 base pairs &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;They are Palindromic sequences. Palindromic sequence is a DNA sequence of base pairs that reads the same on two strands in 5`-3` &amp;amp; 3`-5`direction&lt;b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cut patterns&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNwDneJe9P27kqrP04DEVtknsKBQXUm1nZO1ahpgenklUKyRmrcmko_o4SxD6fy8Bw-9UusUCcsGM7UfJu4ZRh-9bJL7plzmHa-x21n1GjEWa-k-WFAwmIdVmpYOf_pLPKzv4BQ7jOrRfEFt03KLEzYi3UaOUI3vbXTs9p6RUvyXJjxHWDGS6g3fyl&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1125&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1538&quot; height=&quot;468&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNwDneJe9P27kqrP04DEVtknsKBQXUm1nZO1ahpgenklUKyRmrcmko_o4SxD6fy8Bw-9UusUCcsGM7UfJu4ZRh-9bJL7plzmHa-x21n1GjEWa-k-WFAwmIdVmpYOf_pLPKzv4BQ7jOrRfEFt03KLEzYi3UaOUI3vbXTs9p6RUvyXJjxHWDGS6g3fyl=w640-h468&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;1.Staggered cuts or cohesive or sticky ends&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;cuts that generate protruding single stranded ends eg: Eco R1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;More preferred in rDNA technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype  id=&quot;_x0000_t32&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; o:spt=&quot;32&quot; o:oned=&quot;t&quot; path=&quot;m,l21600,21600e&quot;  filled=&quot;f&quot;&gt; &lt;v:path arrowok=&quot;t&quot; 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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5’---AG&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;CT---3’&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;3’---TCGA---5’&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; --------&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3’---TC&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;GA---5’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;DNA ligase&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ligases are Joining enzyme that joins DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bond. The process is called ligation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOlIr3ZYreLnlGygOAvXT9_01igtU_ut0C8uj58oVfnNtzOx8JNw6-7PKQ50-32QXjayY9wFfFP2fnAAgH7NJHwYH2Cm6FkYy9BOvWEdNOooxC9MR_kq7RZMbuUUnhe1w6PjQ0Oq8nN1bDLB-9HT5PWU6kquoNIWvyKOZucY_ZPl8SI_Mhz91PKzcP&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;How DNA ligase works?&quot; data-original-height=&quot;659&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1866&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOlIr3ZYreLnlGygOAvXT9_01igtU_ut0C8uj58oVfnNtzOx8JNw6-7PKQ50-32QXjayY9wFfFP2fnAAgH7NJHwYH2Cm6FkYy9BOvWEdNOooxC9MR_kq7RZMbuUUnhe1w6PjQ0Oq8nN1bDLB-9HT5PWU6kquoNIWvyKOZucY_ZPl8SI_Mhz91PKzcP=w640-h226&quot; title=&quot;How DNA ligase works?&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;How DNA ligase joins DNA molecule?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Phosphodiester bond is between the 5’P of a nucleotide of one DNA fragment and the 3’ OH end of the other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Requires ATP or NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; for its activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Eg: T4 ligase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/1243730794433221423/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/restriction-enzymes-and-dna-ligases.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1243730794433221423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1243730794433221423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/08/restriction-enzymes-and-dna-ligases.html' title='Notes on Restriction enzymes and DNA Ligases '/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguQpISLZKNQB9--dqwQdeeARAKCJfdcxGr87QTxk_e6_7g1XU35fW0JvKL233pihj8hxvuZsAf0KLQ7-AoIK7mDSVu1f79M_htafZX0G0Z3VmmIE8EuNiXIVcJupjHI60l96licnR-LYqcvqkF_zAuSRQtKX9CvfIm_mSi97gel3KJCGCOqZr2q2hR=s72-w640-h332-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-5030624106669251246</id><published>2022-07-19T17:25:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2022-07-19T17:25:06.041+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Antibiotic Resistance Genes  as selectable marker"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Antibiotic Resistance Genes vs selectable marker"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biotechnology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biotechnology notes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="selectable marker definition"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="selectable marker example"/><title type='text'>How do Antibiotic Resistance Genes function as selectable marker or helps in selection of transformed recombinant colonies?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;What are selectable markers? How are antibiotic resistance genes used as selectable markers?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Let’s begin with selectable marker&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;What is a Selectable marker in a vector?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Selectable marker is a region or gene sequence (here for Antibiotic resistance) of the vector that helps in selection of recombinant colonies that contain our gene of interest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;You can also &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/f09bDYo6qHc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;watch our video&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on Selectable markers at the end of this post for easy understanding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Let’s take an example to understand this concept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6iQT-RjZnk8D9fTnA4j0kzG_epx9Xan_0JQO19YLo12wkekCtC9Ca_S24oUc6ImqJrz-cSjwq1cMxqWZeZWyKNRTTYaRq0AlaTtZx7nNX1IRL2WEn4KrRlhVOdipUnJpsXwe8t1j4piCUTw8o_5wpBsF7_DWhmQsoFDpfNb9AWK-UHgYRUjx6RiE7/s960/Selectable%20marker%201.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;What is a Selectable Marker?&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;505&quot; data-original-width=&quot;960&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6iQT-RjZnk8D9fTnA4j0kzG_epx9Xan_0JQO19YLo12wkekCtC9Ca_S24oUc6ImqJrz-cSjwq1cMxqWZeZWyKNRTTYaRq0AlaTtZx7nNX1IRL2WEn4KrRlhVOdipUnJpsXwe8t1j4piCUTw8o_5wpBsF7_DWhmQsoFDpfNb9AWK-UHgYRUjx6RiE7/s16000/Selectable%20marker%201.png&quot; title=&quot;What is a Selectable Marker?&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;An example is the use of pBR322, which has genes that encodes polypeptides which confer resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotics. That means a bacterium with this vector can grow both tetracycline and ampicillin containing medium.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjR9wNwTwX13JRsnboUyXZG9oKaAZHskfLwNuYC-hL6_f01GbNTAaPob-dxZIjUb3BnG9QyIsjyI2-BbL0X6AcHWqE_7jCx9jRTyFRX4sR7tkP5eJx_hooQWSjSxEU8c0I8LQO1T0PNl_T37AjiSiQtQePgWzgP-GCMENwwjbCUUBFsmXnZbG2KcVB/s628/Selectable%20marker%202.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;What is insertional inactivation&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;540&quot; data-original-width=&quot;628&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjR9wNwTwX13JRsnboUyXZG9oKaAZHskfLwNuYC-hL6_f01GbNTAaPob-dxZIjUb3BnG9QyIsjyI2-BbL0X6AcHWqE_7jCx9jRTyFRX4sR7tkP5eJx_hooQWSjSxEU8c0I8LQO1T0PNl_T37AjiSiQtQePgWzgP-GCMENwwjbCUUBFsmXnZbG2KcVB/s16000/Selectable%20marker%202.png&quot; title=&quot;What is insertional inactivation&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;In the given example (figure above), we have inserted our gene of interest in the tetracycline gene coding region. So that, tetracycline resistance gene is no more functional. This process is called insertional inactivation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #990000;&quot;&gt;What is Insertional inactivation?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Inactivation of a gene upon insertion of another gene within its gene sequence.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The inserted gene disrupts continuity of the gene sequence, thereby making it inactive or non-functional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRKcvOLfuprj_OXNl9HiYGyKmcLtYCrv7ugFqsj3-8Hzz2wBclUekNk_FFJV8dC0juPQcuQTn_GNERIqh1Zuc8Gqhp4IdpoLf1aCt2OCh1chWSnhZx8OtK3FmREc2YfDzh7TIw1-DPK4pqxEVF2SPYxuORoeu-ez0_v_1RyY2NolUssEsbqRoeBdl/s1194/insertional%20inactivation.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;How selectable marker works example&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;902&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1194&quot; height=&quot;483&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRKcvOLfuprj_OXNl9HiYGyKmcLtYCrv7ugFqsj3-8Hzz2wBclUekNk_FFJV8dC0juPQcuQTn_GNERIqh1Zuc8Gqhp4IdpoLf1aCt2OCh1chWSnhZx8OtK3FmREc2YfDzh7TIw1-DPK4pqxEVF2SPYxuORoeu-ez0_v_1RyY2NolUssEsbqRoeBdl/w640-h483/insertional%20inactivation.png&quot; title=&quot;How selectable marker works example&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Insertional inactivation helps in the selection of recombinant colonies. Recombinant colonies with desired gene inserted at tetracycline coding region can grow only in ampicillin containing medium, whereas transformed colonies with unchanged vector can grow in both tetracycline and ampicillin medium.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;We can select the recombinant colonies by comparing the position of the colonies after replica plating with the master plate. (Understand More on &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/xcbrtkFn7-U&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;replica plating&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Watch this 5-minute video for better understanding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/f09bDYo6qHc&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;Thank you so much:)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/5030624106669251246/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/How-do-Antibiotic-Resistance-Gene-helps-in-selection-of-transformants.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5030624106669251246'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5030624106669251246'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/How-do-Antibiotic-Resistance-Gene-helps-in-selection-of-transformants.html' title='How do Antibiotic Resistance Genes function as selectable marker or helps in selection of transformed recombinant colonies?'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6iQT-RjZnk8D9fTnA4j0kzG_epx9Xan_0JQO19YLo12wkekCtC9Ca_S24oUc6ImqJrz-cSjwq1cMxqWZeZWyKNRTTYaRq0AlaTtZx7nNX1IRL2WEn4KrRlhVOdipUnJpsXwe8t1j4piCUTw8o_5wpBsF7_DWhmQsoFDpfNb9AWK-UHgYRUjx6RiE7/s72-c/Selectable%20marker%201.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-1908253962739014015</id><published>2022-07-08T16:11:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2022-07-08T16:11:20.787+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC CSE Prelims"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC Prelims Ecology 2016 Questions"/><title type='text'>UPSC Prelims Environment and Ecology Questions 2016</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Roboto, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Roboto, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which of the following best describes/ describe the aim of the ‘Green India Mission’ of the Government of India?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing the `green accounting’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Launching the second green revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one and all in the future&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Eb_hDn6AfhTKrtUNcSZJSQkGRxQfyqlSYp4LVormwBaENXOMKFLrRUROL3DZZU4MxGaKl3ErrtLOQ7M__XYYVOTVAiiQl6ZuWrxO6yTIhMHEGTisLMMEDO8XQogfPDcohPPnu31B03mfLLj9qPwZKN394FxhAtgqNFKAPXy4jdtqX0vl9_TpE2o/s640/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;360&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Eb_hDn6AfhTKrtUNcSZJSQkGRxQfyqlSYp4LVormwBaENXOMKFLrRUROL3DZZU4MxGaKl3ErrtLOQ7M__XYYVOTVAiiQl6ZuWrxO6yTIhMHEGTisLMMEDO8XQogfPDcohPPnu31B03mfLLj9qPwZKN394FxhAtgqNFKAPXy4jdtqX0vl9_TpE2o/s16000/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;What is/are unique about ‘Kharai Camel’, a breed found in India?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It survives by grazing on mangroves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;3.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) Andaman Islands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) Anaimalai Forests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Maikal Hills&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Tropical rain forests of northeast&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;5.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is a tree species found in a part of South India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rainforest areas of South India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;protection of biodiversity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;resilience of forest ecosystems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;poverty reduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;With reference to ‘Agenda 21’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is a global action plan for sustainable development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Viruses can infect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bacteria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;fungi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;plants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Carbon dioxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Carbon monoxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Nitrogen dioxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sulfur dioxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Methane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 1, 4 and 5 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the `Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) Sand deserts of northwest India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) Higher Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Salt marshes of western Gujarat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Western Ghats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Recently, for the first time in our country, which of the following States has declared a particular butterfly as ‘State Butterfly’?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) Arunachal Pradesh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) Himachal Pradesh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Karnataka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Maharashtra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Answers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(a) Andaman Islands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(d) Western Ghats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;12.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(d) Maharashtra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/1908253962739014015/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-prelims-environment-and-ecology_8.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1908253962739014015'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1908253962739014015'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-prelims-environment-and-ecology_8.html' title='UPSC Prelims Environment and Ecology Questions 2016'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Eb_hDn6AfhTKrtUNcSZJSQkGRxQfyqlSYp4LVormwBaENXOMKFLrRUROL3DZZU4MxGaKl3ErrtLOQ7M__XYYVOTVAiiQl6ZuWrxO6yTIhMHEGTisLMMEDO8XQogfPDcohPPnu31B03mfLLj9qPwZKN394FxhAtgqNFKAPXy4jdtqX0vl9_TpE2o/s72-c/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-9075769436138028618</id><published>2022-07-08T12:49:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2022-07-08T12:49:13.035+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC CSE Prelims"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC Prelims Ecology 2017 Questions"/><title type='text'>UPSC CSE Prelims Environment and Ecology Questions 2017</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Which of the given statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In the context of solving pollution problems, which is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation techniques?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is a technique of cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the codes given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Due to some reasons if there is a huge fall in the population of a species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infection of some cultivated plants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;4.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Is it possible to produce algae based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Production of algae based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Setting up and engineering the algae based biofuel production requires high level of expertise/ technology until the construction is completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of a large scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the codes given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFCjsn23ldQlrRpldl7UoWRnYZKSh2RFpfnzEV2aGUCQ8Wp-zUPqp9YorkgrAw4Y1b4kByGo6_XsmK4Rs0wvgCMDJo2bknumo-ZauVS22euNSthFDRSQjrvHNLN2e59cyNA9yv0fG-igVkgOk8pDweGcEYT3lRW_amToUznsdi4vD94S77MEOjjnI/s640/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;360&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFCjsn23ldQlrRpldl7UoWRnYZKSh2RFpfnzEV2aGUCQ8Wp-zUPqp9YorkgrAw4Y1b4kByGo6_XsmK4Rs0wvgCMDJo2bknumo-ZauVS22euNSthFDRSQjrvHNLN2e59cyNA9yv0fG-igVkgOk8pDweGcEYT3lRW_amToUznsdi4vD94S77MEOjjnI/s16000/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;5.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Depleted oil and gas reservoirs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Subterranean deep saline formalities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the codes given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;6.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Which of the given statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Gharial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Indian wild ass&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Wild Buffalo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is an initiative of the European Union&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development budgets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;9.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer from the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;10.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criteria for&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) Measuring oxygen level in blood&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The CCAC focusses on methane, black carbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Which of the given statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;12.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;If you want to see gharials in their natural best habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) Chambal River&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Pulicat Lake&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Deepor Beel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;13.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The term M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in news in the context of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) Maintenance of Tiger Reservoirs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Indegenous Satellite Navigation System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Security of National Highways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;14.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) It enjoys the same level of protection as tiger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and now it is impossible to prevent its extinction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) It is endemic to a particular region of India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Both (b) and (c) stated above are correct in this context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;15. Recently, there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(a) Corbett National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(b) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(d) Sariska National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Answers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;11.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;12.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) Chambal River&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;13.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) Maintenance of Tiger Reservoirs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;14.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(a) It enjoys the same level of protection as tiger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;15.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(b) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/9075769436138028618/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-cse-prelims-environment-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/9075769436138028618'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/9075769436138028618'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-cse-prelims-environment-and.html' title='UPSC CSE Prelims Environment and Ecology Questions 2017'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFCjsn23ldQlrRpldl7UoWRnYZKSh2RFpfnzEV2aGUCQ8Wp-zUPqp9YorkgrAw4Y1b4kByGo6_XsmK4Rs0wvgCMDJo2bknumo-ZauVS22euNSthFDRSQjrvHNLN2e59cyNA9yv0fG-igVkgOk8pDweGcEYT3lRW_amToUznsdi4vD94S77MEOjjnI/s72-c/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-1619444948660130532</id><published>2022-07-08T12:26:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2022-07-08T12:26:37.608+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC CSE Prelims"/><title type='text'>UPSC Prelims Environment and Ecology Questions 2018</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which one of the following is an artificial lake?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) Kolleru (Andhra Pradesh)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) Nainital (Uttarakhand)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) Renuka (Himachal Pradesh)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Which of the following is/are the possible consequences of heavy and mining in riverbeds?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Decreased salinity in the river&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Pollution of groundwater&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Lowering of the water table&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Why is a plant called Prosopis Juliflora often mentioned in the news?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) Its extract is widely used in cosmetics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) It tends to reduce the biodiversity in the area in which it grow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) Its extract is used in the synthesis of pesticides&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) None of the above&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;. Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;The Earth’s magnetic field has reversed every few hundred thousand years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;When the Earth was created more than 4000 million years ago, there was 54% oxygen and no carbon dioxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;When living organisms originated, they modified the early atmosphere of the Earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;360&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJt_lUlGC_L_DMWiM3OST7DZuhd8_vdBDe3CYOG5-3tqrob3vcVfqtXhvL5WhCX6eoq07nkUp0iyQWuDsYp0DhvRx4GyRerVu-xslwmAjHtfgj2p-K8Xdo9wRa8pUs7C0jf-UVmNbTD-ypewseJD5R6-Og42cudvZlpoTqvzjeY0HhhLXGPNXJknE/s16000/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;In which one of the following states is Pakhui wildlife sanctuary located?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) Arunachal Pradesh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) Manipur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) Meghalaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) Nagaland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Consider the following statements?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the forest rights act 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;For the first time in India, Baigas have been given habitat rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Union Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Consider the following&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Birds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Dust blowing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Rain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Wind blowing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Which of the above spread plant diseases?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) 1, 2 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the government&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;With reference to the ‘Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture’ (GACSA) which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;GACSA is an outcome of the climate summit held in Paris in 2015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Membership of GACSA does not create any binding obligations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;India was instrumental in the creation of GACSA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;11.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;“Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) The Intergovernmental Panel on climate change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) The UNEP Secretariat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) The UNFCCC Secretariat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) The World Meteorological Organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Answers:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt; (a) Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt; (b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt; (b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt; (b) It tends to reduce the biodiversity in the area in which it grow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt; (c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;6. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) Arunachal Pradesh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;7. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;8. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;9. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;10. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;11. &lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;(c) The UNFCCC Secretariat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/1619444948660130532/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-prelims-environment-and-ecology.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1619444948660130532'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/1619444948660130532'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-prelims-environment-and-ecology.html' title='UPSC Prelims Environment and Ecology Questions 2018'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJt_lUlGC_L_DMWiM3OST7DZuhd8_vdBDe3CYOG5-3tqrob3vcVfqtXhvL5WhCX6eoq07nkUp0iyQWuDsYp0DhvRx4GyRerVu-xslwmAjHtfgj2p-K8Xdo9wRa8pUs7C0jf-UVmNbTD-ypewseJD5R6-Og42cudvZlpoTqvzjeY0HhhLXGPNXJknE/s72-c/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-2365561337300297413</id><published>2022-07-08T11:31:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2022-07-08T11:35:47.440+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC CSE Prelims"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC CSE Prelims 2019"/><title type='text'>UPSC CSE 2019 Environment and Ecology Prelims Questions</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1.&amp;nbsp;Which one of the following groups of plants were domesticated in the ‘New World’ and introduced into the ‘Old World’?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) Tobacco, cocoa and rubber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) Tobacco, cotton and rubber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) Cotton, coffee and sugarcane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) Rubber, coffee and wheat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDnELeF6VOQAzCXPAykjclhoit9LYp3P_I4FzqPRovXte2zM99SVzufoHMD9MaFlxuTq4FSc2SxJM59C0kjLPNesKHGrNbpPynZNX6y25MRQRw52g9xri6zG7o_MJU_NB2LM9rnXkAFtlvHrW7jp9EkssRtvwfIft0A1JjQ5nRW24X2RatLu88Ag/s640/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;360&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDnELeF6VOQAzCXPAykjclhoit9LYp3P_I4FzqPRovXte2zM99SVzufoHMD9MaFlxuTq4FSc2SxJM59C0kjLPNesKHGrNbpPynZNX6y25MRQRw52g9xri6zG7o_MJU_NB2LM9rnXkAFtlvHrW7jp9EkssRtvwfIft0A1JjQ5nRW24X2RatLu88Ag/s16000/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;Which one of the following National Parks lies completely in the temperate alpine zone?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) Manas National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) Namdapha National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) Neora Valley National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) Valley of Flowers National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into the stratosphere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) Creating artificial rains in some regions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) Reducing the adverse effects of solar wind on the Earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) Reducing the global warming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;5.&amp;nbsp;Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent Valley National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram and Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Mukurthi National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuaries; and NagarjunasagarSrisailam Tiger Reserve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Some species of turtles are herbivores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Some species of fish are herbivores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Some species of marine mammals are herbivores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Some species of snakes are viviparous&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;8.&amp;nbsp;For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Land surface temperatures of a specific location&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Methane in the atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c)1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Carbon monoxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Methane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ozone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Sulphur dioxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) pesticides in agriculture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) preservatives in processed foods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) fruit-ripening agents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) moisturising agents in cosmetics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;12.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;13.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into the environment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Cattle release ammonia into the environment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into the environment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;14.&amp;nbsp;Why are dewdrops not formed on a cloudy night?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) Clouds absorb the radiation released from the Earth’s surface.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) Clouds reflect back the Earth’s radiation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) The Earth’s surface would have a low temperature on cloudy nights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) Clouds deflect the blowing wind to ground level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;15.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;16.&amp;nbsp;The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) fossils of a kind of dinosaurs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) an early human species&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) a cave system found in North-East India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) a geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;17.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;state the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;18.&amp;nbsp;Consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As per the recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;19.&amp;nbsp;Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) anti-malarial drug&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) biodiesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) pulp for the paper industry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) textile fibre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;20.&amp;nbsp;In the context of proposals to the use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as fuel&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;buses in public transport, consider the following statements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The main advantage of the use of HCNG is the elimination of carbon monoxide emissions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;H-CNG as fuel reduces carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hydrogen up to one-fifth by volume can be blended with CNG as fuel for buses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;H-CNG makes the fuel less expensive than CNG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(c) 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Answers:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1. (a) Tobacco, cocoa and rubber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2. (d) Valley of Flowers National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3. (a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4. (d) Reducing the global warming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;5. (a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;6. (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;7. (a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;8. (d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;9. (d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;10. (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;11. (a) pesticides in agriculture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;12. (b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;13. (d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;14. (b) Clouds reflect back the Earth’s radiation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;15. (c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;16. (b) an early human species&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;17. (b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;18. (b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;19. (d) textile fibre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;20. (b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/2365561337300297413/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-cse-2019-environment-and-ecology.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2365561337300297413'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2365561337300297413'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/upsc-cse-2019-environment-and-ecology.html' title='UPSC CSE 2019 Environment and Ecology Prelims Questions'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDnELeF6VOQAzCXPAykjclhoit9LYp3P_I4FzqPRovXte2zM99SVzufoHMD9MaFlxuTq4FSc2SxJM59C0kjLPNesKHGrNbpPynZNX6y25MRQRw52g9xri6zG7o_MJU_NB2LM9rnXkAFtlvHrW7jp9EkssRtvwfIft0A1JjQ5nRW24X2RatLu88Ag/s72-c/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-5101809162769916100</id><published>2022-07-08T10:54:00.007+05:30</published><updated>2022-07-08T10:58:02.132+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC CSE Prelims"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC Prelims Ecology 2020 Questions"/><title type='text'>Previous Year UPSC CSE Environment and Ecology Questions 2020</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;In the context of recent advances in human reproductive technology, “Pronuclear&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transfer” is used for&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) genetic modification of sperm-producing cells&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) development of stem cells into functional embryos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Previous Year UPSC CSE Environment and Ecology Questions 2020&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;360&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwX3sEBa8rNvjKfxgUzE8UL2n-lr95kG46o96lWClkj5Hwl7SSYx-NnFa2c5zx7ZK503_XZ-JP945mXB5P-KhIjuheJOGDuV-r1cUdzPgCZifqMRzr0Y60fmY1PASWxvUiwgbP3Ntubj3Atw4tKwLOw_aX1_wxafpp03cN5FyhbqQAipbxCpKjSY/s16000/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; title=&quot;Previous Year UPSC CSE Environment and Ecology Questions 2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;With reference to carbon nanotubes, consider the following statements:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;They can be used as carriers of drugs and antigens in the human body.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;They can be made into artificial blood capillaries for an injured part of human body.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;They can be used in biochemical sensors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Carbon nanotubes are biodegradable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Which of the statements given above are correct?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Consider the following activities:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Spraying pesticides on a crop field&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Inspecting the craters of active volcanoes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Collecting breath samples from spouting whales for DNA analysis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;At the present level of technology, which of the above activities can be successfully&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;carried out by using drones?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Consider the following statements:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Human-induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;5.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which of the following statements are correct regarding the general difference between&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;plant and animal cells?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst animal cells do not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Plant cells do not have plasma membrane unlike animal cells which do&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mature plant cell has one large vacuole vacuoles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Automobile exhaust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Tobacco smoke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Wood burning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Using varnished wooden furniture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Using products made of polyurethane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;7.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The leader of an elephant group is a female&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The maximum gestation period can be 22 months&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;8.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Nagarhole National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Papikonda National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;With reference to India’s biodiversity, Ceylon Frogmouth, Coppersmith Barbet, Gray Chinned Minivet and White-throated Redstart are&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Birds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Primates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Reptiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Amphibians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Kanha National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Manas National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Askot Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Gangotri National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Manas National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;12.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;In rural road construction, the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Copper slag&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cold mix asphalt technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Geotextiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Hot mix asphalt technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Portland cement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 4 and 5 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1 and 5 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;13.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Steel slag can be the material for which of the following?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Construction of base road&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Improvement of agricultural soil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Production of cement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;14.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consider the following statements:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;High ash content is observed in Indian coal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;15.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is the use of biochar in farming?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;‘Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen fixing microorganisms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;When biochar is a part of the growing- medium, it enables the growing medium to retain water for longer time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;16.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act,&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1972, what is the implication?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) A licence is required to cultivate that plant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Such a plant cannot be cultivated under any circumstances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) It is a Genetically Modified crop plant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Such a plant is invasive and harmful to the ecosystem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;17.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is/are the advantage/advantages of zero tillage in agriculture?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Sowing of wheat is possible without burning the residue of the previous crop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Without the need for the nursery of rice saplings, direct planting of paddy seeds in the wet soil is possible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Carbon sequestration in the soil is possible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;18.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;raw materials for the production of biofuels?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cassava&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Damaged wheat grains&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Groundnut seeds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Horse gram&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Rotten potatoes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Sugar beet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;19.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2, emissions in a given year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;20.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be of practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Crop diversification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Legume intensification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Tensiometer use&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Vertical farming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;21.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consider the following minerals:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Bentonite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Chromite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Kyanite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Sillimanite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;22.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the southwestern Indian Ocean during January — March.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;OMT collected during January — March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;23.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;correct?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is spread over two districts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;There is no human habitation inside the Park.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is one of the natural habitats of the Great Indian Bustard.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;24.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consider the following statements :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Which of the statements given above is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;25.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Corbett&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Ranthambore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Sunderbans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Answers:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Birds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Kanha National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 and 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;12.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;13.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;14.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;15.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;16.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) A licence is required to cultivate that plant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;17.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;18.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;19.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2, emissions in a given year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;20.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;21.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 2, 3 and 4 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;22.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;23.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;24.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;25.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/5101809162769916100/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/previous-year-upsc-cse-environment-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5101809162769916100'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/5101809162769916100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/07/previous-year-upsc-cse-environment-and.html' title='Previous Year UPSC CSE Environment and Ecology Questions 2020'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwX3sEBa8rNvjKfxgUzE8UL2n-lr95kG46o96lWClkj5Hwl7SSYx-NnFa2c5zx7ZK503_XZ-JP945mXB5P-KhIjuheJOGDuV-r1cUdzPgCZifqMRzr0Y60fmY1PASWxvUiwgbP3Ntubj3Atw4tKwLOw_aX1_wxafpp03cN5FyhbqQAipbxCpKjSY/s72-c/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-4214370728727659163</id><published>2022-06-15T07:55:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2022-06-15T07:55:50.264+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="6 types of neuroglial cells"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cell biology notes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="glial cells and its functions"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Glial cells in Peripheral nervous system"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="glial cells vs neurons"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="neuroglial cells examples"/><title type='text'>What are glial Cells? Different types of glial cells and its functions.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Neuroglial Cells types and Functions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What are glial cells?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Glial cells or glial cells or neuroglia, are cell which are non-neuronal and are situated within the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Glia means “neural glue” were thought to be involved in providing just structural support. Recent studies revealed that these non-neuronal cells play a major role in proper functioning of the brain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Difference between Neuron and glial cells&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Glial cells are present in both central nervous system (CNS) and &lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #212121;&quot;&gt;Peripheral nervous system (PNS)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZD0XVaDwOB6B6MKjbM7NORkdSqhTQ8aeYDWFLYsZaAW2o_URWgCUru3Msnrc06GIHN5V9vYpuc7R-j0Gvs7l5nyG3gThTCOvYNQaNoBTMWo6OjQfc5GMLnPL3nIH9DA5ckrGQvV_MuEvJeoY3_YtaQkzifaEAeL5ySsuglx9IfXt5V152xJ_f9Cc3/s1280/Neuroglial%20cell%20types%20and%20function.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Neuroglial Cell types and basic function&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZD0XVaDwOB6B6MKjbM7NORkdSqhTQ8aeYDWFLYsZaAW2o_URWgCUru3Msnrc06GIHN5V9vYpuc7R-j0Gvs7l5nyG3gThTCOvYNQaNoBTMWo6OjQfc5GMLnPL3nIH9DA5ckrGQvV_MuEvJeoY3_YtaQkzifaEAeL5ySsuglx9IfXt5V152xJ_f9Cc3/s16000/Neuroglial%20cell%20types%20and%20function.png&quot; title=&quot;Neuroglial Cell types and basic function&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Glial cells in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;central nervous system (CNS)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Astrocytes (Astroglia):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; star-shaped cells that maintains neurons working environment&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Functions&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;providing nutrients to the neurons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;control the blood flow in the brain; act as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #111111;&quot;&gt;vaso-modulators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #111111;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;controlling the levels of neurotransmitter around synapses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;controlling the concentrations of ions like potassium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;axon synchronization&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;providing metabolic and structural support&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Oligodendrocytes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;mean &quot;cells with several branches.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Function:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Provide protective insulation (myelin sheath) to neurons in the central nervous system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Support the axons of neurons for faster information transfer in the CNS, mainly those that travel long distances within the brain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Microglia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Microglia are small glial cells that acts as brain’s immune cells. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Function: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;They act as the brain&#39;s own dedicated immune system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Remove dead neurons and pathogens by phagocytosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Protects brains against injury and disease&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Involved in synaptic ‘pruning’ process by eating up tagged unwanted synapses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Ependymal cells &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cells that forms the ependyma, the thin membrane lining of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Function: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;line the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;involved in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Radial glia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Radial glial cells are progenitor cells or a type of stem cell that can generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/-k5cDbFxGl0&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Glial cells in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Peripheral nervous system (PNS)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Schwann cells: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cells that myelinate neuron in the peripheral nervous system, similar to oligodendrocytes in CNS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Satellite cells: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cells that surround neurons in the sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Function &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Helps to regulate the chemical environment. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cells may contribute to chronic pain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;detect and respond to injury and inflammation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Helps to transport several neurotransmitters&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/4214370728727659163/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/6 types-of-neuroglial cells-structure-and basic-function.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/4214370728727659163'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/4214370728727659163'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/6 types-of-neuroglial cells-structure-and basic-function.html' title='What are glial Cells? Different types of glial cells and its functions.'/><author><name>Jazir Haneef</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16358776331686942868</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZD0XVaDwOB6B6MKjbM7NORkdSqhTQ8aeYDWFLYsZaAW2o_URWgCUru3Msnrc06GIHN5V9vYpuc7R-j0Gvs7l5nyG3gThTCOvYNQaNoBTMWo6OjQfc5GMLnPL3nIH9DA5ckrGQvV_MuEvJeoY3_YtaQkzifaEAeL5ySsuglx9IfXt5V152xJ_f9Cc3/s72-c/Neuroglial%20cell%20types%20and%20function.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-2900267010328695995</id><published>2022-06-10T13:34:00.006+05:30</published><updated>2022-06-10T13:35:40.947+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC CSE Prelims"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UPSC Prelims Ecology Previous Year Questions"/><title type='text'>   UPSC CSE Prelims - Previous Year Questions -General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity &amp; Climate change ( 2015)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Previous Year Environment and Ecology Questions 2015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Which one of the following associated with the issue of control and phaing out of the use of ozone depleting substances?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Kyoto&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Montreal protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Brettton Woods Conference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Nagoya Protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2. Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Khangchendzonga National park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Nandadevi National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Neora Valley National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Namdapha National park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;‘BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes’ is managed by the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Asian Development Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) International Monetary Fund&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) United Nations Environment Programme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_cf_oGfiMLOsG8gydlix_In9UYJnD7ojluFPSWvGV8VDZA7nO9S1ENJkQ8oCkI4YZjjZc9BQOFU9NKx0--Y_rj9GYRUC8xcBDmDWWQ5xdhaVz6NEhIy-1JDX87_PD6RxrrjnTNcLdsyCEfvmkfBSOBSZim2QIX6Rb0w4PpupWQd7rTAf67KY7coQ/s1920/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_cf_oGfiMLOsG8gydlix_In9UYJnD7ojluFPSWvGV8VDZA7nO9S1ENJkQ8oCkI4YZjjZc9BQOFU9NKx0--Y_rj9GYRUC8xcBDmDWWQ5xdhaVz6NEhIy-1JDX87_PD6RxrrjnTNcLdsyCEfvmkfBSOBSZim2QIX6Rb0w4PpupWQd7rTAf67KY7coQ/w640-h360/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It assists the countries in their ‘REDD+ (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)’ efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;With reference to an organization known as ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which one of the following is the best description of the term “ecosystem”?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) A community of organisms interacting with one another&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) That part of the Earth which is inhabited by living organisms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) The flora and fauna of a geographical area&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which of the following National Parks is unique in being a swamp with floating vegetation that supports a rich biodiversity?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) Bhitarkanika National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Keibul Lamjao National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Keoladeo Ghana National park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Sultanpur National park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) 1, 2 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is a herbivorous marine animal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is found along the entire coast of India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is given legal protection under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;a) 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;c) 1 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;d) 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a)Saltwater crocodile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Olive ridley turtle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Gangetic dolphin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Gharial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;What is Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in the news?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) It is the United nations Conference on Sustainable Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) It is a Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c)It is a Conference of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) It is a Conference of the Member Countries of the Convention on Biological Diversity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;12.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Which of the following statements regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Select the correct answer using the code given below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Both 1 and 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Neither 1 nor 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Learn more:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/upsc-cse-prelims-previous-year.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;UPSC CSE Prelims - Previous Year Questions -General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity &amp;amp; Climate change ( 2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Answers:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Montreal protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) Namdapha National park &amp;nbsp;is located in Arunachal Pradesh.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(d) World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Biocarbon Fund&#39; is a public private sector initiative&amp;nbsp;mobilizing finance to help fo development of project that sequester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;or conserve carbon in forest and agro ecosystems. It was started in 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) 1 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) Keibul Lamjao National Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(b) 2 and 3 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;c) 1 and 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(c) Gangetic dolphin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) It is the United nations Conference on Sustainable Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;12.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;(a) 1 only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/2900267010328695995/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/upsc-cse-prelims-previous-year_10.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2900267010328695995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/2900267010328695995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/upsc-cse-prelims-previous-year_10.html' title='   UPSC CSE Prelims - Previous Year Questions -General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity &amp; Climate change ( 2015)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_cf_oGfiMLOsG8gydlix_In9UYJnD7ojluFPSWvGV8VDZA7nO9S1ENJkQ8oCkI4YZjjZc9BQOFU9NKx0--Y_rj9GYRUC8xcBDmDWWQ5xdhaVz6NEhIy-1JDX87_PD6RxrrjnTNcLdsyCEfvmkfBSOBSZim2QIX6Rb0w4PpupWQd7rTAf67KY7coQ/s72-w640-h360-c/UPSC%20Prelims%20Previous%20Year%20Questions%20-General%20issues%20on%20Environmental%20ecology,%20Bio-diversity%20&amp;%20Climate%20change%20(2013%20).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2452852950775407941.post-7619373539247687347</id><published>2022-06-10T13:01:00.005+05:30</published><updated>2022-06-10T13:05:29.580+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Biodiversity and conservational Biology Notes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Biodiversity Conservation"/><title type='text'>What is  In-situ conservation and Ex-situ Biodiversity Conservation?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Two types of conservation methods are prevalent. They are:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1. In-situ conservation method in which organisms are protected in their natural habitats&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2. Ex-situ conservation method in which organisms are protected outside their natural habitats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;In-situ conservation and Ex-situ Biodiversity Conservation&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPRIkUm-XuOYysaiW1vrfyrefK1jnhmcjN5xtky6ZJdymCZZqJSkFCQNmN-CDsiflNqdf3oOCM48qvGDkaIwxWErOqCtqV_dM3KVRzz8hUYIpwXZBuaGh6uSrOfpN6Yt1hkWPTeVR4XudtowTVLM1cN5a1DvLHezHdBosiaCyYjurtFxr7hIHjTY/w640-h360/biodiversity%20conservation.jpg&quot; title=&quot;In-situ conservation and Ex-situ Biodiversity Conservation&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. In-situ conservation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Wild Life Sanctuary:&lt;/b&gt;These are forest areas declared as protected areas to prevent the extinction of wild lives by protecting the ecosystem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;National Parks &lt;/b&gt;are designed to protect wild lives along with the protection of historical monuments, natural resources and geographical features of an area.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Community reserves&lt;/b&gt; are areas protected with the participation of the public. These are ecologically important places located in populated areas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biosphere reserves&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;:These are vast regions designed with an aim to protect world&#39;s important ecosystems, biodiversity and genetic resources.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sacred groves:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;These are small areas of biodiversity protected in regions inhabited by human beings. Due to changes in life style many of these which were highly bio-rich have been destroyed. Only a few are remaining now. Sacred groves play an important role in the conservation of water in the region too. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ecological hotspots&lt;/b&gt; are areas rich in endemic species but facing the threat of habitat destruction. Each hotspot is ecologically a very important area of biodiversity. Out of the 34 hotspots all over the world, 3 of them are in India. They are the Western Ghats, North-Eastern Himalayas and the Indo-Burma region.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2. Ex-situ conservation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Zoological gardens &lt;/b&gt;are conservation centres where different varieties of animals are protected and housed separately and where necessary arrangements are made available for their reproduction. They also function as conservation centres of organisms which have become extinct in wild.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Botanical gardens&lt;/b&gt;These are wide research centres where rare and important plants of diverse species are protected.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gene Banks&lt;/b&gt;These are research centres with facilities to collect seeds and gametes to preserve them for a long time. Organisms can be recreated out of them whenever required. Example: Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Practice More:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mcqbiology.com/2013/01/ecology-practice-test-biodiversity-and.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Ecology Practice Tests - Biodiversity and Conservation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mcqbiology.com/2012/12/mcq-on-biodiversity-and-conservation.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;MCQ on Biodiversity and Conservation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/feeds/7619373539247687347/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/what-is-in-situ-conservation-and-ex.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7619373539247687347'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2452852950775407941/posts/default/7619373539247687347'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2022/06/what-is-in-situ-conservation-and-ex.html' title='What is  In-situ conservation and Ex-situ Biodiversity Conservation?'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPRIkUm-XuOYysaiW1vrfyrefK1jnhmcjN5xtky6ZJdymCZZqJSkFCQNmN-CDsiflNqdf3oOCM48qvGDkaIwxWErOqCtqV_dM3KVRzz8hUYIpwXZBuaGh6uSrOfpN6Yt1hkWPTeVR4XudtowTVLM1cN5a1DvLHezHdBosiaCyYjurtFxr7hIHjTY/s72-w640-h360-c/biodiversity%20conservation.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>

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