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1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Thu, 05 Sep 2024 14:15:36 +0000</lastBuildDate><title>FOOD FRUITS VEGETABLES  NUTRITION</title><description>This blog is about information of edible vegetable
2.              Their etymology,Nutrition,food value usage.From this
3.               I am trying to rediscover some information of our
4.               very useful food-vegetable.</description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>113</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><language>en-us</language><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:summary>This blog is about information of edible vegetable Their etymology,Nutrition,food value usage.From this I am trying to rediscover some information of our very useful food-vegetable.</itunes:summary><itunes:subtitle>This blog is about information of edible vegetable Their etymology,Nutrition,food value usage.From this I am trying to rediscover some information of our very useful food-vegetable.</itunes:subtitle><itunes:category text="Health"><itunes:category text="Fitness &amp; Nutrition"/></itunes:category><itunes:owner><itunes:email>noreply@blogger.com</itunes:email></itunes:owner><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-368194762041500808</guid><pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 2013 14:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-26T07:50:20.605-07:00</atom:updated><title>Basil</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
5. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
6. <span dir="auto">Basil</span></h1>
7. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
8. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
9. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
10. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
11. </div>
12. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
13. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
14. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
15. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
16. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basil (disambiguation)">Basil (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
17. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
18. "Selasih" redirects here. For the Indonesian author, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariamin_Ismail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sariamin Ismail">Sariamin Ismail</a>.</div>
19. <table class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
20. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg/40px-Zhongwen.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg/60px-Zhongwen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg/80px-Zhongwen.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; vertical-align: middle; width: 169.75px;"><b>This article contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>text.</b> Without proper <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(East_Asian)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mojibake">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>instead of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a>.</td></tr>
21. </tbody></table>
22. <div>
23. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
24. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Basil</th></tr>
25. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg/220px-Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg/330px-Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg/440px-Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
26. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
27. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
28. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
29. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
30. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></span></td></tr>
31. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></span></td></tr>
32. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></span></td></tr>
33. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum">Ocimum</a></i></span></td></tr>
34. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>O. basilicum</b></i></span></td></tr>
35. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
36. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_basilicum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum basilicum">Ocimum basilicum</a></i></span></b><br /><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolus Linnaeus">L.</a></small></td></tr>
37. </tbody></table>
38. </div>
39. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
40. <b>Basil</b>, or <b>Sweet Basil</b>, is a common name for the culinary herb <i><b>Ocimum basilicum</b></i> (pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbæzɪl/</span> or, in the US, <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbeːzɪl/</span>), of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Family (biology)">family</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a> (mints), sometimes known as Saint Joseph's Wort in some English-speaking countries.</div>
41. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
42. Basil, originally from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> but thoroughly familiar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscurides" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dioscurides">Dioscurides</a>, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hardiness (plants)">half-hardy</a> annual plant, best known as a culinary herb prominently featured in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a>, and also plays a major role in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> cuisines of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Laos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Laos">Laos</a>, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Taiwan">cuisine of Taiwan</a>. Depending on the species and cultivar, the leaves may taste somewhat like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anise">anise</a>, with a strong, pungent, often sweet smell.</div>
43. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
44. There are many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of basil cultivars">varieties of <i>Ocimum basilicum</i></a>, as well as several related species or species hybrids also called basil. The type used in Italian food is typically called <b>sweet basil</b>, as opposed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai basil">Thai basil</a> (<i>O. basilicum</i> var. <i>thyrsiflora</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lemon basil">lemon basil</a> (<i>O. X citriodorum</i>) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holy basil">holy basil</a> (<i>Ocimum tenuiflorum</i>), which are used in Asia. While most common varieties of basil are treated as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Annual plant">annuals</a>, some are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> in warm, tropical climates, including holy basil and a cultivar known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Blue_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="African Blue basil">'African Blue'</a>.</div>
45. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
46. Basil is originally native to India and other tropical regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a>, having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-ReferenceA-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
47. <table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
48. <tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
49. <h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
50. Contents</h2>
51.  <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
52. <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
53. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Etymology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
54. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Nomenclature_and_taxonomy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Nomenclature and taxonomy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
55. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Similar_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Similar species</span></a></li>
56. </ul>
57. </li>
58. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Culinary_use" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Culinary use</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
59. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Basil_seeds" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Basil seeds</span></a></li>
60. </ul>
61. </li>
62. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Folk_Use" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Folk Use</span></a></li>
63. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Other_basils" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other basils</span></a></li>
64. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Chemical_components" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Chemical components</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
65. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Aroma_profiles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Aroma profiles</span></a></li>
66. </ul>
67. </li>
68. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Cultivation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Cultivation</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
69. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Companion_planting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Companion planting</span></a></li>
70. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Diseases" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Diseases</span></a></li>
71. </ul>
72. </li>
73. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Potential_health_effects" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Potential health effects</span></a></li>
74. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Cultural_aspects" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural aspects</span></a></li>
75. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Toxicity_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Toxicity studies</span></a></li>
76. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#List_of_the_cultivars_and_their_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">List of the cultivars and their nomenclature</span></a></li>
77. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#Gallery" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
78. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
79. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
80. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
81. </ul>
82. </td></tr>
83. </tbody></table>
84. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
85. <span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span></h2>
86. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
87. The word <i>basil</i> comes from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a> βασιλεύς (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>), meaning "king",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> as it has come to be associated with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Feast of the Cross">Feast of the Cross</a> commemorating the finding of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Helena of Constantinople">St Helena</a> mother of the emperor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constantine I">St. Constantine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> Alternatively the herbalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerard" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> noted of basil that those stung by scorpions would feel no pain if they ate of basil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Culpeper" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicholas Culpeper">Nicholas Culpeper</a>notes of basil that it is "an herb of Mars and under the Scorpion, and therefore called Basilicon",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> relating it to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilisk" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basilisk">basilisk</a></i>. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> quotes speculations that basil may have been used in "some royal unguent, bath, or medicine". Basil is still considered the "king of herbs" by many cookery authors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
88. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
89. <span class="mw-headline" id="Nomenclature_and_taxonomy">Nomenclature and taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and taxonomy">edit</a>]</span></h2>
90. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
91. Most commercially available basils are cultivars of sweet basil. There are over 160 named cultivars available and more new ones every year. There are also a number of species sold. Here are some basils commonly sold in the USA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-ReferenceA-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
92. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
93. For a more complete list, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of basil cultivars">List of basil cultivars</a></div>
94. <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
95. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_blue_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a> (<i>Ocimum basilicum X O. kilimandscharicum</i>)</li>
96. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anise_basil&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Anise basil (page does not exist)">Anise basil</a> or <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_basil&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Persian basil (page does not exist)">Persian basil</a> (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licorice_basil&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Licorice basil (page does not exist)">Licorice basil</a> || <i>O. basilicum</i> 'Licorice'||)</li>
97. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Camphor basil, African basil (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">O. kilimandscharicum</a></i>)</li>
98. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cinnamon basil">Cinnamon basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> 'Cinnamon')</a></li>
99. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_opal_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dark opal basil">Dark opal basil</a> (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> 'Dark Opal')</li>
100. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicy_globe_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spicy globe basil">Globe basil</a>, dwarf basil, French basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> 'Minimum')</li>
101. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hoary basil (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_americanum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum americanum">Ocimum americanum</a></i> formerly known as <i>O. canum</i>)</li>
102. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Holy Basil (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Ocimum tenuiflorum</a></i>, formerly known a <i>O. sanctum</i>)</li>
103. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Spice Basil (a cultivar of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_americanum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum americanum">Ocimum americanum</a></i>, which is sometimes sold as Holy Basil)</li>
104. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lemon basil (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_americanum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum americanum">Ocimum americanum</a></i>)</li>
105. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce_leaf_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lettuce leaf basil">Lettuce leaf basil</a> (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> 'Crispum')</li>
106. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Purple basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> 'Purpurescens')</li>
107. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Queen of Siam basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum citriodorum</i>)</li>
108. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_rubin_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Red rubin basil">Rubin basil</a> (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> 'Rubin')</li>
109. </ul>
110. <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
111. <span class="mw-headline" id="Similar_species">Similar species</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Similar species">edit</a>]</span></h3>
112. <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
113. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_gratissimum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimum gratissimum">Ocimum gratissimum</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tgte_9-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-tgte-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-aaeo_10-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-aaeo-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></li>
114. </ul>
115. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
116. <span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Culinary use">edit</a>]</span></h2>
117. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
118. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
119. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilic-spice.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="139" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Basilic-spice.jpg/220px-Basilic-spice.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Basilic-spice.jpg/330px-Basilic-spice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Basilic-spice.jpg/440px-Basilic-spice.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
120. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
121. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilic-spice.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf7/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
122. Dried basil leaves</div>
123. </div>
124. </div>
125. <table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Basil, fresh</caption><tbody>
126. <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr>
127. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">94 kJ (22 kcal)</td></tr>
128. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">2.65 g</td></tr>
129. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.6 g</td></tr>
130. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.64 g</td></tr>
131. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">3.15 g</td></tr>
132. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Water">Water</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">92.06 g</td></tr>
133. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> equiv.</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">264 μg (33%)</td></tr>
134. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">- <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">3142 μg (29%)</td></tr>
135. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">1</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.034 mg (3%)</td></tr>
136. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.076 mg (6%)</td></tr>
137. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.902 mg (6%)</td></tr>
138. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">5</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.209 mg (4%)</td></tr>
139. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">6</sub></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.155 mg (12%)</td></tr>
140. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folate">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">9</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">68 μg (17%)</td></tr>
141. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Choline">Choline</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">11.4 mg (2%)</td></tr>
142. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">18.0 mg (22%)</td></tr>
143. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.80 mg (5%)</td></tr>
144. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">414.8 μg (395%)</td></tr>
145. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">177 mg (18%)</td></tr>
146. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">Iron</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">3.17 mg (24%)</td></tr>
147. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">64 mg (18%)</td></tr>
148. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.148 mg (55%)</td></tr>
149. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">56 mg (8%)</td></tr>
150. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">295 mg (6%)</td></tr>
151. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">4 mg (0%)</td></tr>
152. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.81 mg (9%)</td></tr>
153. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; padding: 4pt; text-align: center;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">Percentages are relative to<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br /><small>Source: <a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td></tr>
154. </tbody></table>
155. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
156. Basil is commonly used fresh in cooked recipes. In general, it is added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavor. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the freezer, after being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blanching (cooking)">blanched</a> quickly in boiling water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavor, and what little flavor remains tastes very different, with a weak <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a> flavor, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hay">hay</a>.</div>
157. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
158. Basil is one of the main ingredients in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesto" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pesto">pesto</a>—a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce. Its other main ingredients are olive oil, garlic, and pine nuts.</div>
159. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
160. The most commonly used Mediterranean basil <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Blue_basil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="African Blue basil">African Blue</a>". The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> also use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, people add fresh basil leaves to thick soups (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant" xml:lang="zh-Hant">羹湯</span>;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>gēngtāng</em>). They also eat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_chicken" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fried chicken">fried chicken</a> with deep-fried basil leaves. Basil (most commonly Thai basil) is commonly steeped in cream or milk to create an interesting flavor in ice cream or chocolates (such as truffles). The leaves are not the only part of basil used in culinary applications, the flower buds have a more subtle flavor and they are edible.</div>
161. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
162. Thai basil is also a condiment in the Vietnamese noodle soup, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%9F" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phở">phở</a></i>.</div>
163. <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
164. <span class="mw-headline" id="Basil_seeds">Basil seeds</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Basil seeds">edit</a>]</span></h3>
165. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
166. When soaked in water, the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous, and are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faluda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Faluda">faluda</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharbat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sharbat">sherbet</a></i> or<i><a class="extiw" href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1t_%C3%A9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="vi:Hạt é">hột é</a></i>.</div>
167. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
168. <span class="mw-headline" id="Folk_Use">Folk Use</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Folk Use">edit</a>]</span></h2>
169. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
170. Basil is used for their medicinal properties in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, the traditional medicinal system of India and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha_medicine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a>, a traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> system of medicine. They are also used as drinks in Southeast Asia.</div>
171. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
172. <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_basils">Other basils</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Other basils">edit</a>]</span></h2>
173. <dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of basil cultivars">List of basil cultivars</a></dd></dl>
174. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
175. Several other basils, including some other <i>Ocimum</i> species, are grown in many regions of Asia. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavor that is, in general, stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the <b>holy basil</b> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tulsi">tulsi</a>, a revered home-grown plant in India and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. In<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, the local cultivar is called (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant" xml:lang="zh-Hant">九層塔</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>jiǔ céng tǎ</em>; literally "nine-level <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a>"), while the imported varieties are called (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant" xml:lang="zh-Hant">羅勒</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>luó lè</em>) or (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant" xml:lang="zh-Hant">巴西里</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>bā xī lǐ</em>), although [巴西里] often refers to a different plant—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parsley">parsley</a>.</div>
176. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
177. Lemon basil has a strong lemony smell and flavor very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citral" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citral">citral</a>. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called <i>kemangi</i> and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, when broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.</div>
178. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
179. <span class="mw-headline" id="Chemical_components">Chemical components</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Chemical components">edit</a>]</span></h2>
180. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
181. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
182. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BasilEssentialOil.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="329" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BasilEssentialOil.png/220px-BasilEssentialOil.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BasilEssentialOil.png/330px-BasilEssentialOil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BasilEssentialOil.png/440px-BasilEssentialOil.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
183. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
184. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BasilEssentialOil.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf7/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
185. Basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i>) essential oil in a clear glass vial</div>
186. </div>
187. </div>
188. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
189. The various basils have such different scents because the herb has a number of different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> that come together in different proportions for various breeds. The strong <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clove">clove</a> scent of sweet basil is derived from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a>, the same chemical as actual cloves.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The citrus scent of lemon basil and lime basil reflects their higher portion of citral, which causes this effect in several plants including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_mint" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lemon mint">lemon mint</a>, and of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Limonene">limonene</a>, which gives actual lemon peel its scent. African blue basil has a strong <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Camphor">camphor</a> smell because it contains camphor and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Camphene">camphene</a> in higher proportions. Licorice basil contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anethole" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anethole">anethole</a>, the same chemical that makes anise smell like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licorice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Licorice">licorice</a>, and in fact is sometimes called "anise basil."</div>
190. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
191. Other chemicals that help to produce the distinctive scents of many basils, depending on their proportion in each specific breed, include:<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
192. <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
193. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronellol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citronellol">citronellol</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pelargonium">scented geraniums</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rose">roses</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronella_(genus)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citronella (genus)">citronella</a>)<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
194. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linalool">linalool</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-janick_11-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-janick-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> (a flowery scent also in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coriander">coriander</a>)</li>
195. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrcene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myrcene">myrcene</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bay leaf">bay leaf</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrcia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myrcia">myrcia</a>)<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
196. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinene">pinene</a> (which is, as the name implies, the chemical that gives pine oil its scent)</li>
197. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocimene">ocimene</a></li>
198. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terpene">terpineol</a></li>
199. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalyl_acetate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linalyl acetate">linalyl acetate</a></li>
200. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenchyl_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Fenchyl acetate (page does not exist)">fenchyl acetate</a></li>
201. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-ocimene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trans-ocimene">trans-ocimene</a></li>
202. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,8-cineole" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1,8-cineole">1,8-cineole</a></li>
203. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camphor_octanane&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Camphor octanane (page does not exist)">camphor octanane</a></li>
204. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_eugenol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Methyl eugenol">methyl eugenol</a></li>
205. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a></li>
206. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">beta-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caryophyllene">caryophyllene</a></li>
207. </ul>
208. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
209. Based on chemical content, basils can be divided into four groups:</div>
210. <ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
211. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">French; <i>Ocimum basilicum</i>, contains lower amounts of phenols</li>
212. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">exotic; contains methyl chavicol (40-80%)</li>
213. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">methyl cinnamate - <i>ether</i> 90%</li>
214. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">eugenol</li>
215. </ol>
216. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
217. Basil and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oregano">oregano</a> contain large amounts of (E)-beta-caryophyllene (BCP), which might have a use in treating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel diseases</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>. BCP is the only product identified in nature that activates CB2 selectively; it interacts with one of two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoid</a> receptors (CB2), blocking chemical signals that lead to inflammation, without triggering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>'s mood-altering effects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil#cite_note-autogenerated1-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
218. </div>
219. </div>
220. </div>
221. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/06/basil.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-2479436989662569151</guid><pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 2013 14:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-26T07:49:08.646-07:00</atom:updated><title>Alligator pepper</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
222. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
223. <span dir="auto">Alligator pepper</span></h1>
224. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
225. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
226. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
227. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
228. </div>
229. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
230. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_pepper#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_pepper#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
231. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
232. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
233. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
234. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alligator_pepper_300x257.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Alligator_pepper_300x257.jpg/220px-Alligator_pepper_300x257.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/Alligator_pepper_300x257.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/Alligator_pepper_300x257.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
235. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
236. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alligator_pepper_300x257.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
237. Alligator Pepper Fruit and Seeds</div>
238. </div>
239. </div>
240. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
241. <b>Alligator pepper</b> (also known as <b>mbongo spice</b>, <b>hepper pepper</b>) is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North African">North African</a> spice which corresponds to the seeds and seed pods of<i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aframomum_danielli&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Aframomum danielli (page does not exist)">Aframomum danielli</a></i>, <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aframomum_citratum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Aframomum citratum (page does not exist)">Aframomum citratum</a></i> or <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aframomum_exscapum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Aframomum exscapum (page does not exist)">Aframomum exscapum</a></i>. It is a close relative of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grains_of_Paradise" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grains of Paradise">grains of paradise</a>, obtained from the closely related species, <i>Aframomum melegueta</i>. However, unlike grains of paradise which are generally sold as only the seeds of the plant, Alligator pepper is sold as the entire pod containing the seeds (in the same manner to another close relative, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cardamom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Cardamom">black cardamom</a>).</div>
242. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
243. The plants which provide alligator pepper are herbaceous perennials of the ginger (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiberaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a>) family of flowering plants that are native to swampy habitats along the West African coast. Once the pod is open and the seeds are revealed the reason for this spice's common English name becomes apparent as the seeds have a papery skin enclosing them and the bumps of the seeds within this skin is reminiscent of an alligator's back.</div>
244. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
245. As mbongo spice the seeds of alligator pepper is often sold as the grains themselves, isolated from the pod and with the outer skin removed. Mbongo spice is most commonly either <i>Aframomum danielli</i> or <i>Aframomum citratum</i> and has a more floral aroma than <i>Aframomum exscapum</i> (which is the commonest source of the entire pod).</div>
246. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
247. It is a common ingredient in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Africa">West African</a> cuisine where it imparts both 'heat', 'pungency' and a spicy aroma to classic West African 'soups' (stews).</div>
248. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
249. <span class="mw-headline" id="Use_in_cuisine">Use in cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alligator_pepper&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Use in cuisine">edit</a>]</span></h2>
250. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
251. Even in West Africa, alligator pepper is an expensive spice and is used sparingly. Often a single whole pod is pounded in a pestle and mortar before half of it is added (along with black pepper) as a flavouring to West African 'soups' (stews) or to boiled rice. The spice can also be substituted in any recipe using grains of paradise or black cardamom to provide a hotter and more pungent flavour.</div>
252. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
253. <br />When a baby is born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yoruba culture">Yoruba culture</a>, they are given a small taste of alligator pepper shortly after birth as part of the routine baby welcoming process and it is also used as an ingredient at traditional meet-and-greets.</div>
254. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
255. In Igbo land, alligator pepper with kola nuts are used in naming ceremonies, as presentation to visiting guests and for other social events.</div>
256. </div>
257. </div>
258. </div>
259. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/06/alligator-pepper.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-8105015357192371397</guid><pubDate>Fri, 21 Jun 2013 03:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-20T20:26:12.932-07:00</atom:updated><title>Aloe vera</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
260. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
261. <span dir="auto"><i>Aloe vera</i></span></h1>
262. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
263. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
264. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
265. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
266. </div>
267. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
268. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
269. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
270. <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="good-star" style="display: none; margin-right: -10px; position: absolute; right: 10px; top: -2em;">
271. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/30px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
272. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
273. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Aloe vera</i></th></tr>
274. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vera_flower_inset.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="195" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aloe_vera_flower_inset.png/260px-Aloe_vera_flower_inset.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aloe_vera_flower_inset.png/390px-Aloe_vera_flower_inset.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aloe_vera_flower_inset.png/520px-Aloe_vera_flower_inset.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a></td></tr>
275. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Aloe vera</i> plant with flower detail inset.</td></tr>
276. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="float: right; font-size: smaller; margin-left: -3em; padding-right: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Aloe" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="e"><img alt="e" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a></span></th></tr>
277. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></td></tr>
278. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Clade</i>:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></td></tr>
279. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Clade</i>:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></td></tr>
280. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></td></tr>
281. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthorrhoeaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Xanthorrhoeaceae">Xanthorrhoeaceae</a></td></tr>
282. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Subfamily:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodeloideae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asphodeloideae">Asphodeloideae</a></td></tr>
283. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe">Aloe</a></i></td></tr>
284. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>A. vera</b></i></span></td></tr>
285. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
286. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Aloe vera</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolus Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Laurens_Burman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicolaas Laurens Burman">Burm.f.</a></small></td></tr>
287. </tbody></table>
288. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
289. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
290. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="138" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg/220px-Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg/330px-Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg/440px-Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
291. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
292. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vera_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.95.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
293. <i>Aloe vera</i> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHNT" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MHNT">MHNT</a></div>
294. </div>
295. </div>
296. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
297. <i><b>Aloe vera</b></i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Succulent plant">succulent plant</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Species">species</a> that probably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Native plant">originated</a> in northern Africa. The species does not have any naturally occurring populations, although closely related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe">aloes</a> do occur in northern Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akinyele_1-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Akinyele-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> The species is frequently cited as being used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a> since the beginning of the first century AD. Extracts from <i>A. vera</i> are widely used in the cosmetics and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing or soothing properties. There is, however, little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of <i>A. vera</i> extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes, and what positive evidence is available is frequently contradicted by other studies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ernst_2-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Ernst-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Marshall_3-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Marshall-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vogler_5-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Vogler-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
298. <table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
299. <tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
300. <h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
301. Contents</h2>
302.  <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
303. <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
304. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Description" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
305. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Taxonomy_and_etymology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy and etymology</span></a></li>
306. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Distribution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution</span></a></li>
307. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Cultivation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cultivation</span></a></li>
308. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Uses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
309. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Folk_medicine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Folk medicine</span></a></li>
310. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Dietary_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dietary supplement</span></a></li>
311. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Commodities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Commodities</span></a></li>
312. </ul>
313. </li>
314. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Toxicity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Toxicity</span></a></li>
315. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Research_into_medical_uses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Research into medical uses</span></a></li>
316. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
317. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
318. </ul>
319. </td></tr>
320. </tbody></table>
321. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
322. <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span></h2>
323. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
324. <i>Aloe vera</i> is a stemless or very short-stemmed <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Succulent">succulent</a> plant growing to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall, spreading by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offsets" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Offsets">offsets</a>. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper and lower stem surfaces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yates_6-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Yates-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The margin of the leaf is<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Edge_.28margin.29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">serrated</a> and has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yates_6-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Yates-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BPGE_7-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-BPGE-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Like other <i>Aloe</i> species, <i>Aloe vera</i> forms <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arbuscular mycorrhiza">arbuscular mycorrhiza</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
325. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
326. <i>Aloe vera</i> leaves contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> under study for possible bioactivity, such as acetylated <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mannans">mannans</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polymannan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Polymannan (page does not exist)">polymannans</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_anthraquinone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Natural anthraquinone">anthraquinone</a> C-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Glycoside">glycosides</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthrone">anthrones</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_anthraquinone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Natural anthraquinone">anthraquinones</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emodin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emodin">emodin</a>, and various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lectin">lectins</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-King_9-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-King-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eshun_10-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Eshun-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
327. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
328. <span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy_and_etymology">Taxonomy and etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and etymology">edit</a>]</span></h2>
329. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
330. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
331. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_Vera.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="144" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aloe_Vera.jpg/200px-Aloe_Vera.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aloe_Vera.jpg/300px-Aloe_Vera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aloe_Vera.jpg/400px-Aloe_Vera.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
332. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
333. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_Vera.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
334. Spotted forms of <i>Aloe vera</i> are sometimes known as <i>Aloe vera</i> var.<i>chinensis</i>.</div>
335. </div>
336. </div>
337. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
338. The species has a number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>: <i>A. barbadensis</i> Mill., <i>Aloe indica</i> Royle, <i>Aloe perfoliata</i> L. var. <i>vera</i> and <i>A. vulgaris</i> Lam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AFPD_11-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-AFPD-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> Common names include Chinese Aloe, Indian Aloe, True Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Burn Aloe, First Aid Plant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BPGE_7-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-BPGE-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ombrello_13-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Ombrello-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barcroft_16-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Barcroft-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> The species epithet <i>vera</i> means "true" or "genuine".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ombrello_13-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Ombrello-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Some literature identifies the white spotted form of <i>Aloe vera</i> as <i>Aloe vera</i> var. <i>chinensis</i>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> however, the species varies widely with regard to leaf spots<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akinyele_1-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Akinyele-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> and it has been suggested that the spotted form of <i>Aloe vera</i> may be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conspecific">conspecific</a> with <i>A. massawana</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hb_19-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-hb-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> The species was first described by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1753 as <i>Aloe perfoliata</i> var. <i>vera</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> and was described again in 1768 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Laurens_Burman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicolaas Laurens Burman">Nicolaas Laurens Burman</a> as <i>Aloe vera</i> in <i>Flora Indica</i> on 6 April and by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philip Miller">Philip Miller</a> as <i>Aloe barbadensis</i> some ten days after Burman in the <i>Gardener's Dictionary</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></div>
339. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
340. Techniques based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="DNA">DNA</a> comparison suggest that <i>Aloe vera</i> is relatively closely related to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_perryi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe perryi">Aloe perryi</a></i>, a species that is endemic to Yemen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup>Similar techniques, using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> DNA sequence comparison and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite_(genetics)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Microsatellite (genetics)">ISSR</a> profiling have also suggested that <i>Aloe vera</i> is closely related to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_forbesii" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe forbesii">Aloe forbesii</a></i>,<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_inermis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe inermis">Aloe inermis</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_scobinifolia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe scobinifolia">Aloe scobinifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_sinkatana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe sinkatana">Aloe sinkatana</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_striata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloe striata">Aloe striata</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Treutlein_23-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Treutlein-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> With the exception of the South African species <i>A. striata</i>, these <i>Aloe</i> species are native to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> (Yemen), Somalia, and Sudan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Treutlein_23-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Treutlein-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> The lack of obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest that <i>Aloe vera</i>may be of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> origin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></div>
341. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
342. <span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</span></h2>
343. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
344. The natural range of <i>Aloe vera</i> is unclear, as the species has been widely cultivated throughout the world. Naturalised stands of the species occur in the southern half of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>, through North Africa (Morocco, Mauritania, Egypt) as well as Sudan and neighbouring countries, along with the Canary, Cape Verde, and Madeira Islands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AFPD_11-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-AFPD-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> This distribution is somewhat similar to the one of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_balsamifera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Euphorbia balsamifera">Euphorbia balsamifera</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistacia_atlantica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pistacia atlantica">Pistacia atlantica</a></i>, and a few others, suggesting that a dry <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sclerophyl&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sclerophyl (page does not exist)">sclerophyl</a> forest once covered large areas, but has been dramatically reduced due to desertification in the Sahara, leaving these few patches isolated. Several closely related (or sometimes identical) species can be found on the two extreme sides of the Sahara: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_(plant)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dracaena (plant)">Dragon trees</a>(<i>Dracaena</i>) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeonium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aeonium">Aeonium</a></i> being two of the most representative examples.</div>
345. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
346. The species was introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> The species is widely naturalised elsewhere, occurring in temperate and tropical regions of Australia, Barbados, Belize, Nigeria, Paraguay and the United States<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akinyele_1-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Akinyele-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> It has been suggested that the actual species' distribution is the result of human cultivation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hb_19-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-hb-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup></div>
347. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
348. <span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</span></h2>
349. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
350. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
351. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vera_A.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="133" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aloe_vera_A.jpg/200px-Aloe_vera_A.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aloe_vera_A.jpg/300px-Aloe_vera_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aloe_vera_A.jpg/400px-Aloe_vera_A.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
352. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
353. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vera_A.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
354. <i>Aloe vera</i> can be grown as an ornamental plant.</div>
355. </div>
356. </div>
357. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
358. <i>Aloe vera</i> has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. The species is popular with modern gardeners as a putatively <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal plant</a> and due to its interesting flowers, form, and succulence. This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low natural rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries and other low-water use gardens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yates_6-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Yates-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The species is hardy in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hardiness zone">zones</a> 8–11, although it is intolerant of very heavy frost or snow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BPGE_7-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-BPGE-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> The species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though spider mites, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mealy_bugs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mealy bugs">mealy bugs</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_insects" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scale insects">scale insects</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aphid">aphid</a> species may cause a decline in plant health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> In pots, the species requires well-drained sandy potting soil and bright sunny conditions; however, aloe plants can burn under too much sun or shrivel when the pot does not drain the rain. The use of a good-quality commercial propagation mix or pre-packaged "cacti and succulent mix" is recommended, as they allow good drainage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GA_30-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-GA-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> Terracotta pots are preferable as they are porous.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GA_30-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-GA-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> Potted plants should be allowed to completely dry prior to re-watering. When potted aloes become crowded with "pups" growing from the sides of the "mother plant," they should be divided and re-potted to allow room for further growth and help prevent pest infestations. During winter, <i>Aloe vera</i> may become dormant, during which little moisture is required. In areas that receive frost or snow, the species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BPGE_7-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-BPGE-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Large scale agricultural production of <i>Aloe vera</i> is undertaken in Australia,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> Bangladesh, Cuba,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> India,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> Jamaica,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> along with the USA<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> to supply the cosmetics industry with <i>Aloe vera</i> gel.</div>
359. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
360. This plant has gained the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></div>
361. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
362. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 262px;">
363. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_Farming.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="195" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aloe_Farming.jpg/260px-Aloe_Farming.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aloe_Farming.jpg/390px-Aloe_Farming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Aloe_Farming.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
364. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
365. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_Farming.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
366. Herbal Farming in Chhattisgarh: Aloe vera</div>
367. </div>
368. </div>
369. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
370. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 242px;">
371. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vera_gel.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="180" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aloe_vera_gel.jpg/240px-Aloe_vera_gel.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aloe_vera_gel.jpg/360px-Aloe_vera_gel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aloe_vera_gel.jpg/480px-Aloe_vera_gel.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="240" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
372. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
373. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vera_gel.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
374. <i>Aloe vera</i> gel being used to make a dessert.</div>
375. </div>
376. </div>
377. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
378. <span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span></h2>
379. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
380. Preparations made from the plant <i>Aloe vera</i> are often referred to as "aloe vera".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lang2004_39-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Lang2004-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> Scientific evidence for the cosmetic and therapeutic effectiveness of aloe vera is limited and when present is frequently contradictory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ernst_2-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Ernst-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Marshall_3-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Marshall-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> Despite this, the cosmetic and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing, moisturizing, and healing properties of aloe vera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup> Aloe vera gel is used as an ingredient in commercially available lotions, yogurt, beverages, and some desserts,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reynolds_41-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Reynolds-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup> although at certain doses, it has toxic properties when used either for ingested or topical applications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Expert_Panel_44-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Expert_Panel-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></div>
381. <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
382. <span class="mw-headline" id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Folk medicine">edit</a>]</span></h3>
383. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
384. Early records of <i>Aloe vera</i> use appear in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a> from 16th century BC,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barcroft_16-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Barcroft-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> in both <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides'</a> <i>De Materia Medica</i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder's</a> <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a></i> written in the mid-first century AD<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barcroft_16-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Barcroft-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> along with the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Anicia_Codex" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juliana Anicia Codex">Juliana Anicia Codex</a></i> produced in 512 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reynolds_41-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Reynolds-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> The species is used widely in the traditional herbal medicine of many countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> <i>Aloe vera</i>, called <i>kathalai</i> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayurvedic medicine">Ayurvedic medicine</a>, is used as a multipurpose skin treatment. This may be partly due to the presence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saponin">saponin</a>, a chemical compound that acts as an anti-microbial agent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-45" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup></div>
385. <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
386. <span class="mw-headline" id="Dietary_supplement">Dietary supplement</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Dietary supplement">edit</a>]</span></h3>
387. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
388. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloin">Aloin</a>, a compound found in the exudate of some <i>Aloe</i> species, was the common ingredient in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> (OTC) laxative products in the United States prior to 2003, when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> ruled that aloin was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">class III ingredient</a>, thereby banning its use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> <i>Aloe vera</i> has potential toxicity, with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-effects" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Side-effects">side-effects</a> occurring at some dose levels both when ingested or applied topically.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Expert_Panel_44-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Expert_Panel-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup> Although toxicity may be less when aloin is removed by processing, aloe vera that contains aloin in excess amounts may induce side-effects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-4" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vogler_5-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Vogler-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bottenberg_MM.2C_Wall_GC.2C_Harvey_RL.2C_Habib_S_2007_1740.E2.80.933_47-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Bottenberg_MM.2C_Wall_GC.2C_Harvey_RL.2C_Habib_S_2007_1740.E2.80.933-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup> A 2-year National Toxicology Program (NTP) study on oral consumption of non-decolorized whole leaf extract of <i>Aloe vera</i> found evidence of carcinogenic activity in male and female rats. The NTP says more information is needed to determine the potential risks to humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NCAM_-_Aloe_Vera_-_Side_Effects_and_Cautions_48-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NCAM_-_Aloe_Vera_-_Side_Effects_and_Cautions-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Draft_NTP-Boudreau_49-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Draft_NTP-Boudreau-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup></div>
389. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
390. <i>Aloe vera</i> juice is marketed to support the health of the digestive system, but there is neither scientific evidence nor regulatory approval to support this claim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-51" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup> The extracts and quantities typically used for such purposes appear to be dose-dependent for toxic effects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Expert_Panel_44-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Expert_Panel-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></div>
391. <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
392. <span class="mw-headline" id="Commodities">Commodities</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Commodities">edit</a>]</span></h3>
393. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
394. Aloe vera is now used on facial tissues, where it is promoted as a moisturiser and/or anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose of users suffering hay-fever or cold.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup> It is common practice for cosmetic companies to add sap or other derivatives from <i>Aloe vera</i> to products such as makeup, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_tissue" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Facial tissue">tissues</a>, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shaving cream or shampoos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reynolds_41-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Reynolds-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> Other uses for extracts of aloe vera include the dilution of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semen">semen</a> for the artificial fertilization of sheep,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> as a fresh food preservative,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-54" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup> or for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Water conservation">water conservation</a> in small farms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-55" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup> It has also been suggested that biofuels could be obtained from <i>Aloe vera</i> seeds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-56" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup> Aloe is also used as a food substance, possibly for its gelling properties (<i>see image above</i>).</div>
395. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
396. <span class="mw-headline" id="Toxicity">Toxicity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</span></h2>
397. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
398. In 2011 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a> carried out a series of short and long term carcinogenicity studies of a nondecolorized whole leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera) in rats and mice, in which the extracts were fed to the rodents in drinking water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-5" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The studies found "clear evidence of carcinogenic activity" in the rats, but "no evidence of carcinogenic activity" in the mice. Both the mice and rats had increased amounts of non-cancerous lesions in various tissues. The NTP believes that further studies of oral preparations of aloe are important, as are studies of the oral exposure of humans to aloe; topical preparations are still considered safe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-6" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
399. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
400. Oral ingestion of <i>aloe vera</i> may also cause <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, which in turn can lead to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> imbalance, kidney dysfunction, dry mouth, headache and nausea. While topical application may induce<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Erythema">erythema</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototoxicity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phototoxicity">phototoxicity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NTP-Boudreau_4-7" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NTP-Boudreau-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NCAM_-_Aloe_Vera_-_Side_Effects_and_Cautions_48-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-NCAM_-_Aloe_Vera_-_Side_Effects_and_Cautions-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup></div>
401. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
402. <span class="mw-headline" id="Research_into_medical_uses">Research into medical uses</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Research into medical uses">edit</a>]</span></h2>
403. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
404. Two 2009 reviews of clinical studies determined that all of them were too small and faulty to draw strong conclusions from, but concluded that "there is some preliminary evidence to suggest that oral administration of aloe vera might be effective in reducing blood glucose in diabetic patients and in lowering blood lipid levels in hyperlipidaemia. The topical application of aloe vera does not seem to prevent radiation-induced skin damage. It might be useful as a treatment for genital herpes and psoriasis. The evidence regarding wound healing is contradictory. More and better trial data are needed to define the clinical effectiveness of this popular herbal remedy more precisely." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vogler_5-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Vogler-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feily_57-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Feily-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup> One of the reviews found that aloe has not been proven to offer protection for humans from sunburn, suntan, or other damage from the sun.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feily_57-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Feily-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup></div>
405. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
406. A 2007 review of aloe vera's use in burns concluded that "cumulative evidence tends to support that aloe vera might be an effective interventions used in burn wound healing for first to second degree burns. Further, well-designed trials with sufficient details of the contents of aloe vera products should be carried out to determine the effectiveness of aloe vera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MaenthaisongEtal2007_58-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-MaenthaisongEtal2007-58" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup> Topical application of aloe vera may also be effective for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_herpes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vogler_5-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#cite_note-Vogler-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
407. </div>
408. </div>
409. </div>
410. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/06/aloe-vera.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-8089751267959968420</guid><pubDate>Fri, 21 Jun 2013 03:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-20T20:19:34.213-07:00</atom:updated><title>Pouteria campechiana</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
411. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
412. <span dir="auto">Pouteria campechiana</span></h1>
413. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
414. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
415. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
416. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
417.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canistel&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canistel">Canistel</a>)</div>
418. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
419. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
420. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
421. <div>
422. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
423. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Canistel</th></tr>
424. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canistel.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Canistel.jpg/220px-Canistel.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Canistel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Canistel.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
425. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
426. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
427. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
428. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
429. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></span></td></tr>
430. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></span></td></tr>
431. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapotaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></span></td></tr>
432. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouteria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pouteria">Pouteria</a></i></span></td></tr>
433. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>P. campechiana</b></i></span></td></tr>
434. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
435. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Pouteria campechiana</i></span></b><br /><small><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Baehni&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Baehni (page does not exist)">Baehni</a></small></td></tr>
436. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a></th></tr>
437. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><center>
438. <i>Lucuma campechiana</i><br /><small>Knuth</small></center>
439. </td></tr>
440. </tbody></table>
441. </div>
442. <div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
443. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
444. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canistel-2.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="156" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Canistel-2.jpg/200px-Canistel-2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Canistel-2.jpg/300px-Canistel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Canistel-2.jpg/400px-Canistel-2.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
445. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
446. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canistel-2.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
447. Two sliced Pouteria campechiana fruits.</div>
448. </div>
449. </div>
450. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
451. The <b>canistel</b> (<i>Pouteria campechiana</i>) is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> native to southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central America">Central America</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> It is cultivated in other countries, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> for its fruit.</div>
452. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
453. The canistel grows up to 10 meters (33 ft) high, and produces orange-yellow fruit, also called yellow sapote, up to 7 centimeters (2.8 in) long, which are edible raw. Canistel flesh is sweet, with a texture often compared to that of a cooked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Egg (food)">egg</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yolk">yolk</a>, hence its colloquial name of "eggfruit." It is closely related to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamey_sapote" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mamey sapote">Mamey sapote</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abiu">abiu</a>.</div>
454. <table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
455. <tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
456. <h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
457. Contents</h2>
458.  <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
459. <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
460. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#Uses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a></li>
461. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#Etymology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
462. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
463. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
464. </ul>
465. </td></tr>
466. </tbody></table>
467. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
468. <span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pouteria_campechiana&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span></h2>
469. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
470. The canistel displays <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climacteric" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Climacteric">climacteric</a> fruit ripening. A fully mature fruit shows an intense yellow skin colour. It will eventually soften and drop from the tree. Surprisingly, the fruit flesh remains untouched by insects or birds, perhaps because of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Astringent">astringent</a> principles, that are much reduced in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senescent">senescent</a> fruits, but still perceptible to the human palate. Apparently mature fruits severed from the tree while still hard often fail to develop the desired climacteric changes in terms of reduced astringency and a texture reminiscent of egg yolk. This and the fact that climacteric fruits quickly start to decay at ambient temperatures may have contributed to the low economic importance of the canistel, a fruit species that many regard as delicious, and easy to process.</div>
471. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
472. As the related <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucuma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucuma">lucuma</a> the canistel can be eaten out of hand. The fruit flesh blended with milk yields an attractive creamy shake or a more viscous, custard-like, mildly sweet and aromatic dessert.</div>
473. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
474. <span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pouteria_campechiana&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span></h2>
475. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
476. Its <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_name" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial name">binomial name</a> is derived from the Mexican town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche,_Campeche" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Campeche, Campeche">Campeche</a>, where it is native. It is sometimes (wrongly) referred to as <i>Lucuma campechiana</i>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> it is called <i>chesa</i>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> this fruit is known as <i>Laulu</i>, <i>Lavulu</i> or <i>Lawalu</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> it is known by different traditional popular names such as <i>Lamut Khamen</i> (ละมุดเขมร="Khmer Sapodilla") or <i>Tho Khamen</i> (ท้อเขมร="Khmer Peach"), attributing a hypothetic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> origin to this fruit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> Currently those names are officially discouraged and the name <i>Mon Khai</i> (ม่อนไข่), <i>Khai</i> meaning "egg", is favored.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canistel#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
477. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
478. The plant's name in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a> is <i>cây trứng gà</i> (“chicken egg” plant) because of the fruit's appearance. It also has the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> name<i>lekima</i>. This is very unusual because Vietnamese is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tonal language">tonal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a> whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> all consist of a single syllable. It appears that this name derives from the word <i>lucuma</i>.</div>
479. </div>
480. </div>
481. </div>
482. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/06/pouteria-campechiana.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-4872160284463448455</guid><pubDate>Sun, 02 Jun 2013 14:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-06-02T07:46:05.041-07:00</atom:updated><title>Silver carp</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
483. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
484. <span dir="auto">Silver carp</span></h1>
485. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
486. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
487. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
488. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
489. </div>
490. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
491. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_carp#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_carp#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
492. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
493. <div>
494. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
495. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Silver carp</th></tr>
496. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix_adult.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix_adult.jpg/220px-Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix_adult.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix_adult.jpg/330px-Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix_adult.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix_adult.jpg/440px-Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix_adult.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
497. <tr style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center;"><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></th></tr>
498. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="text-align: center;">
499. <img alt="" height="59" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Threatened" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a><small> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)</small></div>
500. </td></tr>
501. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
502. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td></tr>
503. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Phylum:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></span></td></tr>
504. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Class:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></span></td></tr>
505. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriniformes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a></span></td></tr>
506. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinidae</a></span></td></tr>
507. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophthalmichthys" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypophthalmichthys">Hypophthalmichthys</a></i></span></td></tr>
508. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>H. molitrix</b></i></span></td></tr>
509. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
510. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Valenciennes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Achille Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, 1844)</small></td></tr>
511. </tbody></table>
512. </div>
513. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
514. The <b>silver carp</b> (<i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i>) is a species of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyprinid">cyprinid</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish">fish</a>, a variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_carp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asian carp">Asian carp</a> native to north and northeast <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It is cultivated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>. Pound for pound, more silver carp are produced worldwide in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> than any other species. They are usually farmed in polyculture with other Asian carps, or sometimes <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_carp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian carp">Indian carps</a> or other species. It has been introduced to, or spread into via connected waterways, at least 88 countries around the world. The most common reason for importation was for use in aquaculture, but enhancement of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_fisheries_of_the_world" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wild fisheries of the world">wild fisheries</a> and water quality control were also important reasons for importation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_carp#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></div>
515. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
516. <span class="mw-headline" id="Diet">Diet</span> <span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_carp&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</span></h2>
517. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
518. The silver carp is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Filter feeder">filter feeder</a>, and possesses a remarkably specialized apparatus capable of filtering particles as small as 4 micrometers (µm). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_raker" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gill raker">gill rakers</a> are fused into a sponge-like filter, and an epibranchial organ secretes mucus which assists in trapping small particles. A strong <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccal_cavity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buccal cavity">buccal</a> pump forces water through this filter. Silver carp, like all <i>Hypophthalmichthys</i> species, have no stomachs; they are thought to feed more or less constantly, largely on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>; they also consume <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> and detritus. Because of their plankton-feeding habits, there is concern they will compete with native planktivorous fishes, which in North America include paddlefish (<i>Polyodon spathula</i>), gizzard shad (<i>Dorosoma cepedianum</i>), and young fish of almost all species.</div>
519. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
520. Because they feed on plankton, they are sometimes successfully used for controlling water quality, especially in the control of noxious <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-green_algae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blue-green algae">blue-green algae</a>(cyanobacteria). However, these efforts are sometimes not successful. Certain species of blue-green algae, notably the often toxic <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcystis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Microcystis">Microcystis</a></i>, can pass through the gut of silver carp unharmed, and pick up nutrients while in the gut. Thus, in some cases, blue-green algae blooms have been exacerbated by silver carp. Also, <i>Microcystis</i> has been shown to produce more toxins in the presence of silver carp. These carp, which have natural defenses to their toxins, sometimes can contain enough algal toxins in their systems to become hazardous to eat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_carp#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
521. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
522. <span class="mw-headline" id="Sport_fishing">Sport fishing</span> </h2>
523. </div>
524. </div>
525. </div>
526. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/06/silver-carp.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-8532007420391836429</guid><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 17:05:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-26T10:05:45.051-07:00</atom:updated><title>Pear</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
527. <br />
528. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
529. <span dir="auto">Pear</span></h1>
530. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
531. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
532. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pears.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="335" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pears.jpg/220px-Pears.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pears.jpg/330px-Pears.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pears.jpg/440px-Pears.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
533. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
534. </div>
535. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
536. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
537. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
538. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
539. "Pyrus" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pyrus (disambiguation)">Pyrus (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
540. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
541. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pear (disambiguation)">Pear (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
542. <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 112px 0px 112.390625px;"><tbody>
543. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
544. <img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></div>
545. </td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 811.21875px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for verification</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pear&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(January 2007)</i></small></span></td></tr>
546. </tbody></table>
547. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
548. <tr><td><div>
549. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pears.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><br /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
550. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Pears</th></tr>
551. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
552. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pear" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Pear">European Pear</a> branch with fruit</td></tr>
553. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
554. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
555. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
556. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
557. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
558. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></span></td></tr>
559. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></span></td></tr>
560. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Subfamily:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subfamily" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdaloideae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amygdaloideae">Amygdaloideae</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Potter_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-Potter-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></td></tr>
561. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Tribe:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="tribe" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maleae">Maleae</a></span></td></tr>
562. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Subtribe:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subtribe" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malinae">Malinae</a></span></td></tr>
563. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>Pyrus</b></i></span><br /><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolus Linnaeus">L.</a></small></td></tr>
564. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Species">Species</a></th></tr>
565. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
566. About 30 species; see text.</div>
567. </td></tr>
568. </tbody></table>
569. </div>
570. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
571. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
572. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="106" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg/220px-Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg/330px-Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg/440px-Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
573. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
574. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrus_pyrifolia.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
575. Many varieties, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashi_pear" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nashi pear">Nashi pear</a>, are not "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear-shaped" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pear-shaped">pear-shaped</a>"</div>
576. </div>
577. </div>
578. </td></tr>
579. </tbody></table>
580. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
581. The <b>pear</b> is any of several tree and shrub <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Pyrus</b></i> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small>pron.:</small> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/aɪ/ long 'i' in 'bide'">aɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>), in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Family">family</a> Rosaceae. It is also the name of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pome">pomaceous</a> fruit of these trees. Several species of pear are valued by humans for their edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamental trees. The genus <i>Pyrus</i> is classified in subtribe <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrinae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pyrinae">Pyrinae</a> within tribe <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyreae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pyreae">Pyreae</a>.</div>
582. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
583. <br /></div>
584. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
585. </div>
586. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
587. <span class="mw-headline" id="Storage">Storage</span></h2>
588. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
589. Pears may be stored at room temperature until ripe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cpma_14-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-cpma-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> Pears are ripe when the flesh around the stem gives to gentle pressure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cpma_14-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-cpma-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> Ripe pears are optimally stored refrigerated, uncovered in a single layer, where they have a shelf life of 2 to 3 days.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cpma_14-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-cpma-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></div>
590. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
591. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pear&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
592. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
593. <tr><td><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
594. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
595. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="210" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg/220px-Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg/330px-Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg/440px-Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
596. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
597. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrus_communis_gestoofde_stoofpeer_Gieser_Wildeman.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
598. <i>Gieser Wildeman</i> simmered in red wine.</div>
599. </div>
600. </div>
601. </td></tr>
602. </tbody></table>
603. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
604. <tr><td><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
605. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
606. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DriedPears.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DriedPears.JPG/220px-DriedPears.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DriedPears.JPG/330px-DriedPears.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DriedPears.JPG/440px-DriedPears.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
607. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
608. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DriedPears.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
609. Pears are sometimes eaten dried</div>
610. </div>
611. </div>
612. </td></tr>
613. </tbody></table>
614. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
615. Pears are consumed fresh, canned, as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juice">juice</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dried fruit">dried</a>. The juice can also be used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)">jellies</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jam">jams</a>, usually in combination with other fruits or berries. Fermented pear juice is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perry">perry</a> or pear cider.</div>
616. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
617. Pears ripen at room temperature. They will <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethylene">ripen faster</a> if placed next to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana">bananas</a> in a fruit bowl.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup>Refrigeration will slow further ripening. Pear Bureau Northwest offers tips on ripening and judging ripeness: Although the skin on Bartlett pears changes from green to yellow as they ripen, most varieties show little color change as they ripen. Because pears ripen from the inside out, the best way to judge ripeness is to "Check the Neck": apply gentle thumb pressure to the neck or stem end of the pear. If it yields to gentle pressure, then the pear is ripe, sweet, and juicy. If it is firm, leave the pear at room temperature and Check the Neck daily for ripeness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
618. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
619. The culinary or cooking pear is green but dry and hard, and only edible after several hours of cooking. Two Dutch cultivars are "Gieser Wildeman" (a sweet variety) and "Saint Remy" (slightly sour).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Koene2005_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-Koene2005-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
620. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
621. Pear <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wood">wood</a> is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Woodwind">woodwind</a> instruments and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Furniture">furniture</a>. It is also used for wood carving, and as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Firewood">firewood</a> to produce aromatic smoke for smoking meat or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. Pear wood is valued for kitchen spoons, scoops and stirrers, as it does not contaminate food with color, flavor or smell, and resists warping and splintering despite repeated soaking and drying cycles. Lincoln<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lincoln.2C_William_1986_pp._33.2C_207_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-Lincoln.2C_William_1986_pp._33.2C_207-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> describes it as "a fairly tough, very stable wood... (used for) carving... brushbacks, umbrella handles, measuring instruments such as set squares and T-squares... recorders... violin and guitar fingerboards and piano keys... decorative veneering." Pearwood is the favored wood for architect's rulers because it does not warp. It is similar to the wood of its relative, the apple tree, <i>Pyrus malus</i> (also called <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_domestica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malus domestica">Malus domestica</a></i>) and used for many of the same purposes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lincoln.2C_William_1986_pp._33.2C_207_18-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-Lincoln.2C_William_1986_pp._33.2C_207-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></div>
622. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
623. Pear leaves were smoked in Europe before tobacco was introduced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></div>
624. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
625. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pear&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Health benefits">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</span></h2>
626. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
627. <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Pears, raw</caption><tbody>
628. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="center" style="width: 235px;">
629. <div class="thumb tnone" style="background-color: transparent; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: auto;">
630. <div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; width: 222px;">
631. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="286" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg/220px-Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg/330px-Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg/440px-Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
632. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
633. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Lucas_10.10.10.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
634. <center style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
635. Pear, 'Alexander Lucas'</center>
636. </div>
637. </div>
638. </div>
639. </div>
640. </td></tr>
641. <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr>
642. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">239 kJ (57 kcal)</td></tr>
643. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">15.23 g</td></tr>
644. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">9.75 g</td></tr>
645. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">3.1 g</td></tr>
646. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.14 g</td></tr>
647. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.36 g</td></tr>
648. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">1</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.012 mg (1%)</td></tr>
649. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.026 mg (2%)</td></tr>
650. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.161 mg (1%)</td></tr>
651. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">5</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.049 mg (1%)</td></tr>
652. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">6</sub></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.029 mg (2%)</td></tr>
653. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folate">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">9</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">7 μg (2%)</td></tr>
654. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Choline">Choline</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">5.1 mg (1%)</td></tr>
655. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">4.3 mg (5%)</td></tr>
656. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.12 mg (1%)</td></tr>
657. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">4.4 μg (4%)</td></tr>
658. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">9 mg (1%)</td></tr>
659. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">Iron</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.18 mg (1%)</td></tr>
660. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">7 mg (2%)</td></tr>
661. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.048 mg (2%)</td></tr>
662. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">12 mg (2%)</td></tr>
663. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">116 mg (2%)</td></tr>
664. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1 mg (0%)</td></tr>
665. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.1 mg (1%)</td></tr>
666. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; padding: 4pt; text-align: center;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09252&format=Full" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br />Percentages are relative to<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br /><small>Source: <a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td></tr>
667. </tbody></table>
668. </td></tr>
669. </tbody></table>
670. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
671. <tr><td><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
672. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
673. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismillah.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="351" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bismillah.JPG/220px-Bismillah.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bismillah.JPG/330px-Bismillah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bismillah.JPG/440px-Bismillah.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
674. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
675. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismillah.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
676. Calligraphy of the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basmala">Basmala</a>" phrase bismi-llāhi ar-raħmāni ar-raħīmi بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم in the form of a pear</div>
677. </div>
678. </div>
679. </td></tr>
680. </tbody></table>
681. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
682. Pears are a good source of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> and a good source of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>. Most of the vitamin C, as well as the dietary fiber, is contained within the skin of the fruit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></div>
683. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
684. Pears are less <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergenic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Allergenic">allergenic</a> than many other fruits, and pear juice is therefore sometimes used as the first juice introduced to infants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> However, caution is recommended for all fruit juice consumption by infants, as studies have suggested a link between excessive fruit juice consumption and reduced nutrient intake, as well as a tendency towards obesity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> Pears are low in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylates" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Salicylates">salicylates</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benzoic acid">benzoates</a>, so are recommended in exclusion diets for allergy sufferers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> Along with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domestic sheep">lamb</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rice">rice</a>, pears may form part of the strictest exclusion diet for allergy sufferers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></div>
685. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
686. Most of the fiber is insoluble, making pears a good laxative.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></div>
687. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
688. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pear&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Herbalism">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Herbalism">Herbalism</span></h2>
689. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
690. In ancient Greece, pears were used to treat nausea.</div>
691. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
692. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pear&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</span></h2>
693. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
694. Pears grow in the sublime <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orchard">orchard</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcinous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a>, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> vii: "Therein grow trees, tall and luxuriant, pears and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Apple">apple</a>-trees with their bright fruit, and sweet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ficus">figs</a>, and luxuriant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Olive">olives</a>. Of these the fruit perishes not nor fails in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Winter">winter</a> or in summer, but lasts throughout the year."</div>
695. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
696. 'A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Partridge">Partridge</a> in a Pear Tree' is the first gift in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Days_of_Christmas_(song)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)">"The Twelve Days of Christmas"</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_song" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cumulative song">cumulative song</a>, this verse is repeated twelve times in the song.</div>
697. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
698. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pear&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
699. </div>
700. </div>
701. </div>
702. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/pear.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-3511934241636672579</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:41:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:41:54.672-07:00</atom:updated><title>Carp</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
703. <br />
704. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
705. <span dir="auto">Carp</span></h1>
706. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
707. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
708. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
709. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
710. </div>
711. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
712. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
713. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
714. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
715. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carp (disambiguation)">Carp (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
716. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
717. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;">
718. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg/300px-Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg/450px-Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg/600px-Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
719. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
720. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
721. <center>
722. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common carp">Common carp</a>, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i></center>
723. </div>
724. </div>
725. </div>
726. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
727. <b>Carp</b> are various species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oily_fish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oily fish">oily</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_fish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> of the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinidae</a>, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia.</div>
728. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
729. The cypriniformes (family Cyprinidae) are traditionally grouped with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characiformes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Characiformes">Characiformes</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluriformes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siluriformes">Siluriformes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnotiformes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> to create the superorder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostariophysi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ostariophysi">Ostariophysi</a>, since these groups have certain common features, such as being found predominantly in fresh water and that they possess <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weberian_ossicles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Weberian ossicles">Weberian ossicles</a> (an anatomical structure originally made up of small pieces of bone formed from four or five of the first vertebrae); the most anterior bony pair is in contact with the extension of the labyrinth and the posterior with the swimbladder. The function is poorly understood, but this structure is presumed to take part in the transmission of vibrations from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimbladder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Swimbladder">swimbladder</a> to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound, which would explain why the Ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Billard_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp#cite_note-Billard-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
730. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
731. Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribolodon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tribolodon">Tribolodon</a></i> is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water, although there are several species which move into brackish water, but return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Billard_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp#cite_note-Billard-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
732. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
733. Some consider all cyprinid fishes carp, and the family Cyprinidae itself is often known as the carp family. In colloquial use, carp usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinus_carpio" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyprinus carpio">Cyprinus carpio</a></i> (common carp), <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carassius carassius">Carassius carassius</a></i> (Crucian carp),<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenopharyngodon_idella" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ctenopharyngodon idella">Ctenopharyngodon idella</a></i> (grass carp), <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypophthalmichthys molitrix">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</a></i> (silver carp), and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophthalmichthys_nobilis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypophthalmichthys nobilis">Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</a></i> (bighead carp). Carp have long been an important food fish to humans, as well as popular ornamental fishes such as the various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> breeds and the domesticated common carp variety known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Koi">koi</a>. As a result, carp have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of carp are listed as invasive species by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> and worldwide large sums of money are spent on carp control.</div>
734. </div>
735. </div>
736. </div>
737. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/carp.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-3696902257370069122</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:32:54.718-07:00</atom:updated><title>Bombay duck</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
738. <br />
739. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
740. <span dir="auto">Bombay duck</span></h1>
741. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
742. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
743. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
744. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
745. </div>
746. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
747. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_duck#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_duck#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
748. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
749. <div>
750. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
751. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Bombay duck</th></tr>
752. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
753. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td></tr>
754. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Phylum:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></span></td></tr>
755. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Class:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></span></td></tr>
756. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulopiformes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aulopiformes">Aulopiformes</a></span></td></tr>
757. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synodontidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synodontidae">Synodontidae</a></span></td></tr>
758. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpadon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Harpadon">Harpadon</a></i></span></td></tr>
759. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>H. nehereus</b></i></span></td></tr>
760. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
761. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Harpadon nehereus</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">F. Hamilton</a>, 1822)</small></td></tr>
762. </tbody></table>
763. </div>
764. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
765. The <b>Bombay duck</b> or <b>bummalo</b> (<i>Harpadon nehereus</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <i>bamaloh or loytta</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <i>bumla</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <i>bombil</i>: <i>Bombeli</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>) is, despite its name, not a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duck">duck</a> but a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizardfish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lizardfish">lizardfish</a>. It is native to the waters between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (formerly Bombay) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, and a small number are also found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. Great numbers are also caught in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. The fish is often dried and salted before it is consumed, as its meat does not have a distinctive taste of its own. After drying, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odour" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Odour">odour</a> of the fish is extremely powerful, and it is usually transported in air-tight containers. Fresh fish are usually fried and served as a starter. In Mumbai, Konkan and the western coastal areas in India this dish is popularly known as Bombil Fry.</div>
766. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
767. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombay_duck&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
768. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
769. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
770. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bombil.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="129" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bombil.jpg/220px-Bombil.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bombil.jpg/330px-Bombil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bombil.jpg/440px-Bombil.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
771. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
772. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bombil.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
773. Bombay duck on display for sale in a street fish market in Mumbai</div>
774. </div>
775. </div>
776. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
777. The origin of the term "Bombay duck" is uncertain. One popular etymology relates to railroads. The shoals of fish around the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eurasia">Eurasian continent</a> were separated when the Indian plate moved into it, dividing the species along the coasts of Eastern and Western India. When the rail links started on the Indian sub-continent, people from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">eastern Bengal</a> were made aware of the great availability of the locally prized fish on India's western coasts and began importing them by the railways. Since the smell of the dried fish was overpowering, its transportation was later consigned to the mail train; the Bombay Mail (or Bombay Daak) thus reeked of the fish smell and "You smell like the Bombay Daak" was a common term in use in the days of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. In Bombay, the local English speakers then called it so, but it was eventually corrupted into "Bombay duck". Nonetheless, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> dates "Bombay duck" to at least 1850, two years before the first railroad in Bombay was constructed, making this explanation unlikely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_duck#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_duck#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
778. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
779. According to local Bangladeshi stories,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the term Bombay duck was first coined by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clive" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a>, after he tasted a piece during his conquest of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. It is said that he associated the pungent smell with that of the newspapers and mail which would come in to the cantonments from Bombay. The term was later popularized among the British public by its appearance in Indian restaurants in the UK.</div>
780. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
781. In his 1829 book of poems and "Indian reminiscences", Sir Toby Rendrag (pseudonym) notes the "use of a fish nick-named 'Bombay Duck'"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_duck#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> and the phrase is used in texts as early as 1815.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_duck#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
782. </div>
783. </div>
784. </div>
785. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/bombay-duck.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-4219963107245285402</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:25:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:25:56.139-07:00</atom:updated><title>Ilish</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
786. <br />
787. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
788. <span dir="auto">Ilish</span></h1>
789. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
790. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
791. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
792. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
793. </div>
794. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
795. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
796. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
797. <div>
798. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
799. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Ilish</th></tr>
800. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenualosa_ilisha_Day.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="101" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tenualosa_ilisha_Day.png/220px-Tenualosa_ilisha_Day.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tenualosa_ilisha_Day.png/330px-Tenualosa_ilisha_Day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tenualosa_ilisha_Day.png/440px-Tenualosa_ilisha_Day.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
801. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilish.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ilish.JPG/220px-Ilish.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ilish.JPG/330px-Ilish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ilish.JPG/440px-Ilish.JPG 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
802. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
803. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td></tr>
804. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Phylum:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></span></td></tr>
805. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Class:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></span></td></tr>
806. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clupeiformes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clupeiformes">Clupeiformes</a></span></td></tr>
807. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clupeidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clupeidae">Clupeidae</a></span></td></tr>
808. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Subfamily:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subfamily" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alosinae&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Alosinae (page does not exist)">Alosinae</a></span></td></tr>
809. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenualosa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tenualosa">Tenualosa</a></span></td></tr>
810. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>T. ilisha</b></i></span></td></tr>
811. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
812. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Tenualosa ilisha</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">F. Hamilton</a>, 1822)</small></td></tr>
813. </tbody></table>
814. </div>
815. <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Weasel" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 112px 0px 87.90625px;"><tbody>
816. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
817. <img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div>
818. </td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 678.21875px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>: vague phrasing that often accompanies <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">biased</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverifiable</a>information</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Such statements should be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words#Improving_weasel-worded_statements" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">clarified or removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(June 2011)</i></small></span></td></tr>
819. </tbody></table>
820. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
821. <b>Ilish</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" xml:lang="bn">ইলিশ</span> <i>Ilish</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>: <span lang="or" xml:lang="or">ଇଲିଶି</span> <i>Ilishii</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sindhi language">Sindhī</a>: پلو مڇي <i>Pallu Machhi</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te" xml:lang="te">పులస</span> <i>Pulasa or Polasa</i>), also spelled <b>Elish</b>, <i>Tenualosa ilisha</i>, is a popular fish to eat among the people of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_sub-continent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian sub-continent">Indian sub-continent</a>. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropical fish">tropical fish</a>, it is the most popular fish with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya people">Oriyas</a>, the national fish of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and extremely popular in parts of India such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assam">Assam</a> and Southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. Ilish also can be found in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>-, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>-, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>- and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>-speaking regions and in Pakistan's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> province. In Gujarat it is known as either Modenn or Palva.</div>
822. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
823. Each year a large number of fish are caught in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Padma River">Padma</a>-<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meghna">Meghna</a>-<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganga_River_(Bangladesh)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ganga River (Bangladesh) (page does not exist)">Jamuna</a> delta, which flows into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. It is a sea fish but it lay eggs in large rivers. After being born the young Ilish (known as Jatka) then swim back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sea">sea</a>. They are caught before they swim to the sea. Ilish is also caught from the sea. However, those caught from the sea are not considered to be as tasty as those caught from the river. The fish is full of tiny bones which require trained eating/hands to handle.</div>
824. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
825. In Southern Gujarat, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharuch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a> located on the banks of river <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> is famous for this fish. The fish from Bharuch is in huge demand in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and is even exported to many foreign countries. The fish in coastal area of Gujarat is known as Modenn if it is female and Palva if it is young male.</div>
826. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
827. As it is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadromous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anadromous">anadromous</a> in nature (an uncommon phenomenon in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropical">tropical</a> waters), the Ilish lives in the sea for most of its life, but migrates up to 1,200 km inland through rivers in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_sub-continent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian sub-continent">Indian sub-continent</a> for spawning. Distances of 50–100 km are usually normal in the Bangladesh rivers.</div>
828. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
829. In Bangladesh, Ilish is mainly caught in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Padma">Padma</a> (lower <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meghna">Meghna</a> (lower <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a>), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamuna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamuna">Jamuna</a> rivers. Those from the Padma are considered to be the best in taste. In India, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupnarayan_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rupnarayan River">Rupnarayan</a> (which has the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaghat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kolaghat">Kolaghater</a> Ilish</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilka_Lake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chilka Lake">Chilka Lake</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> and<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> rivers are famous for their tasty breeds. Ilish is also found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="River delta">deltaic</a> region of southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, in the province of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. Here it is commonly referred to as the <i>Palla</i> fish. The fish was usually found in abundant quantities in the district of Thatta. Recently, however, the lower reaches of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indus River">Indus</a> have dried up as water is stored upstream, and the <i>Palla</i> cannot make its journey into the river any more.</div>
830. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
831. <br /></div>
832. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
833. </div>
834. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
835. <span class="mw-headline" id="As_food">As food</span></h2>
836. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
837. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 182px;">
838. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panta_Ilish_.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Panta_Ilish_.jpg/180px-Panta_Ilish_.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Panta_Ilish_.jpg/270px-Panta_Ilish_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Panta_Ilish_.jpg/360px-Panta_Ilish_.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
839. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
840. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panta_Ilish_.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
841. Panta Ilish - a traditional platter of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Congee">congee</a> with fried Ilish slice, supplemented with dried fish (<i>Shutki</i>), pickles (<i>Achar</i>), dal, green chillies and onion - is a popular serving for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a>festival.</div>
842. </div>
843. </div>
844. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
845. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 182px;">
846. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilishi_maachha.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilishi_maachha.jpg/180px-Ilishi_maachha.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilishi_maachha.jpg/270px-Ilishi_maachha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilishi_maachha.jpg/360px-Ilishi_maachha.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
847. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
848. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilishi_maachha.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
849. Ilishi maachha curry with ginger mustard garlic paste in tomato seasoning in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> style in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya cuisine">Oriya cuisine</a>.</div>
850. </div>
851. </div>
852. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
853. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 77px;">
854. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="108" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg/75px-Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg/113px-Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg/150px-Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="75" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
855. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
856. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smoked_Hilsa_cooked_with_Mustard_seeds.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
857. <i>Shorshe Ilish</i>, a dish of smoked ilish with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_seeds" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mustard seeds">mustard seeds</a>, has been an important part of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a>.</div>
858. </div>
859. </div>
860. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
861. Ilish is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oily_fish" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a> rich in essential fatty acids(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_3_fatty_acids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Omega 3 fatty acids">omega 3 fatty acids</a>). Recent experiments have shown its beneficial effects in decreasing cholesterol level in rats<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> and insulin level.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
862. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
863. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, ilish can be smoked, fried, steamed, baked in young <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain</a> leaves, prepared with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_seed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mustard seed">mustard seed</a> paste, curd, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aubergine">Begun</a> (eggplant), different condiments like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cumin">jira</a> and so on. It is said that people can cook ilish in more than 50 ways. Ilish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roe">roe</a> is also popular as a side dish. Ilish can be cooked in very little oil since the fish itself is very oily.</div>
864. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
865. In North America (where Ilish is not always readily available) the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shad">shad</a> fish is sometimes used as an Ilish substitute, especially in Bengali cuisine. This typically occurs near the East coast of North America, where fresh shad can be fished. The substitution is possible because of the fairly similar flavour and consistency of these two fish.</div>
866. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
867. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilish&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ilish in culture">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ilish_in_culture">Ilish in culture</span></h2>
868. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
869. In many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a> families two Ilish fishes (<i>Joda Ilish</i>) are bought on special auspicious days, like some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Puja (Hinduism)">pujas</a>. It is considered auspicious to buy two Ilish fishes on the day of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati_Puja" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saraswati Puja">Saraswati Puja</a> (The Goddess of Learning and Beauty), which takes place in the beginning of Spring and also on the day of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a>(The Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity) which takes place in autumn. But this custom is prevalent mainly among the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> of former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>many of whom now live in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Valley" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>. Some of them give Ilish fish as an offering to the goddess Lakshmi, without which the Puja is sometimes thought to be incomplete.</div>
870. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
871. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> there is a popular saying that "Machha khaaiba Ilishii, chakiri kariba polisi", which means that eating Ilish and getting a job in Police department are of equal status.</div>
872. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
873. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilish&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ilish Production">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ilish_Production">Ilish Production</span></h2>
874. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
875. Five type of ilish can be found worldwide. Yearly ilish caught are 5,000,000 ton. Among them, 50%-60% are caught by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, 15%-10% are caught by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> and rest 5%-10% are caught by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Srilanka">Srilanka</a>.</div>
876. </div>
877. </div>
878. </div>
879. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/ilish.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-4298334902209493865</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:21:20.370-07:00</atom:updated><title>Morus nigra</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
880. <br />
881. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
882. <span dir="auto"><i>Morus nigra</i></span></h1>
883. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
884. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
885. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
886. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
887.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Mulberry&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Mulberry">Black Mulberry</a>)</div>
888. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
889. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
890. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
891. <div>
892. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Morus_nigra0.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="328" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Illustration_Morus_nigra0.jpg/220px-Illustration_Morus_nigra0.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Illustration_Morus_nigra0.jpg/330px-Illustration_Morus_nigra0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Illustration_Morus_nigra0.jpg/440px-Illustration_Morus_nigra0.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
893. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Morus nigra</i></th></tr>
894. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
895. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b>Plate from book: Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland (1885)</b></td></tr>
896. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
897. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
898. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
899. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
900. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
901. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></span></td></tr>
902. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></span></td></tr>
903. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Tribe:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="tribe" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moreae">Moreae</a></span></td></tr>
904. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mulberry">Morus</a></i></span></td></tr>
905. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>M. nigra</b></i></span></td></tr>
906. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
907. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Morus nigra</i></span></b><br /><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolus Linnaeus">L.</a></small></td></tr>
908. </tbody></table>
909. </div>
910. <table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Mulberries, raw</caption><tbody>
911. <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr>
912. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">180 kJ (43 kcal)</td></tr>
913. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">9.8 g</td></tr>
914. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">8.1</td></tr>
915. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.7 g</td></tr>
916. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.39 g</td></tr>
917. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.44 g</td></tr>
918. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">1</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.029 mg (3%)</td></tr>
919. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.101 mg (8%)</td></tr>
920. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.62 mg (4%)</td></tr>
921. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">6</sub></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.05 mg (4%)</td></tr>
922. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folate">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">9</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">6 μg (2%)</td></tr>
923. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Choline">Choline</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">12.3 mg (3%)</td></tr>
924. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">36.4 mg (44%)</td></tr>
925. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">39 mg (4%)</td></tr>
926. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">Iron</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.85 mg (14%)</td></tr>
927. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">18 mg (5%)</td></tr>
928. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">38 mg (5%)</td></tr>
929. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">194 mg (4%)</td></tr>
930. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">10 mg (1%)</td></tr>
931. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.12 mg (1%)</td></tr>
932. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; padding: 4pt; text-align: center;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09190&format=Full" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br />Percentages are relative to<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br /><small>Source: <a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td></tr>
933. </tbody></table>
934. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
935. <i><b>Morus nigra</b></i>, the <b>black mulberry</b>, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Moraceae, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Native plant">native</a> to southwestern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a>, where it has been cultivated for so long that its precise natural range is unknown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RHSAZ_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#cite_note-RHSAZ-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> It is known for its large number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>, as it has 154 pairs (308 individuals).</div>
936. <table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
937. <tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
938. <h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
939. Contents</h2>
940.  <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
941. <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
942. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#Description" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
943. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#Cultivation_and_uses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cultivation and uses</span></a></li>
944. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#Gallery" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
945. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
946. </ul>
947. </td></tr>
948. </tbody></table>
949. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
950. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_nigra&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
951. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
952. <i>Morus nigra</i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> tree growing to 12 m (39 ft) tall by 15 m (49 ft) broad. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long by 6–10 cm (2–4 in) broad - up to 23 cm (9 in) long on vigorous shoots, downy on the underside, the upper surface rough with very short, stiff hairs.</div>
953. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
954. The edible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is dark purple, almost black, when ripe, 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) long, a compound cluster of several small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drupe">drupes</a>; it is richly flavoured, similar to the red mulberry (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_rubra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus rubra">Morus rubra</a></i>) but unlike the more insipid fruit of the white mulberry (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_alba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus alba">Morus alba</a></i>).</div>
955. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
956. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_nigra&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultivation and uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation_and_uses">Cultivation and uses</span></h2>
957. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
958. Black mulberry has long been cultivated for its edible fruit and is planted and often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalised</a> west across much of Europe, including Ukraine, and east into China. It has gained the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mulberry#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
959. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
960. The black (<i>Morus nigra</i>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_alba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus alba">white (<i>Morus alba</i>)</a> mulberries are all widespread in Pakistan, Iran, India, and Afghanistan, where the tree and the fruit are known by the Persian-derived names <i>toot</i> (mulberry) or <i>shahtoot</i> (شاه توت) (king's or "superior" mulberry). <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jam">Jams</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sorbet">sherbets</a> are often made from the fruit in this region.</div>
961. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
962. The black mulberry was imported into Britain in the 17th century in the hope that it would be useful in the cultivation of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silkworms">silkworms (<i>Bombyx mori</i>)</a>. It was unsuccessful because silkworms prefer the white mulberry, but has left a legacy of large and old trees in many country house gardens. Care is needed to prevent the crushed berries from staining carpets in the houses nearby.</div>
963. </div>
964. </div>
965. </div>
966. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/morus-nigra.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-8463009860935235391</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:20:20.561-07:00</atom:updated><title>Prunus serotina</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
967. <br />
968. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
969. <span dir="auto"><i>Prunus serotina</i></span></h1>
970. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
971. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
972. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
973. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
974.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_cherry&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black cherry">Black cherry</a>)</div>
975. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
976. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
977. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
978. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
979. "Black cherry" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cherry_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Cherry (disambiguation)">Black Cherry (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
980. <div>
981. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amerikaanse_vogelkers_Prunus_serotina_closeup.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="270" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amerikaanse_vogelkers_Prunus_serotina_closeup.jpg/220px-Amerikaanse_vogelkers_Prunus_serotina_closeup.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amerikaanse_vogelkers_Prunus_serotina_closeup.jpg/330px-Amerikaanse_vogelkers_Prunus_serotina_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amerikaanse_vogelkers_Prunus_serotina_closeup.jpg/440px-Amerikaanse_vogelkers_Prunus_serotina_closeup.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
982. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Prunus serotina</i></th></tr>
983. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
984. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Flowers and leaves</td></tr>
985. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
986. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
987. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
988. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
989. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
990. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></span></td></tr>
991. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></span></td></tr>
992. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prunus">Prunus</a></i></span></td></tr>
993. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgenus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subgenus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_subg._Padus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prunus subg. Padus"><i>Padus</i></a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></td></tr>
994. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>P. serotina</b></i></span></td></tr>
995. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
996. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Prunus serotina</i></span></b><br /><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrh." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ehrh.">Ehrh.</a></small></td></tr>
997. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prunus_serotina_range_map.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="285" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Prunus_serotina_range_map.jpg/220px-Prunus_serotina_range_map.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Prunus_serotina_range_map.jpg/330px-Prunus_serotina_range_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Prunus_serotina_range_map.jpg/440px-Prunus_serotina_range_map.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
998. </tbody></table>
999. </div>
1000. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1001. <i><b>Prunus serotina</b></i>, commonly called <b>black cherry</b>, <b>wild black cherry</b>, <b>rum cherry</b>, or <b>mountain black cherry</b>, is a woody plant species belonging to the genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prunus">Prunus</a></i>. This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cherry">cherry</a> is native to eastern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North America">North America</a>: from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Canada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern Canada">eastern Canada</a> through southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>; south through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern United States">eastern United States</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Texas">Texas</a> and central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a>; with disjunct populations in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>; and in the mountains of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-silvics_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-silvics-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-usda_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-usda-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
1002. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1003. <br /></div>
1004. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1005. </div>
1006. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1007. <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
1008. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1009. The black cherry is a species in the subgenus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_subg._Padus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prunus subg. Padus">Padus</a></i> and is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> growing to 15–30 metres (49–98 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 70–120 centimetres (28–47 in), occasionally more, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flower">flowers</a> in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceme" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raceme">racemes</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are simple, 6–14 centimetres (2.4–5.5 in) long, with a serrated margin. The flowers are small (10–15 millimetres (0.39–0.59 in) diameter), with five white petals and about 20 stamens, and are fragrant; there are around 40 flowers on each raceme. The species epithet, <i>serotina</i>, means "late,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> and refers to the tree flowering later in the season than many other cherry species. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drupe">drupe</a>, 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in diameter, green to red at first, ripening to black; it is usually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Astringent">astringent</a> and bitter when eaten fresh, but also somewhat sweet. The fruit is readily eaten by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird">birds</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-silvics_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-silvics-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mp_5-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-mp-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
1010. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1011. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1012. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg/220px-PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg/330px-PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg/440px-PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1013. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1014. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PrunusSerotinaBark.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1015. Closeup of bark</div>
1016. </div>
1017. </div>
1018. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1019. A mature black cherry can easily be identified in a forest by its very broken, dark grey to black bark, which has the appearance of very thick, burnt cornflakes (an easy way to remember this is burnt cornflakes = black cherry). However, for about the first decade or so of its life, the bark resembles that of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Birch">birch</a>, and is thin and striped. It can also quickly be identified by its long, shiny leaves resembling those of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourwood" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sourwood">sourwood</a>, and by an almond-like odor when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
1020. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1021. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_serotina&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Subspecies">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Subspecies">Subspecies</span></h2>
1022. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1023. The two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of <i>Prunus serotina</i>:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grin_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-grin-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
1024. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1025. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>P. s.</i> subsp. <i>serotina</i> - Canada, United States</li>
1026. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>P. s.</i> subsp. <i>capuli</i> (Cav.) McVaugh — Mexico, Guatemala</li>
1027. </ul>
1028. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1029. The typical subsp. <i>P. s. serotina</i> is sometimes further divided into four <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Variety (biology)">varieties</a>, var. <i>serotina</i> in the east of the range, var. <i>eximia</i> in Texas, and vars. <i>rufula</i> and <i>virens</i> in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-usda_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-usda-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
1030. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1031. Black cherry is closely related to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokecherry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chokecherry">chokecherry</a> (<i>Prunus virginiana</i>); chokecherry, however, is classified as a shrub or small tree and has smaller, less glossy leaves.</div>
1032. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1033. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_serotina&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ecology and cultivation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology_and_cultivation">Ecology and cultivation</span></h2>
1034. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1035. <i>P. serotina</i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a>. In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_walnut" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black walnut">black walnut</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_locust" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black locust">black locust</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Celtis">hackberry</a>. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) describe <i>P. serotina</i> as "[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage, with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-silvics_2-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-silvics-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
1036. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1037. <i>P. serotina</i> is also a host of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> of various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lepidoptera_which_feed_on_Prunus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus">List of Lepidoptera which feed on <i>Prunus</i></a>). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_tent_caterpillar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern tent caterpillar">eastern tent caterpillar</a> defoliates entire groves some springs.</div>
1038. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1039. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1040. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_knot.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="199" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Black_knot.jpg/220px-Black_knot.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Black_knot.jpg/330px-Black_knot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Black_knot.jpg/440px-Black_knot.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1041. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1042. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_knot.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1043. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibotryon_morbosum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dibotryon morbosum">Black knot</a> infection</div>
1044. </div>
1045. </div>
1046. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1047. <i>P. serotina</i> was widely introduced into Western and Central Europe as an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental tree</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FoNWE_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-FoNWE-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> in the mid 20th century,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Starfinger_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-Starfinger-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EJPAU_12-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-EJPAU-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> where it has become locally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FoNWE_10-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-FoNWE-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> It has acted as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> there, negatively affecting forest community <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and regeneration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></div>
1048. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1049. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_serotina&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Biochemistry">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</span></h2>
1050. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1051. Like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, the seeds of black cherries contain compounds that can be converted into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amygdalin">amygdalin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> These compounds release<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the compounds. These enzymes include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalin_beta-glucosidase" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amygdalin beta-glucosidase">amygdalin beta-glucosidase</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunasin_beta-glucosidase" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prunasin beta-glucosidase">prunasin beta-glucosidase</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelonitrile_lyase" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mandelonitrile lyase">mandelonitrile lyase</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contain these compounds, they do not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
1052. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1053. The foliage, particularly when wilted, contains <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyanogenic glycoside">cyanogenic glycosides</a>, which convert to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> if eaten by animals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mp_5-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-mp-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> Farmers are recommended to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical, though, because they often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of livestock illness, and grazing animals' access to it should be limited.</div>
1054. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1055. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_serotina&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
1056. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1057. The fruit of <i>Prunus serotina</i> is suitable for making <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jam">jam</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pie">cherry pies</a>, and has some use in flavoring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqueur" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</a>; they are also a popular flavoring for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soft drink">sodas</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_creams" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ice creams">ice creams</a>. The black cherry is commonly used instead of sweet cherries (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_avium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prunus avium">Prunus avium</a></i>) to achieve a sharper taste. It is also used in cakes which include dark chocolate, such as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest_gateau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Forest gateau">Black Forest gateau</a> and as garnishes for<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
1058. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1059. The wood of <i>P. serotina</i> is also used for cooking and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a> foods, where it imparts a unique flavor.</div>
1060. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1061. <i>P. serotina</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timber">timber</a> is valuable; perhaps the premier <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(furniture)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet (furniture)">cabinetry</a> timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". It is known for its strong red color and high price. Its density when dried is around 580 kg/m<sup style="line-height: 1em;">3</sup>(980 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Density">lb/cu yd</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cherry#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></div>
1062. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1063. <i>P. serotina</i> trees are sometimes planted ornamentally.</div>
1064. </div>
1065. </div>
1066. </div>
1067. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/prunus-serotina.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-6358161232048005071</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:17:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:17:54.904-07:00</atom:updated><title>Buddha's hand</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
1068. <br />
1069. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
1070. <span dir="auto">Buddha's hand</span></h1>
1071. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
1072. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
1073. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
1074. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
1075.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddha%27s_Hand&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddha's Hand">Buddha's Hand</a>)</div>
1076. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
1077. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Hand#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Hand#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
1078. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
1079. <div>
1080. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhas_hand_2.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="201" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhas_hand_2.jpg/240px-Buddhas_hand_2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhas_hand_2.jpg/360px-Buddhas_hand_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhas_hand_2.jpg/480px-Buddhas_hand_2.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="240" /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
1081. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Buddha's hand<br /><i>Citrus medica</i> var. <i>sarcodactylis</i></th></tr>
1082. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
1083. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Buddha's hand fruit, underside of "open hand" form</td></tr>
1084. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
1085. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
1086. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Division:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="division" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering plant">Magnoliophyta</a></span></td></tr>
1087. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Class:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dicotyledon">Magnoliopsida</a></span></td></tr>
1088. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Subclass:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subclass" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosidae">Rosidae</a></span></td></tr>
1089. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></span></td></tr>
1090. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></span></td></tr>
1091. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></i></span></td></tr>
1092. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>C. medica</i></span></td></tr>
1093. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Variety:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><i>C. m.</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Variety (botany)">var.</a> <i>sarcodactylus</i></b></span></td></tr>
1094. <tr style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center;"><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraspecific_name_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Infraspecific name (botany)">Trinomial name</a></th></tr>
1095. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="trinomial"><i>Citrus medica</i> var. <i>sarcodactylus</i></span></b></td></tr>
1096. </tbody></table>
1097. </div>
1098. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1099. <b>Buddha's hand</b>, <b><i>Citrus medica</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Variety (botany)">var.</a> <i>sarcodactylis</i></b> (also known as <b>bushukan</b>　ブッシュカン (<i>Japanese</i>) or <b>fingered citron</b>), is a fragrant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citron">citron</a>variety whose fruit is segmented into finger-like sections. The origin of Buddha's hand plant is traced back to Northeastern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Hand#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></div>
1100. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1101. <br /></div>
1102. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1103. </div>
1104. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1105. <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
1106. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1107. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 227px;">
1108. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhahand.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="338" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Buddhahand.jpg/225px-Buddhahand.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Buddhahand.jpg/338px-Buddhahand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Buddhahand.jpg/450px-Buddhahand.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="225" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1109. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1110. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhahand.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1111. Buddha's hand fruit, "closed hand" form</div>
1112. </div>
1113. </div>
1114. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1115. <i>Citrus medica</i> var. <i>sarcodactylis</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Hand#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shrub">shrub</a> or small tree with long, irregular branches covered in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spine (botany)">thorns</a>. Its large, oblong leaves are pale green and grow about four to six inches. Its white <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flower">flowers</a> are tinted purplish from the outside and grow in fragrant clusters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Hand#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
1116. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1117. Buddha's hand has a thick peel and only a small amount of acidic flesh (if any) and is juiceless and sometimes seedless.</div>
1118. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1119. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddha%27s_hand&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
1120. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1121. Buddha's hand fruit is very fragrant and is used predominantly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Japan">Japan</a> for perfuming rooms and personal items such as clothing.</div>
1122. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1123. The fruit may be given as a religious offering in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temples. According to tradition, Buddha prefers the "fingers" of the fruit to be in a position where they resemble a closed rather than open hand, as closed hands symbolize to Buddha the act of prayer.</div>
1124. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1125. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddha%27s_hand&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Culinary">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary">Culinary</span></h3>
1126. <table class="infobox" style="background-color: #ecebbd; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 160px;"><tbody>
1127. <tr><td style="background-color: #d1e231; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1128. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3_etrog.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="3 etrog.JPG" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3_etrog.JPG/140px-3_etrog.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3_etrog.JPG/210px-3_etrog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3_etrog.JPG/280px-3_etrog.JPG 2x" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="140" /></a><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citron">Citron</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a></b></div>
1129. </td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
1130. <hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
1131. </td></tr>
1132. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acid">Acidic</a>-pulp varieties:</i></th></tr>
1133. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1134. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante_citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diamante citron">Diamante citron</a></b></li>
1135. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greek citron">Greek citron</a></b></li>
1136. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balady_citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Balady citron">Balady citron</a></b></li>
1137. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florentine citron">Florentine citron</a></b></li>
1138. </ul>
1139. <hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
1140. </td></tr>
1141. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Non-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acid">acidic</a> varieties:</i></th></tr>
1142. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1143. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moroccan citron">Moroccan citron</a></b></li>
1144. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corsican citron">Corsican citron</a></b></li>
1145. </ul>
1146. <hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
1147. </td></tr>
1148. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Pulpless varieties:</i></th></tr>
1149. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1150. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Buddha's hand</b></li>
1151. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_citron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yemenite citron">Yemenite citron</a></b></li>
1152. </ul>
1153. <hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
1154. </td></tr>
1155. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">Related Articles:</th></tr>
1156. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citrus">Citrus</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succade" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Succade">Succade</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a> •<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grafting">Grafting</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(plant)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chimera (plant)">Chimera</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrog" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Etrog">Etrog</a> •<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkoth" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sukkoth">Sukkoth</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Four Species">Four Species</a><hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
1157. </td></tr>
1158. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="display: inline;">
1159. This box: <ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">
1160. <li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citron_varieties" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Citron varieties"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li>
1161.  
1162. <li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Citron_varieties" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Citron varieties"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li>
1163.  
1164. <li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Citron_varieties&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li>
1165. </ul>
1166. </div>
1167. </td></tr>
1168. </tbody></table>
1169. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1170. The peel of the fruit can be candied into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succade" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Succade">succade</a>. In Western cooking, it is often used for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zest (ingredient)">zest</a>. The inner white <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pith">pith</a> is not bitter as is usually the case with citrus, so the fingers may be cut off and then longitudinally sliced, peel, pith, and all, and used in salads or scattered over cooked foods such as fish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Hand#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
1171. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1172. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddha%27s_hand&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h2>
1173. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1174. <i>Citrus medica</i> var. <i>sarcodactylis</i> is cultivated for fruit crops and as an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental tree</a> in gardens and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_garden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Container garden">containers</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patio">patios</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(building)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terrace (building)">terraces</a>. It is sensitive to frost, as well as intense heat and drought. It grows best in temperate conditions. Areas such as the coast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> as well as inland valleys are considered ideal for its planting. Trees can be grown from cuttings taken from branches two to four years old. It is very commonly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grafting">grafted</a> onto sufficient rootstock.</div>
1175. </div>
1176. </div>
1177. </div>
1178. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/buddhas-hand.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-625171800786147337</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:10:52.327-07:00</atom:updated><title>Jambul</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
1179. <br />
1180. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
1181. <span dir="auto">Jambul</span></h1>
1182. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
1183. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
1184. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
1185. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
1186. </div>
1187. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
1188. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
1189. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
1190. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png/220px-Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png/330px-Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png/440px-Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
1191. "Jamun" redirects here. For the dessert popular in South Asian cuisine, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulab_Jamun" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulab Jamun">Gulab Jamun</a>.</div>
1192. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1193. <tr><td><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
1194. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Jamun</th></tr>
1195. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
1196. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Jambul (<i>Syzygium cumini</i>)</td></tr>
1197. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
1198. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
1199. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
1200. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicot">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
1201. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosid">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
1202. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></span></td></tr>
1203. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></span></td></tr>
1204. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syzygium">Syzygium</a></i></span></td></tr>
1205. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>S. cumini</b></i></span></td></tr>
1206. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
1207. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Syzygium cumini</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolus Linnaeus">L.</a>) Skeels.</small></td></tr>
1208. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></th></tr>
1209. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1210. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Eugenia cumini</i> (L.) Druce</li>
1211. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Eugenia jambolana</i> Lam.</li>
1212. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Syzygium jambolanum</i> DC.</li>
1213. </ul>
1214. </td></tr>
1215. </tbody></table>
1216. </td></tr>
1217. </tbody></table>
1218. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1219. <b>Jambul</b> (<i>Syzygium cumini</i>) is an evergreen tropical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a>. Jambul is native to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The name of the fruit is sometimes mistranslated as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a>, which is a different fruit in an unrelated family.</div>
1220. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1221. The tree was introduced to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USA">USA</a> in 1911 by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a>, and is also now commonly grown in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonization, it has dispersed spontaneously in the wild in some places, as its fruits are eagerly sought by various native birds such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrushes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thrushes">thrushes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanager" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanager">tanagers</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Kiskadee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Kiskadee">Great Kiskadee</a>. This species is considered an invasive in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USA">USA</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> It is also illegal to grow, plant or transplant in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanibel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanibel">Sanibel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
1222. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1223. <br /></div>
1224. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1225. </div>
1226. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1227. <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_names">Other names</span></h2>
1228. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1229. Jambul is also known as <b>Jambhul/jambu/jambula/jamboola</b>, <b>Java plum</b>, <b>jamun</b>, <b>jaam/kalojaam</b>, <b>jamblang</b>, <b>jambolan</b>, <b>black plum</b>, <b>Damson plum</b>, <b>Duhat plum</b>, <b>Jambolan plum</b> or <b>Portuguese plum</b>. <b>Malabar plum</b> may also refer to other species of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syzygium">Syzygium</a></i>. This fruit is called <b>Neredu Pandu</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <b>Naaval Pazham</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <b>Navva Pazham</b> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, <b>Nerale Hannu</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, <b>Jam</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <b>Jamukoli</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a> and<b>Jambu</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarat</a>. Jambul is known as <b>Duhat</b> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tagalog">Tagalog-speaking</a> regions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <b>Lomboy</b> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano-speaking areas</a> and <b>Inobog</b>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanao" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> It is called <b>Dhanvah</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and <b>Dhuwet/Juwet</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>. Among its names in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> are <b>jamelão</b>, <b>jambolão</b>, <b>jalão</b>,<b>joão-bolão</b>, <b>manjelão</b>, <b>azeitona-preta</b>, <b>baga-de-freira</b>, <b>brinco-de-viúva</b> and <b>guapê</b>, always with lower case, the early four derived from the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> name <b>jambulan</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> They are called <b>rotra</b> in the Malagasy language (Madagascar). <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
1230. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1231. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
1232. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: left; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1233. <tr><td><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1234. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1235. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaam_tree1.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jaam_tree1.JPG/220px-Jaam_tree1.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jaam_tree1.JPG/330px-Jaam_tree1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jaam_tree1.JPG/440px-Jaam_tree1.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1236. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1237. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaam_tree1.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1238. A jamun tree</div>
1239. </div>
1240. </div>
1241. </td></tr>
1242. </tbody></table>
1243. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1244. A fairly fast growing species, it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value. At the base of the tree, the bark is rough and dark grey, becoming lighter grey and smoother higher up. The wood is strong and is water resistant. Because of this it is used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Railway">railway</a> sleepers and to install motors in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Water well">wells</a>. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.</div>
1245. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1246. The leaves which are an aroma similar to turpentine, are pinkish when young, changing to a leathery, glossy dark green with a yellow midrib as they mature. The leaves are used as food for livestock, as they have good nutritional value. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-janick_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-janick-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
1247. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1248. Jambul trees start flowering from March to April. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flower">flowers</a> of jambul are fragrant and small, about 5 mm in diameter. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruits</a> develop by May or June and resemble large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berry">berries</a>. The fruit is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rectangle">oblong</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ovoid">ovoid</a>, starts green and turns pink to shining <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crimson">crimson</a> black as it matures. A variant of the tree produces white coloured fruit. The fruit has a combination of sweet, mildly sour and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Astringent">astringent</a> flavour and tends to colour the tongue purple.</div>
1249. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1250. The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> (to control <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, for example.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unani">Unani</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_medicine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a> for digestive ailments.</div>
1251. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1252. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gingivitis">gingivitis</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">Wine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> are also made from the fruit. It has a high source in vitamin A and vitamin C.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></div>
1253. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1254. Jambul has been spread overseas from India by Indian emigrants and at present is common in former tropical British colonies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
1255. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1256. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nutrients and phytochemicals">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nutrients_and_phytochemicals">Nutrients and phytochemicals</span></h2>
1257. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1258. <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Java-plum, (jambul), raw</caption><tbody>
1259. <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr>
1260. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">251 kJ (60 kcal)</td></tr>
1261. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">14 g</td></tr>
1262. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.6 g</td></tr>
1263. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.23 g</td></tr>
1264. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.995 g</td></tr>
1265. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Water">Water</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">84.75 g</td></tr>
1266. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">1</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.019 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1267. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.009 mg (1%)</td></tr>
1268. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.245 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1269. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">6</sub></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.038 mg (3%)</td></tr>
1270. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">11.85 mg (14%)</td></tr>
1271. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">11.65 mg (1%)</td></tr>
1272. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">Iron</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.41 mg (11%)</td></tr>
1273. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">35 mg (10%)</td></tr>
1274. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">15.6 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1275. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">55 mg (1%)</td></tr>
1276. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">26.2 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1277. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; padding: 4pt; text-align: center;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jambolan.html#Food%20Uses" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Link to Newcrop entry</a><br /><a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09145&format=Full" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br /><b>Newcrop values given as averages<br />Calories/B6 from USDA</b><br />Percentages are relative to<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br />Source: <a class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/default.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Purdue University Newcrop</a><br /><small>Source: <a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td></tr>
1278. </tbody></table>
1279. </td></tr>
1280. </tbody></table>
1281. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1282. Nutritional information for both jambul leaves and fruit are detailed here.</div>
1283. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1284. <tr><td><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="float: left; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1285. <tr><td><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 13px; height: 200px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody>
1286. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Java Plum Leaf</th></tr>
1287. <tr><th style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 139.90625px;">Compound</th><th style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 139.90625px;">Percent</th></tr>
1288. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Crude Protein</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">9.1</td></tr>
1289. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Fat</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">4.3</td></tr>
1290. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Crude Fiber</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">17.0</td></tr>
1291. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Ash</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">7</td></tr>
1292. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Calcium</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">1.3</td></tr>
1293. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Phosphorus</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">0.19</td></tr>
1294. <tr><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 0.7em; padding: 0.2em;">Source: <a class="external free" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jambolan.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jambolan.html</a></td></tr>
1295. </tbody></table>
1296. </td></tr>
1297. </tbody></table>
1298. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1299. <tr><td><center>
1300. <ul class="gallery" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 2px; padding: 2px; zoom: 1;">
1301. <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 385px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 385px;">
1302. <div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 2px; width: 380px;">
1303. <div style="margin: 15px auto;">
1304. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalo_jam_foliage1.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kalo_jam_foliage1.JPG/253px-Kalo_jam_foliage1.JPG" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="253" /></a></div>
1305. </div>
1306. <div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px; word-wrap: break-word;">
1307. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1308. Close view of foliage</div>
1309. </div>
1310. </div>
1311. </li>
1312.  
1313. <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 385px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 385px;">
1314. <div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 2px; width: 380px;">
1315. <div style="margin: 15px auto;">
1316. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ripe_jamun_fruits.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="190" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ripe_jamun_fruits.jpg/253px-Ripe_jamun_fruits.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="253" /></a></div>
1317. </div>
1318. <div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px; word-wrap: break-word;">
1319. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1320. Ripe jambul fruits for sale in a HAL market in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></div>
1321. </div>
1322. </div>
1323. </li>
1324. </ul>
1325. </center>
1326. </td></tr>
1327. </tbody></table>
1328. </td></tr>
1329. </tbody></table>
1330. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1331. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultural and religious significance">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_and_religious_significance">Cultural and religious significance</span></h2>
1332. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1333. According to Hindu tradition, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rama">Rama</a> subsisted on the fruit in the forest for 14 years during his exile from Ayodhya<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Because of this, many Hindus regard jambul as a 'fruit of the gods,' especially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, where it is known locally as jamboon.</div>
1334. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1335. Lord <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> has been described as having skin the color of Jamun. In Hindu mythology several protagonists have been described as having the color of jambul<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</div>
1336. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1337. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: In Maharashtra culture">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Maharashtra_culture">In Maharashtra culture</span></h3>
1338. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1339. In Maharashtra, jambul (locally known as jāmbhūḷ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> :जांभूळ) leaves are used in marriage <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pandal">pandal</a> decorations. There is famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> song "Jambhul pikalya zada khali...". The seeds are used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisane" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tisane">tisanes</a> for diabetics. It is proved to bring the sugar level down</div>
1340. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1341. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ancient Tamil culture">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Tamil_culture">Ancient Tamil culture</span></h3>
1342. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1343. According to Tamil legend, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvaiyar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Auvaiyar">Auvaiyar</a> (also known as Auvayar) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta" xml:lang="ta">ஔவையார்</span>), a female poet,ethicist and political activist of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_period" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> was resting under a naaval pazam tree/jambun tree, considering her life's work complete, when <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Murugan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord Murugan">Lord Murugan</a>, a guardian deity of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, came to her in disguise. After a test of wits he revealed his identity and inspired her to further learning and writing. Her works for children are still widely read in schools in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, over a millennium after they were written.</div>
1344. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1345. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: In Telugu culture">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Telugu_culture">In Telugu culture</span></h3>
1346. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1347. This tree is called Neredu(నేరేడు) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>. Besides the fruits, wood from Neredu tree is used in Andhra Pradesh to make bullock cart wheels and other agricultural equipment. Culturally, beautiful eyes are compared to this fruit. In the great epic of India Mahabharatha Sri Krishnas'[Lord Vishnu] body color is compared to this fruit as well.</div>
1348. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1349. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Kerala">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Kerala">Kerala</span></h3>
1350. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1351. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> the jambul tree is called <i>njaval</i> and its fruit are <i>njavalpazham</i>. The fruit is particularly plentiful in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>.</div>
1352. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1353. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Kannada">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Kannada">Kannada</span></h3>
1354. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1355. In <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> the jambul tree is called <i>Nerale mara</i> and its fruit are <i>Nerale Hannu</i></div>
1356. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1357. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambul&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Tulu">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tulu">Tulu</span></h3>
1358. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1359. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tulu">Tulu</a> the jambul tree is called <i>nerol mara</i> and its fruit are <i>nerol parnd</i></div>
1360. </div>
1361. </div>
1362. </div>
1363. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/jambul.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-3347469105983431421</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 17:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T10:06:20.099-07:00</atom:updated><title>Jackfruit</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
1364. <br />
1365. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
1366. <span dir="auto">Jackfruit</span></h1>
1367. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
1368. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
1369. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
1370. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
1371. </div>
1372. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
1373. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
1374. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
1375. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="341" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg/220px-Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg/330px-Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Artocarpus_heterophyllus_fruits_at_tree.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1376. <tr><td><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
1377. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Jackfruit</th></tr>
1378. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
1379. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Jackfruit tree with fruit</td></tr>
1380. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
1381. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
1382. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
1383. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
1384. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
1385. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></span></td></tr>
1386. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></span></td></tr>
1387. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Tribe:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="tribe" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artocarpeae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Artocarpeae">Artocarpeae</a></span></td></tr>
1388. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artocarpus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a></i></span></td></tr>
1389. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>A. heterophyllus</b></i></span></td></tr>
1390. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
1391. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i></span></b><br /><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lam.</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lam_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-lam-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-trop1_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-trop1-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></small></td></tr>
1392. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tpl_3-0" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-tpl-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-trop2_4-0" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-trop2-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grin_5-0" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-grin-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></th></tr>
1393. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1394. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Artocarpus brasiliensis</i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimiro_G%C3%B3mez_Ortega" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Casimiro Gómez Ortega">Ortega</a></small></li>
1395. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A. integer</i> <small><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctorum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Auctorum">auct.</a></i></small>  (not to be confused with <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artocarpus_integer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Artocarpus integer">A. integer</a></i> <small><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel">Spreng.</a></i></small>)</li>
1396. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A. integrifolius</i> <small><i>auct.</i></small></li>
1397. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A. integrifolius</i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">L.f.</a></small></li>
1398. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A. maximus</i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_Blanco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francisco Manuel Blanco">Blanco</a></small></li>
1399. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A. nanca</i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Noronha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francisco Noronha">Noronha</a></small> (<i>nom inval.</i>)</li>
1400. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A. philippensis</i> <small>Lam.</small></li>
1401. </ul>
1402. </td></tr>
1403. </tbody></table>
1404. </td></tr>
1405. </tbody></table>
1406. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1407. The <b>jackfruit</b> (alternately <b>jack tree</b>, <b>jakfruit</b>, or sometimes simply <b>jack</b> or <b>jak</b>; scientific name <i><b>Artocarpus heterophyllus</b></i>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tba_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-tba-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> is a species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> in the<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artocarpus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a></i> genus of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> family (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></i>). It is native to parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and is believed to have originated in the southwestern rain forests of India, in present-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, coastal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. The jackfruit tree is well suited to tropical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lowland">lowlands</a>, and its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kaetf_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-kaetf-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> reaching as much as 80 pounds (36 kg) in weight and up to 36 inches (90 cm) long and 20 inches (50 cm) in diameter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-crfg_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-crfg-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
1408. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1409. The jackfruit tree is widely cultivated in tropical regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Jackfruit is also found across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Africa">Africa</a>, e.g., in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, as well as throughout <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and Caribbean nations such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.</div>
1410. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1411. </div>
1412. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1413. <span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</span></h2>
1414. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1415. <tr><td><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1416. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
1417. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackfruit_chips.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="258" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jackfruit_chips.jpg/170px-Jackfruit_chips.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jackfruit_chips.jpg/255px-Jackfruit_chips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Jackfruit_chips.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1418. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1419. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackfruit_chips.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1420. Jackfruit chips</div>
1421. </div>
1422. </div>
1423. </td></tr>
1424. </tbody></table>
1425. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1426. <tr><td><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1427. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1428. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langkajf.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Langkajf.JPG/220px-Langkajf.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Langkajf.JPG/330px-Langkajf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Langkajf.JPG/440px-Langkajf.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1429. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1430. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langkajf.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1431. Ginataang langka (jackfruit cooked in coconut milk)</div>
1432. </div>
1433. </div>
1434. </td></tr>
1435. </tbody></table>
1436. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1437. Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-janick_18-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-janick-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> It can be eaten raw when ripe, but as the raw unripe fruit is considered inedible, it is best cooked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-janick_18-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-janick-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></div>
1438. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1439. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Culinary uses for ripe fruit">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_uses_for_ripe_fruit">Culinary uses for ripe fruit</span></h3>
1440. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1441. Ripe jackfruit is naturally sweet with subtle flavoring. It can be used to make a variety of dishes, including custards, cakes, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Halo-halo">halo-halo</a></i> and more. In India, when the Jackfruit is in season, an ice cream chain store called "Naturals" carries Jackfruit flavored ice cream.</div>
1442. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1443. Ripe jackfruit arils are sometimes seeded, fried or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze-drying#Food_industry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-dried</a> and sold as jackfruit chips.</div>
1444. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1445. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seed">seeds</a> from ripe fruits are edible, are said to have a milky, sweet taste, and may be boiled, baked or roasted. When roasted the flavor of the seeds is comparable to chestnuts. For making the traditional breakfast dish in southern India: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idli" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Idli">idlis</a>, the seeds are used as an ingredient and jackfruit leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming. Jackfruit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dosa">dosas</a> can be prepared by grinding jackfruit flesh along with the batter.</div>
1446. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1447. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 192px;">
1448. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_jackfruit.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="143" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baby_jackfruit.jpg/190px-Baby_jackfruit.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baby_jackfruit.jpg/285px-Baby_jackfruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baby_jackfruit.jpg/380px-Baby_jackfruit.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="190" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1449. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1450. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_jackfruit.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1451. Unripe jackfruit</div>
1452. </div>
1453. </div>
1454. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1455. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Culinary uses for unripe fruit">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_uses_for_unripe_fruit">Culinary uses for unripe fruit</span></h3>
1456. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1457. The cuisines of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of India">India</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai cuisine">Thailand</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> use cooked young jackfruit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-janick_18-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-janick-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> In Indonesia, young jackfruit is cooked with coconut milk as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudeg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gudeg">gudeg</a></i>. In many cultures, jackfruit is boiled and used in curries as a staple food. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Northern Thailand">northern Thailand</a>, the boiled young jackfruit is used in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_salad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai salad">Thai salad</a> called <i>tam kanun</i>. In West Bengal the unripe green jackfruit called "aechor" is used as a vegetable to make various spicy curries, side-dishes and as fillings for cutlets & chops. It is especially sought after by vegetarians who substitute this for meat and hence is nicknamed as gacch-patha (tree-mutton). In the Philippines, it is cooked with coconut milk (<i>ginataang langka</i>). In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> Island, it is cooked either alone or with animal flesh, such as shrimp or smoked pork.</div>
1458. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1459. Because unripe jackfruit has a meat-like taste, it is used in curry dishes with spices, in Sri Lankan, Andhran, eastern-Indian (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a>), and Keralan cuisine. The skin of unripe jackfruit must be peeled first, then the remaining whole jackfruit can be chopped into edible portions and cooked before serving. Young jackfruit has a mild flavor and distinctive meat-like texture and is compared to poultry. Meatless sandwiches have been suggested and are popular with both vegetarian and nonvegetarian populations.</div>
1460. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1461. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nutrition">Nutrition</span></h2>
1462. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
1463. <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Jackfruit, raw</caption><tbody>
1464. <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr>
1465. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">397 kJ (95 kcal)</td></tr>
1466. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">23.25 g</td></tr>
1467. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">19.08 g</td></tr>
1468. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.5 g</td></tr>
1469. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.64 g</td></tr>
1470. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.72 g</td></tr>
1471. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> equiv.</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">5 μg (1%)</td></tr>
1472. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">- <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">61 μg (1%)</td></tr>
1473. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lutein">lutein</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">157 μg</td></tr>
1474. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">1</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.105 mg (9%)</td></tr>
1475. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.055 mg (5%)</td></tr>
1476. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.92 mg (6%)</td></tr>
1477. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">5</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.235 mg (5%)</td></tr>
1478. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">6</sub></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.329 mg (25%)</td></tr>
1479. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folate">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">9</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">24 μg (6%)</td></tr>
1480. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">13.7 mg (17%)</td></tr>
1481. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.34 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1482. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">24 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1483. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">Iron</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.23 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1484. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">29 mg (8%)</td></tr>
1485. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.043 mg (2%)</td></tr>
1486. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">21 mg (3%)</td></tr>
1487. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">448 mg (10%)</td></tr>
1488. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">2 mg (0%)</td></tr>
1489. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.13 mg (1%)</td></tr>
1490. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; padding: 4pt; text-align: center;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09144&format=Full" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br />Percentages are relative to<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br /><small>Source: <a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td></tr>
1491. </tbody></table>
1492. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1493. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 239px;">
1494. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="167" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg/237px-Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg/356px-Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg/474px-Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="237" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1495. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1496. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1497. Selling jackfruit in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></div>
1498. </div>
1499. </div>
1500. </td></tr>
1501. </tbody></table>
1502. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1503. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 192px;">
1504. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="143" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg/190px-Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg/285px-Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg/380px-Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="190" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1505. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1506. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1507. Opened jackfruit</div>
1508. </div>
1509. </div>
1510. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1511. The edible jackfruit is made of soft, easily-digestible flesh (bulbs); when eaten, its simple sugars like glucose and fructose can quickly replenish one's energy and bring on a physical sense of euphoria and revitalization. A portion of 100 g of edible raw jackfruit provides about 95 calories and is a good source of the antioxidant vitamin C, providing about 13.7 mg. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> Jackfruit seeds are rich in protein.</div>
1512. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1513. Fresh jackfruit has small amounts of vitamin-A, flavonoid pigments such as carotene-ß, xanthin, lutein and cryptoxanthin-ß. Together, these compounds play vital roles in antioxidant and vision functions. Vitamin A is also required for maintaining integrity of mucus membranes and skin. Consumption of natural fruits rich in vitamin-A, and carotenes has been found to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.</div>
1514. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1515. Jackfruit is rich in B-complex vitamins, with large amounts of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), niacin, riboflavin, and folate. Fresh jackfruit provides potassium, magnesium, manganese, and iron. Potassium provides cell and body fluids that help regulate heart rate and blood pressure.</div>
1516. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1517. Jackfruit can be a good bulk laxative because of its dietary fiber which helps to protect mucous membranes in the colon by decreasing exposure time and binding to cancer-causing chemicals.</div>
1518. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1519. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Seeds">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Seeds">Seeds</span></h2>
1520. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1521. In general, the seeds are gathered from the ripe fruit, sun-dried, then stored for use in rainy season in many parts of South Indian states. They are extracted from fully matured fruits are washed in water to remove the slimy part. Seeds should be stored immediately in closed polythene bags for one or two days to avoid them from drying out. Germination is improved by soaking seeds in clean water for 24 hours. During <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplanting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transplanting">transplanting</a>, sow seeds in line with 30 cm apart in a nursery bed filled with 70% soil mixed with 30% organic matter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedbed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seedbed">seedbed</a> should be shaded partially from direct sunlight in order to protect emerging <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedlings" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seedlings">seedlings</a>.</div>
1522. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1523. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Wood">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Wood">Wood</span></h2>
1524. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1525. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1526. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="331" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg/220px-Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg/330px-Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg/440px-Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1527. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1528. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1529. Jackfruit tree</div>
1530. </div>
1531. </div>
1532. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1533. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wood">wood</a> of the tree is used for the production of musical instruments. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, hardwood from the trunk is carved out to form the barrels of drums used in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a></i>, and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, its soft wood is made into the hull of a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyapi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kutiyapi">kutiyapi</a></i>, a type of Philippine boat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lute">lute</a>. It is also used to make the body of the Indian string instrument <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veena" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Veena">veena</a></i> and the drums <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mridangam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mridangam">mridangam</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjira" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kanjira">kanjira</a></i>; the golden yellow-coloured timber with good grains is used for building furniture and house construction in India. The ornate wooden plank called <i>avani palaka</i> made of the wood of jackfruit tree is used as the priest's seat during Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, jackfruit wood is prized for the making of Buddhist statuaries in temples.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div>
1534. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1535. Jackfruit wood is widely used in the manufacture of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, doors and windows, and in roof construction. The heartwood is used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Buddhist forest monastics</a> in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their distinctive light-brown color.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></div>
1536. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1537. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Commercial availability">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Commercial_availability">Commercial availability</span></h2>
1538. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1539. Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at Asian food markets, especially in the Philippines. It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region, where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugar syrup, or frozen. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers. In northern Australia, particularly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, jackfruit can be found at outdoor produce markets during the dry season. Outside of countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round both canned or dried. It has a ripening season in Asia of late spring to late summer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></div>
1540. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1541. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Production and marketing">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Production_and_marketing">Production and marketing</span></h2>
1542. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1543. The marketing of jackfruit involved three groups: producers, traders (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wholesale">middlemen</a>) including wholesalers, and retailers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_channel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marketing channel">marketing channels</a> are rather complex. Large farmers sell immature fruits to wholesalers of which could help cash flow and reduces risk, whereas medium sized farmers sell fruits directly to local markets or retailers.</div>
1544. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1545. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1546. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackfruit_leaves.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jackfruit_leaves.jpg/220px-Jackfruit_leaves.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jackfruit_leaves.jpg/330px-Jackfruit_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jackfruit_leaves.jpg/440px-Jackfruit_leaves.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1547. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1548. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackfruit_leaves.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1549. Leaves of the jackfruit</div>
1550. </div>
1551. </div>
1552. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1553. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultural significance">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</span></h2>
1554. <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; color: black; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; width: 238px;"><tbody>
1555. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="[icon]" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 190.75px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section requires <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackfruit&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">expansion</a>.<small><i>(December 2011)</i></small></span></td></tr>
1556. </tbody></table>
1557. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1558. The jackfruit is one of the three auspicious fruits of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, along with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mango">mango</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana">banana</a>, known as the <i>mukkani</i> (முக்கனி). These are referred to as <i>ma-pala-vaazhai</i> (mango-jack-banana). The three fruits (<i>mukkani</i>) are also related to the three arts of Tamil (<i>mu-Tamizh</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> Jackfruit is the national fruit of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.</div>
1559. </div>
1560. </div>
1561. </div>
1562. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/jackfruit.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-702316594207319208</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 16:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T09:22:03.638-07:00</atom:updated><title>Bilberry</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
1563. <br />
1564. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
1565. <span dir="auto">Bilberry</span></h1>
1566. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
1567. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
1568. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
1569. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
1570. </div>
1571. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
1572. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
1573. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
1574. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
1575. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bilberry (disambiguation)">Bilberry (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
1576. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1577. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1578. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blaeberry.jpeg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="206" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Blaeberry.jpeg/220px-Blaeberry.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Blaeberry.jpeg/330px-Blaeberry.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Blaeberry.jpeg/440px-Blaeberry.jpeg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1579. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1580. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blaeberry.jpeg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1581. Bilberry fruit</div>
1582. </div>
1583. </div>
1584. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1585. <b>Bilberry</b> is any of several species of low-growing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i> (family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a>), bearing edible <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berries">berries</a>. The species most often referred to is <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">Vaccinium myrtillus</a></i> L., but there are several other closely related species. Bilberries are distinct from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blueberries">blueberries</a> but closely related to them.</div>
1586. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1587. <br /></div>
1588. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1589. </div>
1590. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1591. <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_vernacular_or_local_names">Other vernacular or local names</span></h2>
1592. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1593. Bilberry (especially <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">Vaccinium myrtillus</a></i>) is also known in English by other names including blaeberry (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small>pron.:</small> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ɛr/ 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>), whortleberry (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ɜr/ 'ir' in 'bird'">ɜr</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ɛr/ 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>), (ground) hurts, whinberry, winberry, windberry, wimberry, myrtle blueberry and fraughan. In several other European languages its name translates as "blueberry", and this may cause confusion with the related plants more usually known as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>" in English, which are in the separate section <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanococcus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyanococcus">Cyanococcus</a></i> of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genus">genus</a>. In Europe including the British Isles the bilberry grows natively in the wild on acidic soils (whereas the blueberry is native to North America).</div>
1594. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1595. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Species">Species</span></h2>
1596. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1597. Bilberries include several closely related species of the <i>Vaccinium</i> genus, including:</div>
1598. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1599. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">Vaccinium myrtillus</a></i> L. (bilberry)</li>
1600. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_uliginosum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium uliginosum">Vaccinium uliginosum</a></i> L. (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, bog whortleberry, bog huckleberry, northern bilberry, ground hurts)</li>
1601. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_caespitosum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium caespitosum">Vaccinium caespitosum</a></i> Michx. (dwarf bilberry)</li>
1602. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_deliciosum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium deliciosum">Vaccinium deliciosum</a></i> Piper (cascade bilberry)</li>
1603. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_membranaceum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium membranaceum">Vaccinium membranaceum</a></i> (mountain bilberry, black mountain huckleberry, black huckleberry, twin-leaved huckleberry)</li>
1604. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_ovalifolium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vaccinium ovalifolium">Vaccinium ovalifolium</a></i> (oval-leafed blueberry, oval-leaved bilberry, mountain blueberry, high-bush blueberry).</li>
1605. </ul>
1606. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1607. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Wild and cultivated harvesting">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Wild_and_cultivated_harvesting">Wild and cultivated harvesting</span></h2>
1608. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1609. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1610. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg/220px-The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg/330px-The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg/440px-The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1611. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1612. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_fruits_of_our_labour.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1613. Bilberry fruit in Finland</div>
1614. </div>
1615. </div>
1616. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1617. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1618. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norwegian_blueberries.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="171" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Norwegian_blueberries.jpg/220px-Norwegian_blueberries.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Norwegian_blueberries.jpg/330px-Norwegian_blueberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Norwegian_blueberries.jpg/440px-Norwegian_blueberries.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1619. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1620. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norwegian_blueberries.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1621. Wild bilberries collected in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norway">Norway</a>.</div>
1622. </div>
1623. </div>
1624. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1625. Bilberries are found in very <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acid">acidic</a>, nutrient-poor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soil">soils</a> throughout the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions of the world. They are closely related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North America">North American</a> wild and cultivated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blueberry">blueberries</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Huckleberry">huckleberries</a> in the genus <i>Vaccinium</i>. One characteristic of bilberries is that they produce single or paired berries on the bush instead of clusters, as the blueberry does. Blueberries have more evergreen leaves.</div>
1626. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1627. The fruit is smaller than that of the blueberry but with a fuller taste. Bilberries are darker in colour, and usually appear near black with a slight shade of purple. While the blueberry's fruit pulp is light green, the bilberry's is red or purple, heavily staining the fingers and lips of consumers eating the raw fruit. The red juice is used by European dentists to show children how to brush their teeth correctly, as any improperly brushed areas will be heavily stained.</div>
1628. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1629. Bilberries are extremely difficult to grow and are thus seldom cultivated. Fruits are mostly collected from wild plants growing on publicly accessible lands, notably Finland, Sweden, Norway, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="England">England</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alps">Alpine</a> countries, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_mountains" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carpathian mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Romania">Romania</a>, Bulgaria, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Poland">Poland</a> and northern parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Note that in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, it is an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman%27s_right" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Everyman's right">everyman's right</a> to collect bilberries, irrespective of land ownership, with the exception of private gardens and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserves" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nature reserves">nature reserves</a>. Bilberries can be picked by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry-picking_rake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berry-picking rake">berry-picking rake</a> like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingonberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lingonberry">lingonberries</a>, but are more susceptible to damage. Bilberries are softer and juicier than blueberries, making them difficult to transport. Because of these factors, the bilberry is only available fresh on markets and in gourmet stores, where in the latter they can cost up to 11 Euro per kilogram. Frozen bilberries however are available all year round in most of Europe.</div>
1630. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1631. In Finland, bilberries are collected from forests. They are eaten fresh or can be made in different jams and dishes. The famous one is the bilberry pie (Finnish: <i>mustikkapiirakka</i>, Swedish <i>blåbärspaj</i>).</div>
1632. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1633. In Ireland, the fruit is known as <i>fraughan</i>, from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Gaelic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Irish Gaelic">Irish</a> <i>fraochán</i>, and is traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as <i>Fraughan Sunday</i>.</div>
1634. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1635. Bilberries were also collected at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> in August, the first traditional harvest festival of the year, as celebrated by Gaelic people. The crop of bilberries was said to indicate how well the rest of the crops would fare in their harvests later in the year.</div>
1636. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1637. In Poland, the fruit are known as <i>jagody</i>. They are gathered in forests. They are hugely popular in Poland, either eaten fresh (mixed with sugar), put into sweet buns as a filling (such a bun is called a <i>jagodzianka</i> and is one of the most popular bakery products during summer in Poland), they are also used to make jams (known for their health benefits when treating someone with diarrhoea).</div>
1638. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1639. The fruits can be eaten fresh or made into <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jam">jams</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_fool" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit fool">fools</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juice">juices</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pie">pies</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French cuisine">France</a> and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian cuisine">Italy</a>, they are used as a base for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqueur" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</a> and are a popular flavoring for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sorbet">sorbets</a> and other desserts. In<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, they are often used as a flavoring for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crêpe">crêpes</a>, and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vosges">Vosges</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_Central" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a> bilberry tart (<i>tarte aux myrtilles</i>) is a traditional dessert. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Romanian cuisine">Romania</a> they are used as a base for a liquer called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afinat%C4%83" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Afinată">afinată</a> - the name of the fruit in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> is <i>afină</i>. There is a North Korean Bog Bilberry Brandy (Paektusan Tuljjuksul) reportedly available at the DMZ. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></div>
1640. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1641. Bilberry is used as a food plant by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species — see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lepidoptera_that_feed_on_Vaccinium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Lepidoptera that feed on Vaccinium">list of Lepidoptera that feed on <i>Vaccinium</i></a></div>
1642. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1643. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Diseases">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Diseases">Diseases</span></h2>
1644. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1645. Bilberry plants can suffer from <b>Bilberry Blight</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NatEn_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#cite_note-NatEn-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> caused by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_kernoviae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytophthora kernoviae">Phytophthora kernoviae</a></i>. There have been severe outbreaks in Staffordshire, England.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-StaffsCC_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#cite_note-StaffsCC-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
1646. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1647. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilberry&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Possible medicinal uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Possible_medicinal_uses">Possible medicinal uses</span></h2>
1648. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1649. Often associated with improvement of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Night vision">night vision</a>, bilberries are mentioned in a popular story of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> pilots consuming bilberry jam to sharpen vision for night missions. However, a recent study<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> found no such effect and origins of the RAF story cannot be found.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> After the introduction of radar, RAF bombing became more accurately targeted, but to confuse the enemy, the story was leaked that it "was something in the pilots' diet" that improved their targeting - that something, however, was carrots, not bilberries, and the story was concocted merely to keep the Germans from knowing the real reason for improved accuracy.</div>
1650. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1651. Although the effect of bilberry on night vision is unfounded, laboratory studies in rats have provided preliminary evidence that bilberry consumption may inhibit or reverse eye disorders such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
1652. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1653. Bilberries are recognized as a good source of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flavonoids">flavonoids</a>, some of which have antioxidant activity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
1654. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1655. As a deep purple fruit, bilberries contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pigment">pigments</a>.</div>
1656. </div>
1657. </div>
1658. </div>
1659. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/bilberry.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-5278254935747332369</guid><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 16:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-25T09:19:56.355-07:00</atom:updated><title>Areca nut</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
1660. <br />
1661. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
1662. <span dir="auto">Areca nut</span></h1>
1663. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
1664. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
1665. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
1666. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
1667.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betel_Nut&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Betel Nut">Betel Nut</a>)</div>
1668. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
1669. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
1670. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
1671. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
1672. For the practice of chewing the areca nut, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paan">Paan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Betel">Betel</a>.</div>
1673. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
1674. "supari" redirects here. For the 2003 film, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supari_(film)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supari (film)">Supari (film)</a>.</div>
1675. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1676. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1677. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="124" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG/220px-A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG/330px-A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG/440px-A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1678. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1679. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_close_up_of_Areca_nut.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1680. Areca nut</div>
1681. </div>
1682. </div>
1683. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1684. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1685. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betel_nuts_(from_top).jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="294" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Betel_nuts_%28from_top%29.jpg/220px-Betel_nuts_%28from_top%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Betel_nuts_%28from_top%29.jpg/330px-Betel_nuts_%28from_top%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Betel_nuts_%28from_top%29.jpg/440px-Betel_nuts_%28from_top%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1686. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1687. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betel_nuts_(from_top).jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1688. An areca nut bunch hanging from the palm</div>
1689. </div>
1690. </div>
1691. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1692. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1693. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arecanut.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Arecanut.jpg/220px-Arecanut.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Arecanut.jpg/330px-Arecanut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Arecanut.jpg/440px-Arecanut.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1694. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1695. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arecanut.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1696. A ripe areca nut.</div>
1697. </div>
1698. </div>
1699. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1700. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1701. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betelnuttw.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Betelnuttw.jpg/220px-Betelnuttw.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Betelnuttw.jpg/330px-Betelnuttw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Betelnuttw.jpg/440px-Betelnuttw.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1702. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1703. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betelnuttw.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1704. Areca nuts wrapped in betel leaves, appearing as they are commonly prepared and sold in Taiwan</div>
1705. </div>
1706. </div>
1707. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1708. The <b>areca nut</b> is the seed of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Areca">areca</a> palm (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_catechu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i>), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa. It is commonly referred to as <b>betel nut</b>, as it is often chewed wrapped in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Betel">betel</a> leaves.</div>
1709. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1710. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that chewing areca nut is carcinogenic to humans after reviewing the published medical research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
1711. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1712. <br /></div>
1713. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1714. </div>
1715. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1716. <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
1717. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1718. The areca nut is not a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_nut" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="True nut">true nut</a>, but rather a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drupe">drupe</a>. It is commercially available in dried, cured and fresh forms. While fresh, the husk is green and the nut inside is soft enough to be cut with a typical knife. In the ripe fruit, the husk becomes yellow or orange and, as it dries, the fruit inside hardens to a wood-like consistency. At that stage, the areca nut can only be sliced using a special <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scissors">scissors</a>-like cutter (known as <i>aḍakattera</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <i>adake kattari</i> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>,<i>bajjeai</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <i>adakitta</i> [अडकित्ता] in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <i>giraya</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <i>jaanti</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <i>paakkuvetti</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taml_language&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Taml language (page does not exist)">Tamil</a>, <i>sarautaa</i> in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and <i>sudi</i> in Gujarati).</div>
1719. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1720. Usually for chewing, a few slices of the nut are wrapped in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Betel">betel</a> leaf along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium hydroxide">lime</a> (not to be confused with the citrus fruit named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>) and may include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clove">clove</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Catechu">catechu</a> (<i>kattha</i>) and/or other spices for extra flavouring. Betel leaf has a fresh, peppery taste, but it can also be bitter to varying degrees depending on the variety. The combination of areca nut with betel leaf is called <i>tamul</i> (<i>তামূল</i>/ "তামোল")in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <i>kavala</i> in Kannada,<i>tambulam</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <i>bajjai</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paan">paan</a></i> in Hindi, Marathi, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.</div>
1721. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1722. Areca nuts are chewed with betel leaf for their effects as a mild stimulant,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> causing a warming sensation in the body and slightly heightened alertness, although the effects vary from person to person. The effect of chewing betel leaf and areca nut together is relatively mild, and could be compared to drinking a cup of coffee.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
1723. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1724. The areca nut contains the tannins <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecatannin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arecatannin">arecatannin</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a>; a fixed oil <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Natural gum">gum</a>; a little <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpineol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terpineol">terpineol</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lignin">lignin</a>; various saline substances; and three main<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a> — <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arecaidine&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Arecaidine (page does not exist)">arecaidine</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guvacine&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Guvacine (page does not exist)">guvacine</a> — which all have <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasocontrictor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasocontrictor">vasoconstricting</a> properties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The betel leaf chewed along with the nut contains<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a>, another vasoconstrictor. Many chewers also add small pieces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> leaf to the mixture, thereby adding the effect of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, which causes greater addiction than the drugs contained in the nut and the betel leaf.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
1725. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1726. In almost all<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement may not be entirely without bias (January 2012)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Areca_nut" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Areca nut">disputed</a></i>]</sup> parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, areca nuts are not only chewed along with betel leaf, but are also used in the preparation of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic_Medicine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayurvedic Medicine">Ayurvedic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese herbology">traditional Chinese medicines</a>. Powdered areca nut is used as a constituent in some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentifrice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dentifrice">dentifrices</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other medicinal uses include the removal of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeworm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tapeworm">tapeworms</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasite" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intestinal parasite">intestinal parasites</a> by swallowing a few teaspoons of powdered areca nut, drunk as a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Decoction">decoction</a>, or by taking tablets containing the extracted alkaloids.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Recently it is reported that areca nut powder extract is capable of reducing silver ions to silver nanoparticles,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> which may be useful as antimicrobial agents.</div>
1727. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1728. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Tradition">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tradition">Tradition</span></h2>
1729. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
1730. Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paan">Paan</a></div>
1731. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1732. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 292px;">
1733. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arecanutconsum1.PNG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="137" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/290px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/435px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/580px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="290" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1734. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1735. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arecanutconsum1.PNG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1736. Areca nut and betel leaf consumption in the world</div>
1737. </div>
1738. </div>
1739. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1740. Chewing the mixture of areca nut and betel leaf is a tradition, custom or ritual which dates back thousands of years in much of the geographical areas from South Asia eastward to the Pacific. It constitutes an important and popular cultural activity in many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia">Asian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceania">Oceanic</a> countries, including<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burma">Burma</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Malaysia, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yap">Yap</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. It is not known how or when the areca nut and the betel leaf were first combined into one psychoactive drug. Archaeological evidence from Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines suggests they have been used in tandem for at least 4000 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
1741. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1742. In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are such important symbols of love and marriage that in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> the phrase "matters of betel and areca" (<i>chuyện trầu cau</i>) is synonymous with marriage. The tradition of chewing areca nuts starts the talk between the groom's parents and the bride's parents about the young couple's marriage. Therefore, the leaves and juices are used ceremonially in Vietnamese weddings. The folk tale explaining the origin of this Vietnamese tradition is a good illustration of the belief that the combination of areca nut and the betel leaf is ideal to the point they are practically inseparable, like an idealized married couple.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
1743. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1744. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
1745. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paan60.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="221" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/250px-Paan60.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/375px-Paan60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/500px-Paan60.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1746. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1747. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paan60.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1748. Display of the items usually included in a chewing session: The betel leaves are folded in different ways according to the country and most have a little <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> daubed inside. Slices of the dry areca nut are on the upper left hand and slices of the tender areca nut on the upper right. The pouch on the lower right contains tobacco, a relatively recent introduction.</div>
1749. </div>
1750. </div>
1751. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1752. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1753. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betelnut-Cutter,_Indonesia.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG/220px-Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG/330px-Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG/440px-Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1754. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1755. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betelnut-Cutter,_Indonesia.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1756. Areca nut cutter from Bali/Indonesia</div>
1757. </div>
1758. </div>
1759. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1760. Malay culture and tradition hold betel nut and leaves in high esteem. Traditionally, guests who visit a Malay house are presented with a tray of areca nuts and betel leaves, in much the same way as drinks are offered to guests in many cultures around the world. There is even a Malay proverb about the betel nut, "<i>bagaikan pinang dibelah dua</i>", loosely translated, like a betel nut divided in half. It usually refers to newlyweds, who are compatible to each other, just like a betel nut when divided in half. The proverb is analogous to the English "two peas in a pod".<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
1761. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1762. In the Indian subcontinent, the chewing of betel and areca nut dates back to the pre-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Formerly, in both India and Sri Lanka, it was a custom of the royalty to chew areca nut with betel leaf. Kings had special attendants whose duty it was to carry a box with all the necessary ingredients for a good chewing session. There was also a custom for lovers to chew areca nut and betel leaf together, because of its breath-freshening and relaxant properties. A sexual symbolism thus became attached to the chewing of the nut and the leaf. The areca nut represented the male principle, and the betel leaf the female principle. Considered an auspicious ingredient in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>and some schools of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the areca nut is still used along with betel leaf in religious ceremonies, and also while honoring individuals in much of southern Asia.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
1763. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1764. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assam">Assam</a>, it is a tradition to offer <i>pan-tamul</i> (betel leaves and raw areca nut) to guests, after tea or meals, served in a brass plate with stands called <i>bota</i>. Among the Assamese, the areca nut also has a variety of uses during religious and marriage ceremonies, where it has the role of a fertility symbol.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A tradition from Upper Assam is to invite guests to wedding receptions by offering a few areca nuts with betel leaves. During <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bihu">Bihu</a>, the <i>husori</i> players are offered areca nuts and betel leaves by each household while their blessings are solicited.</div>
1765. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1766. Spanish mariner <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña</a> reported observing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islanders</a> chewing the nut and the leaf with caustic lime, and the manner in which the habit stained their mouths red. He noted the friendly and genial chief Malope, on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Isabel_Island" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Santa Isabel Island">Santa Isabel Island</a>, would offer him the combination as a token of friendship every time they met.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
1767. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1768. In Bhutan areca nut is called <i>doma</i>. The raw areca nut, which is soft and moist is very potent and when chewed can cause palpitation and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstricting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasoconstricting">vasoconstricting</a>. This form is eaten in the lower regions of Bhutan and in North Bengal, where the nut is cut into half and put into a local paan leaf with a generous amount of lime. In the rest of Bhutan the raw nut, with the husk on, is fermented such that the husk rots and is easy to extract. The fermented doma has a putrid odour, which can be smelled from miles. Traditionally, this fragrant nut is cut in half and placed on top of a cone made of local betel leaf, which has a dash of lime put into it. "Myth has it that the inhabitants of Bhutan traditionally known as Monyul, the land of Monpas where Buddhism did not reach lived on raw flesh, drank blood and chewed bones. After the arrival of Guru Rinpoche in the 8th century, he stopped the people from eating flesh and drinking blood and created a substitute which is betel leaf, lime and areca nut. Today, chewing doma has become a custom. Doma is served after meals, during rituals and ceremonies. It is offered to friends and is chewed at work places by all sections of the society and has become an essential part of Bhutanese life and culture."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
1769. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1770. The addition of tobacco leaf to the chewing mixture is a relatively recent innovation, as tobacco was not introduced from the American continent until the colonial era.</div>
1771. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1772. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Effects on health">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Effects_on_health">Effects on health</span></h2>
1773. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1774. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
1775. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="167" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg/250px-Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg/375px-Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg/500px-Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1776. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1777. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Areca_nut_vendor_hainan_jan_2010.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1778. Areca nut vendor with red mouth from areca consumption preparing betel leaves</div>
1779. </div>
1780. </div>
1781. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1782. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) regards the chewing of betel and areca nut to be a known human <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oral_cancer_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-oral_cancer-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> The media has reported that regular chewers of betel leaf and areca nut have a higher risk of damaging their gums and acquiring cancer of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Studies have found tobacco and caustic lime increase the risk of cancer from areca nut preparations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-who.int_14-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-who.int-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></div>
1783. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1784. Studies have been conducted on the use of a "pure" <i>paan</i> preparation: areca nut, betel leaf, and lime only. One study found that unprocessed areca nuts, even at high doses, displayed only a very weak carcinogenicity, whereas use of processed areca nuts, as commonly used in <i>paan</i>preparations, causes cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> Since 1971, many studies have showed areca nut extracts to cause cancer in rodents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> In 2003 the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) reached the conclusion that there is sufficient evidence that the habit of chewing betel quid, with or without tobacco, is carcinogenic to humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-who.int_14-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-who.int-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> Support for this conclusion is provided by a recent study which found that <i>paan</i>, even without concurrent tobacco use, is a risk factor for oral cancer. The Merchant <i>et al.</i> study further determined that <i>paan</i>, when consumed with and without tobacco, increased oral cancer risk by 8.4 and 9.9 times, respectively, compared to those who do not consume <i>paan</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></div>
1785. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1786. Chewing areca nut alone has been linked to oral submucosal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> According to <a class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-betelnut.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Medline Plus</a>, "Long-term use [of betel-areca preparations] has been associated with oral submucosal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a> (OSF), pre-cancerous oral lesions and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a>. Acute effects of betel chewing include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asthma">asthma</a> exacerbation,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>. There may additionally be a higher risk of cancers of the liver, mouth, esophagus, stomach, prostate, cervix, and lung with regular betel use. Other effects can include a possible effect on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> levels, which may in turn increase the risk of developing type 2 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.</div>
1787. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1788. The use of areca nut paste to clean teeth is mentioned in fiction, notably in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Joyce">James Joyce's</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> set in 1904. However, the increase in mouth ulcers and gum deterioration caused by chewing areca nut and betel may outweigh any positive effects.</div>
1789. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1790. Use of areca nut has been associated with deterioration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> in patients with preexisting <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorders</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></div>
1791. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1792. According to traditional <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayurvedic">Ayurvedic</a> medicine, chewing areca nut and betel leaf is a good remedy against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Halitosis">bad breath</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div>
1793. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1794. In October, 2009, 30 scientists from 10 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a World Health Organization sponsored group, to reassess the carcinogenicity of various agents including areca nut, and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. They concluded there is sufficient evidence that areca nut, with or without tobacco, can cause cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></div>
1795. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1796. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Teratogenic effects of areca nuts">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Teratogenic_effects_of_areca_nuts">Teratogenic effects of areca nuts</span></h3>
1797. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1798. Scientific teams from Taiwan, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea have reported that expectant mothers who chew <i>paan</i> (and/or other areca nut and betel leaf formulations) during pregnancy significantly increase adverse outcomes for the baby. The effects were similar to those reported for mothers who consume alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy. Incidences of lower birth weight, reduced birth length and early term were found to be significantly higher.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></div>
1799. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1800. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Vernacular names">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Vernacular_names">Vernacular names</span></h2>
1801. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1802. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
1803. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006areca_nut.PNG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="110" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2006areca_nut.PNG/250px-2006areca_nut.PNG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2006areca_nut.PNG/375px-2006areca_nut.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2006areca_nut.PNG/500px-2006areca_nut.PNG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1804. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1805. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006areca_nut.PNG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1806. Areca nut output in 2006</div>
1807. </div>
1808. </div>
1809. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1810. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1811. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="292" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg/220px-Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg/330px-Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg/440px-Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1812. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1813. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1814. 19th century drawing of the Areca palm and its nut.</div>
1815. </div>
1816. </div>
1817. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1818. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1819. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kullan_Koungu.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kullan_Koungu.jpg/220px-Kullan_Koungu.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kullan_Koungu.jpg/330px-Kullan_Koungu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kullan_Koungu.jpg/440px-Kullan_Koungu.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1820. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1821. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kullan_Koungu.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1822. An Areca nut sapling from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">Indian</a>state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Dwarf variety.</div>
1823. </div>
1824. </div>
1825. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
1826. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <b>Poogi phalam</b></li>
1827. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>:<b>Sopari</b></li>
1828. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_Are" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Are Are">Are Are</a>: <b>Ota</b>.</li>
1829. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: (सुपारी), "Supari"</li>
1830. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: <b>Guwa (গুৱা)</b> or <b>Tamol (তামোল)</b>.</li>
1831. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" xml:lang="bn"><b>Supari (সুপারি)</b></span>.</li>
1832. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my" xml:lang="my"><span lang="my" style="font-family: 'Myanmar Text', Padauk, Parabaik, Myanmar3, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar, Thanlwin, 'Masterpiece Uni Sans', Zawgyione;" xml:lang="my">ကွမ်းသီး</span></span>, <small>pronounced: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Burmese" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for Burmese">[kʊ́ɴ ðí]</a></span> (areca nut) or <span lang="my" style="font-family: 'Myanmar Text', Padauk, Parabaik, Myanmar3, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar, Thanlwin, 'Masterpiece Uni Sans', Zawgyione;" xml:lang="my"><b>ကွမ်းယာ</b></span>, <small>pronounced: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Burmese" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for Burmese">[kʊ́ɴ jà]</a></span> (betel nut)</li>
1833. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhutanese language">Dzongkha</a>: <b>Kobta</b>.</li>
1834. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guam">Guam</a>): <b>Pugua</b> (areca nut), <i>pupulu</i> (betel), <i>åfok</i> (lime), <i>måmå'on</i> (the chewing or the preparation).</li>
1835. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">槟榔</span> <b>(pinyin: Bīnláng)</b> .</li>
1836. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhivehi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dhivehi language">Divehi</a> (Maldives): <b>Fōh</b> (Foah) or <b>Fuvah</b> (areca nut), <i>bileiy</i> (betel), <i>huni</i> (lime), <i>dhu'fuň</i> (the chewing or the preparation).</li>
1837. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>: <b>Bua</b>.</li>
1838. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <b>Sopari</b> (સોપારી).</li>
1839. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa" xml:lang="pa"><b>Suupaari</b></span> (ਸੁਪਾਰੀ).</li>
1840. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi" xml:lang="hi"><b>Supārī</b></span> (सुपारी), "Kasaili"</li>
1841. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <span lang="id" xml:lang="id"><i><b>Pinang</b></i></span>. (<b>Sirih</b> is basically the betel leaf).</li>
1842. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <b>Jambe</b>.</li>
1843. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a>: <b>Kwai</b>.</li>
1844. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <b>Adike</b>(ಅಡಿಕೆ), <b>Kangu</b>(ಕಂಗು)</li>
1845. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>: <b>Lúyus</b> (areca nut), <b>Samat</b> (betel leaf), <b>Ápî</b> (lime), <b>Mamâ-n</b> (the chewing)</li>
1846. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km" xml:lang="km">Klàa or Slàa</span></li>
1847. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>: फोप्पळ (popphaL)</li>
1848. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo" xml:lang="lo">Màak</span> or <b>Mark</b> (ໝາກ)</li>
1849. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <span lang="ms" xml:lang="ms"><i><b>Pinang</b></i></span></li>
1850. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>: <b>Adakka (<span lang="ml" xml:lang="ml">അടക്ക</span>)</b></li>
1851. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <b>Supari</b> (सुपारी).</li>
1852. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Meiteilon - Manipuri: <b>Kwa</b></li>
1853. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoni_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a>: <b>Sopari</b></li>
1854. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizo_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a>: <b>Kuhva</b></li>
1855. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mon language">Mon</a>: <b>Sōd</b> (<span lang="my" style="font-family: 'Myanmar Text', Padauk, Parabaik, Myanmar3, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar, Thanlwin, 'Masterpiece Uni Sans', Zawgyione;" xml:lang="my">သတ်</span>)</li>
1856. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Motu language">Motu</a>: <b>Buatau</b>.</li>
1857. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mranao_language&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Mranao language (page does not exist)">Mranao</a>: <b>Bamaan</b>.</li>
1858. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>: <b>Gua</b>.</li>
1859. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Papuan languages">Nanggu</a>: <b>Kertu</b> (areca nut), <i>pwe</i> (betel), <i>ndo</i> (lime).</li>
1860. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost_Island" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pentecost Island">Raga (North Pentecost)</a>: <b>Niniu</b>.</li>
1861. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <b>Fufel</b> (فوفل)</li>
1862. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: (فوفل)</li>
1863. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palauan_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palauan language">Palau (Micronesia)</a>: <b>Buuch</b>.</li>
1864. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a>: <b>Buai</b> (areca nut), <i>kambang</i> (lime), <i>daka</i> (betel).</li>
1865. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpei (Micronesia)</a>: <b>Pwuh</b>.</li>
1866. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si" xml:lang="si"><b>Puwak</b></span> (පුවක්) and <b>Karunka</b> (කරුංකා) (dried and peeled).</li>
1867. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: <b>Bunga</b>, <b>Tempak Siri</b> or <b>Nga Nga</b>.</li>
1868. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Languages of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">檳榔</span>, pronounced pin-nn̂g in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a>.</li>
1869. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta" xml:lang="ta"><b>Paakku</b></span> (பாக்கு)</li>
1870. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <b>Poka</b>, <b>vakka</b>, <b>వక్క</b> , <b>పోచోక్క</b></li>
1871. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetum">Tetum</a>: <b>Bua</b> (areca nut), <i>malus</i> (betel), <i>ahu</i> (lime), <i>mama</i> (the chewing or the preparation).</li>
1872. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th" xml:lang="th"><b>Mahk</b></span> (areca nut), <i>plue</i> (betel).</li>
1873. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokodede" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tokodede">Tokodede</a>: <b>Buo</b> (areca nut), <i>malu</i> (betel), <i>rapo</i> (lime), <i>mam</i> (the chewing or the preparation).</li>
1874. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>:<b>Bajjai</b>.</li>
1875. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> : <b>Chalia</b> <b>Supari</b></li>
1876. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yapese language">Yap (Micronesia)</a>: <b>Buw</b> (areca nut), <i>waech</i> (lime), <i>gabuy</i> (betel leaf), <i>langad</i> (preparation).</li>
1877. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <span lang="vi" xml:lang="vi"><i><b>Cau</b> (areca nut), <b>Trầu</b> (betel)</i></span>.</li>
1878. </ul>
1879. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1880. Places like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> (<b>গুৱাহটী</b>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assam">Assam</a> (<b>অসম</b>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Penang">Penang</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Mak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ko Mak">Ko Mak</a> (เกาะหมาก) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fua_Mulaku" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fua Mulaku">Fua Mulaku</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> have been named after the areca nut.</div>
1881. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1882. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Modern day consumption">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_day_consumption">Modern day consumption</span></h2>
1883. <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 112px 0px 112.390625px;"><tbody>
1884. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
1885. <img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div>
1886. </td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 811.21875px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#PUBLISHER" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection or opinion essay</a> rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please<a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <small><i>(April 2011)</i></small></span></td></tr>
1887. </tbody></table>
1888. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1889. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> (the largest consumer of areca nut) and Pakistan, the preparation of nut with or without betel leaf is commonly referred to as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paan">paan</a></i>. It is available practically everywhere and is sold in ready-to-chew pouches called <i>pan masala</i> or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supari" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supari">supari</a></i>, as a mixture of many flavours whose primary base is areca nut crushed into small pieces. <i>Pan masala</i> with a small quantity of tobacco is called<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gutka">gutka</a></i>. The easily discarded, small plastic <i>supari</i> or <i>gutka</i> pouches are a ubiquitous pollutant of the South Asian environment. Some of the liquid in the mouth is usually disposed of by spitting, producing bright red spots wherever the expectorate lands. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoga_District" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shimoga District">Shimoga District</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> is presently the largest producer of betelnut in India<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</div>
1890. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
1891. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1892. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paan_Making.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paan_Making.jpg/220px-Paan_Making.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paan_Making.jpg/330px-Paan_Making.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paan_Making.jpg/440px-Paan_Making.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1893. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1894. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paan_Making.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1895. Shopkeeper making <i>paan</i> in an Indian store</div>
1896. </div>
1897. </div>
1898. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1899. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, areca nut chewing is very popular, but spitting is frowned upon and regarded as an unrefined, gross way of chewing. Usually, people prefer to chew thin slices of the dry nut, which is sometimes roasted. <i>Kili</i>, a mixture of areca nut, betel, cloves, cardamom and sugar is sold in small home-made paper pouches. Old people who have lost their teeth keep "chewing" by pounding the mixture of areca nut and betel with a small mortar and pestle.</div>
1900. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1901. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, fresh areca nut, betel leaf or 'fruit leaf' (<i>daka</i> in PNG) and lime are sold on street corners. In these countries, dried or flavoured areca nut is not popular. Areca nut chewing has recently been introduced into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, where it is growing in popularity, especially in the northern islands of the country. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the neighboring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, betel and areca nut chewing is a social pastime as a means to extend friendship, and can be found in many, if not most, large gatherings as part of the food display.</div>
1902. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1903. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palau">Palau</a>, betel nut is chewed with lime, piper leaf and nowadays, with the addition of tobacco. Older and younger generations alike enjoy the use of betel nut, which is readily available at stores and markets. Unlike in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, where the inner areca nut is used, in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palau">Palau</a>, the areca nut's skin is chewed along with lime, leaf and tobacco and the juice is not swallowed but spat out.</div>
1904. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1905. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, bags of 20 to 40 areca nuts are purchased fresh daily by a large number of consumers. To meet the steady year-round demand, Two kinds of betel-nut shops sell betel and nuts, as well as cigarettes and drinks, including beer: Small <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mom_and_pop_shop" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mom and pop shop">mom and pop shops</a>, often poorly maintained and often do not stand out from other stores nearby, and shops which often consists of nothing more than a single, free-standing room, or booth. The latter is usually elevated one meter above the street, and measures less than 3 by 2 m. Large picture windows comprise two or more of the walls, allowing those who pass by a complete view of the interior. The interior is often painted brightly. Within such a shop, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexily" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sexily">sexily</a> dressed young woman, a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_nut_beauty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Betel nut beauty">betel nut beauty</a>, can be seen preparing betel and areca nuts. Shops are often identified by multicoloured (commonly green) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent tubes</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_light" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neon light">neon lights</a> that frame the windows or that are arranged radially above a store. Customers stop on the side of the road and wait for the girls to bring their betel and areca nut to their vehicles. The habit of chewing betel nut is often associated with blue-collar labor industries such a long-haul transportation, construction, or fishing. Workers in these labor-intensive industries use betel nut for its stimulating effect, but it also becomes a tool for socializing with coworkers. For example, studies have shown chewing betel nut is prevalent among taxi, bus and truck drivers, who rely on the stimulating effect of betel nut to cope with long work hours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> For these reasons, oral cancer has been identified as a leading cause of death in professions with high betel nut-chewing rates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></div>
1906. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1907. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hunan Province">Hunan Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangtan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> is a center of use and processing,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-binglang_30-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_Nut#cite_note-binglang-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> a wide range of old and young people consume areca nut daily. Most, though, consume the dried variety of the nut by itself, without the betel leaves. Some people also consume the areca nut in its raw, fresh form with or without the betel leaves. Betel nuts are sold mostly by old women walking around trying to sell it, but the dried version can be found in most shops which sell tea, alcohol and cigarettes.</div>
1908. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1909. In Thailand, the consumption of areca nut has declined gradually in the last decades. The younger generation rarely chews the substance, especially in the cities. Most of the present-day consumption is confined to older generations, mostly people above 50. Even so, small trays of betel leves and sliced tender arecanut are sold in markets and used as offerings in Buddhist shrines.</div>
1910. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1911. In the Philippines, chewing the areca nut and betel leaf was a very widespread tradition in the past. Now, though, this tradition is almost dead among the urban people in the cities and big towns, and has largely been replaced by chewing gum and cigarettes. Nowadays, older people ares the only ones chewing betel nuts. But in rural areas, betel nut-chewing is very much alive.</div>
1912. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1913. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 152px;">
1914. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="84" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg/150px-Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg/225px-Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg/300px-Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1915. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1916. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1917. Areca nuts as sold in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a></div>
1918. </div>
1919. </div>
1920. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1921. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>, areca nut is not a controlled or specially taxed substance and may be found in some Asian grocery stores. However, importation of areca nut in a form other than whole or carved kernels of nuts can be stopped at the discretion of US Customs officers on the grounds of food, agricultural, or medicinal drug violations. Such actions by Customs are very rare. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, areca nut is readily available in Asian grocery stores and even in shredded forms from the World Food aisles of larger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> supermarkets.</div>
1922. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1923. Possession of betel nut or leaf is banned in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> and is a punishable offense.</div>
1924. </div>
1925. </div>
1926. </div>
1927. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/areca-nut.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-4514034819626310698</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:52:27.211-07:00</atom:updated><title>Babaco</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
1928. <br />
1929. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
1930. <span dir="auto">Babaco</span></h1>
1931. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
1932. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
1933. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
1934. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
1935. </div>
1936. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
1937. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaco#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaco#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
1938. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
1939. <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 112px 0px 112.390625px;"><tbody>
1940. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
1941. <img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div>
1942. </td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 811.21875px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, related reading or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations.</span> <small><i>(April 2011)</i></small></span></td></tr>
1943. </tbody></table>
1944. <div>
1945. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
1946. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Babaco</th></tr>
1947. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babaco.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="182" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Babaco.jpg/220px-Babaco.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Babaco.jpg/330px-Babaco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Babaco.jpg/440px-Babaco.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
1948. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Babaco fruit being sold as food</td></tr>
1949. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
1950. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
1951. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
1952. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
1953. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
1954. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></span></td></tr>
1955. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></span></td></tr>
1956. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconcellea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasconcellea">Vasconcellea</a></i></span></td></tr>
1957. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>V. × heilbornii</b></i></span></td></tr>
1958. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
1959. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Vasconcellea × heilbornii</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Manuel_Badillo&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Victor Manuel Badillo (page does not exist)">V.M.Badillo</a>) <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Manuel_Badillo&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Victor Manuel Badillo (page does not exist)">V.M.Badillo</a></small></td></tr>
1960. </tbody></table>
1961. </div>
1962. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1963. The <b>Babaco</b> (<i>Vasconcellea × heilbornii</i>; syn. <i>Carica pentagona</i>), is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> in the genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconcellea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasconcellea">Vasconcellea</a></i> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. It is a hybrid between<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_papaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mountain papaya">Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis</a></i> (syn. <i>Carica pubescens</i>), and <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasconcellea_stipulata&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasconcellea stipulata (page does not exist)">Vasconcellea stipulata</a></i> (syn. <i>Carica stipulata</i>).</div>
1964. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1965. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babaco&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Growth">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Growth">Growth</span></h2>
1966. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1967. It can grow at high altitudes (over 2,000 m), and is the most cold-tolerant plant in the genus <i>Vasconcellea</i>. The babaco is classified as a herbaceous shrub like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papaya">Carica papaya</a></i> (pawpaw or papaya) but unlike papaya it produces only female flowers. The babaco plant can produce from 30–60 fruits annually, and has an average life span of about eight years. The small plant is better suited as a container specimen than its cousin the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, which needs constant moisture and high temperatures to survive.</div>
1968. <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
1969. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babaco&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span></h2>
1970. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1971. It is a small, unbranched or sparsely branched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> reaching 5–8 m tall. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> differs from the related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papaya">papaya</a> (<i>C. papaya</i>) in being narrower, typically less than 10 cm in diameter. The babaco fruit is seedless and the smooth skin can be eaten, and is said to have tastes of strawberry, papaya, kiwi and pineapple. The fruit is pentagonal in shape, therefore giving it the scientific name of <i>Carica pentagona</i>. The fruit is not especially acidic, but contains<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papain">papain</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolytic_enzyme" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Proteolytic enzyme">proteolytic enzyme</a>, which may cause mild irritation or "burns".</div>
1972. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
1973. Like the papaya, the babaco is grown for its edible fruit and for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juice">fruit juice</a>. Cultivation away from its native range has been successful as far south as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and as far north as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California">California</a>, some regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="England">England</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, and somewhat also in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a> (mostly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>).</div>
1974. </div>
1975. </div>
1976. </div>
1977. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/babaco.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-1461716112274491765</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:51:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:51:31.961-07:00</atom:updated><title>Banana</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
1978. <br />
1979. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
1980. <span dir="auto">Banana</span></h1>
1981. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
1982. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
1983. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
1984. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
1985. </div>
1986. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
1987. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
1988. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
1989. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
1990. For the plant genus to which bananas belong, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_(genus)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa (genus)"><i style="font-style: normal;">Musa</i> (genus)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana (disambiguation)">Banana (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
1991. <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display: none; margin-right: -10px; position: absolute; right: 55px; top: -2em;">
1992. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></div>
1993. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
1994. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
1995. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luxor,_Banana_Island,_Banana_Tree,_Egypt,_Oct_2004.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="321" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Luxor%2C_Banana_Island%2C_Banana_Tree%2C_Egypt%2C_Oct_2004.jpg/220px-Luxor%2C_Banana_Island%2C_Banana_Tree%2C_Egypt%2C_Oct_2004.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Luxor%2C_Banana_Island%2C_Banana_Tree%2C_Egypt%2C_Oct_2004.jpg/330px-Luxor%2C_Banana_Island%2C_Banana_Tree%2C_Egypt%2C_Oct_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Luxor%2C_Banana_Island%2C_Banana_Tree%2C_Egypt%2C_Oct_2004.jpg/440px-Luxor%2C_Banana_Island%2C_Banana_Tree%2C_Egypt%2C_Oct_2004.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
1996. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
1997. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luxor,_Banana_Island,_Banana_Tree,_Egypt,_Oct_2004.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
1998. A banana plant on Banana Island in<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor,_Egypt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Luxor, Egypt">Luxor, Egypt</a></div>
1999. </div>
2000. </div>
2001. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2002. <b>Banana</b> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common name">common name</a> for an edible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> produced by several kinds of large <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_(genus)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MW_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-MW-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Starch">starch</a> covered with a rind which may be yellow, purple or red when ripe. The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocarpy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parthenocarpy">parthenocarpic</a> (seedless) bananas come from two wild species – <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_acuminata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific names</a> of most cultivated bananas are <i><b>Musa acuminata</b></i>, <i><b>Musa balbisiana</b></i>, and <b><i>Musa</i>× <i>paradisiaca</i></b> for the hybrid <i>Musa acuminata</i> × <i>M. balbisiana</i>, depending on their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genome">genomic</a> constitution. The old scientific name <i>Musa sapientum</i> is no longer used.</div>
2003. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2004. <i>Musa</i> species are native to tropical South and Southeast Asia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-apscience_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-apscience-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelsonPloetzKepler2006_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelsonPloetzKepler2006-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> They are grown in at least 107 countries,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fao_4-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-fao-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fiber">fiber</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana wine">banana wine</a> and as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a>. In 2013 bananas were fourth among the main world food crops (after rice, wheat and maize) in financial value.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holmes_5-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Holmes-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
2005. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2006. Worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between "bananas" and "plantains". Especially in the Americas and Europe, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#Cavendish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Cavendish group</a>, which are the main exports from banana-growing countries. By contrast, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of banana cultivars"><i>Musa</i>cultivars</a> with firmer, starchier fruit are called "plantains". In other regions, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten, so the simple two-fold distinction is not useful and is not made in local languages.</div>
2007. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2008. The term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants which produce the fruit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MW_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-MW-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> This can extend to other members of the genus <i>Musa</i> like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_coccinea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa coccinea">scarlet banana</a> (<i>Musa coccinea</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_velutina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa velutina">pink banana</a> (<i>Musa velutina</i>) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i bananas</a>. It can also refer to members of the genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensete" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ensete">Ensete</a></i>, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensete_glaucum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ensete glaucum">snow banana</a> (<i>Ensete glaucum</i>) and the economically important <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ensete ventricosum">false banana</a> (<i>Ensete ventricosum</i>). Both genera are classified under the banana family,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>.</div>
2009. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2010. <br /></div>
2011. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2012. </div>
2013. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2014. <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
2015. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2016. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
2017. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana_corm.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of a banana corm growing from loamy soil" class="thumbimage" height="218" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Banana_corm.jpg/170px-Banana_corm.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Banana_corm.jpg/255px-Banana_corm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Banana_corm.jpg/340px-Banana_corm.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2018. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2019. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana_corm.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2020. A banana corm, about 25 cm (10 in) across</div>
2021. </div>
2022. </div>
2023. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2024. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2025. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG/220px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG/330px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG/440px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2026. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2027. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2028. Banana <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>, partially opened.</div>
2029. </div>
2030. </div>
2031. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2032. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2033. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="183" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg/220px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg/330px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg/440px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2034. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2035. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2036. The female flowers (which can develop into fruit) have petals and other flower parts at the tip of the ovary (the ovary is "inferior").</div>
2037. </div>
2038. </div>
2039. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2040. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2041. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bananas_white_background.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bananas_white_background.jpg/220px-Bananas_white_background.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bananas_white_background.jpg/330px-Bananas_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bananas_white_background.jpg/440px-Bananas_white_background.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2042. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2043. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bananas_white_background.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2044. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cavendish banana">Cavendish banana</a> is the most common banana type sold.</div>
2045. </div>
2046. </div>
2047. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2048. The banana plant is the largest <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> flowering plant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PicqINIB00_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-PicqINIB00-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> All the above-ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure usually called a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corm">corm</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875.E2.80.939_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875.E2.80.939-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup>Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy, and are often mistaken for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">trees</a>, but what appears to be a trunk is actually a "false stem" or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudostem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pseudostem">pseudostem</a>. The leaves of banana plants are composed of a "stalk" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>) and a blade (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamina_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamina (botany) (page does not exist)">lamina</a>). The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath; the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem, which is all that supports the plant. The edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced, making it tubular. As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem the edges are forced apart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds198713.E2.80.9317_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds198713.E2.80.9317-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions. Most are around 5 m (16 ft) tall, with a range from 'Dwarf Cavendish' plants at around 3 m (10 ft) to 'Gros Michel' at 7 m (23 ft) or more.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelsonPloetzKepler200626_9-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelsonPloetzKepler200626-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Leaves are spirally arranged and may grow 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) long and 60 cm (2.0 ft) wide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> They are easily torn by the wind, resulting in the familiar frond look.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
2049. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2050. When a banana plant is mature, the corm stops producing new leaves and begins to form a flower spike or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>. A stem develops which grows up inside the pseudostem, carrying the immature inflorescence until eventually it emerges at the top.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19879.E2.80.9313_13-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19879.E2.80.9313-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Each pseudostem normally produces a single inflorescence, also known as the "banana heart". (More are sometimes produced; an exceptional plant in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> produced five.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup>) After fruiting, the pseudostem dies, but offshoots will normally have developed from the base, so that the plant as a whole is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perennial">perennial</a>. In the plantation system of cultivation, only one of the offshoots will be allowed to develop in order to maintain spacing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244.E2.80.93247_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244.E2.80.93247-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> The inflorescence contains many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bract">bracts</a> (sometimes incorrectly called petals) between rows of flowers. The female flowers (which can develop into fruit) appear in rows further up the stem (closer to the leaves) from the rows of male flowers. The ovary is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ovary (plants)">inferior</a>, meaning that the tiny petals and other flower parts appear at the tip of the ovary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008_16-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
2051. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2052. The banana fruits develop from the banana heart, in a large hanging cluster, made up of tiers (called "hands"), with up to 20 fruit to a tier. The hanging cluster is known as a bunch, comprising 3–20 <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tier#noun_2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:tier">tiers</a>, or commercially as a "banana stem", and can weigh from 30–50 kilograms (66–110 lb). Individual banana fruits (commonly known as a banana or "finger") average 125 grams (0.28 lb), of which approximately 75% is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Water">water</a> and 25% dry matter.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2053. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2054. The fruit has been described as a "leathery berry".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> There is a protective outer layer (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peel (fruit)">peel</a> or skin) with numerous long, thin strings (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phloem">phloem</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vascular bundle">bundles</a>), which run lengthwise between the skin and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eating">edible</a> inner portion. The inner part of the common yellow dessert variety splits easily lengthwise into three sections that correspond to the inner portions of the three <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carpel">carpels</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In cultivated varieties, the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence; their remnants are tiny black specks in the interior of the fruit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-simmonds1962_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-simmonds1962-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></div>
2055. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2056. Bananas are naturally slightly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> more so than most other fruits, because of their potassium content and the small amounts of the isotope <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a> found in naturally occurring potassium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuclear power debate">Proponents of nuclear power</a> sometimes refer to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_equivalent_dose" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana equivalent dose">banana equivalent dose</a> of radiation to support their arguments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div>
2057. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2058. <span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span></h2>
2059. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2060. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
2061. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana_Tree_01.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Banana_Tree_01.jpg/170px-Banana_Tree_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Banana_Tree_01.jpg/255px-Banana_Tree_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Banana_Tree_01.jpg/340px-Banana_Tree_01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2062. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2063. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana_Tree_01.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2064. Banana 'tree' showing fruit and inflorescence.</div>
2065. </div>
2066. </div>
2067. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2068. The genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_(genus)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i> is in the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG_III_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> assigns Musaceae to the order <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiberales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a>, part of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commelinid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commelinid">commelinid</a> clade of the<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monocots">monocotyledonous flowering plants</a>.</div>
2069. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2070. Some sources assert that <i>Musa</i> is named for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Musa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antonius Musa">Antonius Musa</a>, physician to the Emperor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bailey_23-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-bailey-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> Others say that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, who named the genus in 1750, simply adapted an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word for banana, <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wiktionary:موز">mauz</a></i>. The word <i>banana</i> is generally said to be derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> word <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banaana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wiktionary:banaana">banaana</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> Some 70 species of <i>Musa</i> were recognized by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> as of January 2013;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WCSP_Musa_25-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-WCSP_Musa-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> several produce edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bailey_23-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-bailey-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></div>
2071. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2072. Banana classification has long been a problematic issue for taxonomists. Linnaeus originally classified bananas into two species based only on their uses as food: <i>Musa sapientum</i> for dessert bananas and <i>Musa paradisiaca</i> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(true)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantain (true)">plantains</a>. Subsequently further species names were added. However, this approach proved inadequate to address the sheer number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> existing in the primary center of diversity of the genus, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Many of these cultivars were given names which proved to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-a_26-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-a-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></div>
2073. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2074. In a series of papers published in 1947 onwards, Ernest Cheesman showed that Linnaeus' <i>Musa sapientum</i> and <i>Musa paradisiaca</i> were actually cultivars and descendants of two wild seed-producing species, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_acuminata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i>, both first described by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Aloysius_Colla" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Luigi Aloysius Colla">Luigi Aloysius Colla</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-b_27-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-b-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup>He recommended the abolition of Linnaeus' species in favor of reclassifying bananas according to three morphologically distinct groups of cultivars – those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of <i>Musa balbisiana</i>, those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of <i>Musa acuminata</i>, and those with characteristics that are the combination of the two.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-a_26-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-a-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> Researchers Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd proposed a genome-based nomenclature system in 1955. This system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the earlier classification of bananas based on assigning scientific names to cultivated varieties. Despite this, the original names are still recognized by some authorities today, leading to confusion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-b_27-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-b-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></div>
2075. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2076. The currently accepted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Botanical name">scientific names</a> for most groups of cultivated bananas are <i><b>Musa acuminata</b></i> <small>Colla</small> and <i><b>Musa balbisiana</b></i> <small>Colla</small> for the ancestral species, and <b><i>Musa</i> × <i>paradisiaca</i></b> <small>L.</small> for the hybrid <i>M. acuminata</i> × <i>M. balbisiana</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WCSP_29-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-WCSP-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></div>
2077. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2078. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2079. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nedravazhakola.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nedravazhakola.jpg/220px-Nedravazhakola.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nedravazhakola.jpg/330px-Nedravazhakola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nedravazhakola.jpg/440px-Nedravazhakola.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2080. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2081. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nedravazhakola.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2082. A variety of banana cultivated widely in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, locally known as<i>nendran</i></div>
2083. </div>
2084. </div>
2085. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2086. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> of <i>M.</i> × <i>paradisica</i> include:</div>
2087. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2088. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A large number of subspecific and varietial names of <i>M.</i> × <i>paradisiaca</i>, including <i>M. p.</i> subsp. <i>sapientum</i> <small>(L.) Kuntze</small></li>
2089. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Musa</i> × <i>dacca</i> <small>Horan.</small></li>
2090. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Musa</i> × <i>sapidisiaca</i> <small>K.C.Jacob, nom. superfl.</small></li>
2091. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Musa</i> × <i>sapientum</i> <small>L.</small>, and a large number of its varietal names, including <i>M.</i> × <i>sapientum</i> var. <i>paradisiaca</i> <small>(L.) Baker, nom. illeg.</small></li>
2092. </ul>
2093. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2094. Generally, modern classifications of banana cultivars follow Simmonds and Shepherd's system. Cultivars are placed in groups based on the number of chromosomes they have and which species they are derived from. Thus the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latundan_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Latundan banana">Latundan banana</a> is placed in the AAB Group, showing that it is a triploid derived from both <i>M. acuminata</i> (A) and <i>M. balbisiana</i> (B). For a list of the cultivars classified under this system see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of banana cultivars">List of banana cultivars</a>.</div>
2095. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2096. In 2012 a team of scientists announced they had achieved a draft sequence of the genome of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_acuminata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></div>
2097. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2098. <span class="mw-headline" id="Bananas_and_plantains">Bananas and plantains</span></h2>
2099. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2100. In regions such as North America and Europe, <i>Musa</i> fruits offered for sale can be divided into "bananas" and "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>", based on their intended use as food. Thus the banana producer and distributor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita</a> produces publicity material for the American market which says that "a plantain is not a banana". The stated differences are that plantains are more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Starch">starchy</a> and less sweet; they are eaten cooked rather than raw; they have thicker skin, which may be green, yellow or black; and they can be used at any stage of ripeness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chiquita_31-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Chiquita-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> Linnaeus made the same distinction between plantains and bananas when first naming two "species" of <i>Musa</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002_32-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> Members of the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(true)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantain (true)">Plantain subgroup</a>" of banana cultivars, most important as food in West Africa and Latin America, correspond to the Chiquita description, having long pointed fruit. They are described by Ploetz et al. as "true" plantains, distinct from other cooking bananas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200718.E2.80.9319_33-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200718.E2.80.9319-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> The cooking bananas of East Africa belong to a different group, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Highland_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East African Highland banana">East African Highland bananas</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712_10-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> so would not qualify as "true" plantains on this definition.</div>
2101. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2102. An alternative approach divides bananas into dessert bananas and cooking bananas, with plantains being one of the subgroups of cooking bananas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator20081_34-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator20081-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyploid">Triploid</a> cultivars derived solely from <i>M. acuminata</i> are examples of "dessert bananas", whereas triploid cultivars derived from the hybrid between<i>M. acuminata</i> and <i>M. balbinosa</i> (in particular the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(true)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantain (true)">Plantain subgroup</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars#AAB_Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of banana cultivars">AAB Group</a>) are "plantains".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-StovSimm87p183_35-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-StovSimm87p183-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-QiMoorOrch00_36-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-QiMoorOrch00-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> Small farmers in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> grow a much wider range of cultivars than large commercial plantations. A study of these cultivars showed that they could be placed into at least three groups based on their characteristics: dessert bananas, non-plantain cooking bananas, and plantains, although there were overlaps between dessert and cooking bananas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GibeDufoGiraSanc09_37-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-GibeDufoGiraSanc09-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup></div>
2103. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2104. In Southeast Asia – the center of diversity for bananas, both wild and cultivated – the distinction between "bananas" and "plantains" does not work, according to Valmayor et al. Many bananas are used both raw and cooked. There are starchy cooking bananas which are smaller than those eaten raw. The range of colors, sizes and shapes is far wider than in those grown or sold in Africa, Europe or the Americas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002_32-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> Southeast Asian languages do not make the distinction between "bananas" and "plantains" that is made in English (and Spanish). Thus both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#Cavendish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Cavendish cultivars</a>, the classic yellow dessert bananas, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saba banana">Saba cultivars</a>, used mainly for cooking, are called <i>pisang</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <i>kluai</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <i>chuoi</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20008.E2.80.9312_38-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20008.E2.80.9312-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i bananas</a>, grown and eaten in the islands of the Pacific, are derived from entirely different wild species than traditional bananas and plantains. Most Fe'i bananas are cooked, but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karat banana">Karat bananas</a>, which are short and squat with bright red skins, very different from the usual yellow dessert bananas, are eaten raw.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelberger2003_39-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelberger2003-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></div>
2105. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2106. In summary, in commerce in Europe and the Americas (although not in small-scale cultivation), it is possible to distinguish between "bananas", which are eaten raw, and "plantains", which are cooked. In other regions of the world, particularly India, Southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific, there are many more kinds of banana and the two-fold distinction is not useful and not made in local languages. Plantains are one of many kinds of cooking bananas, which are not always distinct from dessert bananas.</div>
2107. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2108. <span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_cultivation">Historical cultivation</span></h2>
2109. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2110. <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_cultivation">Early cultivation</span></h3>
2111. <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2112. See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_acuminata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></div>
2113. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2114. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2115. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana_ancestors_(Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana)_original_range.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="158" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png/220px-Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png/330px-Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png/440px-Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2116. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2117. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana_ancestors_(Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana)_original_range.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2118. Original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Range (biology)">native ranges</a> of the ancestors of modern edible bananas. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_acuminata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> is shown in green and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i> in orange.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hather_40-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-hather-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup></div>
2119. </div>
2120. </div>
2121. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2122. Southeast Asian farmers first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> bananas. Recent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> and palaeoenvironmental evidence at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Highlands_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Western Highlands Province">Western Highlands Province</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> suggests that banana cultivation there goes back to at least 5000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, and possibly to 8000 BCE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-apscience_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-apscience-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Denh03_41-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Denh03-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> It is likely that other species were later and independently domesticated elsewhere in southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is the region of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_diversity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Center of diversity">primary diversity</a> of the banana. Areas of secondary diversity are found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Africa">Africa</a>, indicating a long history of banana cultivation in the region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson20077_42-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson20077-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup></div>
2123. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2124. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2125. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Map stating that banana cultivation occurred in pre-Islamic times in India and Southeast Asia, during the 700–1500 CE "Islamic period" along the Nile River and in Mesopotamia and Palestine, and less-certainly in sub-Saharan Africa during that same period" class="thumbimage" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG/220px-Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG/330px-Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG/440px-Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2126. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2127. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2128. Actual and probable diffusion of bananas during <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muslim Agricultural Revolution">Islamic times</a> (700–1500 CE)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson198354_43-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson198354-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></div>
2129. </div>
2130. </div>
2131. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2132. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytolith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytolith">Phytolith</a> discoveries in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> dating to the first millennium BCE<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup> triggered an as yet unresolved debate about the date of first cultivation in Africa. There is linguistic evidence that bananas were known in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> around that time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-45" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> The earliest prior evidence indicates that cultivation dates to no earlier than late 6th century CE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> It is likely, however, that bananas were brought at least to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> if not to the East African coast during the phase of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a> colonization of the island from South East Asia c. 400 CE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup></div>
2133. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2134. The banana may have been present in isolated locations of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> on the eve of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a>. There is some textual evidence that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> was familiar with bananas.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a> was followed by far-reaching diffusion. There are numerous references to it in Islamic texts (such as poems and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>) beginning in the 9th century. By the 10th century the banana appears in texts from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. From there it diffused into north Africa and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Andalus">Muslim Iberia</a>. During the medieval ages, bananas from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Granada">Granada</a> were considered among the best in the Arab world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson198354_43-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson198354-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup> In 650, Islamic conquerors brought the banana to Palestine. Today, banana consumption increases significantly in Islamic countries during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, the month of daylight fasting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thefinancialexpress-bd_48-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-thefinancialexpress-bd-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup></div>
2135. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2136. Bananas were introduced to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Americas">Americas</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> sailors who brought the fruits from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> in the 16th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup> The word banana is of West African origin, from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolof language">Wolof language</a>, and passed into English via Spanish or Portuguese.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup></div>
2137. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2138. Many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_(genus)#Selected_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa (genus)">wild banana species</a> as well as cultivars exist in extraordinary diversity in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</div>
2139. <blockquote class="templatequote" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 0px;">
2140. <div class="Bug6200">
2141. There are fuzzy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_velutina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Musa velutina">bananas whose skins are bubblegum pink</a>; green-and-white striped bananas with pulp the color of orange sherbet; bananas that, when cooked, taste like strawberries. The Double Mahoi plant can produce two bunches at once. The Chinese name of the aromatic Go San Heong banana means 'You can smell it from the next mountain.' The fingers on one banana plant grow fused; another produces bunches of a thousand fingers, each only an inch long.</div>
2142. <div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 2em;">
2143. —Mike Peed, <i>The New Yorker</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-51" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup></div>
2144. </blockquote>
2145. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2146. <span class="mw-headline" id="Plantation_cultivation_in_the_Caribbean.2C_Central_and_South_America">Plantation cultivation in the Caribbean, Central and South America</span></h3>
2147. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2148. Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_banana_plantations_in_the_Americas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of modern banana plantations in the Americas">History of modern banana plantations in the Americas</a></div>
2149. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2150. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2151. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of two cross-sectional halves of seed-filled fruit." class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg/220px-Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg/330px-Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg/440px-Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2152. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2153. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2154. Fruits of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_type" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wild type">wild-type</a> bananas have numerous large, hard seeds.</div>
2155. </div>
2156. </div>
2157. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2158. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese colonists started banana plantations in the Atlantic Islands, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and western Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history1_52-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-history1-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup> North Americans began consuming bananas on a small scale at very high prices shortly after the Civil War, though it was only in the 1880s that it became more widespread.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dan_53-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-dan-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> As late as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Era" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Victorian Era">Victorian Era</a>, bananas were not widely known in Europe, although they were available.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history1_52-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-history1-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> introduces bananas to his readers with detailed descriptions in <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days_(book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Around the World in Eighty Days (book)">Around the World in Eighty Days</a></i> (1872).</div>
2159. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2160. The earliest modern plantations originated in Jamaica and the related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Caribbean_Zone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Western Caribbean Zone">Western Caribbean Zone</a>, including most of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central America">Central America</a>. It involved the combination of modern transportation networks of steamships and railroads with the development of refrigeration that allowed bananas to have more time between harvesting and ripening. North America shippers like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Dow_Baker" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lorenzo Dow Baker">Lorenzo Dow Baker</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Preston" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew Preston">Andrew Preston</a>, the founders of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Fruit_Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boston Fruit Company">Boston Fruit Company</a>started this process in the 1870s, but railroad builders like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_C._Keith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Minor C. Keith">Minor C Keith</a> also participated, eventually culminating in the multi-national giant corporations like today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita Brands International</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dole Food Company">Dole</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dan_53-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-dan-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> These companies were monopolistic, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertically_integrated" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertically integrated">vertically integrated</a> (meaning they controlled growing, processing, shipping and marketing) and usually used political manipulation to build <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_economy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enclave economy">enclave economies</a> (economies that were internally self-sufficient, virtually tax exempt, and export oriented that contribute very little to the host economy). Their political maneuvers, which gave rise to the term <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana republic">Banana republic</a> for states like Honduras and Guatemala, included working with local elites and their rivalries to influence politics or playing the international interests of the United States, especially during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, to keep the political climate favorable to their interests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GREED_54-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-GREED-54" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup></div>
2161. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2162. <span class="mw-headline" id="Peasant_cultivation_for_export_in_the_Caribbean">Peasant cultivation for export in the Caribbean</span></h3>
2163. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2164. Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_peasant_banana_production_in_the_Americas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of peasant banana production in the Americas">History of peasant banana production in the Americas</a></div>
2165. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2166. The vast majority of the world's bananas today are cultivated for family consumption or for sale on local markets. India is the world leader in this sort of production, but many other Asian and African countries where climate and soil conditions allow cultivation also host large populations of banana growers who sell at least some of their crop.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator20087.E2.80.938_55-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator20087.E2.80.938-55" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup></div>
2167. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2168. There are peasant sector banana growers who produce for the world market in the Caribbean, however. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> are notable for the growing, largely of Cavendish bananas, for an international market, generally in Europe but also in North America. In the Caribbean, and especially in Dominica where this sort of cultivation is widespread, holdings are in the 1–2 acre range. In many cases the farmer earns additional money from other crops, from engaging in labor outside the farm, and from a share of the earnings of relatives living overseas. This style of cultivation often was popular in the islands as bananas required little labor input and brought welcome extra income.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Banana crops are vulnerable to destruction by high winds, such as tropical storms or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987206.E2.80.93207_56-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987206.E2.80.93207-56" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup></div>
2169. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2170. After the signing of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a> agreements in the 1990s, however, the tide turned against peasant producers. Their costs of production were relatively high and the ending of favorable tariff and other supports, especially in the European Economic Community, made it difficult for peasant producers to compete with the bananas grown on large plantations by the well capitalized firms like Chiquita and Dole. Not only did the large companies have access to cheap labor in the areas they worked, but they were better able to afford modern agronomic advances such as fertilization. The "dollar banana" produced by these concerns made the profit margins for peasant bananas unsustainable.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2171. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2172. Caribbean countries have sought to redress this problem by providing government supported agronomic services and helping to organize producers' cooperatives. They have also been supporters of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Trade" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fair Trade">Fair Trade</a> movement which seeks to balance the inequities in the world trade in commodities.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2173. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2174. <span class="mw-headline" id="East_Africa">East Africa</span></h3>
2175. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2176. Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Highland_bananas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East African Highland bananas">East African Highland bananas</a></div>
2177. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2178. Most farms supply local consumption. Cooking bananas represent a major food source and a major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Income">income</a> source for smallhold farmers. In east Africa, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Highland_bananas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East African Highland bananas">highland bananas</a> are of greatest importance as a staple food crop. In countries such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> per capita consumption has been estimated at 45 kilograms (99 lb) per year, the highest in the world.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2179. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2180. <span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_cultivation">Modern cultivation</span></h2>
2181. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2182. All widely cultivated bananas today descend from the two wild bananas <i>Musa acuminata</i> and <i>Musa balbisiana</i>. While the original wild bananas contained large seeds, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diploid">diploid</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyploidy">polyploid</a> cultivars (some being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>) with tiny seeds are preferred for human raw fruit consumption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Castle2009_57-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Castle2009-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup> These are propagated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> from offshoots. The plant is allowed to produce two shoots at a time; a larger one for immediate fruiting and a smaller "sucker" or "follower" to produce fruit in 6–8 months. The life of a banana plantation is 25 years or longer, during which time the individual stools or planting sites may move slightly from their original positions as lateral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> formation dictates.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2183. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2184. Cultivated bananas are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocarpy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parthenocarpy">parthenocarpic</a>, i.e. the flesh of the fruit swells and ripens without its seeds being fertilized and developing. Lacking viable seeds, propagation typically involves farmers removing and transplanting part of the underground stem (called a corm). Usually this is done by carefully removing a sucker (a vertical shoot that develops from the base of the banana pseudostem) with some roots intact. However, small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympodial" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sympodial">sympodial</a> corms, representing not yet elongated suckers, are easier to transplant and can be left out of the ground for up to two weeks; they require minimal care and can be shipped in bulk.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2185. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2186. It is not necessary to include the corm or root structure to propagate bananas; severed suckers without root material can be propagated in damp <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sand">sand</a>, although this takes somewhat longer.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2187. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2188. In some countries, commercial propagation occurs by means of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tissue culture">tissue culture</a>. This method is preferred since it ensures disease-free planting material. When using vegetative parts such as suckers for propagation, there is a risk of transmitting diseases (especially the devastating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panama disease">Panama disease</a>).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2189. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2190. As a non-seasonal crop, bananas are available fresh year-round.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2191. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2192. <span class="mw-headline" id="Cavendish">Cavendish</span></h3>
2193. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2194. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2195. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bananas.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Grocery store photo of several bunches of bananas" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/220px-Bananas.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/330px-Bananas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/440px-Bananas.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2196. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2197. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bananas.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2198. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cavendish banana">Cavendish</a> bananas are the main commercial banana cultivars sold in the world market.</div>
2199. </div>
2200. </div>
2201. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2202. In global commerce in 2009, by far the most important cultivars belonged to the triploid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars#AAA_Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of banana cultivars">AAA</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar_group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar group">group</a> of <i>Musa acuminata</i>, commonly referred to as Cavendish group bananas. They accounted for the majority of banana exports,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Castle2009_57-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Castle2009-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup> despite only coming into existence in 1836.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-58" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup> The cultivars <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_Cavendish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dwarf Cavendish">Dwarf Cavendish</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Nain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grand Nain">Grand Nain</a> (Chiquita Banana) gained popularity in the 1950s after the previous mass-produced cultivar, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Michel_banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gros Michel banana">Gros Michel</a> (also an AAA group cultivar), became commercially unviable due to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panama disease">Panama disease</a>, caused by the fungus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fusarium oxysporum">Fusarium oxysporum</a></i> which attacks the roots of the banana plant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Castle2009_57-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Castle2009-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup> Cavendish cultivars are resistant to the Panama Disease but in 2013 there were fears that the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sigatoka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Sigatoka">Black Sigatoka</a> fungus would in turn make Cavendish bananas unviable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holmes_5-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Holmes-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
2203. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2204. Ease of transport and shelf life rather than superior taste make the Dwarf Cavendish the main export banana.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2205. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2206. Even though it is no longer viable for large scale cultivation, Gros Michel is not extinct and is still grown in areas where Panama disease is not found.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-59" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup>Likewise, Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain are in no danger of extinction, but they may leave supermarket shelves if disease makes it impossible to supply the global market. It is unclear if any existing cultivar can replace Cavendish bananas, so various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> programs are attempting to create a disease-resistant, mass-market banana.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Castle2009_57-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Castle2009-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup></div>
2207. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2208. <span class="mw-headline" id="Ripening">Ripening</span></h3>
2209. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2210. Export bananas are picked green, and ripen in special rooms upon arrival in the destination country. These rooms are air-tight and filled with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> gas to induce ripening. The vivid yellow color normally associated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supermarket">supermarket</a> bananas is in fact a side effect of the artificial ripening process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ding_60-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-ding-60" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahmad_61-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-ahmad-61" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup> Flavor and texture are also affected by ripening temperature. Bananas are refrigerated to between 13.5 and 15 °C (56 and 59 °F) during transport. At lower temperatures, ripening permanently stalls, and turns the bananas gray as cell walls break down. The skin of ripe bananas quickly blackens in the <span style="white-space: nowrap;">4 °C</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(39 °F)</span> environment of a domestic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a>, although the fruit inside remains unaffected.</div>
2211. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
2212. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2213. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Two adjacent photos of bananas. The left is in sunlight; the right is under uultraviolet light." class="thumbimage" height="83" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg/220px-Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg/330px-Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg/440px-Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2214. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2215. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banana-fluorescence-081108.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2216. Ripened bananas (left, under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>) fluoresce in blue when exposed to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_light" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UV light">UV light</a>.</div>
2217. </div>
2218. </div>
2219. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2220. "Tree-ripened" Cavendish bananas have a greenish-yellow appearance which changes to a brownish-yellow as they ripen further. Although both flavor and texture of tree-ripened bananas is generally regarded as superior to any type of green-picked fruit,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> this reduces shelf life to only 7–10 days.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2221. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2222. Bananas can be ordered by the retailer "ungassed", and may show up at the supermarket fully green. "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guineo">Guineo</a> Verde", or green bananas that have not been gassed will never fully ripen before becoming rotten. Instead of fresh eating, these bananas are best suited to cooking, as seen in Mexican culinary dishes.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2223. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2224. A 2008 study reported that ripe bananas <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresce" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fluoresce">fluoresce</a> when exposed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. This property is attributed to the degradation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> leading to the accumulation of a fluorescent product in the skin of the fruit. The chlorophyll <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakdown_product&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Breakdown product (page does not exist)">breakdown product</a> is stabilized by a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propionate">propionate</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ester">ester</a> group. Banana-plant leaves also fluoresce in the same way. Green bananas do not fluoresce. The study suggested that this allows animals which can see light in the ultraviolet spectrum (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachromat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetrachromat">tetrachromats</a>and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentachromat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pentachromat">pentachromats</a>) to more easily detect ripened bananas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-62" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup></div>
2225. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2226. <span class="mw-headline" id="Storage_and_transport">Storage and transport</span></h3>
2227. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2228. Bananas must be transported over long distances from the tropics to world markets. To obtain maximum shelf life, harvest comes before the fruit is mature. The fruit requires careful handling, rapid transport to ports, cooling, and refrigerated shipping. The goal is to prevent the bananas from producing their natural ripening agent, ethylene. This technology allows storage and transport for 3–4 weeks at <span style="white-space: nowrap;">13 °C</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(55 °F)</span>. On arrival, bananas are held at about <span style="white-space: nowrap;">17 °C</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(63 °F)</span> and treated with a low concentration of ethylene. After a few days, the fruit begins to ripen and is distributed for final sale. Unripe bananas can not be held in home refrigerators because they suffer from the cold.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ripe bananas can be held for a few days at home. If bananas are too green, they can be put in a brown paper bag with an apple or tomato overnight to speed up the ripening process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-63" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup></div>
2229. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2230. Carbon dioxide (which bananas produce) and ethylene absorbents extend fruit life even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing banana in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> bag and including an ethylene absorbent, e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a>, on an inert carrier. The bag is then sealed with a band or string. This treatment has been shown to more than double lifespans up to 3–4 weeks without the need for refrigeration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-64" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-65" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-66" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup></div>
2231. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2232. <span class="mw-headline" id="Production_and_export">Production and export</span></h3>
2233. <table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 1em;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;">Production and export of bananas and plantains by country (2011)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Note1_67-0" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Note1-67" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[Note 1]</a></sup></caption><tbody>
2234. <tr><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Country</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Millions<br />of tonnes</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Percentage<br />of world<br />total</th></tr>
2235. <tr><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><b>Table 1: Production</b></td></tr>
2236. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">29.7</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">20%</td></tr>
2237. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">11.1</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">8%</td></tr>
2238. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">10.7</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">7%</td></tr>
2239. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">9.2</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">6%</td></tr>
2240. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">8.0</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">6%</td></tr>
2241. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">7.3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">5%</td></tr>
2242. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">6.1</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">4%</td></tr>
2243. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">5.1</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">4%</td></tr>
2244. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">4.8</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">3%</td></tr>
2245. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">3.9</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">3%</td></tr>
2246. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">All other countries</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">49.6</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">34%</td></tr>
2247. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><b>Total world</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;"><b>145.4</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">100%</td></tr>
2248. <tr><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><b>Table 2: Exports</b></td></tr>
2249. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">5.2</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">29%</td></tr>
2250. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/22px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/33px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/44px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1.8</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">10%</td></tr>
2251. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1.8</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">10%</td></tr>
2252. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1.6</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">9%</td></tr>
2253. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1.5</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">8%</td></tr>
2254. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">All other countries</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">6.0</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">34%</td></tr>
2255. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><b>Total world</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;"><b>17.9</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">100%</td></tr>
2256. </tbody></table>
2257. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2258. Statistics on the production and export of bananas and plantains are available from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. Some countries produce statistics which distinguish between bananas and plantains, but three of the top four producers (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>) do not, so comparisons can only be made using the total for bananas and plantains combined. The 2011 statistics (see Table 1) show that India led the world in banana production, producing around 20% of the worldwide crop of 145 million metric tonnes. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> was the next largest producer with around 8% of the worldwide crop. Its national data does distinguish between bananas and plantains, and shows that the latter made up over 95% of production. Ten countries produced around two thirds of the total world production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Note1_67-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Note1-67" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[Note 1]</a></sup></div>
2259. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2260. The statistics for the export of bananas and plantains show a rather different picture (see Table 2). Total world exports at around 18 million metric tonnes amounted to only 12% of total world production; two thirds of the exports were generated by only five countries. The top three producing countries do not appear in this table, and two countries, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, do not appear in the table of top producers. Only the Philippines has a consistent position in both tables. Exports were dominated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, with 29% of the world total. Statistics for Ecuador distinguish between bananas and plantains; 93% of its exports were classified as bananas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Note1_67-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-Note1-67" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[Note 1]</a></sup></div>
2261. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2262. Bananas and plantains constitute a major staple <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agriculture">food crop</a> for millions of people in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. In most tropical countries, green (unripe) bananas used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cooking">cooking</a> represent the main cultivars. Bananas are cooked in ways that are similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potato">potatoes</a>. Both can be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frying">fried</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boiling">boiled</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baking">baked</a>, or chipped and have similar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taste">taste</a> and texture when served. One banana provides about the same <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calorie">calories</a> as one potato.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2263. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2264. Most producers are small-scale <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Farmer">farmers</a> either for home consumption or local markets. Because bananas and plantains produce fruit year-round, they provide an extremely valuable food source during the <i>hunger season</i> (when the food from one annual/semi-annual harvest has been consumed, and the next is still to come). Bananas and plantains are therefore critical to global <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food security">food security</a>.</div>
2265. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2266. Bananas have been an important source of disagreement in the Doha Round of trade talks. A study for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICTSD" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ICTSD">ICTSD</a> showed that the new deal on EU banana import tariffs will be a boon to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> exporters but would trigger a drop in exports of the fruit from African, Caribbean and Pacific (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a>) countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-68" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup></div>
2267. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2268. Bananas are among the most widely consumed foods in the world. Most banana farmers receive a low price for their produce as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocery" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grocery">grocery</a>companies pay discounted prices for buying in enormous quantity. Price competition among grocers has reduced their margins, leading to lower prices for growers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Del_Monte_Produce" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fresh Del Monte Produce">Del Monte</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dole Food Company">Dole</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyffes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fyffes">Fyffes</a> grow their own bananas in Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. Banana plantations are capital intensive and demand significant expertise. The majority of independent growers are large and wealthy landowners in these countries. Producers have attempted to raise prices via marketing them as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a>" or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a>-certified in some countries.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2269. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2270. The banana has an extensive trade history starting with firms such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyffes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fyffes">Fyffes</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> (now Chiquita) at the end of the 19th century. For much of the 20th century, bananas and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coffee">coffee</a> dominated the export economies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central America">Central America</a>. In the 1930s, bananas and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coffee">coffee</a>made up as much as 75% of the region's exports. As late as 1960, the two crops accounted for 67% of the exports from the region. Though the two were grown in similar regions, they tended not to be distributed together. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> based its business almost entirely on the banana trade, because the coffee trade proved too difficult to control. The term "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a>" has been applied to most countries in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central America">Central America</a>, but from a strict economic perspective only Costa Rica, Honduras, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panama">Panama</a> had economies dominated by the banana trade.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2271. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2272. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Union">European Union</a> has traditionally imported many of their bananas from former European <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> colonies, paying guaranteed prices above global market rates (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C3%A9_Convention" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lomé Convention">Lomé Convention</a>) As of 2005, these arrangements were in the process of being withdrawn under pressure from other major trading powers, principally the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>. The withdrawal of these indirect subsidies to Caribbean producers is expected to favour the banana producers of Central America, in which American companies have an economic interest.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2273. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2274. The United States produces few bananas. A mere 14,000 tonnes (14,000 long tons; 15,000 short tons) were grown in Hawaii in 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-69" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup> Bananas were once grown in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a> and southern California.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana#cite_note-70" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup></div>
2275. </div>
2276. </div>
2277. </div>
2278. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/banana.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-9188927757084834777</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:49:39.632-07:00</atom:updated><title>Bael</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
2279. <br />
2280. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
2281. <span dir="auto">Bael</span></h1>
2282. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
2283. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
2284. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
2285. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
2286. </div>
2287. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
2288. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
2289. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
2290. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2291. This article is about the tree. For the Biblical demon, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_(demon)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baal (demon)">Baal (demon)</a>.</div>
2292. <div>
2293. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bael_(Aegle_marmelos)_tree_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4116.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="210" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_tree_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4116.jpg/220px-Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_tree_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4116.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_tree_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4116.jpg/330px-Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_tree_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_tree_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4116.jpg/440px-Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_tree_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4116.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
2294. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Bael</th></tr>
2295. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
2296. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
2297. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
2298. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
2299. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
2300. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
2301. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></span></td></tr>
2302. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></span></td></tr>
2303. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Subfamily:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subfamily" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurantioideae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aurantioideae">Aurantioideae</a></span></td></tr>
2304. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Tribe:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="tribe" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clauseneae&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clauseneae (page does not exist)">Clauseneae</a></span></td></tr>
2305. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>Aegle</b></i></span><br /><small>Corrêa</small></td></tr>
2306. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>A. marmelos</b></i></span></td></tr>
2307. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
2308. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Aegle marmelos</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolus Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Correia_da_Serra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="José Correia da Serra">Corr.Serr.</a></small></td></tr>
2309. </tbody></table>
2310. </div>
2311. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2312. '<i>Bael <b>(</b></i>Aegle marmelos<i><b>) (also known as</b> Bengal quince<b>,</b> stone apple <b>or</b> wood apple<b>),</b> Bilva <b>or</b> Bilvapatre <b>,</b> మారేడు (maredu)<b>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu Language">Telugu</a>),</b></i><b>வில்வம்</b> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil Language">Tamil</a>) is a species of tree native to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>. It is present throughout <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species">naturalized species</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hort_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-hort-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> The tree is considered to be sacred by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>. Its fruits are used in traditional medicine and as a food throughout its range.</div>
2313. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2314. <br /></div>
2315. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2316. <br /></div>
2317. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2318. </div>
2319. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2320. <span class="mw-headline" id="Botanical_information">Botanical information</span></h2>
2321. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2322. Bael is the only member of the monotypic genus <i><b>Aegle</b></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hort_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-hort-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> It is a mid-sized, slender, aromatic, armed, gum-bearing tree growing up to 18 meters tall. It has a leaf with three leaflets.</div>
2323. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2324. Bael occurs in dry <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Forests">forests</a> on hills and plains of northern, central and southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. It is cultivated throughout India, as well as in Sri Lanka, the northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. It has a reputation in India for being able to grow in places that other trees cannot. It copes with a wide range of soil conditions (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PH">pH</a> range 5-10), is tolerant of waterlogging and has an unusually wide temperature tolerance (from -7°C to 48°C). It requires a pronounced dry season to give fruit.</div>
2325. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2326. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 152px;">
2327. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bael_(Aegle_marmelos)_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="179" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg/150px-Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg/225px-Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg/300px-Bael_%28Aegle_marmelos%29_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2328. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2329. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bael_(Aegle_marmelos)_fruit_at_Narendrapur_W_IMG_4099.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2330. A ripe bael fruit in India</div>
2331. </div>
2332. </div>
2333. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2334. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 142px;">
2335. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="105" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg/140px-Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg/210px-Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg/280px-Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="140" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2336. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2337. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bael15_Mounts_Asit.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2338. Bael fruit</div>
2339. </div>
2340. </div>
2341. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2342. This tree is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larva">larval</a> foodplant for the following two Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowtail_butterfly" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Swallowtail butterfly">Swallowtail</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>:</div>
2343. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2344. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Lime Butterfly: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_demoleus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papilio demoleus">Papilio demoleus</a></i></li>
2345. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Common Mormon: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_polytes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papilio polytes">Papilio polytes</a></i></li>
2346. </ul>
2347. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2348. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bael&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fruit">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fruit">Fruit</span></h2>
2349. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2350. The bael fruit has a smooth, woody shell with a green, gray, or yellow <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peel (fruit)">peel</a>. It takes about 11 months to ripen on the tree and can reach the size of a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomelo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pomelo">pomelo</a>, and some are even larger. The shell is so hard it must be cracked with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hammer">hammer</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Machete">machete</a>. The fibrous yellow pulp is very aromatic. It has been described as tasting of marmalade and smelling of roses. Numerous hairy seeds are encapsulated in a slimy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucilage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a>.</div>
2351. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2352. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bael&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
2353. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2354. The fruit is eaten fresh or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dried">dried</a>. If fresh, the juice is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strainer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Strainer">strained</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_sweetening" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food sweetening">sweetened</a> to make a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drink">drink</a> similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lemonade">lemonade</a>. It can be made into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharbat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sharbat">sharbat</a> (Hindi) or <i>Bela pana</i>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>: <span lang="or" xml:lang="or">ବେଲ ପଣା</span>) or <i>bel pana</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" xml:lang="bn">বেল পানা</span>), a refreshing drink made of the pulp with water, sugar, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lime (fruit)">lime juice</a>, mixed, left to stand a few hours, strained, and put on ice. One large bael fruit may yield five or six liters of sharbat.</div>
2355. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2356. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2357. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg/220px-Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg/330px-Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg/440px-Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2358. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2359. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bili_Tree_CM_Farm_Saldi.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2360. Bili Tree</div>
2361. </div>
2362. </div>
2363. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2364. If the fruit is to be dried, it is usually sliced and sun-dried. The hard leathery slices are then simmered in water.</div>
2365. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2366. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">leaves</a> and small <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shoots">shoots</a> are eaten as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_greens" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Salad greens">salad greens</a>.</div>
2367. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2368. The Tamil Siddhars call the plant <i>koovilam</i> (கூவிளம்) and use the fragrant leaves for medicinal purposes, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspepsia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dyspepsia">dyspepsia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confection" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Confection">confection</a> called <i>ilakam</i> (இளகம்) is made of the fruit and used to treat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and loss of appetite.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> It is used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> for many purposes, especially chronic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2369. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2370. Aegeline (N-[2-hydroxy-2(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide) is a known constituent of the bael leaf and consumed as a dietary supplement for a variety of purposes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
2371. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2372. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bael&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Use in Religious Rituals">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_in_Religious_Rituals">Use in Religious Rituals</span></h3>
2373. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2374. The fruit is also used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Religion">religious</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ritual">rituals</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> the tree is sacred. It is used in the worship of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, who is said to favor the leaves. The trifoliate leaves symbolize the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trident">trident</a> that Shiva holds in his right hand. The fruits were used in place of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coconut">coconuts</a> before large-scale rail transportation became available. The fruit is said to resemble a skull with a white, bone-like outer shell and a soft inner part, and is sometimes called <i>seer phael</i> (head-fruit). However, it is quite likely that, the term 'Seer Phal' has coined from the Sanskrit term '<i>ShreePhal</i>, which again is a common name for this fruit. Many Hindus have bael trees in their gardens.</div>
2375. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2376. In the traditional <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Newar people">Newari</a> culture of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, the bael tree is part of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fertility">fertility</a> ritual for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Girl">girls</a> known as the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ehee">Bel baha</a></i>. Girls are "married" to the bael fruit and as long as the fruit is kept safe and never cracks the girl can never become widowed, even if her human husband dies. This was seen to be protection against the social disdain suffered by widows in the Newari community.</div>
2377. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2378. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bael&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Medicinal Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Medicinal_Uses">Medicinal Uses</span></h3>
2379. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2380. Research has found the essential oil of the Bael tree to be effective against 21 types of bacteria.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> It is prescribed for smooth bowel movement to patients suffering from constipation and other gastrointestinal problems.</div>
2381. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2382. Research also indicates that unripe Bael fruit is effective in combating giardia and rotavirus. While unripe Bael fruit did not show antimicrobial properties, it did inhibit bacteria adherence to and invasion of the gut (i.e. the ability to infect the gut). <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bael#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
2383. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2384. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bael&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Local names">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Local_names">Local names</span></h2>
2385. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2386. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">South-East Asia<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2387. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my" xml:lang="my"><span lang="my" style="font-family: 'Myanmar Text', Padauk, Parabaik, Myanmar3, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar, Thanlwin, 'Masterpiece Uni Sans', Zawgyione;" xml:lang="my">ဥသျှစ်</span></span> /ou' shi'/ or /oʊʔ ʃiʔ/</li>
2388. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <span lang="id" xml:lang="id"><i>Maja</i></span></li>
2389. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km" xml:lang="km">ព្នៅ</span> /pnɨv/</li>
2390. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo" xml:lang="lo">ໝາກຕູມ</span> /mȁːk tuːm/</li>
2391. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <span lang="ms" xml:lang="ms"><i>pokok maja batu</i></span> (tree)</li>
2392. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th" xml:lang="th">มะตูม</span> /matuum/ (tree: ต้นมะตูม /ton matuum/; fruit ลูกมะตูม luug matuum)</li>
2393. </ul>
2394. </li>
2395. </ul>
2396. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2397. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">South Asia<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2398. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_Language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Assamese Language">Assamese</a>: বেল</li>
2399. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: बेल (Sirphal)</li>
2400. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: બીલી</li>
2401. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: (Bael)بیل, (Sirphal) سری پھل</li>
2402. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>: <span lang="or" xml:lang="or">ବେଲ</span></li>
2403. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: বেল</li>
2404. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kannada: <i>ಬೇಲದ ಹಣ್ಣು</i></li>
2405. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Konkani: <i>gorakamli</i></li>
2406. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>: കൂവളം (koo-valam)</li>
2407. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: बेल or कवीठ (Kaveeth)</li>
2408. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <i>Beel</i></li>
2409. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> : बिल्वम्</li>
2410. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sindhi: ڪاٺ گدرو</li>
2411. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinhala language">Sinhalese</a>: බෙලි (Beli)</li>
2412. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil Language">Tamil</a>: வில்வம் (Vilvam)</li>
2413. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: మారేడు (maredu)</li>
2414. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Sir Phal</i> (old Hindi)</li>
2415. </ul>
2416. </li>
2417. </ul>
2418. </div>
2419. </div>
2420. </div>
2421. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/bael.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-8927668770256097102</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:46:46.588-07:00</atom:updated><title>Asimina triloba</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
2422. <br />
2423. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
2424. <span dir="auto"><i>Asimina triloba</i></span></h1>
2425. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
2426. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
2427. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
2428. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
2429.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Pawpaw&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Pawpaw">American Pawpaw</a>)</div>
2430. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
2431. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
2432. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
2433. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2434. This article is about the common pawpaw of eastern North America. For the unrelated tropical papaya fruit often called 'papaw' or 'pawpaw', see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carica_papaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carica papaya">Carica papaya</a>. For other uses, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paw_Paw_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paw Paw (disambiguation)">Paw Paw (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
2435. <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 112px 0px 112.390625px;"><tbody>
2436. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
2437. <img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></div>
2438. </td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 811.21875px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for verification</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(July 2012)</i></small></span></td></tr>
2439. </tbody></table>
2440. <div>
2441. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asimina_triloba3.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Asimina_triloba3.jpg/220px-Asimina_triloba3.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Asimina_triloba3.jpg/330px-Asimina_triloba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Asimina_triloba3.jpg/440px-Asimina_triloba3.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
2442. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Asimina triloba</i></th></tr>
2443. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
2444. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Asimina triloba</i> in fruit</td></tr>
2445. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
2446. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
2447. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
2448. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnoliid">Magnoliids</a></span></td></tr>
2449. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></span></td></tr>
2450. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></span></td></tr>
2451. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asimina">Asimina</a></i></span></td></tr>
2452. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>A. triloba</b></i></span></td></tr>
2453. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
2454. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Asimina triloba</i></span></b><br /><small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_F%C3%A9lix_Dunal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michel Félix Dunal">Dunal</a></small></td></tr>
2455. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asimina_triloba.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Asimina_triloba.png/220px-Asimina_triloba.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Asimina_triloba.png/330px-Asimina_triloba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Asimina_triloba.png/440px-Asimina_triloba.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
2456. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Range of <i>A. triloba</i> in the United States</td></tr>
2457. </tbody></table>
2458. </div>
2459. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2460. <i><b>Asimina triloba</b></i>, the <b>pawpaw</b>, <b>paw paw</b>, <b>paw-paw</b>, or <b>common pawpaw</b>, is a species of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asimina">Asimina</a></i> (the pawpaw genus) in the same plant family (the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a>) as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard-apple" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Custard-apple">custard-apple</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cherimoya">cherimoya</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar-apple" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sugar-apple">sweetsop</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylang-ylang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ylang-ylang">ylang-ylang</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soursop" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soursop">soursop</a>. The pawpaw is native to the Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> and adjacent southernmost <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a>, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York">New York</a> west to southeastern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, and south to northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a> and eastern<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FNA_A._triloba_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-FNA_A._triloba-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> The pawpaw is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cloning">patch-forming (clonal)</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Understory">understory</a> tree found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottom-land and hilly upland habitat, with large, simple leaves and large fruits. The paw paw is the largest edible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> indigenous to the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
2461. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2462. <br /></div>
2463. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2464. </div>
2465. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2466. <span class="mw-headline" id="Names">Names</span></h2>
2467. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2468. This plant's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific name</a> is <i>Asimina triloba.</i> The genus name <i>Asimina</i> is adapted from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> name <i>assimin</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonial</a> <i>asiminier.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sargent_4-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Sargent-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The epithet <i>triloba</i> in the species' scientific name refers to the flowers' three-lobed <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calyx (botany)">calices</a> and doubly three-lobed <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corolla (flower)">corollas</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> the shape not unlike a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tricorne">tricorne hat</a>.</div>
2469. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2470. The common name of this species is variously spelled <b>pawpaw</b>, <b>paw paw</b>, <b>paw-paw</b>, and <b>papaw.</b> It probably derives from the Spanish <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papaya">papaya</a>,</i> an American tropical fruit (<i>Carica papaya</i>) sometimes also called "papaw",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> perhaps because of the superficial similarity of their fruits.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Asimina triloba</i> has numerous other often very local common names, at least historically, including: <i>wild banana</i>, <i>prairie banana</i>, <i>Indiana banana</i>, <i>Hoosier banana</i>, <i>West Virginia banana</i>, <i>Kansas banana</i>, <i>Kentucky banana</i>, <i>Michigan banana</i>, <i>Missouri banana</i>, <i>the poor man’s banana</i>, <i>Ozark banana</i>, and <i>banango</i>.</div>
2471. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2472. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
2473. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2474. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2475. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="212" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg/220px-Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg/330px-Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg/440px-Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2476. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2477. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asimina_triloba_kz1.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2478. Flowers</div>
2479. </div>
2480. </div>
2481. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2482. <i>Asimina triloba</i> is a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shrub">shrub</a> or small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> growing to a height of 35 feet (11 m) (rarely to 45 feet or 14 m) with a trunks 8-12 inches (20–30 cm) or more in diameter. The large leaves of pawpaw trees are clustered symmetrically at the ends of the branches, giving a distinctive imbricated appearance to the tree's foliage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
2483. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2484. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">leaves</a> of the species are simple, alternate and spirally arranged, entire, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lanceolate">obovate-lanceolate</a>, 10-12 inches (25–30 cm) long, 4-5 inches (10–13 cm) broad, and wedge-shaped at the base, with an acute apex and an entire margin, with the midrib and primary veins prominent. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>are short and stout, with a prominent adaxial groove. Stipules are lacking. The expanding leaves are conduplicate, green, covered with rusty tomentum beneath, and hairy above; when fully grown they are smooth, dark green above, and paler beneath. When bruised, the leaves have a disagreeable odor similar to a green <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_pepper" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bell pepper">bell pepper</a>. In autumn the leaves are a rusty yellow, which make spotting pawpaw groves possible from a long distance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
2485. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2486. Pawpaw <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flower">flowers</a> are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_flower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perfect flower">perfect</a>, about 1-2 inches (3–5 cm) across, rich red-purple or maroon when mature, with three sepals and six petals. They are borne singly on stout, hairy, axillary peduncles. The flowers are produced in early spring at the same time as or slightly before the new leaves appear, and have a faint fetid or yeasty smell.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Georgia_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Georgia-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
2487. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2488. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2489. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawpaw-fruit.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="246" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pawpaw-fruit.jpg/220px-Pawpaw-fruit.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pawpaw-fruit.jpg/330px-Pawpaw-fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pawpaw-fruit.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2490. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2491. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawpaw-fruit.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2492. Fruit</div>
2493. </div>
2494. </div>
2495. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2496. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> of the pawpaw is a large, yellowish-green to brown <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berry">berry</a>, 2–6 in (5–16 cm) long and 1–3 in (3–7 cm) broad, weighing from 0.7–18 oz (20–500 g), containing several brown <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seed">seeds</a> 1/2 to 1 in (15–25 mm) in diameter embedded in the soft, edible fruit pulp. The conspicuous fruits begin developing after the plants flower; they are initially green, maturing by September or October to yellow or brown. When mature, the heavy fruits bend the weak branches down.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
2497. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2498. Other characteristics:</div>
2499. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2500. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Calyx: Sepals three, valvate in bud, ovate, acuminate, pale green, downy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
2501. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Corolla: Petals six, in two rows, imbricate in the bud. Inner row acute, erect, nectariferous. Outer row broadly ovate, reflexed at maturity. Petals at first are green, then brown, and finally become dull purple or maroon and conspicuously veiny.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
2502. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stamens: Indefinite, densely packed on the globular receptacle. Filaments short; anthers extrorse, two-celled, opening longitudinally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
2503. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pistils: Several, on the summit of the receptacle, projecting from the mass of stamens. Ovary one-celled; stigma sessile; ovules many.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
2504. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Branchlets: light brown, tinged with red, marked by shallow grooves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
2505. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Winter buds: Small, of two kinds, the leaf buds pointed and closely appressed to the twigs, and the flower buds round, brown, and fuzzy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></li>
2506. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bark: Light gray, sometimes blotched with lighter gray spots, sometimes covered with small excrescences, divided by shallow fissures. Inner bark tough, fibrous. The bark with a very disagreeable odor when bruised.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
2507. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wood: Pale, greenish yellow, sapwood lighter; light, soft, coarse-grained and spongy. Sp. gr., 0.3969; weight of cu ft 24.74 lb.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keeler_7-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Keeler-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
2508. </ul>
2509. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2510. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology">Ecology</span></h2>
2511. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2512. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
2513. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PawPaw_bark.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="256" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PawPaw_bark.jpg/170px-PawPaw_bark.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PawPaw_bark.jpg/255px-PawPaw_bark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PawPaw_bark.jpg/340px-PawPaw_bark.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2514. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2515. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PawPaw_bark.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2516. Bark</div>
2517. </div>
2518. </div>
2519. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2520. <i>Asimina triloba,</i> the pawpaw, commonly grows in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> and shady, rich bottomlands, where it often forms a dense, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_colony" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clonal colony">clonally spreading</a> undergrowth in the forest, often appearing as a patch or thicket of individual small slender trees. Pawpaws are not the first to colonize a disturbed site (arriving roughly four years after a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearcutting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clearcutting">clearcut</a>), but may become dominant and slow the establishment of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quercus">oaks</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carya">hickories</a>. Although shade-tolerant, pawpaws do not persist in undisturbed<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth_forest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Old growth forest">old growth forest</a>. Pawpaws spread locally primarily by root suckers; sexual reproduction by seed does also occur, but at a fairly low rate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fire_9-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-fire-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
2521. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2522. Pawpaw flowers are insect-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pollination">pollinated</a>, but fruit production is sometimes limited if few if any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> are attracted to the flower's faint, or sometimes non-existent scent.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The flowers produce an odor similar to that of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Decomposition">rotting</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meat">meat</a> to attract <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliphoridae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calliphoridae">blowflies</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_beetle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carrion beetle">carrion beetles</a> for cross pollination.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Other insects that are attracted to pawpaw flowers include scavenging <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephritidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tephritidae">fruit flies</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliphoridae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calliphoridae">carrion flies</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beetle">beetles</a>. Because of irregular fruit production, some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2010)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe pawpaw plants are self-incompatible, requiring cross-pollination between trees of different clones (patches).</div>
2523. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2524. The fruits of the pawpaw are eaten by a variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, including raccoons, gray foxes, opossums, squirrels, and black bears.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fire_9-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-fire-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
2525. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2526. The disagreeable-smelling leaves, twigs, and bark of pawpaws contain natural insecticides known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogenin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acetogenin">acetogenins</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampson_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Sampson-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Pawpaw leaves and twigs are seldom consumed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deer">deer</a>, or goats,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRFG_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CRFG-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> or by many insects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> However, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mule">mules</a> have been seen eating pawpaw leaves in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bilton_12-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Bilton-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
2527. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2528. Larvae of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_Swallowtail_Butterfly" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly">zebra swallowtail</a> <i>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurytides_marcellus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eurytides marcellus">Eurytides marcellus</a>)</i>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lepidoptera">butterfly</a>, feed exclusively on young leaves of <i>Asimina triloba</i> and various other pawpaw <i>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asimina">Asimina</a>)</i>species, but never occur in great numbers on the plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRFG_11-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CRFG-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> Chemicals in the pawpaw leaves confer protection from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Predation">predation</a> throughout the butterfly's life, as trace amounts of acetogenins remain present, making them unpalatable to birds and other predators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zebra_13-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Zebra-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></div>
2529. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2530. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Biochemistry">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</span></h2>
2531. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2532. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
2533. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="208" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg/170px-AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg/255px-AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg/340px-AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2534. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2535. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbbotV1Tab04AA.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2536. Zebra swallowtail butterflies (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurytides_marcellus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eurytides marcellus">Eurytides marcellus</a></i>) with pawpaw foliage</div>
2537. </div>
2538. </div>
2539. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2540. Pawpaw fruits are rich in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, the major one being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprylic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caprylic acid">octanoate</a>. They also contain <i>cis</i>-δ9- and <i>cis</i>-δ11-<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexadecenoate&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Hexadecenoate (page does not exist)">hexadecenoate</a>, <i>cis</i>-δ9-, <i>cis</i>-δ11- and <i>cis</i>-δ13-<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octadecenoate&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Octadecenoate (page does not exist)">octadecenoate</a>.</div>
2541. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2542. The seeds have been shown to contain the chemicals <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimitrin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Asimitrin (page does not exist)">asimitrin</a> (an adjacent ring-hydroxylated <i>bis</i>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a> acetogenin) and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-hydroxytrilobin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="4-hydroxytrilobin (page does not exist)">4-hydroxytrilobin</a> (an adjacent<i>bis</i>-THF ring with two flanking hydroxyl groups and an α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone with a 4-hydroxyl group).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> These chemicals seem to have selective<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxicity</a> against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostate">prostate</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> (PC-3) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell lines, thus may become a useful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapeutic</a> chemical for these types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.</div>
2543. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2544. The leaves also contain toxic annonaceous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogenin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acetogenin">acetogenins</a>, making them impalatable to most insects. The one notable exception is the zebra swallowtail butterfly (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurytides_marcellus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eurytides marcellus">Eurytides marcellus</a></i>), whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larva">larvae</a> feed on the leaves of various species of <i>Asimina,</i> conferring protection from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Predation">predation</a> throughout the butterfly's life, as trace amounts of acetogenins remain present, making them unpalatable to birds and other predators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zebra_13-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Zebra-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></div>
2545. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2546. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bark">bark</a> of pawpaw trees contains other acetogenins, including <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Asimin (page does not exist)">asimin</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asiminacin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Asiminacin (page does not exist)">asiminacin</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asiminecin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Asiminecin (page does not exist)">asiminecin</a>, which have been shown to be potent inhibitors of<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NADH">NADH</a>:<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubiquinone_oxidoreductase&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ubiquinone oxidoreductase (page does not exist)">ubiquinone oxidoreductase</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> making <i>A. triloba</i> a promising source of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> and anti-<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tumour">tumour</a> compounds.</div>
2547. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2548. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Conservation status">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</span></h2>
2549. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2550. On a global (range-wide) scale, the common pawpaw <i>(Asimina triloba)</i> has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRANK" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="GRANK">NatureServe global conservation rank</a> of G5 (Very Common).</div>
2551. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2552. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>, the species has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRANK" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NRANK">NatureServe national conservation rank</a> of N5 (Very Common), but is considered a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York">New York</a>, and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.</div>
2553. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2554. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a>, where the species is found only in portions of southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, it has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRANK" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NRANK">NatureServe national conservation rank</a> of N3 (Vulnerable), and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRANK" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SRANK">NatureServe subnational conservation rank</a> of S3 (Vulnerable) in Ontario. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_(Ontario)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)">Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources</a> has given the species a general status of "Sensitive", and its populations there are monitored.</div>
2555. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2556. In areas in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White-tailed deer">deer</a> populations are dense, pawpaws appear to be becoming more abundant locally, since the deer avoid them but consume seedlings of most other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bilton_12-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Bilton-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
2557. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2558. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
2559. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2560. A strong candidate for the natural distribution of the common pawpaw <i>(Asimina triloba)</i> in North America, prior to the Ice Ages and lasting until roughly 10,000 years ago, was likely the then extant but now extinct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> of North America. (Such animals went extinct during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a>.) With the arrival of humans, and the extinction of such megafauna for distributing <i>Asimina triloba</i>, the likely candidate for distributing these large fruit bearing plants likely became the newly-arrived humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Anachronistic_16-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Anachronistic-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> The earliest documented mention of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hernando de Soto (explorer)">de Soto</a> expedition, who found <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> cultivating it east of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CSM-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
2561. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2562. Chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dessert">dessert</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Georgia_8-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Georgia-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM_17-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CSM-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> planted it at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, his home in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM_17-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CSM-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
2563. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2564. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> sometimes subsisted on pawpaws during their travels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM_17-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CSM-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
2565. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2566. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
2567. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2568. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fruits">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fruits">Fruits</span></h3>
2569. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2570. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2571. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asimina_triloba_red_fern_farm.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="143" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Asimina_triloba_red_fern_farm.jpg/220px-Asimina_triloba_red_fern_farm.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Asimina_triloba_red_fern_farm.jpg/330px-Asimina_triloba_red_fern_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Asimina_triloba_red_fern_farm.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2572. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2573. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asimina_triloba_red_fern_farm.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2574. <i>Asimina triloba</i> is often called <i>wild banana</i> or <i>prairie banana</i> because of its banana-like creamy texture and flavor.</div>
2575. </div>
2576. </div>
2577. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2578. As described by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Horticulture">horticulturist</a> Barbara Damrosch, the fruit of the pawpaw "looks a bit like mango, but with pale yellow, custardly, spoonable flesh and black, easy-to-remove seeds."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Damrosch_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Damrosch-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Wild-collected pawpaw fruits, ripe in late August to mid September, have long been a favorite treat throughout the tree's extensive native range in eastern North America, and on occasion are sold locally at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_market" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Farmers' market">farmers' markets</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Damrosch_18-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Damrosch-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Pawpaw fruits have a sweet, custardish flavor somewhat similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mango">mango</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cantaloupe">cantaloupe</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paw_Paw_Tunnel_19-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Paw_Paw_Tunnel-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> varying significantly by source or cultivar,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> with more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein">protein</a> than most fruits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Nineteenth-century American agronomist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lewis_Sturtevant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward Lewis Sturtevant">E. Lewis Sturtevant</a> described pawpaws as</div>
2579. <blockquote style="background-color: white;">
2580. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2581. ... a natural custard, too luscious for the relish of most people"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bilton_12-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Bilton-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
2582. </blockquote>
2583. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2584. Ohio botanist William B. Werthner noted that</div>
2585. <blockquote style="background-color: white;">
2586. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2587. The fruit ... has a tangy wild-wood flavor peculiarly its own. It is sweet, yet rather cloying to the taste and a wee bit puckery – only a boy can eat more than one at a time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
2588. </blockquote>
2589. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2590. Fresh fruits of the pawpaw are commonly eaten raw, either chilled or at room temperature. However, they can be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shelf life">kept</a> only 2–3 days at room temperature, or about a week if refrigerated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Georgia_8-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Georgia-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> The easily bruised pawpaw fruits do not ship well unless frozen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Damrosch_18-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Damrosch-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Where pawpaws grow, the fruit pulp is also often used locally in baked dessert recipes, with pawpaw often substituted with volumetric equivalency in many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banana">banana</a>-based recipes. Pawpaws may also be blended into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Georgia_8-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Georgia-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> or included in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Georgia_8-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Georgia-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Pawpaws are also used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juice">juice</a>-making,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as either a fresh pawpaw drink<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or in drink mixtures (for example, a pawpaw, pineapple, banana, lime, lemon, and orange tea mix<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). The fruit pulp can also be made into a country wine.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2591. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2592. In southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, pawpaws are made into a native version of banana nut cake or fruit cake baked inside canning jars, then heat-sealed, reputedly keeping the food for at least a year;<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however, due to the risk of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Botulism">botulism</a>, preserving cake in a canning jar is not recommended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></div>
2593. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2594. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h3>
2595. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2596. Pawpaws have never been cultivated for their fruits on the scale of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Apple">apples <i>(Malus domestica)</i></a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peach">peaches <i>(Prunus persica)</i></a>, primarily because pawpaw fruits ripen to the point of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> soon after they are picked, and only frozen fruit will store or ship well. Other methods of preservation include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, production of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_preserves#Jam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit preserves">jams</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_preserves#Jelly" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit preserves">jellies</a>, and pressure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canning">canning</a> (using the numerical values for bananas).</div>
2597. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2598. In recent years, cultivation of pawpaws for fruit production has attracted renewed interest, particularly among <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Organic farming">organic growers</a>, as a native fruit with few to no pests, successfully grown without<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. The commercial cultivation and harvesting of pawpaws is strong in southeastern Ohio,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and also being explored in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> and Maryland,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bilton_12-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Bilton-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> as well as various areas outside the species' native range, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California">California</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRFG_11-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CRFG-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRFG_11-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CRFG-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Damrosch_18-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Damrosch-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></div>
2599. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2600. Desirable kinds (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>) of pawpaw are propagated by chip budding or whip <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grafting">grafting</a>. In cultivation, lack of successful pollination is the most common cause of poor fruiting. Cross-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pollination">pollination</a> of at least two different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genotype">genetic varieties</a> of the plant is recommended,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KSU_2-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-KSU-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> and growers often resort to hand pollination or to use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a> attractants such as spraying fish emulsion or hanging chicken necks or other meat near the open flowers to attract pollinators. While pawpaws are larval hosts for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_Swallowtail_Butterfly" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly">zebra swallowtail butterfly</a>, these caterpillars are usually present only at low density, and not detrimental to the foliage of the trees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRFG_11-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-CRFG-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></div>
2601. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2602. The pawpaw is also gaining in popularity among <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscaping" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Landscaping">landscapers</a> and backyard <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gardener">gardeners</a> because of the tree's distinctive growth habit, the appeal of its fresh fruit, and its relatively low maintenance needs once established. However, only container-grown pawpaws should be transplanted; use of bare-rooted pawpaws is not recommended, since their fragile <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_hair" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Root hair">root hairs</a> tend to break off unless a cluster of moist soil is retained on the root mass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Georgia_8-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Georgia-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
2603. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2604. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Insecticide source">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Insecticide_source">Insecticide source</span></h3>
2605. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2606. The natural insecticides in the leaves, twigs, and bark of pawpaw trees can be used to make an organic pesticide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampson_10-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Sampson-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
2607. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2608. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Wood">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Wood">Wood</span></h3>
2609. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2610. The wood of tree-sized pawpaws is not commercially valuable.</div>
2611. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2612. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Habitat restoration">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat_restoration">Habitat restoration</span></h3>
2613. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2614. Pawpaws are sometimes included in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_ecology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Restoration ecology">ecological restoration plantings</a> since this tree grows well in wet soil and has a strong tendency to form well-rooted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_colony" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clonal colony">colonial thickets</a>. The pawpaw is particularly valued for establishing fast-growing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Habitat">vegetation</a> in areas where frequent flooding might produce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, since their root systems help hold streambanks steady.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pawpaws grow well even in cold hollows with little exposure to winter sunlight.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
2615. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2616. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asimina_triloba&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Historical uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</span></h3>
2617. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2618. The tough, fibrous inner bark of the pawpaw was used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Settler">settlers</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> for making <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rope">ropes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_net" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mat">mats</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bilton_12-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Bilton-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> and for stringing fish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sargent_4-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Sargent-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
2619. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2620. Pawpaw logs have been used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-rail_fence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Split-rail fence">split-rail fences</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
2621. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2622. The hard, brown, shiny <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_bean" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lima bean">lima-bean-sized</a> seeds were sometimes carried as pocket pieces in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Werthner_3-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pawpaw#cite_note-Werthner-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
2623. </div>
2624. </div>
2625. </div>
2626. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/asimina-triloba.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-5139068112243174752</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:44:25.200-07:00</atom:updated><title>Grape</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
2627. <br />
2628. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
2629. <span dir="auto">Grape</span></h1>
2630. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
2631. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
2632. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
2633. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
2634. </div>
2635. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
2636. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
2637. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
2638. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2639. This article is about the fruits of the genus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis">Vitis</a>. For the European grapevine, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a>. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape (disambiguation)">Grape (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
2640. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2641. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2642. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abhar-iran.JPG" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/220px-Abhar-iran.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/330px-Abhar-iran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/440px-Abhar-iran.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2643. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2644. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abhar-iran.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2645. Grapes</div>
2646. </div>
2647. </div>
2648. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2649. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2650. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Table_grapes_on_white.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Table_grapes_on_white.jpg/220px-Table_grapes_on_white.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Table_grapes_on_white.jpg/330px-Table_grapes_on_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Table_grapes_on_white.jpg/440px-Table_grapes_on_white.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2651. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2652. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Table_grapes_on_white.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2653. "White" <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_grapes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Table grapes">table grapes</a></div>
2654. </div>
2655. </div>
2656. <table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Grapes, red or green</caption><tbody>
2657. <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr>
2658. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">288 kJ (69 kcal)</td></tr>
2659. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">18.1 g</td></tr>
2660. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">15.48 g</td></tr>
2661. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.9 g</td></tr>
2662. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.16 g</td></tr>
2663. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.72 g</td></tr>
2664. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">1</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.069 mg (6%)</td></tr>
2665. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.07 mg (6%)</td></tr>
2666. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.188 mg (1%)</td></tr>
2667. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">5</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.05 mg (1%)</td></tr>
2668. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">6</sub></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.086 mg (7%)</td></tr>
2669. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folate">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">9</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">2 μg (1%)</td></tr>
2670. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Choline">Choline</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">5.6 mg (1%)</td></tr>
2671. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">3.2 mg (4%)</td></tr>
2672. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.19 mg (1%)</td></tr>
2673. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">14.6 μg (14%)</td></tr>
2674. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">10 mg (1%)</td></tr>
2675. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">Iron</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.36 mg (3%)</td></tr>
2676. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">7 mg (2%)</td></tr>
2677. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.071 mg (3%)</td></tr>
2678. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">20 mg (3%)</td></tr>
2679. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">191 mg (4%)</td></tr>
2680. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">2 mg (0%)</td></tr>
2681. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.07 mg (1%)</td></tr>
2682. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">7.8 µg</td></tr>
2683. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; padding: 4pt; text-align: center;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09132&format=Full" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br />Percentages are relative to<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br /><small>Source: <a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td></tr>
2684. </tbody></table>
2685. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2686. A <b>grape</b> is a fruiting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berry">berry</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> woody <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vine">vines</a> of the botanical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i>. Grapes can be eaten raw or they can be used for making <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">wine</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jam">jam</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_juice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape juice">juice</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)">jelly</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape seed extract">grape seed extract</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisins" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raisins">raisins</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape seed oil">grape seed oil</a>. Grapes are a non-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climacteric_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Climacteric (botany)">climacteric</a> type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, generally occurring in clusters.</div>
2687. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2688. <br /></div>
2689. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2690. </div>
2691. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2692. <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
2693. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2694. Grapes are a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mutations">Mutations</a> in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> which are responsible for the color of purple grapes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Anthocyanins and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pigment">pigment</a> chemicals of the larger family of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyphenols in grape">polyphenols</a> in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolate_spheroid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prolate spheroid">prolate spheroid</a>.</div>
2695. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2696. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Grapevines">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Grapevines">Grapevines</span></h2>
2697. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2698. Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></div>
2699. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
2700. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
2701. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grapes_Angoor.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grapes_Angoor.JPG/250px-Grapes_Angoor.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grapes_Angoor.JPG/375px-Grapes_Angoor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grapes_Angoor.JPG/500px-Grapes_Angoor.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2702. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2703. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grapes_Angoor.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2704. Yaquti Grapes production in 2008, Iran.</div>
2705. </div>
2706. </div>
2707. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2708. Most grapes come from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of grape varieties">cultivars</a> of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, the European grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:</div>
2709. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2710. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i>, the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_(grape)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Concord (grape)">concord</a> cultivar), sometimes used for wine, are native to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</li>
2711. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_riparia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis riparia">Vitis riparia</a></i>, a wild vine of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North America">North America</a>, is sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. It is native to the entire <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_U.S." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern U.S.">Eastern U.S.</a> and north to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.</li>
2712. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rotundifolia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis rotundifolia">Vitis rotundifolia</a></i>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muscadine">muscadines</a>, used for jams and wine, are native to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.</li>
2713. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_amurensis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis amurensis">Vitis amurensis</a></i> is the most important Asian species.</li>
2714. </ul>
2715. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2716. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Distribution and production">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_and_production">Distribution and production</span></h2>
2717. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2718. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
2719. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConcordGrapes.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="182" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ConcordGrapes.jpg/170px-ConcordGrapes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ConcordGrapes.jpg/255px-ConcordGrapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ConcordGrapes.jpg/340px-ConcordGrapes.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2720. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2721. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConcordGrapes.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2722. Concord is a variety of North American <i>labrusca</i> grape</div>
2723. </div>
2724. </div>
2725. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2726. According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dried fruit">dried fruit</a>. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.</div>
2727. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2728. There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultana (grape)">Sultana</a>, also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup>. (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Airén">Airén</a>. Other popular varieties include<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempranillo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
2729. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: left; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
2730. <tr><td><table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 13px; margin: 1em 0px;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;">Top producers of grapes for<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_making" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine making">wine making</a>, by area planted</caption><thead>
2731. <tr><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Country</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Area (km²)</th></tr>
2732. </thead><tbody>
2733. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Spain</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">11,750</td></tr>
2734. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">France</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">8,640</td></tr>
2735. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Italy</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">8,270</td></tr>
2736. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Turkey</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">8,120</td></tr>
2737. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">United States</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">4,150</td></tr>
2738. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Iran</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">2,860</td></tr>
2739. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Romania</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">2,480</td></tr>
2740. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Portugal</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">2,160</td></tr>
2741. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Argentina</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">2,080</td></tr>
2742. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Chile</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1,840</td></tr>
2743. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Australia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1,642</td></tr>
2744. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Armenia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1,459</td></tr>
2745. <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Lebanon</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;">1,122</td></tr>
2746. </tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
2747. </td></tr>
2748. </tbody></table>
2749. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
2750. <tr><td><table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 13px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: right;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;"><br />World grape production in 2009 and 2010 and some of the important producing countries<br /></caption><thead>
2751. <tr><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Country</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Production<br />in 2009<br />(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tonne">Tonnes</a>)</th><th class="unsortable" style="background-color: #ddddff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span title="Footnotes">‡</span></th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Production<br />in 2010<br />(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tonne">Tonnes</a>)</th><th class="unsortable" style="background-color: #ddddff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span title="Footnotes">‡</span></th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Percentage of<br />world production<br />in 2010</th></tr>
2752. </thead><tbody>
2753. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">China</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">8,039,091</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">8,651,831</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">12.67%</td></tr>
2754. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Italy</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">8,242,500</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">7,787,800</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">11.40%</td></tr>
2755. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">United States</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">6,629,160</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">6,220,360</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">9.11%</td></tr>
2756. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Spain</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">5,573,400</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">6,107,200</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">8.94%</td></tr>
2757. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">France</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">6,104,340</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">5,848,960</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">8.56%</td></tr>
2758. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Turkey</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">4,264,720</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">4,255,000</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">6.23%</td></tr>
2759. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Chile</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2,500,000</td><td align="center" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">(F)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2,755,700</td><td align="center" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">(I)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">4.03%</td></tr>
2760. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Argentina</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2,181,570</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2,616,610</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">3.83%</td></tr>
2761. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">India</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">1,878,000</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2,263,100</td><td align="center" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">(I)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">3.31%</td></tr>
2762. <tr><td align="left" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Iran</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2,255,670</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2,255,670</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">3.30%</td></tr>
2763. </tbody><tfoot>
2764. <tr><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: left;">World</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">67,901,744</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">(A)</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">68,311,466</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">(A)</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">100%</th></tr>
2765. </tfoot></table>
2766. </td></tr>
2767. </tbody></table>
2768. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2769. <br style="clear: both;" /></div>
2770. <div style="background-color: white; font-size: smaller; margin-left: 2em;">
2771.  
2772. <dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;">
2773. <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">‡ <i>Footnotes:</i></dt>
2774. <dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">No symbol = official figure</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">(A) = May include official, semi-official or estimated data</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">(F) = FAO estimate</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">(I) = FAO data based on imputation methodology</dd></dl>
2775. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2776. <i>Note:</i> The individual country figures do not add to the world totals because many countries have been omitted from the table. The listed countries accounted for approximately 71.38% of world production in 2010.</div>
2777. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2778. <i>Source:</i> <a class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division</a></div>
2779. </div>
2780. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2781. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Table and wine grapes">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Table_and_wine_grapes">Table and wine grapes</span></h2>
2782. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2783. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
2784. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_grapes03.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="257" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/170px-Wine_grapes03.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/255px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/340px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2785. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2786. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_grapes03.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2787. Wine grapes on the vine</div>
2788. </div>
2789. </div>
2790. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2791. Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">wine</a> (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Table grape">Table grape</a> cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes is usually around 15% sugar by weight.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
2792. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2793. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Seedless grapes">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Seedless_grapes">Seedless grapes</span></h2>
2794. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2795. Although grape seeds contain many nutrients, some consumers choose seedless grapes; seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively propagated</a> by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant tissue culture">tissue culture</a> techniques.</div>
2796. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2797. There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Seedless" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thompson Seedless">Thompson Seedless</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Seedless&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Seedless (page does not exist)">Russian Seedless</a>, and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Monukka&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Monukka (page does not exist)">Black Monukka</a>, all being cultivars of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></div>
2798. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2799. An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytochemical">phytochemical</a> content of grape seeds (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#Health_claims" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Health claims, below</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></div>
2800. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2801. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Raisins, currants and sultanas">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Raisins.2C_currants_and_sultanas">Raisins, currants and sultanas</span></h2>
2802. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2803. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2804. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raisins_01.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="138" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raisins_01.jpg/220px-Raisins_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raisins_01.jpg/330px-Raisins_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raisins_01.jpg/440px-Raisins_01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2805. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2806. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raisins_01.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2807. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisins" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raisins">Raisins</a></div>
2808. </div>
2809. </div>
2810. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2811. In most of Europe and North America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "Dried vine fruit" in official documents.</div>
2812. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2813. A <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raisin">raisin</a></i> is any dried grape. While <i>raisin</i> is a French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loanword">loanword</a>, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; <i>grappe</i> (from which the English <i>grape</i> is derived) refers to the bunch (as in <i>une grappe de raisins</i>).</div>
2814. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2815. A <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zante_currant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zante currant">currant</a></i> is a dried <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zakynthos">Zante</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Corinth" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Corinth">Black Corinth</a> grape, the name being a corruption of the French <i>raisin de Corinthe</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> grape). <i>Currant</i> has also come to refer to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackcurrant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrant</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcurrant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Redcurrant">redcurrant</a>, two berries unrelated to grapes.</div>
2816. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2817. A <i>sultana</i> was originally a raisin made from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultana (grape)">Sultana</a> grapes of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes, or red grapes which are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.</div>
2818. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2819. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Juice">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Juice">Juice</span></h2>
2820. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2821. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;">
2822. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="190" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg/170px-Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg/255px-Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg/340px-Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2823. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2824. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_of_grape_juice.jpeg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2825. A glass of grape juice</div>
2826. </div>
2827. </div>
2828. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2829. Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermented</a> and made into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brandy">brandy</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">wine</a> industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Must">must</a>". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_(grape)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Concord (grape)">Concord grapes</a> while <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White grape">white grape</a> juice is commonly made from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_(grape)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niagara (grape)">Niagara grapes</a>, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultana (grape)">Sultana</a> (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></div>
2830. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2831. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Health claims">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_claims">Health claims</span></h2>
2832. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2833. Main articles: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_and_health" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine and health">Wine and health</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Paradox" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French Paradox">French Paradox</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs">Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs</a></div>
2834. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2835. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: French Paradox">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="French_Paradox">French Paradox</span></h3>
2836. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2837. Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Paradox" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French Paradox">French Paradox</a>, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Platelet">platelet</a> aggregation and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyphenols in grape">polyphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
2838. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
2839. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Alteration of molecular mechanisms in blood vessels, reducing susceptibility to vascular damage</li>
2840. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Decreased activity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiotensin">angiotensin</a>, a systemic hormone causing blood vessel constriction that would elevate blood pressure</li>
2841. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Increased production of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasodilator">vasodilator</a> hormone, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium-derived_relaxing_factor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Endothelium-derived relaxing factor">endothelium-derived relaxing factor</a>)</li>
2842. </ul>
2843. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2844. Although adoption of wine consumption is not recommended by some health authorities,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> a significant volume of research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> Emerging evidence is that wine <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyphenols in grape">polyphenols</a> like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> provide physiological benefit whereas alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> More may be seen in the article the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">Long-term effects of alcohol</a>.</div>
2845. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2846. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Resveratrol">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</span></h3>
2847. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2848. Synthesized by many plants, resveratrol apparently serves <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_drug" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antifungal drug">antifungal</a> and other defensive properties. Dietary resveratrol has been shown to modulate the metabolism of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and to inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and aggregation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Platelet">platelets</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></div>
2849. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2850. Resveratrol is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds which, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muscadine">muscadine</a> grapes, have about one hundred times higher concentration than pulp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guhqhr_24-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-guhqhr-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></div>
2851. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2852. Grape <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a> (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyphenol">polyphenol</a>), have been shown in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basic research">basic research</a> to possibly inhibit mechanisms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, degenerative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nerve">nerve</a> disease, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virus">viral</a> infections and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup></div>
2853. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2854. In vitro studies indicate that protection of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genome">genome</a> through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> actions may be a general function of resveratrol.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> In laboratory studies with mice, resveratrol has <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcriptional</a> overlap with the beneficial effects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie_restriction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calorie restriction">calorie restriction</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brain">brain</a>. Both dietary interventions inhibit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> associated with heart and skeletal muscle <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aging">aging</a>, and prevent age-related heart failure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></div>
2855. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2856. Resveratrol is the subject of several human <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> among which the most advanced is a one year dietary regimen in a Phase III study of elderly patients with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></div>
2857. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2858. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Anthocyanins and other phenolics">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Anthocyanins_and_other_phenolics">Anthocyanins and other phenolics</span></h3>
2859. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2860. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2861. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Anatomical-style diagram of three grapes on their stalks. Two of the grapes are shown in cross-section with all their internal parts labeled." class="thumbimage" height="190" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg/220px-Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg/330px-Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg/440px-Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2862. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2863. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2864. Grape cross-section</div>
2865. </div>
2866. </div>
2867. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2868. Anthocyanins tend to be the main <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyphenols in grape">polyphenolics</a> in purple grapes whereas <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flavan-3-ol">flavan-3-ols</a> (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hozczp_32-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-hozczp-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hozczp_32-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-hozczp-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jafcsymp_33-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-jafcsymp-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> Phenolic content of grape skin varies with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.</div>
2869. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2870. Red <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">wine</a> may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> Ordinary non-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muscadine">muscadine</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Red wine">red wine</a> contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> depending on the grape variety, because it is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White wine">white wine</a> contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.</div>
2871. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2872. Wines produced from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muscadine">muscadine</a> grapes may contain more than 40 mg/L, an exceptional phenolic content.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guhqhr_24-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-guhqhr-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> In muscadine skins, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellagic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ellagic acid">ellagic acid</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myricetin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myricetin">myricetin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol is the major phenolic in muscadine grapes.</div>
2873. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2874. The flavonols <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringetin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syringetin">syringetin</a>, syringetin 3-O-galactoside, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laricitrin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laricitrin">laricitrin</a> and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mattivi_38-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-Mattivi-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></div>
2875. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2876. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Seed constituents">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Seed_constituents">Seed constituents</span></h3>
2877. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2878. Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></div>
2879. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2880. Since the 1980s, biochemical and preliminary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clinical trial">clinical</a> studies have demonstrated potential biological properties of grape seed <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomeric_proanthocyanidins" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oligomeric proanthocyanidins">oligomeric proanthocyanidins</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> Together with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_tannins" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape tannins">tannins</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_in_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyphenols in grape">polyphenols</a>and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acids">fatty acids</a>, these seed constituents display inhibitory activities in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basic research">basic research</a> against experimental disease models, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> and other disorders of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup></div>
2881. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2882. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a> from crushed seeds is used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeceutical" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cosmeceutical">cosmeceuticals</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skincare" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skincare">skincare</a> products for many perceived health benefits. Grape seed oil has some amount of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>), but is notable for its high contents of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosterol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phytosterol">phytosterols</a>, polyunsaturated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></div>
2883. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2884. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Concord grape juice">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Concord_grape_juice">Concord grape juice</span></h3>
2885. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2886. Commercial juice products from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_grape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Concord grape">Concord grapes</a> have been applied in medical research studies, showing potential benefits against the onset stage of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-45" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Platelet">platelet</a> aggregation and other risk factors of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> loss of physical performance and mental acuity during aging<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> in humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup></div>
2887. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2888. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs">Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs</span></h3>
2889. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2890. Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs">Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs</a></div>
2891. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2892. The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acute renal failure">acute renal failure</a> (the sudden development of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>) with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anuria">anuria</a> (a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup></div>
2893. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2894. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Religious significance">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</span></h2>
2895. <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2896. See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#Religious_uses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">Wine#Religious_uses</a></div>
2897. <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 112px 0px 112.390625px;"><tbody>
2898. <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
2899. <img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div>
2900. </td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 811.21875px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by removing<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links.2C_images.2C_or_media_files" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <small><i>(November 2012)</i></small></span></td></tr>
2901. </tbody></table>
2902. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2903. In <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Bible">the Bible</a>, grapes are first mentioned when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noah">Noah</a> grows them on his farm (<a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Genesis&verse=9:20%E2%80%9321&src=!" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Genesis 9:20–21</a>). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Book of Isaiah">book of Isaiah</a>, such as in <a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Proverbs&verse=20:1&src=!" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Proverbs 20:1</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=5:20%E2%80%9325&src=!" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Isaiah 5:20–25</a>. <a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Deuteronomy&verse=18:3%E2%80%935,14:22-27,16:13-15&src=!" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22-27,16:13-15</a> tell of the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">wine</a> during <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, and their god of agriculture, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, was linked to grapes and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wine">wine</a>, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup> Grapes are especially significant for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christians">Christians</a>, who since the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Church" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Early Church">Early Church</a> have used wine in their celebration of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-51" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup> Views on the significance of the wine vary between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_art" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, grapes often represent the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood of Christ">blood of Christ</a>, such as the grape leaves in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist_(Caravaggio)#John_the_Baptist.2C_Toledo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John the Baptist (Caravaggio)">Caravaggio’s <i>John the Baptist</i></a>.</div>
2904. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2905. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Use in religion">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_in_religion">Use in religion</span></h2>
2906. <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2907. See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christianity and alcohol">Christianity and alcohol</a></div>
2908. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2909. Grape juice, because of its non-alcoholic content, is commonly used by those Christians who oppose the partaking of alcoholic beverages, as the "cup" or "wine" in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UMC_-_Grape_Juice_52-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-UMC_-_Grape_Juice-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup></div>
2910. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2911. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine <i>literally</i> become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsubstantiation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transsubstantiation">transsubstantiation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-54" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup> The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#cite_note-55" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup> In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.</div>
2912. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2913. Although alcohol is permitted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, grape juice is sometimes used as an alternative for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kiddush">kiddush</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holidays</a> and it has the same blessing as wine. Many authorities maintain that grape juice must be capable of turning into wine naturally in order to be used for kiddush. Common practice, however, is to use any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> grape juice for kiddush.</div>
2914. </div>
2915. </div>
2916. </div>
2917. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/grape.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-5501094635208614031</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:41:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:41:46.771-07:00</atom:updated><title>Spondias dulcis</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
2918. <br />
2919. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
2920. <span dir="auto"><i>Spondias dulcis</i></span></h1>
2921. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
2922. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
2923. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
2924. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
2925.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambarella&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ambarella">Ambarella</a>)</div>
2926. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
2927. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarella#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarella#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
2928. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
2929. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
2930. "Ambarella" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarella_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ambarella (disambiguation)">Ambarella (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
2931. <div>
2932. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg/220px-Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg/330px-Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg/440px-Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
2933. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Spondias dulcis</i></th></tr>
2934. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
2935. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Spondia dulcis</i></td></tr>
2936. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
2937. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
2938. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
2939. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
2940. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
2941. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></span></td></tr>
2942. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacardiaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></span></td></tr>
2943. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>Spondias</b></i></span></td></tr>
2944. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>S. dulcis</b></i></span></td></tr>
2945. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
2946. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Spondias dulcis</i></span></b><br /><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolus Linnaeus">L.</a></small></td></tr>
2947. </tbody></table>
2948. </div>
2949. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
2950. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
2951. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spondias_dulcis3.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spondias_dulcis3.jpg/220px-Spondias_dulcis3.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spondias_dulcis3.jpg/330px-Spondias_dulcis3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spondias_dulcis3.jpg/440px-Spondias_dulcis3.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
2952. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
2953. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spondias_dulcis3.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
2954. Unripe <i>Spondias dulcis</i> fruit. Ripe fruits are golden/caramel yellow to yellowish orange in color.</div>
2955. </div>
2956. </div>
2957. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2958. <i><b>Spondias dulcis</b></i> (or its alternative binomial, <i>Spondias cytherea</i>), <b>ambarella</b>, <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_plum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hog plum">hog plum</a></b> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Equator">equatorial</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropics">tropical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a>, with edible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> containing a fibrous pit. It is known by many names in various regions, including <i>pomme cythere</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oxford_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarella#cite_note-oxford-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Dominica, Guadeloupe and Martinique,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarella#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup>June plum in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oxford_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarella#cite_note-oxford-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> <i>juplon</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <i>jobo indio</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <i>cajá-manga</i> or <i>cajarana</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <i>quả cóc</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Kedondong in Indonesia</div>
2959. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2960. <br /></div>
2961. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2962. <br /></div>
2963. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2964. </div>
2965. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2966. <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
2967. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2968. This fast-growing tree can reach up to 60 ft (18 m) in its native homeland of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>; however, it usually averages 30 to 40 ft (9–12 m) in other areas. <i>Spondias dulcis</i> has <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a> leaves, 8 to 24 in (20–60 cm) in length, composed of 9 to 25 glossy, elliptic or <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obovate-oblong&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Obovate-oblong (page does not exist)">obovate-oblong</a>leaflets 2.5 to 4.0 in (6.25–10 cm) long, finely toothed toward the apex.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarella#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> The tree produces small, inconspicuous white flowers in terminal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panicles">panicles</a>, assorted male, female. Its oval fruits, 2.5 to 3.5 in (6.25–9 cm) long, are long-stalked and are produced in bunches of 12 or more. Over several weeks, the fruit fall to the ground while still green and hard, turning golden-yellow as they ripen. According to Morton (1987), “some fruits in the South Sea Islands weigh over 1 lb (0.45 kg) each”.</div>
2969. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2970. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spondias_dulcis&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span></h2>
2971. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2972. Native to Melanesia through Polynesia, <i>S. dulcis</i> has been introduced into tropical areas across the world. The species was introduced into Jamaica in 1782, and, among other places, is also cultivated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and also from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> to Trinidad, and eastern<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_(state)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sucre (state)">Sucre</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. Although the United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> in 1909, <i>S. dulcis</i> has yet to become popular in America.</div>
2973. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
2974. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spondias_dulcis&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
2975. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2976. <i>Spondias dulcis</i> is most commonly used as a food source. Its fruit may be eaten raw; the flesh is crunchy and a little sour. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<i>S. dulcis</i> is eaten with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shrimp paste">shrimp paste</a> (a thick, black, salty-sweet sauce, called <i>hayko</i> in Chinese <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> dialect). It is an ingredient in <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rujak">rujak</a>" in Indonesia or '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rojak">rojak</a></i> in Malaysia, and may also be juiced, which is called <i>kedondong"' juice in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,</i> umbra <i>juice in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, or</i> balonglong <i>juice in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.</i></div>
2977. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
2978. Alternative food uses include cooking the fruit into a preserve, similar in consistency to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_butter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Apple butter">apple butter</a>, sauce flavoring, soups, and stews.</div>
2979. </div>
2980. </div>
2981. </div>
2982. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/spondias-dulcis.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-5282611516250070844</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:39:18.513-07:00</atom:updated><title>Irvingia gabonensis</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
2983. <br />
2984. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
2985. <span dir="auto"><i>Irvingia gabonensis</i></span></h1>
2986. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
2987. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
2988. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
2989. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
2990.   (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_mango&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="African mango">African mango</a>)</div>
2991. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
2992. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
2993. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
2994. <div>
2995. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OGBONO.JPG" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OGBONO.JPG/220px-OGBONO.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OGBONO.JPG/330px-OGBONO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OGBONO.JPG/440px-OGBONO.JPG 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
2996. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Dika</th></tr>
2997. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
2998. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Ogbono nuts</td></tr>
2999. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
3000. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
3001. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
3002. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
3003. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
3004. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighiales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></span></td></tr>
3005. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvingiaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></span></td></tr>
3006. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>Irvingia</b></i></span></td></tr>
3007. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>I. gabonensis</i></span></td></tr>
3008. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
3009. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Irvingia gabonensis</i></span></b><br /><small>(Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill.</small></td></tr>
3010. </tbody></table>
3011. </div>
3012. <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
3013. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
3014. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png/220px-Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png/330px-Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png/440px-Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
3015. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
3016. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dispersion_of_Irvingia_gabonensis.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
3017. Natural occurrence of Irvingia gabonensis in Africa</div>
3018. </div>
3019. </div>
3020. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3021. <i><b>Irvingia gabonensis</b></i> is a species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">trees</a> in the genus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvingia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Irvingia">Irvingia</a>, sometimes known by the common names <b>wild mango</b>, <b>African mango</b>, <b>bush mango</b>, <b>dika</b> or <b>ogbono</b>. They bear edible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mango">mango</a>-like fruits, and are especially valued for their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">fat</a>- and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein">protein</a>-rich nuts.</div>
3022. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3023. <br /></div>
3024. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3025. </div>
3026. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3027. <span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</span></h2>
3028. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3029. <i>Irvingia gabonensis</i> is indigenous to the humid forest zone from the northern tip of Angola, including Congo, DR Congo, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire and south-western Uganda.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
3030. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3031. It is planted in parts of this area, e.g. in south-western Nigeria and southern Cameroon, and also in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin.</div>
3032. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3033. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Biophysical limits">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Biophysical_limits">Biophysical limits</span></h3>
3034. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3035. The tree is present in the tropical wet and dry climate zone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ecocrop_fao_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-ecocrop_fao-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> Dika grows naturally in canopied jungle, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_forests" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gallery forests">gallery forests</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-deciduous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semi-deciduous">semi-deciduous</a> forests. It grows at altitudes from 200–500 m with annual rainfalls from 1200–1500 mm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Supported temperature ranges from 20° to 38°C under slightly shaded to very bright, clear skies. Deep soils with more than 150 cm are requested with a moderate fertility and good drainage. pH can vary from 4.5 to 7.5.</div>
3036. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3037. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
3038. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3039. <i>Irvingia gabonensis</i> grows straight, up to a height of 40 m and 1 m in diameter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> It has buttresses till a hight of 3 m. The outer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bark">bark</a> is smooth to scaly with grey to yellow-grey color. The crown is evergreen, spherical and dense. Leaves are elliptic, one <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_margin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf margin">margin</a> is often a little rounder than the other, acuminate, dark green and glossy on the upside. Flowers are yellow to greenish-white in small <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panicles">panicles</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> The flowers are bisexual. The fruit is nearly spherical, green when ripe with a bright orange pulp. The stone is woody and contains one seed. Seedling germinate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigeal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Epigeal">epigeally</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></div>
3040. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3041. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology">Ecology</span></h2>
3042. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3043. <i>Irvingia gabonensis</i> is pollinated by Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> It flowers from March to June and has two fruiting seasons: from April to July and from September to October.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Seeds are dispersed by specialized vertebrates as elephants and gorillas. By reducing the number of those animals, the spread and regeneration of dika decreases and it becomes dependent on human planting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
3044. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3045. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
3046. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3047. Humans can eat the fruits fresh, thus the name African mango can refer to dika.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> The fruits are processed into jelly, jam, juice and sometimes even wine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ecocrop_fao_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-ecocrop_fao-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> The pulp has also been used to prepare black dye for cloth coloration. Compared to the seed the fruit is only a tiny resource.</div>
3048. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3049. The <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episperm&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Episperm (page does not exist)">episperm</a> of the fruit has to be cracked open to get to the seed. Seeds, also called dika nuts, are eaten raw or roasted. Mostly however they are pounded to butter- or a chocolate-like block.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup>Seeds can be pressed to produce an edible oil (solid at ambient temperatures) or margarine which are used for cooking. The oil can also be processed further to soap, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_cake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Press cake">press cake</a> can be used as cattle feed or as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickening_agent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thickening agent">thickening agent</a> for soup. Seeds can be ground or crushed and used as thickening and flavoring agent in soups and stews.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup>This food-thickening property is thought<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2013)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be caused by mucilaginous polysaccharides, which become more viscous with cooking and is called "drawability". They can also be made into a cake called "dika bread" for preservation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Various medicinal uses mostly depend on the bark and leaves. It is employed as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgative" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Purgative">purgative</a>, for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> and liver conditions, for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hernia">hernias</a> and urethral discharge or for sores and wounds.</div>
3050. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3051. The wood is very hard and therefore usually used for heavy construction work as making ships' decks or railway ties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-world_agroforestry_centre_1-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-world_agroforestry_centre-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Dead branches are used as firewood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
3052. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3053. The trees are used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> systems to shade other crops, especially cocoa and coffee. They are also used to reduce erosion. Cities have started using them to shade streets, as shelter belts, or for beautification.</div>
3054. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3055. Thousands of tons of dika seeds are traded each year. This happens mostly within Africa, but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Export">exports</a> have commenced to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USA">USA</a>. As a cash crop dika produces income.</div>
3056. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3057. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical and medicinal use">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pharmaceutical_and_medicinal_use">Pharmaceutical and medicinal use</span></h3>
3058. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3059. A small double-blind <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Placebo">placebo</a>-controlled study published in 2005 demonstrated that <i>I. gabonensis</i> resulted in greater weight-loss and improved blood-test results in obese human volunteers when compared with a placebo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> According to the study, significant reductions took place in weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and systolic blood pressure in subjects taking the Irvingia compared to the placebo. Despite overall weight-loss in this study there was not a significant reduction in body-fat percentage. This indicates that weight was lost from both adipose tissue and from lean body-mass and that these losses were proportionate to original body compositions.</div>
3060. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3061. A further, longer clinical trial published in 2009 reported both weight loss and percent body-fat loss.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
3062. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3063. Another study, published in 2008, demonstrated that <i>Irvingia gabonesis</i> enhanced the weight-reducing effects of <i>Cissus quadrangulari</i>s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
3064. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3065. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nutritional aspects of Irvingia gabonensis">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nutritional_aspects_of_Irvingia_gabonensis">Nutritional aspects of Irvingia gabonensis</span></h3>
3066. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3067. Nutritive value of the <b>kernels</b> per 100 g edible portion, which corresponds to about 2918 kJ of energy:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
3068. <table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 1em 0px;"><thead></thead><tbody>
3069. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Fat</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">67 g</td></tr>
3070. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Carbohydrate</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">15 g</td></tr>
3071. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Protein</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">8.5 g</td></tr>
3072. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Water</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">4 g</td></tr>
3073. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Calcium</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">120 mg</td></tr>
3074. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Iron</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2.4 mg</td></tr>
3075. </tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
3076. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3077. Besides the mentioned components, kernels of <i>Irvingia gabonensis</i> contain traces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">niacin</a>. The approximate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> composition is myristic acid 33-70%, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laureic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Laureic acid (page does not exist)">laureic acid</a>20-59%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> 1-11%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a> 2% and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a> 1%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The contained amino acids are reasonably balanced for human nutrition. Since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Valine">valine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Threonine">threonine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a> have high concentrations in the seed, first limiting amino acids are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Methionine">methionine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
3078. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3079. Unlike the pulp of some other <i>Irvingia</i> spp., the pulp of the fruit of <i>Irvingia gabonensis</i> tastes juicy and sweet and is eaten fresh. Nutritive value per 100g edible portion of fruit pulp, which corresponds to 255 kJ of energy: energy:</div>
3080. <table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 1em 0px;"><thead></thead><tbody>
3081. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Water</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">81 g</td></tr>
3082. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Carbohydrate</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">15.7 g</td></tr>
3083. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Protein</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">0.9 g</td></tr>
3084. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Fat</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">0.2 g</td></tr>
3085. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Phosphorus</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">40 mg</td></tr>
3086. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">calcium</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">20 mg</td></tr>
3087. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">7 mg</td></tr>
3088. <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Iron</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2 mg</td></tr>
3089. </tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
3090. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3091. The fruit pulp's flavor components include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiberene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zingiberene">zingiberene</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-curcumene&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Α-curcumene (page does not exist)">α-curcumene</a>, ethyl and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ester" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Methyl ester">methyl esters</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cinnamic acid">cinnamic acid</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dodecanal">dodecanal</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dodecanol">dodecanol</a>. This results in spicy-earthy, fruity, wine-yeast flavor notes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota4u_4-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-prota4u-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
3092. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3093. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h2>
3094. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3095. Till some years ago 90% of the dika products were harvested from scattered, wild trees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> They were not especially planted, because it was believed, that it takes up to 15 years till a tree bears fruits. Although they were not planted, their occurrence is high because they were also rarely lumbered. In a plantation using marcots (air-layering plants) florisation was observed two to four years after planting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Dika has no history as managed crop, that is why not a lot experience is gathered upon cultivating it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> <b>Germination</b> from seeds is low and when they are not handled carefully, most fail to germinate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> In trials was observed that they already three to five years after planting. <b>Harvesting</b> fruits at the mature green stage and let maturate at 26°-29°C were preferred in color and texture to those which naturally ripened on the tree. The seeds are mostly extracted by braking the episperm by hand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Different techniques are common in different countries. Sometimes seeds are harvested from fresh fruits, sometimes they are let fermenting in the sun. All those techniques are very time consuming.</div>
3096. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3097. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Breeding">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Breeding">Breeding</span></h3>
3098. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3099. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of Dika is in its early years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Around 1990 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_propagation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vegetative propagation">vegetative propagation</a> started allowing mass <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Replication">replication</a><sup class="plainlinks noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: text-top; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Irvingia_gabonensis&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dn" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span title="Link needs disambiguation. (December 2012)">disambiguation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selection">selection</a>. Grafting, budding air-layering, marcotting and cuttings are feasible when they are applied on young wood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
3100. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3101. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irvingia_gabonensis&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Future developments">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Future_developments">Future developments</span></h2>
3102. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3103. An elite germplasm bank should be built up.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> This germplasm could then be used for vegetative propagation to improve the farmers welfare with improved plant material. Farmers could also be supported in cultivation. Future breeding aims are: <i>multiple bearing</i> - carrying fruits several times a year, <i>precocity</i> - fruiting at younger age, <i>split fruits</i> - nuts which release the seed by themselves and <i>good form</i> - dwarfing is especially valued, because it simplifies harvest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Invention of a nut-cracking device would help the further dispersion of the tree. A selection for "drawability", which could be used by food technology seems probable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Research_Council_2-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_mango#cite_note-National_Research_Council-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
3104. </div>
3105. </div>
3106. </div>
3107. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/irvingia-gabonensis.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-7794381216290330730</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:36:33.850-07:00</atom:updated><title>Ackee</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
3108. <br />
3109. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
3110. <span dir="auto">Ackee</span></h1>
3111. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
3112. <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
3113. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
3114. <div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
3115. </div>
3116. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
3117. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
3118. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
3119. <div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
3120. For the fruit-bearing tree known as ackee in Barbados, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicoccus_bijugatus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melicoccus bijugatus">Melicoccus bijugatus</a>.</div>
3121. <div>
3122. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
3123. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Blighia sapida</i></th></tr>
3124. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ackee_001.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ackee_001.jpg/220px-Ackee_001.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ackee_001.jpg/330px-Ackee_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ackee_001.jpg/440px-Ackee_001.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
3125. <tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Fruit</td></tr>
3126. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akee.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Akee.jpg/220px-Akee.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Akee.jpg/330px-Akee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Akee.jpg/440px-Akee.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
3127. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
3128. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
3129. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
3130. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
3131. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
3132. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></span></td></tr>
3133. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></span></td></tr>
3134. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blighia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blighia">Blighia</a></i></span></td></tr>
3135. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>B. sapida</b></i></span></td></tr>
3136. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
3137. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Blighia sapida</i></span></b><br /><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Konig" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Konig">K.D.Koenig</a></small></td></tr>
3138. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a></th></tr>
3139. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3140. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupania" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cupania">Cupania</a> sapida</i> <small>Voigt</small></div>
3141. </td></tr>
3142. </tbody></table>
3143. </div>
3144. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3145. The <b>ackee</b>, also known as <b>achee</b>, <b>akee apple</b> or <b>akee</b> (<i>Blighia sapida</i>) is a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapindus">soapberry</a> family), native to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropical">tropical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Togo">Togo</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GRIN_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-GRIN-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></div>
3146. <div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
3147. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
3148. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ackee_Flower_001.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ackee_Flower_001.JPG/220px-Ackee_Flower_001.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ackee_Flower_001.JPG/330px-Ackee_Flower_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ackee_Flower_001.JPG/440px-Ackee_Flower_001.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
3149. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
3150. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ackee_Flower_001.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
3151. Flower</div>
3152. </div>
3153. </div>
3154. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3155. It is related to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lychee">lychee</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Longan">longan</a>, and is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> that grows about 10 metres tall, with a short <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trunk (botany)">trunk</a> and a dense <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crown (botany)">crown</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-features_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-features-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> leathery, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_leaves#Divisions_of_the_lamina_.28blade.29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Compound leaves">compound</a>, 15–30 centimetres long, with 6–10 elliptical obovate-oblong leaflets. Each leaflet is 8–12 centimetres long and 5–8 centimetres broad.</div>
3156. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3157. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flower">flowers</a> are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisexual" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unisexual">unisexual</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragrant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fragrant">fragrant</a>. They have five <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Petal">petals</a>, are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Green">greenish</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White">white</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-description2_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-description2-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> and bloom during warm months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-description_4-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-description-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is pear-shaped. When it ripens, it turns from green to a bright red to yellow-orange, and splits open to reveal three large, shiny black seeds, surrounded by soft, creamy or spongy, white to yellow flesh—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aril" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aril">arilli</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-features_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-features-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> The fruit typically weighs 100–200 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gram">grams</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-features_2-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-features-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
3158. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3159. The scientific name honours <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Captain (naval)">Captain</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bligh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> who took the fruit from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kew">Kew</a>, England in 1793 and introduced it to science. The common name is derived from the West African Akye fufo. The term <i>ackee</i> originated from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Akan language">Akan language</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-language_5-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-language-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
3160. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3161. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> was imported to Jamaica from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> (probably on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_ship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a>) before 1778.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jis_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-jis-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Since then it has become a major feature of various Caribbean cuisines, and is also cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas elsewhere around the world.</div>
3162. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3163. <br /></div>
3164. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3165. </div>
3166. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3167. <span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation_and_uses">Cultivation and uses</span></h2>
3168. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
3169. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
3170. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg/220px-Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg/330px-Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg/440px-Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
3171. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
3172. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ackee_and_Saltfish.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
3173. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ackee and saltfish">Ackee and saltfish</a>, a traditional Jamaican dish</div>
3174. </div>
3175. </div>
3176. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3177. Although native to West Africa, the use of ackee in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food">food</a> is especially prominent in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican cuisine</a>. Ackee is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National fruit">national fruit</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ackee and saltfish">ackee and saltfish</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National dish">national dish</a>. Ackee and Codfish is ranked number 2 in the world by National Geographic survey of National dishes around the world. Recently, ackee wine has been introduced in Jamaica and though it has resulted in a majority of curious and adventurous Jamaicans gravitating towards the newly introduced product it still has not appealed to others. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_geographic_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-National_geographic-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-national_dishes_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-national_dishes-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
3178. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3179. Ackee was introduced to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and later to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and others. It was later introduced to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>.</div>
3180. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3181. Ackee pods are allowed to ripen and open naturally on the tree before picking. Prior to cooking, the ackee arils are cleaned and washed. The arils are then boiled for approximately 60 minutes and the water discarded.</div>
3182. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3183. The dried <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seed">seeds</a>, fruit, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bark">bark</a>, and leaves are used medicinally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-medicinal_9-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-medicinal-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
3184. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3185. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ackee&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Toxicity">Toxicity</span></h2>
3186. <div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
3187. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
3188. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypoglycin.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="127" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hypoglycin.svg/220px-Hypoglycin.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hypoglycin.svg/330px-Hypoglycin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hypoglycin.svg/440px-Hypoglycin.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
3189. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
3190. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypoglycin.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
3191. Hypoglycin molecule</div>
3192. </div>
3193. </div>
3194. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3195. The unripened or inedible portions of the fruit contain the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Toxin">toxins</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypoglycin">hypoglycin A</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypoglycin">hypoglycin B</a>. Hypoglycin A is found in both the seeds and the arils, while hypoglycin B is found only in the seeds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-features_2-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-features-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypoglycin">Hypoglycin</a> is converted in the body to <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methylenecyclopropyl_acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid (page does not exist)">methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid</a> (MCPA). Hypoglycin and MCPA are both toxic. MCPA inhibits several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> involved in the breakdown of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_CoA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acyl CoA">acyl CoA</a> compounds. Hypoglycin binds irreversibly to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coenzyme A">coenzyme A</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carnitine">carnitine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine_O-palmitoyltransferase" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase">carnitine acyltransferases I and II</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clinical_Significance_of_Carnitine_Function_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-Clinical_Significance_of_Carnitine_Function-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> reducing their bioavailability and consequently inhibiting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beta oxidation">beta oxidation</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>. Beta oxidation normally provides the body with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NADH</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_CoA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acetyl CoA">acetyl CoA</a> which is used to supplement the energy produced by glycolysis. Glucose stores are consequently depleted leading to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clinical_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-Clinical-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> Clinically, this condition is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_vomiting_sickness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamaican vomiting sickness">Jamaican vomiting sickness</a>. Ill effects occur only when the immature fruit is consumed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
3196. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3197. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ackee&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Economic importance">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</span></h2>
3198. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3199. The ackee fruit is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canning">canned</a> and is a major export product in Jamaica. In 2005, the ackee industry of Jamaica was valued at $400 million.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The importing of canned ackee into the U.S. has at times been restricted due to unripe ackee <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aril" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aril">arilli</a> being included. However, it is currently allowed, provided that the amount of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypoglycin">hypoglycin</a> present meets the standards of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. In 2005, the first commercial shipments of canned ackee from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> were approved by the United States FDA for shipment to the US market.</div>
3200. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3201. A canning plant in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, is supplied with fruit from three commercial orchards on the outskirts of the city.</div>
3202. </div>
3203. </div>
3204. </div>
3205. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/ackee.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2042391423498125070.post-5687213630546983301</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 17:35:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-23T10:35:12.315-07:00</atom:updated><title>Malpighia emarginata</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
3206. <br />
3207. <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
3208. <span dir="auto"><i>Malpighia emarginata</i></span></h1>
3209. <div>
3210. <span dir="auto"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg/220px-Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg/330px-Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg/440px-Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></span></div>
3211. <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1124px;">
3212. <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
3213. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
3214. <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
3215. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
3216. <tr><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
3217. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_fruit.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><br /></a></div>
3218. <div>
3219. <table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
3220. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Malpighia emarginata</i></th></tr>
3221. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
3222. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
3223. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
3224. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
3225. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
3226. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
3227. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighiales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></span></td></tr>
3228. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighiaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></span></td></tr>
3229. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malpighia">Malpighia</a></i></span></td></tr>
3230. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>M. emarginata</b></i></span></td></tr>
3231. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th></tr>
3232. <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Malpighia emarginata</i></span></b><br /><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">DC.</a></small></td></tr>
3233. <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a></th></tr>
3234. <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3235. <i>Malpighia biflora</i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Louis_Marie_Poiret" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jean Louis Marie Poiret">Poir.</a></small><br /><i>Malpighia glabra</i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Janick_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Janick-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><br /><i>Malpighia punicifolia</i> <small>L.</small><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GRINGlabra_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-GRINGlabra-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><br /><i>Malpighia retusa</i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Bentham">Benth.</a></small><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GRINEmarginata_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-GRINEmarginata-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
3236. </td></tr>
3237. </tbody></table>
3238. </div>
3239. <table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;">Acerola, (west indian cherry), raw</caption><tbody>
3240. <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr>
3241. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">134 kJ (32 kcal)</td></tr>
3242. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">7.69 g</td></tr>
3243. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;">- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.1 g</td></tr>
3244. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.3 g</td></tr>
3245. <tr><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.4 g</td></tr>
3246. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> equiv.</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">38 μg (5%)</td></tr>
3247. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">1</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.02 mg (2%)</td></tr>
3248. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">2</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.06 mg (5%)</td></tr>
3249. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">3</sub>)</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.4 mg (3%)</td></tr>
3250. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">5</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.309 mg (6%)</td></tr>
3251. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">6</sub></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.009 mg (1%)</td></tr>
3252. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folate">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">9</sub>)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">14 μg (4%)</td></tr>
3253. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1677.6 mg (2021%)</td></tr>
3254. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">12 mg (1%)</td></tr>
3255. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iron">Iron</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.2 mg (2%)</td></tr>
3256. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">18 mg (5%)</td></tr>
3257. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.6 mg (29%)</td></tr>
3258. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">11 mg (2%)</td></tr>
3259. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">146 mg (3%)</td></tr>
3260. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">7 mg (0%)</td></tr>
3261. <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.1 mg (1%)</td></tr>
3262. <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; padding: 4pt; text-align: center;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09001&format=Full" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br />Percentages are relative to<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br /><small>Source: <a class="external text" href="http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td></tr>
3263. </tbody></table>
3264. </td></tr>
3265. </tbody></table>
3266. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3267. <i><b>Malpighia emarginata</b></i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropics">tropical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a>-bearing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shrub">shrub</a> or small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">tree</a> in the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighiaceae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a>. Common names include <b>acerola</b> (<small>Portuguese pronunciation: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Portuguese_and_Galician" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for Portuguese and Galician">[ɐse̞ˈɾɔ̞lɐ]</a></span>), <b>Barbados cherry</b>, <b>West Indian cherry</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Johnson_4-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Johnson-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> and <b>wild crepemyrtle</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> Acerola is native to South America, Southern Mexico and Central America, but is now also being grown as far north as Texas and in subtropical areas of Asia, like India. It is known for being extremely rich in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, almost as much as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camu_camu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Camu camu">camu camu</a>, although it also contains vitamins A, B1, B2 and B3 as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioflavonoids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioflavonoids">bioflavonoids</a> which provide important nutritive value and have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> uses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mezadri_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Mezadri-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The vitamin C produced by the fruit is better absorbed by humans than synthetic ascorbic acid.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-de_Assis_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-de_Assis-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</a></sup></div>
3268. <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3269. </div>
3270. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3271. <span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span></h2>
3272. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3273. <i>M. emarginata</i> is originally from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>, and can be found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central America">Central America</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South America">South America</a> as far south as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peru">Peru</a> and the<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Brazil">south east region</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and in the southernmost parts of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a> (southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GRINEmarginata_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-GRINEmarginata-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> and the Lower <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a> of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Texas">Texas</a>),.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GRINGlabra_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-GRINGlabra-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GRINEmarginata_3-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-GRINEmarginata-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A.26M_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-A.26M-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> It is cultivated in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropics">tropics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a> throughout the world, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hanelt_9-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Hanelt-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
3274. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3275. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Adaptation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Adaptation">Adaptation</span></h2>
3276. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3277. Acerola can be propagated by seed, cutting and other methods. M. emarginata prefers dry sandy soil and full sun, and cannot endure temperatures lower than 30°F. Because of its shallow roots, it has very low tolerance to winds.</div>
3278. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3279. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
3280. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3281. Acerola is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shrub">shrub</a> or small tree with spreading branches on a short <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trunk (botany)">trunk</a>. It is usually 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) tall, but sometimes reaches 6 m (20 ft) in height.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Agroforest_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Agroforest-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
3282. <div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
3283. <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
3284. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg/250px-Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg/375px-Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg/500px-Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
3285. <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
3286. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighia_glabra_blossom_and_unripe_fruits.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
3287. Close-up of the blossom and unripe fruit</div>
3288. </div>
3289. </div>
3290. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3291. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Leaves">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Leaves">Leaves</span></h3>
3292. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3293. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are simple ovate-lanceolate, 2–8 cm (0.79–3.1 in) long, 1–4 cm (0.39–1.6 in), and are attached to short <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>. They are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllotaxis#Pattern_structure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phyllotaxis">opposite</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf shape">ovate to elliptic-lanceolate</a>, and have entire or undulating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Margins_.28edge.29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">margins</a> with small hairs, which can irritate skin.</div>
3294. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3295. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Flowers">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Flowers">Flowers</span></h3>
3296. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3297. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flower">Flowers</a> are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_sexuality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plant sexuality">bisexual</a> and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) in diameter. They have five<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Agroforest_10-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Agroforest-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> pale to deep pink or red<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> fringed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Petal">petals</a>, ten <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, and six to ten glands on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stamen">calyx</a>. There are three to five flowers per <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>, which are sessile or short-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncled</a> axillary cymes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Agroforest_10-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Agroforest-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
3298. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3299. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fruit">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fruit">Fruit</span></h3>
3300. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3301. After 3 years trees produce significant numbers of bright red <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drupe">drupes</a> 1–3 cm (0.39–1.2 in) in diameter with a mass of 3–5 g (0.11–0.18 oz). Drupes are in pairs or groups of three, and each contains three triangular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seed">seeds</a>. The drupes are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juice">juicy</a> and very high in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>(3-46g kg-1)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vendramini_12-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Vendramini-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>. They are divided into three obscure lobes and are usually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acid">acid</a> to subacid, giving them a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste#Sourness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taste">sour taste</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Agroforest_10-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Agroforest-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> but may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste#Sweetness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taste">sweet</a> if grown well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nugent_13-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Nugent-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> While the nutrient composition depends on the species and environmental conditions, the most common components of acerola and their concentration range are as follow: proteins (2.1-8g), lipids (2.3-8g), carbohydrates (35.7-78g), calcium (117 mg), phosphor (171 mg), iron (2.4 mg), pyridoxine (87 mg), riboflavin (0.7 mg), thiamine (0.2 mg), water (906-920g) and dietic fibre (30g)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mezadri_6-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Mezadri-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
3302. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3303. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
3304. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3305. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: As food">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="As_food">As food</span></h3>
3306. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3307. The fruit is edible and widely consumed in the species' native area, and is cultivated elsewhere for its high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> content. There are 1677.6 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fruit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Johnson_4-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Johnson-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
3308. <ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
3309. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fruit can be used to make juices and pulps, both very rich in vitamin C and antioxidants;</li>
3310. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Acerola fruit can be used to produce vitamin C concentrate;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-de_Assis_7-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-de_Assis-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li>
3311. <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Baby food and juice<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clein_14-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Clein-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></li>
3312. </ul>
3313. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3314. A comparative analysis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> potency among a variety of frozen juice pulps was carried out, including the acerola fruit. Among the eleven fruits' pulps tested, acerola was the highest-scoring domestic fruit, meaning it had the most antioxidant potency, with a TEAC (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolox" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trolox">Trolox</a> equivalent antioxidant activity) score of 53.2 mmol g.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kuskoski_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-kuskoski-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></div>
3315. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3316. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolut_Vodka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Absolut Vodka">Absolut Vodka</a> released Absolut Los Angeles, a limited-edition spirit flavored with acerola, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7ai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Açai">açai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>, in July 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
3317. <h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3318. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span></h3>
3319. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3320. Acerola is a popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> subject because of its small leaf, fruit and fine ramification. It is also grown as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gilman_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Gilman-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> and for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hedge">hedges</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hanelt_9-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-Hanelt-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
3321. <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
3322. It is one of three ingredients in a proprietary herbal medicine for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Allergic rhinitis">allergic rhinitis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerola#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></div>
3323. <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
3324. <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighia_emarginata&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology">Ecology</span></h2>
3325. </div>
3326. </div>
3327. </div>
3328. </description><link>http://foodandvegetable.blogspot.com/2013/04/malpighia-emarginata.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>