Sorry

This feed does not validate.

In addition, interoperability with the widest range of feed readers could be improved by implementing the following recommendations.

Source: http://feeds.feedburner.com/wownder

  1. <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962</id><updated>2024-05-03T12:50:34.079+05:30</updated><category term="science"/><category term="biology"/><category term="mathematics"/><category term="physics"/><category term="art"/><category term="botany"/><category term="chemistry"/><category term="curve"/><category term="atom"/><category term="plant"/><category term="body"/><category term="butterfly"/><category term="caterpillar"/><category term="crying"/><category term="diffraction"/><category term="electricity"/><category term="electron"/><category term="emotions"/><category term="fluorescent"/><category term="food"/><category term="human"/><category term="interference"/><category term="lamp"/><category term="leaf"/><category term="light"/><category term="metamorphosis"/><category term="music"/><category term="reproduction"/><category term="sound"/><category term="surface tension"/><category term="tears"/><category term="under the hood"/><title type='text'>wownder</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>18</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-6369619554936503135</id><published>2012-07-30T01:14:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2012-07-30T01:14:05.105+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="body"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="chemistry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="human"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><title type='text'>The Heart Still Goes On... While Muscles Tire</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  2. You are off on a long walk... a hike in the woods... it seems like you have been walking for hours... your legs are aching and dragging... but surprisingly, your heart is racing on and beating faster than ever. Hmm... Strange, isn&#39;t it?&lt;br /&gt;
  3. &lt;br /&gt;
  4. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  5. &lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/M8HYmaDpWpE?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6. &lt;br /&gt;
  7. &lt;br /&gt;
  8. The heart is also made of muscles. The heart has been beating since you were born, and will keep on beating till the end. It beats roughly once per second normally and can beat up to an astonishing 3 times a second when you are stressed! When other muscles of your body tire out regularly and complain on overuse, why doesn&#39;t the heart ever do so?&lt;br /&gt;
  9. &lt;br /&gt;
  10. &lt;br /&gt;
  11. Let&quot;s first understand how muscles work. Muscles convert energy into motion (or force) - they use energy from the food that we eat and help move various body parts. The only movement a muscle is capable of is contraction. Because of the ways in which the muscles are attached to our bones and body parts, they make the levers, pulleys and other mechanical contraptions that use this basic contraction motion to achieve the amazingly complex activities that we can do. The mind boggles thinking of this.&lt;br /&gt;
  12. &lt;br /&gt;
  13. &lt;br /&gt;
  14. Muscles are fibres made of muscle cells - the building blocks of our body. Each cell is capable of converting energy into motion through a complex chain of chemical reactions. The energy they use is in the form of a chemical called ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate). When ATP is broken down with a chemical reaction with water to simpler forms, it releases energy. That is what the cells use to do work.&lt;br /&gt;
  15. &lt;br /&gt;
  16. &lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  17. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibgQzLbUjwZqZdAdSzMy8jUucD7yKfXVglwqL6sO45TvUer2yYYvKqaoEmxXT0ZtRF6N2AO9HdzWScNkMPvwCc1kFc6vj6Bdni0Vq6ELkxl1Qx-W0SFp7RyUZxE83kB-e5Nqyshgabg2c/s1600/animal_cell_mitochondria.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;238&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibgQzLbUjwZqZdAdSzMy8jUucD7yKfXVglwqL6sO45TvUer2yYYvKqaoEmxXT0ZtRF6N2AO9HdzWScNkMPvwCc1kFc6vj6Bdni0Vq6ELkxl1Qx-W0SFp7RyUZxE83kB-e5Nqyshgabg2c/s320/animal_cell_mitochondria.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  18. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mitochondria in our cells&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  19. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  20. &lt;br /&gt;
  21. &lt;br /&gt;
  22. ATP is produced inside the cells in a unit called the mitochondrion. The more mitochondria a cell has, the more energy it can produce and the more work it can do.&lt;br /&gt;
  23. &lt;br /&gt;
  24. ATP can be produced in two ways:&lt;br /&gt;
  25. &lt;br /&gt;
  26. &lt;b&gt;Aerobic&lt;/b&gt;: The food that we eat is converted into a simpler form called glucose in the stomach. Glucose gets absorbed into blood and transported to all cells of our body. ATP is produced using glucose and oxygen right inside the cells where it is consumed. Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct which gets transported out by the blood and we breathe it out from our lungs.&lt;br /&gt;
  27. &lt;br /&gt;
  28. &lt;b&gt;An-aerobic&lt;/b&gt;: ATP can also be produced without oxygen. This process of not using oxygen is less efficient. It makes less number of ATP that the aerobic process. It also produces toxic &amp;nbsp;byproducts other than carbon dioxide that can not be removed as fast. They tend to accumulate in the muscles, reduce their efficiency and cause muscle pain and fatigue.&lt;br /&gt;
  29. &lt;br /&gt;
  30. &lt;br /&gt;
  31. &lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  32. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVMx1bdfqFMqCklGf8eAUojZr1M34lpbdxa44HeqgZ2EThI4Sp6tTnKvOmyGjsDILuz9xxg6rBFCICrUkxqrnjZTFYR727GeBhVrcEm23Hdcieg2YcpuGd2bgWrNWYze0L4M8lYKXVXyQ/s1600/mitochondria.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVMx1bdfqFMqCklGf8eAUojZr1M34lpbdxa44HeqgZ2EThI4Sp6tTnKvOmyGjsDILuz9xxg6rBFCICrUkxqrnjZTFYR727GeBhVrcEm23Hdcieg2YcpuGd2bgWrNWYze0L4M8lYKXVXyQ/s320/mitochondria.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  33. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Energy production in a mitochondrion&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  34. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  35. &lt;br /&gt;
  36. &lt;br /&gt;
  37. &lt;br /&gt;
  38. Now that we have some interesting facts, let us piece together the answer to our puzzle...&lt;br /&gt;
  39. &lt;br /&gt;
  40. There are two primary reasons why our muscles tire out much before our heart:&lt;br /&gt;
  41. &lt;br /&gt;
  42. &lt;b&gt;Reason 1:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  43. The heart muscles have plenty of oxygen available, they being right where our lungs are. We breathe through our lungs, remember? So the heart gets the freshly absorbed oxygen before any other organ gets it!&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  44. &lt;br /&gt;
  45. &lt;b&gt;Reason 2:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  46. The heart muscles are built specifically to use aerobic energy. They are rich with mitochondria and of the kind that can use oxygen and glucose to produce energy. Since they almost never produce energy without energy, they do not accumulate toxic wastes and do not get fatigued easily! Till it has enough oxygen and glucose available, that is.&lt;br /&gt;
  47. &lt;br /&gt;
  48. &lt;br /&gt;
  49. &lt;b&gt;Then why are not all muscles like heart muscles? Then we would never get tired!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  50. &lt;br /&gt;
  51. Well, our body is optimized for the conditions it encounters most. In most cases, under mild strain, our body has enough oxygen to cleanly burn food for energy. It is only during occasional high demands, when it has to dip into its reserves for extra energy - and burn what ever it can however to meet the demand.&lt;br /&gt;
  52. &lt;br /&gt;
  53. Moreover they type of reaction used to create energy determines the speed at which the muscle can operate. Aerobic reactions are cleaner, but they are also slower. They are also limited by the amount of oxygen we can breathe. When our muscles need to operate fast, they must get part of their energy in the anaerobic way to work faster. Most of our skeletal muscles need to have and do have both kinds of muscles - those that can work best with oxygen and those that can without.&lt;br /&gt;
  54. &lt;br /&gt;
  55. &lt;hr /&gt;
  56. &lt;small&gt;
  57. Multimedia credits:&lt;br /&gt;
  58. http://www.shmoop.com/biology-cells/mitochondrial-membrane.html&lt;br /&gt;
  59. http://healthbitesonline.blogspot.in/2010/04/big-pharma-admits-vaccines-cause-autism.html&lt;br /&gt;
  60. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8HYmaDpWpE&amp;amp;feature=player_embedded&lt;/small&gt;
  61. &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/6369619554936503135/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/07/the-heart-still-goes-on-while-muscles.html#comment-form' title='10 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/6369619554936503135'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/6369619554936503135'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/07/the-heart-still-goes-on-while-muscles.html' title='The Heart Still Goes On... While Muscles Tire'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibgQzLbUjwZqZdAdSzMy8jUucD7yKfXVglwqL6sO45TvUer2yYYvKqaoEmxXT0ZtRF6N2AO9HdzWScNkMPvwCc1kFc6vj6Bdni0Vq6ELkxl1Qx-W0SFp7RyUZxE83kB-e5Nqyshgabg2c/s72-c/animal_cell_mitochondria.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>10</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bangalore, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-5501257555507240621</id><published>2012-06-21T23:06:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2012-06-21T23:06:04.677+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="under the hood"/><title type='text'>Early Smartphone - Under the Hood</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  62. &lt;br /&gt;
  63. Almost all mobile phones that we see today are &#39;smart&#39;. :) Well, if a phone can play music, movies and games, can store unlimited contacts, let us browse the internet, write notes and documents, and let us install apps to do whatever else we want to do, ought to be smart. Don&#39;t you agree?&lt;br /&gt;
  64. &lt;br /&gt;
  65. Mobile phones in early days were not all that &#39;smart&#39;, or shall we say multi-functional, though they were no doubt good at whatever they were intended to do. One of the earliest smart phones just combined a phone and a PDA (personal digital assistant) into the same device. One of the earliest PDAs were running the Palm OS (like some of us run Windows on our PCs today). The Palm OS could recognize gestures written using a stylus, it was touch enabled, had a web browser to browse the internet, and allowed applications and games to be installed by users.&lt;br /&gt;
  66. &lt;br /&gt;
  67. Since when I was a child, I always took apart things to see what was inside. I had one such palm based smart phone long time ago, which went bad and could not be repaired. In this article, I&#39;ll take it apart to show you what it looked like under the hood - just for curiosity&#39;s sake.&lt;br /&gt;
  68. &lt;br /&gt;
  69. 1. This is how the phone looked. It was a bulky flip phone. The top portion had a touch sensitive screen. The bottom portion had the keypad and a small touch sensitive area for scribbling with the stylus.&lt;br /&gt;
  70. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  71. &lt;/div&gt;
  72. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  73. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBuOcZvWLpQKLIQw_K3cwf_u1HOgPJmpTi6BDkiiXDg6C-zi4jk61S2NsqykupjR3XUy6Xhocx5Vq0IUWCUxn3sqUCtTaUl1jYW-ynlQkRtCOuqOdJ9YHcYwplGDQHGNkDICBF6nYvT80/s1600/1_ThePhone.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBuOcZvWLpQKLIQw_K3cwf_u1HOgPJmpTi6BDkiiXDg6C-zi4jk61S2NsqykupjR3XUy6Xhocx5Vq0IUWCUxn3sqUCtTaUl1jYW-ynlQkRtCOuqOdJ9YHcYwplGDQHGNkDICBF6nYvT80/s320/1_ThePhone.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  74. &lt;br /&gt;
  75. &lt;br /&gt;
  76. 2. The back cover removed. You can see the stylus tucked in on one side and the antenna on the other side. At the top you can see a small motor with a small semicircular weight at its tip. This is used to vibrate the phone when in vibrator mode. When the motor rotates, the non uniform rotational force caused by the semicircular weight vibrates the phone.&lt;br /&gt;
  77. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  78. &lt;/div&gt;
  79. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  80. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8USUhhyr3wzZLc664gNffh7qDGxtclupgeNaoZbksX_f5mWW_ElIwOM3dr3K3eRJzV0OGxeeWpMLGO-h72qn6JUUBWi-PG9Ca7m7KnX_XxRd1TfMU19iyYJ3q4zbg0gSyf30npWjKDk/s1600/2_BackCover.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8USUhhyr3wzZLc664gNffh7qDGxtclupgeNaoZbksX_f5mWW_ElIwOM3dr3K3eRJzV0OGxeeWpMLGO-h72qn6JUUBWi-PG9Ca7m7KnX_XxRd1TfMU19iyYJ3q4zbg0gSyf30npWjKDk/s320/2_BackCover.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  81. &lt;br /&gt;
  82. &lt;br /&gt;
  83. 3. This is the back side of the circuit board after removing the back cover. We can see the connectors used for the battery, the antenna and the vibrator.&lt;br /&gt;
  84. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  85. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwBEY3IHMAui3VvX2sQrhecjzlDRgM-WHuDBwyu1jZ7YPMFF2K1cYyRqq0LV-DNoRU5aq_F5IhYHTFmPJwf9cqtJlT1vp3fzsUsWcNfQAY4UrGGXxXCUwh4HPZUFjjI1ALwQmpHzns6ks/s1600/3_BatteryConnectors.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwBEY3IHMAui3VvX2sQrhecjzlDRgM-WHuDBwyu1jZ7YPMFF2K1cYyRqq0LV-DNoRU5aq_F5IhYHTFmPJwf9cqtJlT1vp3fzsUsWcNfQAY4UrGGXxXCUwh4HPZUFjjI1ALwQmpHzns6ks/s320/3_BatteryConnectors.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  86. &lt;br /&gt;
  87. &lt;br /&gt;
  88. 4. The top circuit board removed. This is the front side where we can see the components attached to the board. The large square chip with &#39;Qualcomm&#39; written on it signifies that this is the board for the mobile phone circuit (Qualcomm makes mobile phone chips). The long white strip has a series of connectors that are used to make contact with the next circuit board.&lt;br /&gt;
  89. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  90. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0GaU_kpGrLY5PQ61NBkBGM8K7a-gm1FwH-UjDFC6PMZ2tFQvfHghW5zqAYPT-1xLMnc0xXGEcECdZPHLFsaBoIgAui6oQt-YsKkpRj9apL1aSWGcBxXRVYxaMKZVwCgcm1aW-RJPzoHM/s1600/4_CellphoneCircuitBoard.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0GaU_kpGrLY5PQ61NBkBGM8K7a-gm1FwH-UjDFC6PMZ2tFQvfHghW5zqAYPT-1xLMnc0xXGEcECdZPHLFsaBoIgAui6oQt-YsKkpRj9apL1aSWGcBxXRVYxaMKZVwCgcm1aW-RJPzoHM/s320/4_CellphoneCircuitBoard.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  91. &lt;br /&gt;
  92. &lt;br /&gt;
  93. 5. The two circuit boards are separated with an aluminum layer that also probably acts as a shield for electrical fields. Since the mobile phone circuit deals with pretty strong electro-magnetic fields, it was probably necessary to isolate the other circuits from it. Do you notice the thick&amp;nbsp;copper lines in the circuit above? The ridges on the aluminium separator match the copper lines exactly. That&#39;s the ground connector.&lt;br /&gt;
  94. &lt;br /&gt;
  95. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  96. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Pr0f6_Ro-0UKynLNLZ2AXoewn0R-7eKo93YUlTvtY3KvUx39GD_4rDHdhNzq0Eewu7SqtOx3I2NokA7ty0NurQCXvshQfYkYrk9eJTg2Q7y5MC7NcqOVQuBGpGnBFOvkK5VVSY6SQWU/s1600/5_CircuitBoardSeparator.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Pr0f6_Ro-0UKynLNLZ2AXoewn0R-7eKo93YUlTvtY3KvUx39GD_4rDHdhNzq0Eewu7SqtOx3I2NokA7ty0NurQCXvshQfYkYrk9eJTg2Q7y5MC7NcqOVQuBGpGnBFOvkK5VVSY6SQWU/s320/5_CircuitBoardSeparator.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  97. &lt;br /&gt;
  98. &lt;br /&gt;
  99. 6. This is the 2nd circuit board for the Palm based PDA. Here the large square chip with &#39;Dragonball&#39; written on it is the CPU of the PDA. The metallic clip like device held memory card (SD card). The battery charging and external connector terminals are connected to this circuit. It also is connected to another small LCD display that displays short information strings like the caller Id, battery charging indicator and such stuff which can be seen without opening the flap.&lt;br /&gt;
  100. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  101. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC28cJPHRm6EDEKhTRihq9r29JgNQ3nSUHXwIkj1scT2gZkffR0tFjRsGNYw9QluzUypfUVV8zrTlDzUUHQhy4iIK_aauE1shcqV-c-oBlavrAs6yin6CFi1vYkPiRzLFBDB1xwJax1V4/s1600/7_PalmOSCircuitBoard.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC28cJPHRm6EDEKhTRihq9r29JgNQ3nSUHXwIkj1scT2gZkffR0tFjRsGNYw9QluzUypfUVV8zrTlDzUUHQhy4iIK_aauE1shcqV-c-oBlavrAs6yin6CFi1vYkPiRzLFBDB1xwJax1V4/s320/7_PalmOSCircuitBoard.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  102. &lt;br /&gt;
  103. &lt;br /&gt;
  104. 7. This is the keypad. Each key is a small switch with the concentric circles forming the terminals. The keypad has a conducting plate at the bottom of each key that connect the terminals when pressed.&lt;br /&gt;
  105. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  106. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7wBnC2V1cykzLaGb1wG2hbWhBmxy3S5hzEjYP4oWudnUAdnA-eJyhDNDEcT52IKD7jBeUgffZJh0AD3NqcU84bSk0gfDHlC9Ux6S39LWlGAcBoh9G7ROlSu8LlEFhMO9Sj1KsB_TIuag/s1600/8_KeypadConnectors.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7wBnC2V1cykzLaGb1wG2hbWhBmxy3S5hzEjYP4oWudnUAdnA-eJyhDNDEcT52IKD7jBeUgffZJh0AD3NqcU84bSk0gfDHlC9Ux6S39LWlGAcBoh9G7ROlSu8LlEFhMO9Sj1KsB_TIuag/s320/8_KeypadConnectors.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  107. &lt;br /&gt;
  108. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  109. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZResRkrsQBHa-0bjxZT3YiXPMjjjQP4XINNT4pIWoInFV47SJMK4w6HtbEX0QwG5ZhFT5fgfadM0P2nZRh5yr3bzH6t0oPfIPeRzGE0ztaEA0Sjyow0Pa6lWuUE-Mp8pSzreGkhRXsM/s1600/9_KeypadRubberButtons.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZResRkrsQBHa-0bjxZT3YiXPMjjjQP4XINNT4pIWoInFV47SJMK4w6HtbEX0QwG5ZhFT5fgfadM0P2nZRh5yr3bzH6t0oPfIPeRzGE0ztaEA0Sjyow0Pa6lWuUE-Mp8pSzreGkhRXsM/s320/9_KeypadRubberButtons.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  110. &lt;br /&gt;
  111. &lt;br /&gt;
  112. After taking the pictures, I carefully put the circuit back as it was. Weren&#39;t the components on the circuit board tiny? Newer phones have even more compact circuits. Today more and more of the circuits are being crammed into tiny integrated circuits (ICs - the black squarish components that you saw). They make electronic items smaller, cheaper to manufacture, and consume less power than larger components.&lt;br /&gt;
  113. &lt;br /&gt;
  114. Sadly though, as components become cheaper and better with time, people find it easier to just throw old equipments and buy new ones in their place. So like plastics, we are slowly filling our junkyards with lots of electronic waste. The right thing to do would be to use gadgets for as long as possible, and when we replace a working gadget, we should pass the old one to someone who can make use of it. If it is not working, we should give it to someone who can recycle it appropriately.&lt;br /&gt;
  115. &lt;br /&gt;
  116. In my case, though the phone didn&#39;t work, the palm PDA was working. I will be cleaning and restoring it before giving it off to be used by some kid who cannot afford a PDA. In future articles, I will be opening and showing you what lies under the hood of a few other items that I had.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/5501257555507240621/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/06/early-smartphone-under-hood.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/5501257555507240621'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/5501257555507240621'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/06/early-smartphone-under-hood.html' title='Early Smartphone - Under the Hood'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBuOcZvWLpQKLIQw_K3cwf_u1HOgPJmpTi6BDkiiXDg6C-zi4jk61S2NsqykupjR3XUy6Xhocx5Vq0IUWCUxn3sqUCtTaUl1jYW-ynlQkRtCOuqOdJ9YHcYwplGDQHGNkDICBF6nYvT80/s72-c/1_ThePhone.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bangalore, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-9027055341004931840</id><published>2012-06-10T00:47:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2012-06-10T00:47:33.821+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="botany"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="food"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plant"/><title type='text'>Why don&#39;t we eat flowers?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  117. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  118. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXZw8Je127vGCY0JbhYcs7pZDNzAdqTffxgmr3eM-8wIZrOuTnCmxVyvHFlHL3eE-4kImTeh8Ib299uTM1A5_zmz13C6hURB9Ww_nK_ExSGsoEKZr0BRqvy7uT1yU1UcgR5jYt0zvia4/s1600/eating_flower.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXZw8Je127vGCY0JbhYcs7pZDNzAdqTffxgmr3eM-8wIZrOuTnCmxVyvHFlHL3eE-4kImTeh8Ib299uTM1A5_zmz13C6hURB9Ww_nK_ExSGsoEKZr0BRqvy7uT1yU1UcgR5jYt0zvia4/s200/eating_flower.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  119. Think of some plant products that we eat. Chances are it is either a fruit, seed, leaf or roots of a plant. Rarely do we eat flowers. Why so?&lt;br /&gt;
  120. &lt;br /&gt;
  121. Fruits and seeds are storehouses of energy. Fruits are intended to be eaten by others, so that the seeds get dispersed far and wide. Seeds are intended to store food for the sprout that grows from them.&lt;br /&gt;
  122. &lt;br /&gt;
  123. The roots that we eat (potato, beet, carrot) are actually specialized roots that store energy too. That&#39;s why they are rather unusually shaped and much larger than roots of other plants. &lt;br /&gt;
  124. &lt;br /&gt;
  125. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  126. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTLzk_z80MDo6pU1S1i5cfmahxFg43Wu02i2ObNC358sXpYH4Mjr1znJdJp20Q_tj47BbBRzutMe6JYG6JhgIemmCq4nV7lBNMc2IEYOtoQ5VuJY2eEZ6O7h-D8ja2EChVk6HBhRD3ueE/s1600/H1100318-Assortment_of_salad_vegetables_and_fruits-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;158&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTLzk_z80MDo6pU1S1i5cfmahxFg43Wu02i2ObNC358sXpYH4Mjr1znJdJp20Q_tj47BbBRzutMe6JYG6JhgIemmCq4nV7lBNMc2IEYOtoQ5VuJY2eEZ6O7h-D8ja2EChVk6HBhRD3ueE/s200/H1100318-Assortment_of_salad_vegetables_and_fruits-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  127. Leaves are the kitchen of the plant. Leaves do not have too much energy in them, but they have many essential minerals and vitamins that we need to repair our body and carry out subtle chemical wizardry in our brains and glands. Leaves also have fibres that help keep our digestive system in good shape. And hey, leaves are available in plenty!&lt;br /&gt;
  128. &lt;br /&gt;
  129. Flowers are however small in size. They are not available all the time of the year. Moreover, flowers don&#39;t last long, usually a day or two. That makes it difficult for us to gather enough quantity of flowers to make a meal.&lt;br /&gt;
  130. &lt;br /&gt;
  131. Think about what purpose a flower serves to a plant. It is mostly to attract insects for pollination. The flower is therefore specialized for that purpose, having scents, colors,&amp;nbsp;fluorescence&amp;nbsp;and what not to get those bees to notice them. They are laden with chemicals. There&#39;s no energy - like carbohydrates, no proteins either which help us build our body, and usually not much minerals/vitamins.&amp;nbsp;So if we eat flowers, we don&#39;t really get anything much of use. Rather, we are in the danger of having an overdose of strange chemicals that the flower may have, which can make us sick.&lt;br /&gt;
  132. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  133. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJC38RvbE0GKUhwy-q7_Hjxaa9GZyXD5lhrEt52TWXbbL-ycEHBMJkCfu1Hc1z-qd_GEMszq5EoYJbV_aBmNrrbsBw1Yw3VaYbN8LFSt0WYUfYcodsBBZm8RWMnM07gaONeT2JY_l4_XQ/s1600/flower_parts.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJC38RvbE0GKUhwy-q7_Hjxaa9GZyXD5lhrEt52TWXbbL-ycEHBMJkCfu1Hc1z-qd_GEMszq5EoYJbV_aBmNrrbsBw1Yw3VaYbN8LFSt0WYUfYcodsBBZm8RWMnM07gaONeT2JY_l4_XQ/s320/flower_parts.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  134. &lt;br /&gt;
  135. &amp;nbsp;It is like this not only for humans, but for most animals.&amp;nbsp;It is how plants have evolved to ensure that the flowers don&#39;t get eaten away before they had a chance to bear fruits and seeds. Very clever, isn&#39;t it? Well, nature had all the time to learn from itself and set things to perfection!&lt;br /&gt;
  136. &lt;br /&gt;
  137. We have leant not to have flowers as their main diet.&amp;nbsp;Flowers are like spices. They taste and smell good in small quantities. But we can&#39;t tolerate too much of them.&lt;br /&gt;
  138. &lt;br /&gt;
  139. There are some flowers we eat as accompaniments and flavoring agents. Rose petals, and marigold petals are used with milk and sometimes pickled. Jasmine is used to flavor tea. Saffron is used to flavor and color delicacies.&lt;br /&gt;
  140. &lt;br /&gt;
  141. There are also some flowers that are eaten in slightly larger quantities. Cauliflower is a common example. Cauliflower is really not a flower, it is just the part of the plant that holds the flowers. The real cauliflower flower is too small to be eaten.&amp;nbsp;Banana flowers are are also eaten, but it requires lot of preparation to remove the caustic flower parts. Neem flowers are also eaten in some places, but in small quantities because of their bitter taste.&lt;br /&gt;
  142. &lt;br /&gt;
  143. Do you know of any flowers that you eat? Tell us!&lt;br /&gt;
  144. &lt;br /&gt;
  145. &lt;hr /&gt;
  146. &lt;small&gt;
  147. Multimedia credits:&lt;br /&gt;
  148. http://katiedeboer.com/blog/tag/flowers/&lt;br /&gt;
  149. Science photo library&lt;br /&gt;
  150. Britannica Encyclopedia&lt;br /&gt;
  151. &lt;/small&gt;
  152. &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/9027055341004931840/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/06/why-dont-we-eat-flowers.html#comment-form' title='28 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/9027055341004931840'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/9027055341004931840'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/06/why-dont-we-eat-flowers.html' title='Why don&#39;t we eat flowers?'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXZw8Je127vGCY0JbhYcs7pZDNzAdqTffxgmr3eM-8wIZrOuTnCmxVyvHFlHL3eE-4kImTeh8Ib299uTM1A5_zmz13C6hURB9Ww_nK_ExSGsoEKZr0BRqvy7uT1yU1UcgR5jYt0zvia4/s72-c/eating_flower.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>28</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bangalore, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-7699690576000401494</id><published>2012-05-19T22:43:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2012-05-19T22:43:21.355+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crying"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="emotions"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tears"/><title type='text'>Why did we evolve to cry tears?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  153. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  154. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/308327/350wm/P4200298-Close-up_of_a_woman_s_blue_eye_with_a_tear-drop-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/308327/350wm/P4200298-Close-up_of_a_woman_s_blue_eye_with_a_tear-drop-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;198&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  155. We all cry some time or other. Sometimes when we are hurt physically, and sometimes when we are hurt emotionally. As young children we make crying noises along with tears. As we grow up, we learn to weep silently. And sometimes our eyes get tears without us making any noises.&lt;br /&gt;
  156. &lt;br /&gt;
  157. If you believe in the theory of evolution, everything we are today must have a reason, right? Unless there was some evolutionary advantage in shedding tears, we wouldn&#39;t have evolved to cry.&amp;nbsp;So what is it?&lt;br /&gt;
  158. &lt;br /&gt;
  159. Let&#39;s trace a possible evolutionary path we might have taken.&lt;br /&gt;
  160. &lt;br /&gt;
  161. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  162. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/416212/350wm/F0039646-Baby_boy_crying_in_fathers_arm-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/416212/350wm/F0039646-Baby_boy_crying_in_fathers_arm-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;213&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  163. Let&#39;s think of a newborn baby. A human baby needs to be tended to by its parents, but the baby must be able to communicate a few simple messages to help them. To start with, it needs to indicate when it is uncomfortable (for any reason like&amp;nbsp;hunger, cold, hot, pain)&amp;nbsp;and when it is content. It will take the baby quite some time to learn to speak, but what the hell, it can yell out in the meantime! So that&#39;s what babies do, squint their faces and let air out from their lungs to make the crying sound. The louder they cry the harder they squint.&lt;br /&gt;
  164. &lt;br /&gt;
  165. A hard squint squeezes the tear gland and releases tear drops into the eye. So while just a crying sound indicated some discomfort, tears definitely indicated great discomfort. A baby who cried tears got more attention than a baby who just made noises. So they got fed more, got stronger and had more children than others who did not shed tears. Slowly, the brain evolved to link the emotion of discomfort to the tear gland. Such a linkage allowed the brain to &#39;cheat&#39; and shed tears more easily.&lt;br /&gt;
  166. &lt;br /&gt;
  167. Once emotion got linked to it, it became sort of involuntary for us. It was partly under the brain&#39;s control. Like the wag of a dog&#39;s tail.&lt;br /&gt;
  168. &lt;br /&gt;
  169. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  170. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/430514/350wm/F0042048-Close_up_of_baby_girl_crying-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;133&quot; src=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/430514/350wm/F0042048-Close_up_of_baby_girl_crying-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  171. A grown up child who can speak doesn&#39;t need to cry to indicate discomfort. It can do much better by telling what exactly is bothering him/her. So grown up children do not cry if they can communicate their discomfort.&amp;nbsp;It is easier and faster to fix the problem that way.&lt;br /&gt;
  172. &lt;br /&gt;
  173. But sometimes it is not possible or difficult to communicate. Either because the other party is refusing to understand, or it is something that is difficult for the child to explain effectively. That is when the brain brings out those tears, sometimes also accompanied by cries. They are intended for the people watching him/her, they would then know that the pain that the child is experiencing is more that what their physical actions show. In the history of evolution, children who could do this definitely got a better deal that others who could not. So we evolved to retain our&amp;nbsp;crying&amp;nbsp;till young adulthood.&lt;br /&gt;
  174. &lt;br /&gt;
  175. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  176. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/261312/350wm/M2450221-Face_of_a_depressed_and_tearful_elderly_woman-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/261312/350wm/M2450221-Face_of_a_depressed_and_tearful_elderly_woman-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;146&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  177. When the child grows up even more to become an adult, it becomes emotionally more complex. Emotional hurt sometimes gives him/her as much or more pain than any physical hurt. Sometimes he/she may get emotionally overwhelmed by just thinking of something.&amp;nbsp;Then, involuntarily, the brain kicks in the tears to display the emotions. If there was someone watching, they would sympathise with the person and do&amp;nbsp;something&amp;nbsp;to calm them or resolve the problem. Such people who could cry even as adults would get better emotional help from others than people who did not cry. They would be emotionally better off, and hence we evolved to retain our crying&amp;nbsp;habits&amp;nbsp;till adulthood.&lt;br /&gt;
  178. &lt;br /&gt;
  179. Slowly it became such an important part of our complex emotional framework that sometimes just crying out&amp;nbsp;without&amp;nbsp;anyone seeing us also calmed us down. It served as an emotional vent to let off some grief.&lt;br /&gt;
  180. &lt;br /&gt;
  181. And of course, being humans with high IQ, we quickly learn to cheat, even ourselves. Sometimes with a bit of effort, some of us can bring out false tears. That is like lying to get certain advantages, but we have learnt to do it as well.&lt;br /&gt;
  182. &lt;br /&gt;
  183. And by the way, if after reading this you are thinking that people who cry easily get everything easy, you are wrong. Unnecessary and frequent crying puts off people around and can have negative results!&lt;br /&gt;
  184. &lt;br /&gt;
  185. Wow! Such uses of some silly small drops of salt water!&lt;br /&gt;
  186. &lt;br /&gt;
  187. Some things to ponder on:&lt;br /&gt;
  188. - why do we laugh?&lt;br /&gt;
  189. - why do tears come out when we are too happy?&lt;br /&gt;
  190. - do animals shed tears?&lt;br /&gt;
  191. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/7699690576000401494/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/05/why-did-we-evolve-to-cry-tears.html#comment-form' title='6 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/7699690576000401494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/7699690576000401494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/05/why-did-we-evolve-to-cry-tears.html' title='Why did we evolve to cry tears?'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-4530193525684362955</id><published>2012-02-14T03:47:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2012-02-14T03:47:39.161+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="botany"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><title type='text'>Why are Cereals Carbs while Legumes are Protein</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  192. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  193. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgou7IGB7GW7_8hIsQwbv90aaK-hmkAeW4Z79meut1mR6Z3QhkopT9oJ_lGqroAW5nPkmapOOxUmXU0QLWIZ30ZyzW-wOaQHNczUKoSKpx-M3b6E6W33mq46BXILhsRVkJDMU2rkC3nP4k/s1600/H1102389-Nuts_and_pulses-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;264&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgou7IGB7GW7_8hIsQwbv90aaK-hmkAeW4Z79meut1mR6Z3QhkopT9oJ_lGqroAW5nPkmapOOxUmXU0QLWIZ30ZyzW-wOaQHNczUKoSKpx-M3b6E6W33mq46BXILhsRVkJDMU2rkC3nP4k/s320/H1102389-Nuts_and_pulses-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  194. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Seeds we eat&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  195. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  196. Cereals (like rice, wheat and corn) and legumes (like lentils, dal and beans) are an important part of our daily diet. Moms always give a healthy mix of cereals and legumes in our diet. Cereals are for the carbohydrates - stuff that give us the energy. Legumes are for the protein - stuff that help us build our body (muscles and tissues).&lt;br /&gt;
  197. &lt;br /&gt;
  198. Both cereals and legumes are seeds of plants. Have you ever wondered why legume seeds are rich in protein while cereals are just carbohydrates? Vegetable oil is made from only certain type of seeds (like mustard, soyabean, sunflower). Why don&#39;t we make oil from wheat or rice?&lt;br /&gt;
  199. &lt;br /&gt;
  200. First of all, let us all recollect what a seed is. A seed is from where a new plant is born. The birth of a plant and its growing out of the seed is called germination. Unlike us, who eat other stuff to live, plants have to make their own food from soil water and sunlight. Till the baby plant grows a couple of leaves and a bit of root, it can&#39;t even make its own food. Like we had our moms to feed us when we were babies, the seed must contain enough food to help the baby plant grow in the initial stages.&lt;br /&gt;
  201. &lt;br /&gt;
  202. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  203. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidr844x3YddtdV2HFlXde7of6Go9hkbu6Aq2jx0tAcn0NBqGFySRl77m4q739UMEMvFw0vMO_28GqO-KRbc3RBgv-XtYS9apYLLJXB9iLJK65z2wuzU9jawz0Vcxro3Y-OwDjAVba6N2M/s1600/C0065262-Young_peanut_seedling-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidr844x3YddtdV2HFlXde7of6Go9hkbu6Aq2jx0tAcn0NBqGFySRl77m4q739UMEMvFw0vMO_28GqO-KRbc3RBgv-XtYS9apYLLJXB9iLJK65z2wuzU9jawz0Vcxro3Y-OwDjAVba6N2M/s200/C0065262-Young_peanut_seedling-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;162&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  204. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Germinating Seed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  205. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  206. The seed is therefore a storehouse of energy and nutrients, everything packed together in a nice little packet. Energy can be packed most efficiently as carbohydrates and fats.&amp;nbsp;Proteins&amp;nbsp;don&#39;t have much energy, but they have stuff called amino acids that are the building block of living tissue. Seeds need to contain bits of all three types of nutrients. But the exact quantities of each differs.&lt;br /&gt;
  207. &lt;br /&gt;
  208. And in fact, even rice and wheat do have protein and oil. But they don&#39;t have as much of it as some legumes. Legumes have around one third of their calories as protein/oil. Rice has only one twentieth. And that too mostly in the seed cover that we throw away.&lt;br /&gt;
  209. &lt;br /&gt;
  210. So why do legumes have higher protein? Well, legume plants have one unique characteristic. A certain kind of bacteria lives in the roots of legume plants, that with the help of the legume plant, can absorb large amounts of nitrogen from the atmosphere and store it in the soil. The bacteria form small protrusions or nodules in the roots of the legumes where they live. They don&#39;t harm the plant in any way and the plant doesn&#39;t harm them either. The plant protects the bacteria from its enemies and in return the bacteria absorb the nitrogen for the plant.&lt;br /&gt;
  211. &lt;br /&gt;
  212. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  213. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  214. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXU0vSegcCiBqt3UgDLRZ7ohnnltMp-uUP6i82IEHOS6YWRbHKC7yjx7mkEDOC6ywY7akSqsP3t5-9iCFDzTOL5sfjzVtFuwn4A_eEfEsRVy0WVJF3-NU7h3BE58bci_kpuSre2N0yk4A/s1600/C0017783-Rhizobium_root_nodules-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXU0vSegcCiBqt3UgDLRZ7ohnnltMp-uUP6i82IEHOS6YWRbHKC7yjx7mkEDOC6ywY7akSqsP3t5-9iCFDzTOL5sfjzVtFuwn4A_eEfEsRVy0WVJF3-NU7h3BE58bci_kpuSre2N0yk4A/s320/C0017783-Rhizobium_root_nodules-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  215. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibJAWXmctJRTzhbWC_VKpkbZcPJ27B8yUEfsU4q1bEqPWAzDkb5ZabtY1QQl8NksNOyNYAo3uoI73jt06zqVZ03D9KqNFJOCj_u4JRuSU07uY0AXXmz123vZK2C0k4hUBIBLPdAQNeJfI/s1600/C0052213-Nitrogen_fixing_nodules_on_Pea_roots-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibJAWXmctJRTzhbWC_VKpkbZcPJ27B8yUEfsU4q1bEqPWAzDkb5ZabtY1QQl8NksNOyNYAo3uoI73jt06zqVZ03D9KqNFJOCj_u4JRuSU07uY0AXXmz123vZK2C0k4hUBIBLPdAQNeJfI/s320/C0052213-Nitrogen_fixing_nodules_on_Pea_roots-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  216. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Nitrogen fixing bacteria nodules&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  217. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  218. &lt;br /&gt;
  219. Because of the bacteria, the legume plant has abundant nitrogen available to it. Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins. So that&#39;s the reason! Legumes are seeds, storehouses of energy just like any other seed like wheat and rice. They just happen to have access to abundant nitrogen, which they store as proteins in the seeds. Volia!&lt;br /&gt;
  220. &lt;br /&gt;
  221. Some things to ponder on:&lt;br/&gt;
  222. - What are fruits? They are definitely not seeds, but they have the seeds. Why are they required?&lt;br/&gt;
  223. - Why do some seeds have more oil than others?&lt;br/&gt;
  224. - If protein is what living tissue is made of,
  225. &lt;br /&gt;
  226. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/4530193525684362955/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/02/why-are-cereals-carbs-while-legumes-are.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/4530193525684362955'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/4530193525684362955'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/02/why-are-cereals-carbs-while-legumes-are.html' title='Why are Cereals Carbs while Legumes are Protein'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgou7IGB7GW7_8hIsQwbv90aaK-hmkAeW4Z79meut1mR6Z3QhkopT9oJ_lGqroAW5nPkmapOOxUmXU0QLWIZ30ZyzW-wOaQHNczUKoSKpx-M3b6E6W33mq46BXILhsRVkJDMU2rkC3nP4k/s72-c/H1102389-Nuts_and_pulses-SPL.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bangalore, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-4336100981684336968</id><published>2012-01-11T17:34:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2012-01-13T09:42:25.648+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mathematics"/><title type='text'>Around the World</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  227. &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
  228. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwV376IyMNu-Vyb0i05rA37a2jAjVS3CHAjcbB6q8Em4J0L4dtlv-_DquOHxpu89obJqHc5OJ2ejwaWvu83foTU8HzP4fVOD2patmWoSu_RmHuqo1T3YPnrpa8uPkXzXnUu5chCz0JhLQ/s1600/Athletics_track%252C_Wavertree_Playground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39239.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwV376IyMNu-Vyb0i05rA37a2jAjVS3CHAjcbB6q8Em4J0L4dtlv-_DquOHxpu89obJqHc5OJ2ejwaWvu83foTU8HzP4fVOD2patmWoSu_RmHuqo1T3YPnrpa8uPkXzXnUu5chCz0JhLQ/s200/Athletics_track%252C_Wavertree_Playground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39239.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  229. Theres a playground near my house. It is circular and about the size of a football or cricket field. I usually cycle on the track that runs around the edge of the ground. I once did a rough  measurement and its radius was around 63 metres. Doing such a rough measurement is simple. I just started from the center and counted how many times I had to pedal do reach the edge. I do around 1.5 meters on a full turn of my pedal... so it is easy to get a good enough measure of the radius.&lt;br /&gt;
  230. &lt;br /&gt;
  231. The Earth is around 100000 times larger than this playground. Earth&#39;s radius is around 6300 km (1 km = 1000 metres). That means if someone cycled on a track around the equator, they would be covering 100000 times what I do in the playground! It is impossible for any one to do it though. May be we could do it if we were birds.&lt;br /&gt;
  232. &lt;br /&gt;
  233. &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
  234. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZlLIEq838vbgLBwwjMyrQPZ5yoUys3e2nA7M4lzIMDRlvNVy2k7XQ79pglkZsx7tMwbRIiIYKPKxkD31QChBmFIX2JcI-3QFLO0LjxdYoy852YFFp1nSTWZH1ZU4LjDZpoz2PKLL1JQ/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-01-11+at+5.22.24+PM.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;161&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZlLIEq838vbgLBwwjMyrQPZ5yoUys3e2nA7M4lzIMDRlvNVy2k7XQ79pglkZsx7tMwbRIiIYKPKxkD31QChBmFIX2JcI-3QFLO0LjxdYoy852YFFp1nSTWZH1ZU4LjDZpoz2PKLL1JQ/s200/Screen+shot+2012-01-11+at+5.22.24+PM.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  235. There is a road that runs outside this playground. I sometimes cycle on that as well. The road runs all round outside the playground, around 7 meters away from it. I figured that because the radius of this road is 7 metres more than that of the playground, I was cycling 44 metres more for every full circle on the road than in the playground. We all know it... larger circle and hence larger circumference.&lt;br /&gt;
  236. &lt;br /&gt;
  237. Now here&#39;s the question...&amp;nbsp;We know that:&lt;br /&gt;
  238. &lt;br /&gt;
  239. &lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
  240. &lt;li&gt;If I cycle 7m away from the playground track, I cycle 44m more than what I would by cycling on the track.&lt;/li&gt;
  241. &lt;li&gt;The equator in 100000 times larger than my playground.&lt;/li&gt;
  242. &lt;/ul&gt;
  243. &lt;br /&gt;
  244. So if a bird flies 7m above ground around the equator, how much more distance it will cover than what it would if it hopped along on the ground?&lt;br /&gt;
  245. &lt;br /&gt;
  246. &lt;strike&gt;I&#39;m sure you can answer it and you may find it amusing. I&#39;ll put up the answer in a few days. In the meantime, if you know the answer, do put it up as a comment!&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  247. &lt;hr /&gt;
  248. Ok... So let us try to understand the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
  249. The circumference of a circle varies with its radius (roughly 6 times) by the formula:&lt;br /&gt;
  250. circumference = 2 * pi * radius, where pi is the magic number 22 / 7&lt;br /&gt;
  251. &lt;br /&gt;
  252. With this information, lets see how myself and the bird fare when we both increase our path radius by 7m.&lt;br /&gt;
  253. &lt;br /&gt;
  254. &lt;u&gt;Me on the playground:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  255. Radius of playground = 63 m&lt;br /&gt;
  256. Circumference = 2 * (22 / 7) * 63 = 2 * 22 * 9 = 396 m&lt;br /&gt;
  257. Radius of road 7m away = (63 + 7) m&lt;br /&gt;
  258. Circumference of road = 2 * (22 / 7) * (63 + 7) = 396 + (2 * 22) = 396 + 44 m&lt;br /&gt;
  259. Difference in circumference = 44 m&lt;br /&gt;
  260. &lt;br /&gt;
  261. &lt;u&gt;Bird flying around the earth:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  262. Radius of earth = 6300000 m&lt;br /&gt;
  263. Circumference = 2 * (22 / 7) * 6300000 = 2 * 22 * 900000 = 39600000 m&lt;br /&gt;
  264. So a bird hopping along on the ground will cover 39600000 m.&lt;br /&gt;
  265. Radius that is 7m above the ground = (6300000 + 7) m&lt;br /&gt;
  266. Circumference of circle 7m above ground = 2 * (22 / 7) * (6300000 + 7) = 39600000 + 44 m&lt;br /&gt;
  267. So a bird flying 7m above ground will cover (39600000 + 44) m.&lt;br /&gt;
  268. Difference in circumference = 44 m&lt;br /&gt;
  269. &lt;br /&gt;
  270. So, it does not matter whether it is me cycling around a track or a bird flying around the world. The length of our paths may be very different, but if we increase the radius of our paths by 7m we cover the same 44m additional distance.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/4336100981684336968/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/01/around-world.html#comment-form' title='12 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/4336100981684336968'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/4336100981684336968'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2012/01/around-world.html' title='Around the World'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwV376IyMNu-Vyb0i05rA37a2jAjVS3CHAjcbB6q8Em4J0L4dtlv-_DquOHxpu89obJqHc5OJ2ejwaWvu83foTU8HzP4fVOD2patmWoSu_RmHuqo1T3YPnrpa8uPkXzXnUu5chCz0JhLQ/s72-c/Athletics_track%252C_Wavertree_Playground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39239.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>12</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-1492567343982491481</id><published>2011-11-22T23:27:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2011-11-23T03:09:37.010+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="atom"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="chemistry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="physics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><title type='text'>Why are stuff easy to break but difficult to join back?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  271. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  272. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHotQrT-K4ztjqIF94Wof_ZGudo4cSmgwYRfjoqwz3_J40LeUBo-ENIs16F1PT2YIZpUX44Bg_tXbTrnJuEG4bqnxmYlrPsPBffIMYOBfW1ECx8FFV4ybeIfEe7tNkk_rWcI9rSUIBD00/s1600/broken_heart.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHotQrT-K4ztjqIF94Wof_ZGudo4cSmgwYRfjoqwz3_J40LeUBo-ENIs16F1PT2YIZpUX44Bg_tXbTrnJuEG4bqnxmYlrPsPBffIMYOBfW1ECx8FFV4ybeIfEe7tNkk_rWcI9rSUIBD00/s200/broken_heart.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  273. Its so sad, isn&#39;t it? Stuff are just so easy to break. Yesterday I was playing with a wooden ruler, when I bent it and suddenly it cracked. I tried so much to join it back, pressing the pieces together the way it was earlier, but in vain.&lt;br /&gt;
  274. &lt;br /&gt;
  275. If I can break stuff by pulling them apart, why can&#39;t I fix them back by pressing them together?&lt;br /&gt;
  276. &lt;br /&gt;
  277. First of all, what are stuff made of?&lt;br /&gt;
  278. &lt;br /&gt;
  279. Stuff are made of really tiny stuff - molecules. Every material has its own unique type of molecule. That is what determines its properties. Well, yes there are atoms which are even smaller, but most matter we see in real life are actually made of combinations of atoms that are called molecules. Atoms are in turn made of even smaller stuff (electrons, protons etc.) that carry electric charge. So atoms and molecules can be imagined as a bunch of electrically charged material. Electrical charge behaves very much like magnets - similar charges repel and opposites attract. Because of that, atoms and molecules are in fact tiny magnets for each other.&lt;br /&gt;
  280. &lt;br /&gt;
  281. Imagine tossing a bunch of tiny magnets in a box. What will happen to the magnets? They will arrange themselves in a manner so that their opposite ends get aligned with each other and they all join together to form a connected mass! That&#39;s roughly what stuff are like inside. When molten liquid solidifies, they sort of arrange themselves in this manner.&lt;br /&gt;
  282. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  283. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlLQ4s_CTSKQxplEonkC5W0Au3yw9CP1ELsvU4ITjMPCRHNTzNYVuUhyphenhyphenm2hfygDyLLVsUKZMwZ5HNxjVUCUXLY7FCJH_htp8LImGOZ82asvD2-70x0mbYg2ValZSujsJeKlXmJqpppwUQ/s1600/A1500230-Atomic_surface_of_a_silicon_crystal-SPL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;346&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlLQ4s_CTSKQxplEonkC5W0Au3yw9CP1ELsvU4ITjMPCRHNTzNYVuUhyphenhyphenm2hfygDyLLVsUKZMwZ5HNxjVUCUXLY7FCJH_htp8LImGOZ82asvD2-70x0mbYg2ValZSujsJeKlXmJqpppwUQ/s400/A1500230-Atomic_surface_of_a_silicon_crystal-SPL.jpg&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  284. &lt;br /&gt;
  285. Different types of material can be imagined to be made of differently shaped tiny magnetic molecules. The shape decides how tightly and how well the molecules can arrange among themselves. It also decides how they interact with another differently shaped matter. The forces of interaction between same kind of molecules is called &quot;cohesion&quot; and that with a different kind of molecule is called &quot;adhesion&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  286. &lt;br /&gt;
  287. The intermolecular forces are not very strong. The strength in our hands is usually enough to pull a bunch of such connected molecules apart. When we can&#39;t tear something apart it&#39;s because of the combined forces of the sheer number of connected molecules. But many such stuff can also break from a crack that slowly rips open. A crack gradually rips open only the molecules at its edge. That requires lesser force than what would have been required to pull all the molecules separate at one go.&lt;br /&gt;
  288. &lt;br /&gt;
  289. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  290. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfVQXcN17VPkVK_YgZXlXtHhItbK8dolsXrPOd0qHEcCDj-NWmoElnADDOoLWwP_ScZbZASjcViBj1J6qg9LABYOi9buOPlHwOb1P604Qwl-uh2nK4RsYqmQlPmiH8mGKAVUdslPjBZkQ/s1600/crack_propagation.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;318&quot; width=&quot;314&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfVQXcN17VPkVK_YgZXlXtHhItbK8dolsXrPOd0qHEcCDj-NWmoElnADDOoLWwP_ScZbZASjcViBj1J6qg9LABYOi9buOPlHwOb1P604Qwl-uh2nK4RsYqmQlPmiH8mGKAVUdslPjBZkQ/s400/crack_propagation.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  291. &lt;br /&gt;
  292. But once broken, why can&#39;t we just bring the broken pieces together again and let the pieces attract themselves back like a magnet? That&#39;s because,&amp;nbsp;the intermolecular forces also act over a very small distance. Unless two molecules are very very close to each other, these forces have no effect. Once a piece is broken, the surface is usually irregular. It is almost impossible to join the two pieces back exactly at the same place. And remember, we are talking about magnets the size of an atom. If we are off by even as much as an atom, they will start repelling as the wrong ends will be brought together. Even if we immagine that we could bring them together exactly like they were before, it will still not work. That&#39;s because the exposed surfaces quickly react with gases in the atmosphere and make new molecules on the surface. Once the broken surface is exposed, it changes!&lt;br /&gt;
  293. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  294. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRfLIQ1XXXuBVUu6Z2XV4Ko1c_2m1pCICOrIPNzpWuBsjDKbp7FJXJIp4VqRaKOlpcgJ_2mf1yWkSWTOqFRxLCCQ4xEXoCMTjbatu9bRUpyaoKnMLotwbzK2r0UEnYgA6PN91ZegnCYE/s1600/surface_with_impurities.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;263&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRfLIQ1XXXuBVUu6Z2XV4Ko1c_2m1pCICOrIPNzpWuBsjDKbp7FJXJIp4VqRaKOlpcgJ_2mf1yWkSWTOqFRxLCCQ4xEXoCMTjbatu9bRUpyaoKnMLotwbzK2r0UEnYgA6PN91ZegnCYE/s400/surface_with_impurities.jpg&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  295. &lt;br /&gt;
  296. Then how does glue work? Glue is a material that has high &quot;adhesive&quot; properties; that is, glue molecules are usually strongly attracted to many different kinds of molecules. So glue can attach to a surface that has already reacted with gases in the atmosphere. Glue is usually fluid, so that it can flow and touch the surface more closely. Glue attaches itself to both the surfaces and holds them together.&lt;br /&gt;
  297. &lt;br /&gt;
  298. Remember that this is but a very simplified version of really what happens. These forces that bind molecules together are called&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;intermolecular&amp;nbsp;forces&lt;/b&gt;. Those who are interested in going deeper can probably start&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
  299. &lt;div&gt;
  300. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  301. &lt;div&gt;
  302. Some things to ponder on:&lt;br /&gt;
  303. - What are the different ways things are joined together? Think of stuff in the house!&lt;br /&gt;
  304. - Why is the glue used to join paper different from that used to join metals?&lt;/div&gt;
  305. &lt;div&gt;
  306. &lt;br /&gt;
  307. And just one more thing... you need something other than glue to mend broken hearts.&lt;br /&gt;
  308. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  309. &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/1492567343982491481/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/11/why-are-stuff-easy-to-break-but.html#comment-form' title='8 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/1492567343982491481'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/1492567343982491481'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/11/why-are-stuff-easy-to-break-but.html' title='Why are stuff easy to break but difficult to join back?'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHotQrT-K4ztjqIF94Wof_ZGudo4cSmgwYRfjoqwz3_J40LeUBo-ENIs16F1PT2YIZpUX44Bg_tXbTrnJuEG4bqnxmYlrPsPBffIMYOBfW1ECx8FFV4ybeIfEe7tNkk_rWcI9rSUIBD00/s72-c/broken_heart.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>8</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-91250780689410539</id><published>2011-11-11T11:11:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-11-11T11:17:28.964+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mathematics"/><title type='text'>It&#39;s now 11:11:11 on 11-11-11</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  310. Today is such a unique day - the 11th day of the 11th month of 2011. And when I posted this the time was the 11th second of the 11th minute of the 11th hour.&lt;br /&gt;
  311. &lt;br /&gt;
  312. There are many unique patterns that can be created from the date and time of today. Here are at least 30 of them. Can you find more?
  313.  
  314. &lt;br /&gt;
  315. &lt;br /&gt;
  316. &lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  317. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM9ALSb-tsozznDchjeGQFv5c0b9UrJVUhon7HYGyOeCGV_gm1pPUxzc6WJcelaIw8pUKYaBpINBf2HiUEBmmyl0ChJGyht9ebJccNNmdG1pnkf5InHm_RJRgS-JBSPXJvhHQVelkTTzo/s1600/Date111111.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;316&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM9ALSb-tsozznDchjeGQFv5c0b9UrJVUhon7HYGyOeCGV_gm1pPUxzc6WJcelaIw8pUKYaBpINBf2HiUEBmmyl0ChJGyht9ebJccNNmdG1pnkf5InHm_RJRgS-JBSPXJvhHQVelkTTzo/s400/Date111111.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  318. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Date &amp;amp; time patterns today. (click to enlarge)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  319. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  320. &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/91250780689410539/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/11/its-now-111111-on-11-11-11.html#comment-form' title='9 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/91250780689410539'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/91250780689410539'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/11/its-now-111111-on-11-11-11.html' title='It&#39;s now 11:11:11 on 11-11-11'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM9ALSb-tsozznDchjeGQFv5c0b9UrJVUhon7HYGyOeCGV_gm1pPUxzc6WJcelaIw8pUKYaBpINBf2HiUEBmmyl0ChJGyht9ebJccNNmdG1pnkf5InHm_RJRgS-JBSPXJvhHQVelkTTzo/s72-c/Date111111.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>9</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-5902759781748704613</id><published>2011-10-25T01:42:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-25T01:42:15.390+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="botany"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="leaf"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plant"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><title type='text'>What Decides the Shape of a Leaf</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  321. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  322. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDrtZlNdeqpZcwqZ3g_FdbFrIY6iY213Eb5xmgmPncGAIr55WIwtlMqGKOYCUMtnWZLUP5rxoGRBuirobvKKCHdZZQi3S4Doa9zur34WT2pHdGIgAonpk21Pq2PSqH-WEu3z8U5ctXG8/s1600/LeafShapes.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;216&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDrtZlNdeqpZcwqZ3g_FdbFrIY6iY213Eb5xmgmPncGAIr55WIwtlMqGKOYCUMtnWZLUP5rxoGRBuirobvKKCHdZZQi3S4Doa9zur34WT2pHdGIgAonpk21Pq2PSqH-WEu3z8U5ctXG8/s400/LeafShapes.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  323. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Different Leaf Shapes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  324. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  325. Have you ever collected leaves? There come in so many different shapes. Some are long and slender, some roundish and then some are heart shaped. Some plants even have leaves that have deep splits in them, as if the leaf has been torn.&lt;br /&gt;
  326. &lt;br /&gt;
  327. Isn&#39;t it amazing that they come in so many different shapes? What would have affected their shape? First of all, why is the average leaf shaped to be thick in the middle and tapered to the ends?&lt;br /&gt;
  328. &lt;br /&gt;
  329. Leaf is the kitchen of the plant. That&#39;s where the plant cooks its food. To cook its food, it needs water, minerals, air and sunlight. Water and minerals are transported from the roots through a network of viens. It also absorbs carbon dioxide from the surrounding air and sunlight during the day. The shape of a leaf has been designed by nature to be as efficient as possible in doing its job! The difference in the shapes are a result of the different kind of environments each of the plants are designed to live in. Let us examine a few such factors.
  330. &lt;br /&gt;
  331. &lt;br /&gt;
  332. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  333. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirkvTFGAUjW1otVPZdez2LHBHkGE27wRTf-m4kM4UM6zniXAiGkZ39HXefY-3WpmgK7N87Ys0idfzqsqu6Mto0ABmbrYuIoYjvKAMQyiovwrUcFBzAYxczhCln59LzIGGl2XRqXSUuyLk/s1600/TropicalForestFloor.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;152&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirkvTFGAUjW1otVPZdez2LHBHkGE27wRTf-m4kM4UM6zniXAiGkZ39HXefY-3WpmgK7N87Ys0idfzqsqu6Mto0ABmbrYuIoYjvKAMQyiovwrUcFBzAYxczhCln59LzIGGl2XRqXSUuyLk/s200/TropicalForestFloor.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Plants face a strange predicament. While water and minerals are absorbed closer to the ground, light is available higher up from the ground. Forest floors are usually shaded by trees that are higher. A plant that is not tall and has to grow in shade, needs to capture as much sunlight as possible. Such plants develop fat roundish leaves. But it&#39;s not easy for the tall plants either. They have to transport water and minerals all the way from the ground to the leaves. The farther the veins that carry water go, the narrower they become. Such narrow viens can not form intricate network of viens. Tall plants therefore have narrower leaves with mostly straight viens.
  334. &lt;br /&gt;
  335. &lt;br /&gt;
  336. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  337. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYqWEUYx57HPbFPRdqlWirE88tX3WswJRIK12eAopvc_afs-IYsp1ZmluUS8mlRNFYDM80EygBjH9Sx7gbLJOfAJ03WuDsdvrune68IuDB16zalA8mXdduCc126uxTUDp_ehZ9SGUzO28/s1600/Autumn_falling_leaf.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYqWEUYx57HPbFPRdqlWirE88tX3WswJRIK12eAopvc_afs-IYsp1ZmluUS8mlRNFYDM80EygBjH9Sx7gbLJOfAJ03WuDsdvrune68IuDB16zalA8mXdduCc126uxTUDp_ehZ9SGUzO28/s200/Autumn_falling_leaf.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; As the plant grows, the leaves at the bottom of the plant become less effective as they are shaded by other leaves. The plant therefore lets go or sheds the lower leaves. So leaves need to be easily detachable. Leaves also need to be flexible and must bend easily to give way to passing wind. Otherwise wind force will probably uproot the tree. Therefore leaves are slender at the point they are attached to the stem, to make them flexible and easily detachable.
  338. &lt;br /&gt;
  339. &lt;br /&gt;
  340. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  341. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4zVmUFveM1EPcnGj8BogvMhXDo8mdifPOoD5ZXhcc-cAQ1btjSGVl_xoJw9Mr2CM39z3uMXWHzpky-HGtbxFXcYGBrCOYHp7EliFpE6k9HtmYZF0-lnkIBCdFad1SY3CNgo65ca-cTdE/s1600/flesh_cut_leaves.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;147&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4zVmUFveM1EPcnGj8BogvMhXDo8mdifPOoD5ZXhcc-cAQ1btjSGVl_xoJw9Mr2CM39z3uMXWHzpky-HGtbxFXcYGBrCOYHp7EliFpE6k9HtmYZF0-lnkIBCdFad1SY3CNgo65ca-cTdE/s200/flesh_cut_leaves.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Big leaves also have the problem of tearing up in strong winds. Plants that have to survive windy places, like the coconut tree, develop cuts in their leaves so that air can pass through easily. Some such plants also have thread like leaves, like the pine tree.
  342. &lt;br /&gt;
  343. &lt;br /&gt;
  344. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  345. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAILrKr2yA4SsQUshcisbQ3HIgyVjFtPqvFdwixsXkJYkEu-h6fNfQShWFBfGqCn75sak1lWOfsvUDcalDeshfHN7l8o73LYWudx9Z0SLJae6REc0S5KzGdSJ3eL7BdFnD5b3tcRu63TY/s1600/jade-plant-crassula.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;125&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAILrKr2yA4SsQUshcisbQ3HIgyVjFtPqvFdwixsXkJYkEu-h6fNfQShWFBfGqCn75sak1lWOfsvUDcalDeshfHN7l8o73LYWudx9Z0SLJae6REc0S5KzGdSJ3eL7BdFnD5b3tcRu63TY/s200/jade-plant-crassula.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Water is scarce in some places. Some plants that grow in drier places must grab and store as much water as possible when they can. Such plants have thicker leaves that store water. They also tend to have smaller leaves to avoid the stored water from evaporating too fast.&lt;br/&gt;Even an abundance of water needs to be tackled. Plants that grow near or on water need to keep their leaves above water where they can have enough air and light. Such plants also have thicker leaves that have air pockets to keep them afloat.
  346. &lt;br /&gt;
  347. &lt;br /&gt;
  348. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  349. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZQqD8gEvq63rHh29ZdBnFABZm7B8O-PPCDQAxT4-v3bSbZEK4Pp-M0fdoXAkdjLF6uRsyvuky-1NGXZmZ-MYhv7mrIKhCnk_l_fPwo0vfTc6PmKS_ed57VmESOL3OHeAvEmjTFj8We9Q/s1600/White_pine+leaves.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;140&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZQqD8gEvq63rHh29ZdBnFABZm7B8O-PPCDQAxT4-v3bSbZEK4Pp-M0fdoXAkdjLF6uRsyvuky-1NGXZmZ-MYhv7mrIKhCnk_l_fPwo0vfTc6PmKS_ed57VmESOL3OHeAvEmjTFj8We9Q/s200/White_pine+leaves.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Plants that grow in dry and cold places usually have thin leaves. Such leaves minimize water evaporation from the leaves. They also do not let ice/frost form easily on them, protecting the plant from damage.
  350. &lt;br /&gt;
  351. &lt;br /&gt;
  352. &lt;br /&gt;
  353. &lt;br /&gt;
  354. &lt;br /&gt;
  355. Apart from these simple factors, there are many other reasons why plants may develop different style of leaves. It is a combination of circumstances that finally decide the best leaf shape for a plant. While most simple leaf shapes can be explained, certain shapes have been a matter of debate for scientists since a long time.
  356. &lt;br /&gt;
  357. &lt;br /&gt;
  358. Things to ponder on:
  359. &lt;br /&gt;
  360. &lt;ul&gt;
  361. &lt;li&gt;Do you know what the leaf of cactus actually is?&lt;/li&gt;
  362. &lt;li&gt;Why do some leaves turn colorful before they fall?&lt;/li&gt;
  363. &lt;/ul&gt;
  364. &lt;br/&gt;
  365. &lt;hr/&gt;
  366. &lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;Photo credits:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
  367. &lt;ul&gt;
  368. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.infoplease.com/dk/science/encyclopedia/habitats.html&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  369. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://houseplantz.net/crassula-ovata-jade-plant-money-tree/&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  370. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.meridian.k12.il.us/middle%20school/student_work/Kathleen_native_trees/Eastern_White_pine.html&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  371. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.wallpapers-free.org/42/-/Autumn_falling_leaf/&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  372. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.infovisual.info/01/010_en.html&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  373. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.supplierlist.com/b2b/products/flower22/p-0/showroom.htm&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  374. &lt;/ul&gt;
  375. &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/5902759781748704613/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/10/what-decides-shape-of-leaf.html#comment-form' title='8 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/5902759781748704613'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/5902759781748704613'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/10/what-decides-shape-of-leaf.html' title='What Decides the Shape of a Leaf'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDrtZlNdeqpZcwqZ3g_FdbFrIY6iY213Eb5xmgmPncGAIr55WIwtlMqGKOYCUMtnWZLUP5rxoGRBuirobvKKCHdZZQi3S4Doa9zur34WT2pHdGIgAonpk21Pq2PSqH-WEu3z8U5ctXG8/s72-c/LeafShapes.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>8</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-3637237830447479653</id><published>2011-10-07T19:30:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:15:12.119+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="art"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="curve"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mathematics"/><title type='text'>Pretty Curve with Mathematics: Cycloid</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  376. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  377. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpbYhkwnNofw2mLz_bPLlEz9UFedvpdso8cRrPxBKMULFTUvsp_NhCFahB5X1taFeGSS3Q7ctrN086BfwrNoT2fATch28aXOnURg2IR_kLCNWo__pgT-lbuP7F0z0xH01rSCPUuZPvaY/s1600/CMSOwlinTreeAndMouse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;169&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpbYhkwnNofw2mLz_bPLlEz9UFedvpdso8cRrPxBKMULFTUvsp_NhCFahB5X1taFeGSS3Q7ctrN086BfwrNoT2fATch28aXOnURg2IR_kLCNWo__pgT-lbuP7F0z0xH01rSCPUuZPvaY/s200/CMSOwlinTreeAndMouse.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;It was a dark night. Hedwig, the owl, was sitting up on the branch of a tree when he spotted a mouse on the ground. He swoops down silently to catch the mouse. Owls can be really silent when they just glide down. What path should he take to reach the mouse? Should it be a straight line? Or a curve? What curve?&lt;br/&gt;
  378. &lt;br/&gt;
  379. It turns out, that Hedwig the owl should follow a curve called &quot;Cycloid&quot; to reach the mouse the fastest. Birds also tend to take this path when they glide short distances from branch to branch.&lt;br/&gt;
  380. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  381. There is one more interesting property of a cycloid. If a smooth slide is made into the shape of a cycloid, no matter at what point you jump on to the slide, you&#39;ll take the same amount of time to reach the bottom. Isn&#39;t that interesting?&lt;br/&gt;
  382.  
  383. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  384. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivULPhl-SetiU8ItE5byAKxOdtclj6-H0b_sY5ShQd7Iym5dYeb_f4M8iQ4B89TJSPxDAFhJN6qRGpebxSBkau8NngjodtnHp5-59KoMU_s9yh5-IZ2SYj8ebI-0cDk1c1qh2Bxgc1gvA/s1600/Tautochrone_curve.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivULPhl-SetiU8ItE5byAKxOdtclj6-H0b_sY5ShQd7Iym5dYeb_f4M8iQ4B89TJSPxDAFhJN6qRGpebxSBkau8NngjodtnHp5-59KoMU_s9yh5-IZ2SYj8ebI-0cDk1c1qh2Bxgc1gvA/s400/Tautochrone_curve.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  385. &lt;br/&gt;
  386. Cycloid is the path a point on circle takes when it rolls on a surface. It looks simple, but has many variations. When we roll the circle over another circle, instead of a straight line, we get a much cooler looking Epicycloid. And if the circle moves around the inner circumference, rather than the outer circumference, we get a Hypocycloid.&lt;br/&gt;
  387. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  388. &lt;applet name=&quot;ggbApplet&quot; code=&quot;geogebra.GeoGebraApplet&quot; archive=&quot;geogebra.jar&quot;
  389. codebase=&quot;http://jars.geogebra.org/webstart/4.0/unsigned/&quot;
  390. width=&quot;490&quot; height=&quot;584&quot;&gt;
  391. &lt;param name=&quot;ggbBase64&quot; value=&quot;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&quot; /&gt;
  392. &lt;param name=&quot;image&quot; value=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/loading.gif&quot; /&gt;
  393. &lt;param name=&quot;boxborder&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  394. &lt;param name=&quot;centerimage&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  395. &lt;param name=&quot;java_arguments&quot; value=&quot;-Xmx512m -Djnlp.packEnabled=true&quot; /&gt;
  396. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_archive&quot; value=&quot;geogebra.jar, geogebra_main.jar, geogebra_gui.jar, geogebra_cas.jar, geogebra_algos.jar, geogebra_export.jar, geogebra_javascript.jar, jlatexmath.jar, jlm_greek.jar, jlm_cyrillic.jar, geogebra_properties.jar&quot; /&gt;
  397. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_version&quot; value=&quot;3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0&quot; /&gt;
  398. &lt;param name=&quot;framePossible&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  399. &lt;param name=&quot;showResetIcon&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  400. &lt;param name=&quot;showAnimationButton&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  401. &lt;param name=&quot;enableRightClick&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  402. &lt;param name=&quot;errorDialogsActive&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  403. &lt;param name=&quot;enableLabelDrags&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  404. &lt;param name=&quot;showMenuBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  405. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  406. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBarHelp&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  407. &lt;param name=&quot;showAlgebraInput&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  408. &lt;param name=&quot;useBrowserForJS&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  409. &lt;param name=&quot;allowRescaling&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  410. This is a Java Applet created using GeoGebra from www.geogebra.org - it looks like you don&#39;t have Java installed, please go to www.java.com
  411. &lt;/applet&gt;
  412. &lt;br/&gt;
  413. &lt;small&gt;Requires Java permissions to run.&lt;/small&gt;
  414. &lt;/div&gt;
  415. &lt;br/&gt;
  416. Play around with the sliders above. Can you get the cycloid to trace a straight line? It happens when the small circle is just half the radius of the large circle and is moving inside the large circle.&lt;br/&gt;
  417. &lt;br/&gt;
  418. If you observe a point inside the circle, rather than one on the circumference, it appears to move slightly differently. That&#39;s called a Trochoid. So we can have Epitrochoids and Hypotrochoids from such points. Actually cycloids are a special type of trochoid where the point is right on the edge of the circle.&lt;br/&gt;
  419. &lt;br/&gt;
  420. Cycloids are used today&lt;br/&gt;
  421. &lt;ul&gt;
  422. &lt;li&gt;in designing gears and pumps&lt;/li&gt;
  423. &lt;li&gt;in designing pistons that convert circular motion to uniform linear motion&lt;/li&gt;
  424. &lt;li&gt;space craft and aircraft follow this curve when the climb up to minimize time and energy&lt;/li&gt;
  425. &lt;/ul&gt;
  426. &lt;br/&gt;
  427. Below is an application that you can play around with and create some interesting shapes using cycloids. It needs Java permissions to run. Your browser should be asking for it.&lt;br/&gt;
  428. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  429. &lt;iframe width=&quot;548&quot; height=&quot;750&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.openprocessing.org/visuals/iframe.php?visualID=41286&amp;width=520&amp;height=670&amp;border=true&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
  430. &lt;/div&gt;
  431. &lt;/br&gt;
  432. &lt;/div&gt;
  433. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/3637237830447479653/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/10/pretty-curve-with-mathematics-cycloid.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/3637237830447479653'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/3637237830447479653'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/10/pretty-curve-with-mathematics-cycloid.html' title='Pretty Curve with Mathematics: Cycloid'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpbYhkwnNofw2mLz_bPLlEz9UFedvpdso8cRrPxBKMULFTUvsp_NhCFahB5X1taFeGSS3Q7ctrN086BfwrNoT2fATch28aXOnURg2IR_kLCNWo__pgT-lbuP7F0z0xH01rSCPUuZPvaY/s72-c/CMSOwlinTreeAndMouse.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-8750407174013710372</id><published>2011-10-04T15:43:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:15:25.508+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="art"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="curve"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mathematics"/><title type='text'>Pretty Curve with Mathematics: Rose</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  434. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  435. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixH_q5PYLChXCSk4GwRG_hRJkuf1ULM_3bdWbUdDIa8kzzjV87RuOl32SAcgK-bsXrF3eS1jivSt_fIgCPR1cxakRSIPL9SVZFn-H91eFYeA2vaXJx2mBVMt-C1WQYeAMatdxRHzFDbkw/s1600/rose-2.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;100&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixH_q5PYLChXCSk4GwRG_hRJkuf1ULM_3bdWbUdDIa8kzzjV87RuOl32SAcgK-bsXrF3eS1jivSt_fIgCPR1cxakRSIPL9SVZFn-H91eFYeA2vaXJx2mBVMt-C1WQYeAMatdxRHzFDbkw/s200/rose-2.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  436. The rose curve looks like a petalled flower! Sometimes it is also called the rhodonea curve. It was discovered by Guido Grandi, an Italian mathematician. It is a really simple curve. It is just a regular sine curve (what a wave looks like) plotted on a polar graph.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  437. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;
  438. &lt;applet name=&quot;ggbApplet&quot; code=&quot;geogebra.GeoGebraApplet&quot; archive=&quot;geogebra.jar&quot;
  439. codebase=&quot;http://jars.geogebra.org/webstart/4.0/unsigned/&quot;
  440. width=&quot;242&quot; height=&quot;332&quot;&gt;
  441. &lt;param name=&quot;ggbBase64&quot; value=&quot;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&quot; /&gt;
  442. &lt;param name=&quot;image&quot; value=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/loading.gif&quot; /&gt;
  443. &lt;param name=&quot;boxborder&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  444. &lt;param name=&quot;centerimage&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  445. &lt;param name=&quot;java_arguments&quot; value=&quot;-Xmx512m -Djnlp.packEnabled=true&quot; /&gt;
  446. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_archive&quot; value=&quot;geogebra.jar, geogebra_main.jar, geogebra_gui.jar, geogebra_cas.jar, geogebra_algos.jar, geogebra_export.jar, geogebra_javascript.jar, jlatexmath.jar, jlm_greek.jar, jlm_cyrillic.jar, geogebra_properties.jar&quot; /&gt;
  447. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_version&quot; value=&quot;3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0&quot; /&gt;
  448. &lt;param name=&quot;framePossible&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  449. &lt;param name=&quot;showResetIcon&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  450. &lt;param name=&quot;showAnimationButton&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  451. &lt;param name=&quot;enableRightClick&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  452. &lt;param name=&quot;errorDialogsActive&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  453. &lt;param name=&quot;enableLabelDrags&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  454. &lt;param name=&quot;showMenuBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  455. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  456. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBarHelp&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  457. &lt;param name=&quot;showAlgebraInput&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  458. &lt;param name=&quot;useBrowserForJS&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  459. &lt;param name=&quot;allowRescaling&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  460. This is a Java Applet created using GeoGebra from www.geogebra.org - it looks like you don&#39;t have Java installed, please go to www.java.com
  461. &lt;/applet&gt;
  462. &lt;/div&gt;
  463. Now what&#39;s a polar graph? A regular graph has two axes - one horizontal (X) axis and a vertical (Y) axis. A point on this (XY) graph is represented as the combination of two values (x, y) value. To reach such a point you walk x distance on the horizontal (X) axis and then walk y distance parallel to Y axis. A polar graph, on the other hand, describes points as the combination of an angle (θ) and distance. (r). How to reach a point on a polar graph? You start facing east, turn anti clockwise by angle θ and then walk r distance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  464. On a polar curve, if we change the distance (r) for every angle, we get some interesting plots. Rose curve is one such plot where the distance for any angle is related to the angle through a wave function. That is, as the angle changes, the distance increases gradually to a maximum value and then decreases to a minimum. Depending on how fast the wave function oscillates (pitch or frequency), we get different numbers of rise and fall.
  465. &lt;br /&gt;
  466. &lt;br /&gt;
  467. Below is an interactive applet illustrating the rose curve (r = cos(slider1 * θ / slider2)). It does create some beautiful flower patterns. Pause the animation (button at bottom left corner) and change the sliders yourself to observe how the flower changes pattern. Particularly observe the following two curious behaviors:&lt;br /&gt;
  468. &lt;ul&gt;
  469. &lt;li&gt;Set the second slider to 1. Change the first slider and count the number of petals. Do you see a pattern? Number of petals is same as the number when the number is odd. But it is double of the number when the number is even.&lt;/li&gt;
  470. &lt;li&gt;Set both the sliders to the same value. It&#39;s a circle!&lt;/li&gt;
  471. &lt;/ul&gt;
  472.  
  473. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;
  474. &lt;applet name=&quot;ggbApplet&quot; code=&quot;geogebra.GeoGebraApplet&quot; archive=&quot;geogebra.jar&quot;
  475. codebase=&quot;http://jars.geogebra.org/webstart/4.0/unsigned/&quot;
  476. width=&quot;497&quot; height=&quot;519&quot;&gt;
  477. &lt;param name=&quot;ggbBase64&quot; value=&quot;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&quot; /&gt;
  478. &lt;param name=&quot;image&quot; value=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/loading.gif&quot; /&gt;
  479. &lt;param name=&quot;boxborder&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  480. &lt;param name=&quot;centerimage&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  481. &lt;param name=&quot;java_arguments&quot; value=&quot;-Xmx512m -Djnlp.packEnabled=true&quot; /&gt;
  482. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_archive&quot; value=&quot;geogebra.jar, geogebra_main.jar, geogebra_gui.jar, geogebra_cas.jar, geogebra_algos.jar, geogebra_export.jar, geogebra_javascript.jar, jlatexmath.jar, jlm_greek.jar, jlm_cyrillic.jar, geogebra_properties.jar&quot; /&gt;
  483. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_version&quot; value=&quot;3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0&quot; /&gt;
  484. &lt;param name=&quot;framePossible&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  485. &lt;param name=&quot;showResetIcon&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  486. &lt;param name=&quot;showAnimationButton&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  487. &lt;param name=&quot;enableRightClick&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  488. &lt;param name=&quot;errorDialogsActive&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  489. &lt;param name=&quot;enableLabelDrags&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  490. &lt;param name=&quot;showMenuBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  491. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  492. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBarHelp&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  493. &lt;param name=&quot;showAlgebraInput&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  494. &lt;param name=&quot;useBrowserForJS&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  495. &lt;param name=&quot;allowRescaling&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  496. This is a Java Applet created using GeoGebra from www.geogebra.org - it looks like you don&#39;t have Java installed, please go to www.java.com
  497. &lt;/applet&gt;
  498. &lt;/div&gt;
  499. &lt;br /&gt;
  500. We can do many more interesting patterns by playing around with this. In another example below, the value is determined by applying the wave function twice (r = cos(k * sin(θ))&lt;br /&gt;
  501. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;
  502. &lt;applet name=&quot;ggbApplet&quot; code=&quot;geogebra.GeoGebraApplet&quot; archive=&quot;geogebra.jar&quot;
  503. codebase=&quot;http://jars.geogebra.org/webstart/4.0/unsigned/&quot;
  504. width=&quot;530&quot; height=&quot;525&quot;&gt;
  505. &lt;param name=&quot;ggbBase64&quot; value=&quot;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&quot; /&gt;
  506. &lt;param name=&quot;image&quot; value=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/loading.gif&quot; /&gt;
  507. &lt;param name=&quot;boxborder&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  508. &lt;param name=&quot;centerimage&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  509. &lt;param name=&quot;java_arguments&quot; value=&quot;-Xmx512m -Djnlp.packEnabled=true&quot; /&gt;
  510. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_archive&quot; value=&quot;geogebra.jar, geogebra_main.jar, geogebra_gui.jar, geogebra_cas.jar, geogebra_algos.jar, geogebra_export.jar, geogebra_javascript.jar, jlatexmath.jar, jlm_greek.jar, jlm_cyrillic.jar, geogebra_properties.jar&quot; /&gt;
  511. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_version&quot; value=&quot;3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0, 3.9.386.0&quot; /&gt;
  512. &lt;param name=&quot;framePossible&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  513. &lt;param name=&quot;showResetIcon&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  514. &lt;param name=&quot;showAnimationButton&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  515. &lt;param name=&quot;enableRightClick&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  516. &lt;param name=&quot;errorDialogsActive&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  517. &lt;param name=&quot;enableLabelDrags&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  518. &lt;param name=&quot;showMenuBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  519. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  520. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBarHelp&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  521. &lt;param name=&quot;showAlgebraInput&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  522. &lt;param name=&quot;useBrowserForJS&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  523. &lt;param name=&quot;allowRescaling&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  524. This is a Java Applet created using GeoGebra from www.geogebra.org - it looks like you don&#39;t have Java installed, please go to www.java.com
  525. &lt;/applet&gt;
  526. &lt;/div&gt;
  527. &lt;br /&gt;
  528. Another interesting pattern made using the Rose curve is the Maurer Rose. In addition to the plain rose curve, it has straight lines joining two points on the curve at a certain distance. It gives an interesting 3D pattern to the curve. Play with the interactive applet below to create some interesting Maurer Roses. Set the thickness to a larger value to see the Rose curve on which the Maurer Rose is based on.&lt;br /&gt;
  529. &lt;br /&gt;
  530. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;
  531. &lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;710&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;http://www.openprocessing.org/visuals/iframe.php?visualID=40532&amp;amp;width=520&amp;amp;height=630&amp;amp;border=true&quot; width=&quot;548&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
  532. &lt;/div&gt;
  533. Rose curves are used in practice to describe shapes of various electrical and magnetic fields.
  534. &lt;br /&gt;
  535. &lt;br /&gt;
  536. Few other points to ponder on:
  537. &lt;br /&gt;
  538. &lt;ul&gt;
  539. &lt;li&gt;Imagine why the number of petals changes with change of wave frequency.&lt;/li&gt;
  540. &lt;li&gt;Experiment with the sliders of the Maurer Rose applet above, particularly the one marked D. Looking at the pattern, can you tell when D is a prime number?&lt;/li&gt;
  541. &lt;/ul&gt;
  542. &lt;/div&gt;
  543. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/8750407174013710372/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/10/pretty-curve-with-mathematics-rose.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/8750407174013710372'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/8750407174013710372'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/10/pretty-curve-with-mathematics-rose.html' title='Pretty Curve with Mathematics: Rose'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixH_q5PYLChXCSk4GwRG_hRJkuf1ULM_3bdWbUdDIa8kzzjV87RuOl32SAcgK-bsXrF3eS1jivSt_fIgCPR1cxakRSIPL9SVZFn-H91eFYeA2vaXJx2mBVMt-C1WQYeAMatdxRHzFDbkw/s72-c/rose-2.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-4865924435000432807</id><published>2011-09-30T08:43:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:15:36.695+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="art"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="curve"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mathematics"/><title type='text'>Pretty Curve with Mathematics: Lissajous</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  544. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  545. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5o5eTJe5sf3by2uwbJ6fr-T7g753Ne3LFGHzNIrfkO3hFDBIRVXVy0VEA4Wq4_bxyKQs6BWhHTUzwEjNqydwzOF74bEC2OP4fxCEhELHlrOTac5_9T-BV-so1VTirzd8BHF-CaXR7ChM/s1600/lissajous_art.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;152&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5o5eTJe5sf3by2uwbJ6fr-T7g753Ne3LFGHzNIrfkO3hFDBIRVXVy0VEA4Wq4_bxyKQs6BWhHTUzwEjNqydwzOF74bEC2OP4fxCEhELHlrOTac5_9T-BV-so1VTirzd8BHF-CaXR7ChM/s200/lissajous_art.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  546. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Lissajous art by computer drawing&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  547. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  548. The other day while browsing some topics on waves, I came across some pretty pictures. These are nice, aren&#39;t they? Did you know that they are drawn by a computer? It used some simple mathematics that create the curves! These particular curves are called Lissajous curves in mathematics.&lt;br /&gt;
  549. &lt;br /&gt;
  550. How did people discover the mathematics of these curves? Why? And what&#39;s their use?&lt;br /&gt;
  551. &lt;br /&gt;
  552. Lissajous curves are named so after the French scientist Lissajous, who discovered them. He had built a machine to study sound waves. He would fix one mirror on the thing that was making sound. He would reflect a beam of light from it on to another mirror. This second mirror was attached to another vibrating object. When the mirrors vibrated, the light reflected from them fell on different points on a screen that he watched.&lt;br /&gt;
  553. &lt;br /&gt;
  554. &lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  555. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ZB1NflqPKUkztQA6Tg3Rld6_7d44INNllADWSDl0FHgbmNO4G4xjLfytw3hEVdXHSdp2iLRZZFCbzhIt8drDMSul0GexNsITJZ_jjkEf_3sz5QMFjGaN8_K-2nIa3GIg8nhh8DZbj7M/s1600/Lissajous_Apparatus.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;211&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ZB1NflqPKUkztQA6Tg3Rld6_7d44INNllADWSDl0FHgbmNO4G4xjLfytw3hEVdXHSdp2iLRZZFCbzhIt8drDMSul0GexNsITJZ_jjkEf_3sz5QMFjGaN8_K-2nIa3GIg8nhh8DZbj7M/s400/Lissajous_Apparatus.JPG&quot; width=&quot;375&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  556. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Apparatus that Lissajous built&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  557. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  558. &lt;br /&gt;
  559. But why two mirrors? Well, sound vibrates really fast - more than what our eye can catch. A fast moving light point appears like a straight line. Its like the blur of fan blades. To see a pattern, he had to move the beam in the perpendicular direction as well. When the second mirror vibrated in a direction perpendicular to the first one, the light beam appeared like a graph on the screen! There was another curious thing. Depending on how fast the second mirror was vibrating compared to the first one, the light would trace different interesting shapes. He then went about studying the mathematics behind it and discovered these curves.&lt;br /&gt;
  560. &lt;br /&gt;
  561. You can also make a Lissajous curve by making a graph (plot) from two waves. Place two waves side by side. To mark a point on the graph, choose two values, one from each wave, and use them for the point coordinate. Lissajous curve is the result of two waves that are perpendicular to each other. You can use the demonstration below to play around with Lissajous curves (needs Java). Change the sliders and see how the waves and the curves change.&lt;br /&gt;
  562. &lt;br /&gt;
  563. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  564. &lt;applet archive=&quot;geogebra.jar&quot; code=&quot;geogebra.GeoGebraApplet&quot; codebase=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/3.2/unsigned/&quot; height=&quot;667&quot; mayscript=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;ggbApplet&quot; title=&quot;Java&quot; width=&quot;476&quot;&gt;
  565. &lt;param name=&quot;ggbBase64&quot; value=&quot;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&quot; /&gt;
  566.  
  567. &lt;param name=&quot;image&quot; value=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/loading.gif&quot; /&gt;
  568.  
  569. &lt;param name=&quot;boxborder&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  570.  
  571. &lt;param name=&quot;centerimage&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  572.  
  573. &lt;param name=&quot;java_arguments&quot; value=&quot;-Xmx512m -Djnlp.packEnabled=true&quot; /&gt;
  574.  
  575. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_archive&quot; value=&quot;geogebra.jar, geogebra_main.jar, geogebra_gui.jar, geogebra_cas.jar, geogebra_export.jar, geogebra_properties.jar&quot; /&gt;
  576.  
  577. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_version&quot; value=&quot;3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0&quot; /&gt;
  578.  
  579. &lt;param name=&quot;framePossible&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  580.  
  581. &lt;param name=&quot;showResetIcon&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  582.  
  583. &lt;param name=&quot;showAnimationButton&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  584.  
  585. &lt;param name=&quot;enableRightClick&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  586.  
  587. &lt;param name=&quot;errorDialogsActive&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  588.  
  589. &lt;param name=&quot;enableLabelDrags&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  590.  
  591. &lt;param name=&quot;showMenuBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  592.  
  593. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  594.  
  595. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBarHelp&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  596.  
  597. &lt;param name=&quot;showAlgebraInput&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  598.  
  599. &lt;param name=&quot;allowRescaling&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  600.  
  601. This is a Java Applet created using GeoGebra from www.geogebra.org - it looks like you don&#39;t have Java installed, please go to www.java.com
  602. &lt;/applet&gt;
  603. &lt;/div&gt;
  604. &lt;br /&gt;
  605. &lt;br /&gt;
  606. There are some well known Lissajous shapes that are used when comparing waves. The ratio between &quot;Wave 1&quot; and &quot;Wave 2&quot; determines the shape. Pause the animation above (pause button on botton left corner) and try the steps below.&lt;br /&gt;
  607. &lt;ul&gt;
  608. &lt;li&gt;Set sliders &quot;Wave 1&quot; and &quot;Wave 2&quot; to minimum. Change the &quot;Shift Amount&quot;. Do you see some known figures like straight lines, circles and elipses?&lt;/li&gt;
  609. &lt;li&gt;For each of the steps below, start with &quot;Shift Amount&quot; at zero. And then change it to see how the figure appears to rotate.&lt;/li&gt;
  610. &lt;li&gt;Increase &quot;Wave 2&quot; by one step.&lt;/li&gt;
  611. &lt;li&gt;Increase &quot;Wave 1&quot; by two steps.&lt;/li&gt;
  612. &lt;li&gt;Increase &quot;Wave 2&quot; by two steps.&lt;/li&gt;
  613. &lt;li&gt;Increase &quot;Wave 1&quot; by two steps.&lt;/li&gt;
  614. &lt;/ul&gt;
  615. &lt;br /&gt;
  616. Lissajous curves are used today in oscilloscopes, a kind of instrument that is used to study electrical waves. You usually find them in electronics and science labs. It is also used in space travel! Spacecrafts often follow an orbit that resembles a Lissajous curve. And have you watched laser shows? These are also used in laser shows to create beautiful patterns. And in computer graphics to create wonderful shapes and diagrams. Below is another demo for you to play around with. Change the sliders to get different effects. Take some time to explore the mathematical equations if you understand it and are interested!&lt;br /&gt;
  617. &lt;br /&gt;
  618. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  619. &lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;780&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;http://www.openprocessing.org/visuals/iframe.php?visualID=39876&amp;amp;width=520&amp;amp;height=700&amp;amp;border=true&quot; width=&quot;548&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
  620. &lt;/div&gt;
  621. &lt;hr /&gt;
  622. &lt;small&gt;Photo credits:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  623. &lt;ul&gt;
  624. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Oscillations_and_Waves/Lissajous_Figures/Lissajous_Figures.html&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  625. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.bit-101.com/blog/&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  626. &lt;/ul&gt;
  627. &lt;/div&gt;
  628. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/4865924435000432807/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/pretty-curve-with-mathematics-lissajous.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/4865924435000432807'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/4865924435000432807'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/pretty-curve-with-mathematics-lissajous.html' title='Pretty Curve with Mathematics: Lissajous'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5o5eTJe5sf3by2uwbJ6fr-T7g753Ne3LFGHzNIrfkO3hFDBIRVXVy0VEA4Wq4_bxyKQs6BWhHTUzwEjNqydwzOF74bEC2OP4fxCEhELHlrOTac5_9T-BV-so1VTirzd8BHF-CaXR7ChM/s72-c/lissajous_art.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-7930756559606648871</id><published>2011-09-24T21:59:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:15:48.260+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mathematics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="music"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="physics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sound"/><title type='text'>Music Synthesizer: How can it play so many instruments?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  629. &lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  630. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  631. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9mIkyMmfLhhr-dPmzhR-6H6NvSPoooKwE9WWYg4fBbeLsoPJ-Ff9bF8vkI4hyphenhyphen9hZOuE4Hzn7DxeEoksyQe2tuFRadCEXtAfagpHPDE3cwFkElnyyCJTXjQC6aSzzylOw1bbY4jnVfuo/s1600/Korg-microKORG-XL-Music-Synthesizer.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9mIkyMmfLhhr-dPmzhR-6H6NvSPoooKwE9WWYg4fBbeLsoPJ-Ff9bF8vkI4hyphenhyphen9hZOuE4Hzn7DxeEoksyQe2tuFRadCEXtAfagpHPDE3cwFkElnyyCJTXjQC6aSzzylOw1bbY4jnVfuo/s200/Korg-microKORG-XL-Music-Synthesizer.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  632. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Music Synthesizer&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  633. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  634. How does a music synthesizer create sounds of so many different instruments? Some can even play a dog barking, or a helicopter flying. Do you think the sounds are recorded inside and played back? That is simple to imagine, but is actually very cumbersome to make. How it does it is much less tedious, but a lot more amazing.&lt;br /&gt;
  635. &lt;br /&gt;
  636. Our ears recognize repeated disturbances in the air as sounds. Disturbance is nothing but a change in pressure, imagine pressing and releasing a spring. A single press or a soft press and release will just be change in pressure - the kind you feel when in an aircraft. When you release the pressure suddenly and let it vibrate is when you create repeated disturbances. This repeated vibration can be detected by our ears as sound. How fast or slow they vibrate can also be detected and it is called the frequency or tone.&lt;br /&gt;
  637. &lt;br /&gt;
  638. &lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  639. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd4_vtoAKZ9ds_EqUIHbRGxXSCxY9QvVMIpkmnwRin35LNZMjaabjPmU-ZCap0euENTb2VA4sxz67nATNFZRc4Lj1PNzz1TpMm-b-DBO4otJ-4C0AA3XPo3cr4Drccr0BfYWJIwmOuf5E/s1600/sound_production.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;167&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd4_vtoAKZ9ds_EqUIHbRGxXSCxY9QvVMIpkmnwRin35LNZMjaabjPmU-ZCap0euENTb2VA4sxz67nATNFZRc4Lj1PNzz1TpMm-b-DBO4otJ-4C0AA3XPo3cr4Drccr0BfYWJIwmOuf5E/s640/sound_production.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  640. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Sound waves as change of air pressure.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  641. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  642. &lt;br /&gt;
  643. Sounds in real world are not as simple as this. They are usually not pure frequencies. Instead, they are actually a mixture of many different frequencies. The sound waves are complex, but they can always be broken down to a combination of different simple waves (using maths). Try it yourself, in the small application below try changing the sliders and see the different kinds of waves you can create! (You may need to allow the application to run when the browser asks for it.)&lt;br /&gt;
  644. &lt;br /&gt;
  645. &lt;applet archive=&quot;geogebra.jar&quot; code=&quot;geogebra.GeoGebraApplet&quot; codebase=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/3.2/unsigned/&quot; height=&quot;475&quot; mayscript=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;ggbApplet&quot; width=&quot;586&quot;&gt;
  646. &lt;param name=&quot;ggbBase64&quot; value=&quot;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&quot; /&gt;
  647.  
  648. &lt;param name=&quot;image&quot; value=&quot;http://www.geogebra.org/webstart/loading.gif&quot; /&gt;
  649.  
  650. &lt;param name=&quot;boxborder&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  651.  
  652. &lt;param name=&quot;centerimage&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  653.  
  654. &lt;param name=&quot;java_arguments&quot; value=&quot;-Xmx512m -Djnlp.packEnabled=true&quot; /&gt;
  655.  
  656. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_archive&quot; value=&quot;geogebra.jar, geogebra_main.jar, geogebra_gui.jar, geogebra_cas.jar, geogebra_export.jar, geogebra_properties.jar&quot; /&gt;
  657.  
  658. &lt;param name=&quot;cache_version&quot; value=&quot;3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0, 3.2.47.0&quot; /&gt;
  659.  
  660. &lt;param name=&quot;framePossible&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  661.  
  662. &lt;param name=&quot;showResetIcon&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  663.  
  664. &lt;param name=&quot;showAnimationButton&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  665.  
  666. &lt;param name=&quot;enableRightClick&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  667.  
  668. &lt;param name=&quot;errorDialogsActive&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  669.  
  670. &lt;param name=&quot;enableLabelDrags&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  671.  
  672. &lt;param name=&quot;showMenuBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  673.  
  674. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBar&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  675.  
  676. &lt;param name=&quot;showToolBarHelp&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  677.  
  678. &lt;param name=&quot;showAlgebraInput&quot; value=&quot;false&quot; /&gt;
  679.  
  680. &lt;param name=&quot;allowRescaling&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;
  681.  
  682. This is a Java Applet created using GeoGebra from www.geogebra.org - it looks like you don&#39;t have Java installed, please go to www.java.com
  683. &lt;/applet&gt;
  684. &lt;br /&gt;
  685. &lt;br /&gt;
  686. Want to hear how pure tones sound and how it is when sounds are mixed? Try the demonstrations below. (You may need to install this very useful Wolfram plugin though, but it is really interesting.)&lt;br /&gt;
  687. &lt;br /&gt;
  688. &lt;table&gt;
  689. &lt;tbody&gt;
  690. &lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pure Tone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  691. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Changing Tone &lt;br /&gt;&amp;amp; Loudness&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  692. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mixed Tones&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  693. &lt;/tr&gt;
  694. &lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PureTones/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;Pure Tones&quot; src=&quot;http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PureTones/thumbnail_174.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Pure Tones &quot; /&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  695. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SoundsFromAmplitudeAndFrequency/&quot;&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;Sounds from Amplitude and Frequency&quot; src=&quot;http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SoundsFromAmplitudeAndFrequency/thumbnail_174.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Sounds from Amplitude and Frequency &quot; /&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  696. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SuperpositionOfSoundWaves/&quot;&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;Superposition of Sound Waves&quot; src=&quot;http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SuperpositionOfSoundWaves/thumbnail_174.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Superposition of Sound Waves &quot; /&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  697. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  698. &lt;br /&gt;
  699. &lt;br /&gt;
  700. The sound produced from instruments have another property called harmonics. When an instrument tries to make sound of one frequency, it is usually mixed with sounds with many other smaller frequencies. These are at frequencies that are factors of the frequency it is trying to create. It gets even more complex from here. The way different instruments produce their sound leaves its mark on the sound. The way the sound starts, ends, the way the strength of sound varies, and so many other things. These are what make each instrument unique!&lt;br /&gt;
  701. &lt;br /&gt;
  702. How can we recreate such complex sounds? It is indeed not easy. Here is what people do, put simply:&lt;br/&gt;
  703. &lt;ul&gt;
  704. &lt;li&gt;Record and analyze the sounds produced by instruments.&lt;/li&gt;
  705. &lt;li&gt;Try and break it up into as many simpler parts as possible. Mathematics is one thing that is used heavily here.&lt;/li&gt;
  706. &lt;li&gt;Create each of the parts using computers and electronics.&lt;/li&gt;
  707. &lt;li&gt;Mix them and fine tune them with some more wizardry to get the final sound. Something similar to what you did if you tried the demonstrations above, only much more involved!&lt;/li&gt;
  708. &lt;/ul&gt;
  709. &lt;br /&gt;
  710. Below is how a simple string sound is synthesized. Click on each of the sounds below to play. It&#39;s amazing how the simple tones gradually change to sound like an instrument!&lt;br /&gt;
  711. &lt;br /&gt;
  712. &lt;table border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
  713. &lt;tbody&gt;
  714. &lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
  715. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Step 1: Oscillators produce two waves&lt;/td&gt;
  716. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Subsynth-wave1.ogg&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  717. &lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Subsynth-wave2.ogg&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;
  718. &lt;/td&gt;
  719. &lt;/tr&gt;
  720. &lt;tr&gt;
  721. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Step 2: The waves and modified using something called &quot;pulse width modulation&quot;&lt;/td&gt;
  722. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Subsynth-wave1pwm.ogg&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  723. &lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Subsynth-wave2pwm.ogg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;
  724. &lt;/td&gt;
  725. &lt;/tr&gt;
  726. &lt;tr&gt;
  727. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Step 3: They are now mixed&lt;/td&gt;
  728. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Subsynth-wavemix.ogg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;
  729. &lt;/td&gt;
  730. &lt;/tr&gt;
  731. &lt;tr&gt;
  732. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Step 4: Wave appearance (envelope) is changed to match that of a plucked string&lt;/td&gt;
  733. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Subsynth-mixenv.ogg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;
  734. &lt;/td&gt;
  735. &lt;/tr&gt;
  736. &lt;tr&gt;
  737. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Step 5: Filtered&lt;/td&gt;
  738. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Subsynth-nomodfilter.ogg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;
  739. &lt;/td&gt;
  740. &lt;/tr&gt;
  741. &lt;tr&gt;
  742. &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Step 6: Filtered again&lt;/td&gt;
  743. &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;embed height=&quot;27&quot; src=&quot;http://www.google.com/reader/ui/3523697345-audio-player.swf?audioUrl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Subsynth-modfilter.ogg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;
  744. &lt;/td&gt;
  745. &lt;/tr&gt;
  746. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  747. &lt;br /&gt;
  748. &lt;hr /&gt;
  749. &lt;small&gt;Multimedia credits:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  750. &lt;ul&gt;
  751. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.itechnews.net/2009/07/06/korg-microkorg-xl-music-synthesizer/&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  752. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  753. &lt;/ul&gt;
  754. &lt;/div&gt;
  755. &lt;/div&gt;
  756. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/7930756559606648871/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/music-synthesizer-how-can-it-play-so.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/7930756559606648871'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/7930756559606648871'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/music-synthesizer-how-can-it-play-so.html' title='Music Synthesizer: How can it play so many instruments?'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9mIkyMmfLhhr-dPmzhR-6H6NvSPoooKwE9WWYg4fBbeLsoPJ-Ff9bF8vkI4hyphenhyphen9hZOuE4Hzn7DxeEoksyQe2tuFRadCEXtAfagpHPDE3cwFkElnyyCJTXjQC6aSzzylOw1bbY4jnVfuo/s72-c/Korg-microKORG-XL-Music-Synthesizer.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-6920825871685098908</id><published>2011-09-22T08:24:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:16:01.401+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="chemistry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="physics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="surface tension"/><title type='text'>A Non Slippery Soap. Possible?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  757. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRUQwY97KXDCQH4LhQqJwSQSdODyuH0iB1o0td5AIe46FYlvjLZHQYG9kCTAD835Q9a1L8oT9v3jowDOyLj3vO7haykG8uyczb1_lZ4fw62TIh67IcGQx3S5Xu77eiAWLauU7YSjfy6Uo/s1600/soap_skid.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;130&quot; width=&quot;230&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRUQwY97KXDCQH4LhQqJwSQSdODyuH0iB1o0td5AIe46FYlvjLZHQYG9kCTAD835Q9a1L8oT9v3jowDOyLj3vO7haykG8uyczb1_lZ4fw62TIh67IcGQx3S5Xu77eiAWLauU7YSjfy6Uo/s400/soap_skid.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Never leave your soap in the bath tub. You may slip and fall if you step on it. But why does soap have to be slippery? Can we have a non slippery soap? Surely, a non slippery soap would be as useful as sliced bread. Is there any  other way to clean, not using soap?&lt;br/&gt;
  758. &lt;br/&gt;
  759. Let&#39;s examine how soap cleans dirt off our clothes. We have our cloth, it has dirt on it. We use soap and water to clean. Finally we want the dirt to go away along with soap and water and leave behind just the clean cloth for us. Right?
  760.  
  761. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  762. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhUbwVkuEAgtsnzqmz9-FKJFpbuw-HH20pR9Dh8sPCvPaVZOP05Si4248ob46go8iDNjCk6QZg-mMXNLbFCMu5naGD1sCh0QjqFOPsEeaVjQtJO5aqUxWmP5Z-NZ4-8-yuwkBwPXjgmso/s1600/soap_cleaning_equation.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;208&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhUbwVkuEAgtsnzqmz9-FKJFpbuw-HH20pR9Dh8sPCvPaVZOP05Si4248ob46go8iDNjCk6QZg-mMXNLbFCMu5naGD1sCh0QjqFOPsEeaVjQtJO5aqUxWmP5Z-NZ4-8-yuwkBwPXjgmso/s400/soap_cleaning_equation.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  763.  
  764. Dirt actually sticks to clothes because of small amounts of oil. If the oil is removed, the dirt will come out too. Oil and water don&#39;t mix. But soap consists of strange little molecules that are attracted to both oil and water! One end of the soap molecule holds on to the oil, while the other end holds on to the water.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  765. Once the oily part is removed, the dirt can no longer stick to the cloth. It too gets on to the water. The soap molecules actually form small packets that enclose oil and dirt at their center. When you drain the soap water off, away goes the oil and dirt too! &lt;br/&gt;
  766. &lt;br/&gt;
  767. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  768. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCzPHva6o8kg1KegzkGDCb66JbiGmjkG99Qox0LrfTJMoDsQXKm5Aaw3ZvZox_Y3xmJuYYgM1mqc5bubymdD7VQHWiwDC4wtxRrryyuK8JM76UpRqsH0PO633FNwseAI8om2G1S5trdlk/s1600/soap_action_white.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;353&quot; width=&quot;387&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCzPHva6o8kg1KegzkGDCb66JbiGmjkG99Qox0LrfTJMoDsQXKm5Aaw3ZvZox_Y3xmJuYYgM1mqc5bubymdD7VQHWiwDC4wtxRrryyuK8JM76UpRqsH0PO633FNwseAI8om2G1S5trdlk/s400/soap_action_white.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  769. &lt;br/&gt;
  770. That&#39;s cool. Isn&#39;t it? But then why is soap slippery? Well, it&#39;s the water, you see! Water makes stuff slippery, right? Since soap molecules hold on to water, they are always covered with a layer of water. That&#39;s what makes them slippery.&lt;br/&gt;
  771. &lt;br/&gt;
  772. So, we can&#39;t have non slippery soap, right? Well, yeah. Soap, the way it exists today, has to be slippery. But we can try making it less slippery though. By mixing other stuff into it. For example, some manufacturers mix small grains made out of dried plants into the soap. It acts like a scrubber, and makes the soap less slippery to touch. Then there are soap pouches that you put the soap into. The cloth pouches give a rough surface that is less slippery.&lt;br/&gt;
  773. &lt;br/&gt;
  774. There are some exotic new ways to clean stuff too. One method uses sound. They use sound to vibrate the stuff to be cleaned so fast that the dirt particles get dislodged. Then we have dry cleaning. Dry cleaning is not really dry, it just doesn&#39;t use water and soap. Instead it uses other liquids (like petroleum) that dissolve oil.&lt;br/&gt;
  775. &lt;br/&gt;
  776. Unfortunately though, none of these are meant for taking bath. We still need to worry about leaving the soap in the bath tub. :(
  777. &lt;br/&gt;
  778. &lt;br/&gt;
  779. Here are a few more things for you to ponder on:&lt;br/&gt;
  780. &lt;ul&gt;
  781. &lt;li&gt;What are detergents? Are they different from soaps?&lt;/li&gt;
  782. &lt;li&gt;How is soap made?&lt;/li&gt;
  783. &lt;/ul&gt;
  784. &lt;br/&gt;
  785. &lt;hr/&gt;
  786. &lt;small&gt;Photo credits:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  787. &lt;ul&gt;
  788. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.pcc-cyprus.com/premier-clean-products.html&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  789. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.silviamar.com/Documents/soap.htm&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  790. &lt;/ul&gt;
  791. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/6920825871685098908/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/non-slippery-soap-possible.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/6920825871685098908'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/6920825871685098908'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/non-slippery-soap-possible.html' title='A Non Slippery Soap. Possible?'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRUQwY97KXDCQH4LhQqJwSQSdODyuH0iB1o0td5AIe46FYlvjLZHQYG9kCTAD835Q9a1L8oT9v3jowDOyLj3vO7haykG8uyczb1_lZ4fw62TIh67IcGQx3S5Xu77eiAWLauU7YSjfy6Uo/s72-c/soap_skid.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-8550628671891826639</id><published>2011-09-20T00:55:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:16:16.162+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diffraction"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="interference"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="light"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="physics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><title type='text'>Rainbow colors on my CD</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  792. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  793. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidrn/65488444/&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; title=&quot;CD scan by alternatePhotography, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;CD scan&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;http://farm1.static.flickr.com/30/65488444_6e446ccbb2_m.jpg&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  794. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;CD&amp;nbsp;reflecting&amp;nbsp;colors&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  795. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  796. I&#39;m sure you must have seen this. When you take the shiny surface of a CD or DVD and tilt it towards light, you see streaks of colors across its surface. The colors change as we move the CD around in the light.&lt;br /&gt;
  797. &lt;br /&gt;
  798. How can the colorless surface show such colors? Let&#39;s find out how...&lt;br /&gt;
  799. &lt;br /&gt;
  800. Have you ever seen light? Light helps us see, but we can&#39;t see light itself! Early scientists used to believe that light is a stream of small particles (objects). However later they realized through many interesting experiments that light can be like wave too! Waves like what we see on water. Light is a wave of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
  801. &lt;br /&gt;
  802. &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  803. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmWcwgecTSLM1Nh_9YVAGuRuwIP-e_pbAmkVtXkBFySYi-N4ZWN0WjC-ls8pJg9VS6k1FumezOO-nd-E19UiKOZlUGNhC8qa3DYpuUDuZZju0Ark8pJmZAPMdemDPeADwRwKxz_QhvPho/s1600/roygbiv_waves.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;205&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmWcwgecTSLM1Nh_9YVAGuRuwIP-e_pbAmkVtXkBFySYi-N4ZWN0WjC-ls8pJg9VS6k1FumezOO-nd-E19UiKOZlUGNhC8qa3DYpuUDuZZju0Ark8pJmZAPMdemDPeADwRwKxz_QhvPho/s400/roygbiv_waves.gif&quot; width=&quot;279&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  804. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Different wave lengths&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  805. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  806. Actually the colorless light that we see is composed of a mix of many colored lights. The way one color is different from another is by the length of the waves - the distance between two peaks of a wave. White light consists of all color waves mixed together.&lt;br /&gt;
  807. &lt;br /&gt;
  808. Because light is a combination of waves like we just realized, when two light waves come together, some interesting things happen!&lt;br /&gt;
  809. &lt;br /&gt;
  810. If the two light waves are exactly in step with each other, the resulting light is just like the ones before, just stronger (brighter). However if the waves are exactly out of step with each other, they cancel each other out and we get darkness! Can you now imagine what will happen if they are a bit out of step, but not fully? They form a new wave! You can imagine this by visualizing one color of light getting completely cancelled, leaving the remaining colors intact. This new light wave is actually that of a new color! It is not white, it can be any mixture of any of the colors that white light is made of.
  811. &lt;br /&gt;
  812. &lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
  813. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5QlEBSF4YnYIn5VlkirpzWQLETK1WRroiBGEpTmqB_r0nGdObOf-FUUf5lgBw79Jyry1pBYydtDenX3mHI1nzJgVHAY6QSE7ArDMNKHJWiKkKgwmArl71irprEBfr4TALHy-4dD6fUw0/s1600/wave-interaction.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;232&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5QlEBSF4YnYIn5VlkirpzWQLETK1WRroiBGEpTmqB_r0nGdObOf-FUUf5lgBw79Jyry1pBYydtDenX3mHI1nzJgVHAY6QSE7ArDMNKHJWiKkKgwmArl71irprEBfr4TALHy-4dD6fUw0/s400/wave-interaction.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  814. &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mixing waves either adds up,&amp;nbsp;cancels&amp;nbsp;or forms completely different waves.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  815. &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
  816. &lt;br /&gt;
  817. That&#39;s interesting! You say. But how do you get two light rays slightly out of step like this on a CD? A CD has very fine spiral grooves on which information is recorded. The grooves are so fine that only a beam of laser light can be used to read it! The grooves are actually almost as near to each other as the wave length of light - about 780 micro meters. So when two nearby grooves reflect light, they are just a little bit out of step. If they are coming in the same direction, they mix together to show us different colors!&lt;br/&gt;
  818. &lt;br/&gt;
  819. Here are a few more things for you to ponder on:
  820. &lt;ul&gt;
  821. &lt;li&gt;Soap bubbles and oil spread on water also show colors. How does it happen there?&lt;/li&gt;
  822. &lt;li&gt;Did you know that similar technique is used to produce holographic images? Can you guess how?&lt;/li&gt;
  823. &lt;li&gt;What experiments did scientists do to figure out that light can be a wave?&lt;/li&gt;
  824. &lt;/ul&gt;
  825. &lt;hr/&gt;
  826. Photo credits:&lt;br /&gt;
  827. &lt;ul&gt;
  828. &lt;li&gt;http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html&lt;/li&gt;
  829. &lt;li&gt;http://www.mediacollege.com/&lt;/li&gt;
  830. &lt;li&gt;http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidrn/&lt;/li&gt;
  831. &lt;/ul&gt;
  832. &lt;/div&gt;
  833. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/8550628671891826639/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/rainbow-colors-on-my-cd.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/8550628671891826639'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/8550628671891826639'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/rainbow-colors-on-my-cd.html' title='Rainbow colors on my CD'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/30/65488444_6e446ccbb2_t.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-6517837061808407532</id><published>2011-09-19T02:37:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:16:27.175+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biology"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="butterfly"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="caterpillar"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="metamorphosis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="reproduction"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><title type='text'>Caterpillar becomes Butterfly. But Why?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  834. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  835. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuiwxr8GYXYvZ2Om_fMbuS0mBueXOFWQrrl1vSIOTDC7H0daz3UGRvxZN0AiaDP-7_5jCL6LZGcSXn8KPMioLoeufIUmA3isg66Re6VBYMe0k1fNNvNTVRH2vwxLgJw82wnJ8XrrO6Q4/s1600/EggsOnLeaf.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; float: left&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuiwxr8GYXYvZ2Om_fMbuS0mBueXOFWQrrl1vSIOTDC7H0daz3UGRvxZN0AiaDP-7_5jCL6LZGcSXn8KPMioLoeufIUmA3isg66Re6VBYMe0k1fNNvNTVRH2vwxLgJw82wnJ8XrrO6Q4/s320/EggsOnLeaf.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Few days back I saw this in a garden. You know what these are, don&#39;t you? These are butterfly eggs.&lt;br/&gt;
  836. &lt;br/&gt;
  837. And you know what will come out when it hatches. A caterpillar! And then the caterpillar forms a cocoon and after some time out comes a pretty butterfly.&lt;br/&gt;
  838. &lt;br/&gt;
  839. We all know the life cycle of a butterfly. It is special because after each step a completely different life form emerges, very different from the previous step. It is also called &quot;metamorphosis&quot;. A complicated sounding name, to match the complicated process.&lt;br/&gt;
  840. &lt;br/&gt;
  841. But why does a butterfly egg hatch on to a caterpillar in the first place? Why does it not hatch directly into a butterfly? It indeed is a big question. But let&#39;s try and understand it in a simple way.
  842. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  843. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  844. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw6XMtxaDJKj-xi-buha-GeXGBlEdabD4Mj8pftVq-BY2RAzgSo_r3xhF_fERntha4epR3oV2dx0Pj84qvFZagfNjmsA2D9l6CcOMGPP8uBIq2j448eJL4prLqHoC1qVowId9zSGUuugc/s1600/ButterflyLifeCycle.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;277&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw6XMtxaDJKj-xi-buha-GeXGBlEdabD4Mj8pftVq-BY2RAzgSo_r3xhF_fERntha4epR3oV2dx0Pj84qvFZagfNjmsA2D9l6CcOMGPP8uBIq2j448eJL4prLqHoC1qVowId9zSGUuugc/s400/ButterflyLifeCycle.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  845. &lt;br/&gt;
  846. &lt;br/&gt;
  847. Forming a new life is complex affair. Nothing gets created out of thin air, it takes lots of energy. Creating bigger things take even bigger amounts of energies. So to keep things easy, life starts small. The energy and nutrition required to create this small new life can be capsuled easily. Eggs, seeds, fruits are all examples of this. After this small new life gets born, it eats food to grow into an adult. We are familiar with this. Even we ourselves are born small and grow to become adults. &lt;br/&gt;
  848. &lt;br/&gt;
  849. Butterflies are little different because they lay many many eggs. Since the energy and nutrients get divided among the eggs, each egg gets only a small portion of it. So the butterfly eggs have been designed to be very simple. They use the small amount of energy with them to hatch out a simple life form - the caterpillar.&lt;br/&gt;
  850. &lt;br/&gt;
  851. This simple caterpillar is designed to do just one thing - eat. It eats and eats till it becomes fat and large and has enough energy to create the final butterfly form. It then forms a cocoon around itself - a sort of an egg that it creates for itself. All the energy it had absorbed are now used to change itself into a far more complex life form - the butterfly!&lt;br/&gt;
  852. &lt;br/&gt;
  853. Here are a few more things for you to ponder on:&lt;br/&gt;
  854. &lt;ul&gt;
  855. &lt;li&gt;Why do some insects lay many many eggs?&lt;/li&gt;
  856. &lt;li&gt;Why don&#39;t animals go through metamorphosis as well?&lt;/li&gt;
  857. &lt;li&gt;Why is a cocoon required?&lt;/br&gt;
  858. &lt;/ul&gt;
  859. &lt;br/&gt;
  860. &lt;hr/&gt;
  861. &lt;small&gt;Photo credits:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  862. &lt;ul&gt;
  863. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.csrplus.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/butterfly-life-cycle-l.gif&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  864. &lt;/ul&gt;
  865. &lt;/div&gt;
  866. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/6517837061808407532/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/caterpillar-becomes-butterfly-but-why.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/6517837061808407532'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/6517837061808407532'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/caterpillar-becomes-butterfly-but-why.html' title='Caterpillar becomes Butterfly. But Why?'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuiwxr8GYXYvZ2Om_fMbuS0mBueXOFWQrrl1vSIOTDC7H0daz3UGRvxZN0AiaDP-7_5jCL6LZGcSXn8KPMioLoeufIUmA3isg66Re6VBYMe0k1fNNvNTVRH2vwxLgJw82wnJ8XrrO6Q4/s72-c/EggsOnLeaf.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-396057244924715382</id><published>2011-09-17T12:04:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-07T20:16:42.282+05:30</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="atom"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="electricity"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="electron"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fluorescent"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lamp"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="physics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="science"/><title type='text'>Lamps Get Dark Circles Too!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  867. Fluorescent lamps sometimes have these dark rings. They usually form around the edges. Lamps usually go bad after they get these dark rings.&lt;br /&gt;
  868. &lt;br /&gt;
  869. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  870. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHMGUSANk09wGvFWhmJ8dYOqEkfmTZviQSh3mmPsEUCS80fI3UpE75r9XDuqDaseTQbqYJTvCYcPk19GTOcwaBXbdqGNZ23dRaSYSiVQthHuQQ-oa5_lzypOA0J1gRSWiNuHB0RhH2J-g/s1600/DarkCirclesTubeLight.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;284&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHMGUSANk09wGvFWhmJ8dYOqEkfmTZviQSh3mmPsEUCS80fI3UpE75r9XDuqDaseTQbqYJTvCYcPk19GTOcwaBXbdqGNZ23dRaSYSiVQthHuQQ-oa5_lzypOA0J1gRSWiNuHB0RhH2J-g/s400/DarkCirclesTubeLight.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  871.  
  872. What are they? Why do they form? Why are they bad?&lt;br /&gt;
  873. &lt;br /&gt;
  874. Let&#39;s first see how a fluorescent lamp works. It works by converting energy from electricity to light. To do this, it uses some special gases inside the tube. So how do the gases do it?&lt;br /&gt;
  875. &lt;br /&gt;
  876. The gases, or for that matter anything in this world, is made up of tiny things called atoms. Inside atoms there are even smaller things called electrons, they can&#39;t be seen, only imagined. It is possible to excite the electrons by giving them energy. What do they do when excited? They jump around inside the atom! When they are very excited, they can even fly out of the atom and hit another atom. Ok... but then so what? You ask.
  877.  
  878. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  879. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwbJjdmdScvwVo9JPIxcg4Y9iaSQg0jF4PL-J-ktp7j-81YQN55sOVhyeMnRKFPE9PesBIWhPHSvcY9mitJ73k-OaTlcb963_CPRIjH3v4TcT-nk9_DvbSgG-7fuyg7wXRIdVk51j1f60/s1600/colloid_sphere_atoms.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;156&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwbJjdmdScvwVo9JPIxcg4Y9iaSQg0jF4PL-J-ktp7j-81YQN55sOVhyeMnRKFPE9PesBIWhPHSvcY9mitJ73k-OaTlcb963_CPRIjH3v4TcT-nk9_DvbSgG-7fuyg7wXRIdVk51j1f60/s200/colloid_sphere_atoms.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipb0-NpzjGPA-HPfnRvbzEtbSUhJxYsGlsVmvKl1TMj-D-gHmUu7BrpKoS0Sxylw0xbl_k_Y5VYLLDq3KcdoT253PpHgIp9bO3eM9ULdLq_8zext5IyCJngPndR6f-I4xZGu4YCo-K91w/s1600/Atom_diagram.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipb0-NpzjGPA-HPfnRvbzEtbSUhJxYsGlsVmvKl1TMj-D-gHmUu7BrpKoS0Sxylw0xbl_k_Y5VYLLDq3KcdoT253PpHgIp9bO3eM9ULdLq_8zext5IyCJngPndR6f-I4xZGu4YCo-K91w/s200/Atom_diagram.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Atoms seen under microscope (left).&lt;br/&gt;You can imagine the parts of an atom like this (right)&lt;/div&gt;
  880.  
  881. &lt;br /&gt;
  882. &lt;br /&gt;
  883. Well, that&#39;s where the magic happens! You see, the electrons eat up the energy you give them, like heat or electricity, and then they dance around. While dancing around, they give out the energy they absorbed, but this time in the form of light. So, with all their dancing and jumping, they are actually helping us convert electricity to light!&lt;br /&gt;
  884. &lt;br /&gt;
  885. Aha! But then, what about those dark rings?&lt;br/&gt;
  886. &lt;br/&gt;
  887. Ok… So here&#39;s what is there inside the lamp. The lamp is filled with a special gas. On each of the ends of the tube are metal conductors. They are called electrodes. They also have small heaters to heat them up. And they are coated with a special material whose electrons get easily excited through heat.&lt;br /&gt;
  888. &lt;br /&gt;
  889. We apply electricity to these electrodes on each of the ends which also heats them up. The electrons of the electrodes get excited. They jump around, hit their nearby atoms, which are the gas atoms. The gas atoms get excited and excite their nearby gas atoms. So on and so forth, till all atoms inside the tube get excited and start jumping and flying around, giving us light.&lt;br /&gt;
  890. &lt;br /&gt;
  891. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  892. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkbThqFpeaInX3Nfl5B3yMhBmt_B7UbhzcA9Va2yW6TON7qHrBo_BbmiNeqK6s_v6QJJGl6D_DASHhDEHfJEuRgvEZmEtVoJJlT3ggO2OyZeZL12B_Q2AUWPGiEk7u8WcvdC1vX46flCA/s1600/HeatingElementTubeLightAnnotated.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;314&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkbThqFpeaInX3Nfl5B3yMhBmt_B7UbhzcA9Va2yW6TON7qHrBo_BbmiNeqK6s_v6QJJGl6D_DASHhDEHfJEuRgvEZmEtVoJJlT3ggO2OyZeZL12B_Q2AUWPGiEk7u8WcvdC1vX46flCA/s400/HeatingElementTubeLightAnnotated.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  893.  
  894. But everything&#39;s not hunky dory everywhere. Remember the special coating on the electrodes? All these jumping and flying electrons around the heated electrodes, slowly wears it out. It&#39;s called sputtering. You can imagine how oil sputters on a pan or water boils into steam. Similarly, the coating slowly comes off the electrodes. The sputtered coating gets deposited on nearby things, in this case the glass cover. That&#39;s how the glass gets the dark marks near its ends.&lt;br /&gt;
  895. &lt;br /&gt;
  896. Are the rings bad for the lamp? Yes… When most of the coating wears out, the electrodes can no longer excite enough atoms. A worn out electrode can even break. When that happens, the gas atoms can not get excited enough. And then the lamp won&#39;t light up any more. This happens normally with age. But it can happen more if the light fixture is faulty.&lt;br /&gt;
  897. &lt;br /&gt;
  898. Here are a few more things for you to ponder on:&lt;br /&gt;
  899. &lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
  900. &lt;li&gt;Why are the lamps coated white? Hint: Why are they called &#39;fluorescent&#39; lamps?&lt;/li&gt;
  901. &lt;li&gt;Why do some lamps flicker before switching on?&lt;/li&gt;
  902. &lt;/ul&gt;
  903. &lt;br /&gt;
  904. &lt;iframe width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/gurM-FAQscM&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
  905. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  906. &lt;hr/&gt;
  907. &lt;small&gt;Photo credits:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
  908. &lt;ul&gt;
  909. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  910. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://cae2k.com/kathryn-erbe-photos-0/electron-microscope-image.html&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  911. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://www.youtube.com/user/P42STUFF&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  912. &lt;li&gt;&lt;small&gt;http://ling1404.edu.glogster.com/atoms/&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  913. &lt;/ul&gt;
  914. &lt;/div&gt;
  915. </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/feeds/396057244924715382/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/lamps-get-dark-circles-too.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/396057244924715382'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/396057244924715382'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/lamps-get-dark-circles-too.html' title='Lamps Get Dark Circles Too!'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHMGUSANk09wGvFWhmJ8dYOqEkfmTZviQSh3mmPsEUCS80fI3UpE75r9XDuqDaseTQbqYJTvCYcPk19GTOcwaBXbdqGNZ23dRaSYSiVQthHuQQ-oa5_lzypOA0J1gRSWiNuHB0RhH2J-g/s72-c/DarkCirclesTubeLight.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total><georss:featurename>Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</georss:featurename><georss:point>12.9715987 77.5945627</georss:point><georss:box>12.724026199999999 77.2787057 13.2191712 77.910419699999991</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2332925130670857962.post-1573602184252150003</id><published>2011-09-16T20:06:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-09-19T02:46:01.862+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Hello there!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
  916.  
  917. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  918. &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-uN0QXO9XygLc2hshdGA4DlwFFoZZQHm4L-MtDnQ0Ox8atsv1C8C5DzDv8UgRqXlwaKRJuClfa2-0f5D6ep0wKLsWSqbxA276rt_GDnZUMknUDYvYnnuZHUAEna9lKqKqWNG6JEPQNOQ/s1600/People_Children_A_curious_baby_015395_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;125&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-uN0QXO9XygLc2hshdGA4DlwFFoZZQHm4L-MtDnQ0Ox8atsv1C8C5DzDv8UgRqXlwaKRJuClfa2-0f5D6ep0wKLsWSqbxA276rt_GDnZUMknUDYvYnnuZHUAEna9lKqKqWNG6JEPQNOQ/s200/People_Children_A_curious_baby_015395_.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; More about this on the &#39;What&#39;s wownder&#39; page.&lt;br /&gt;
  919. &lt;br /&gt;
  920. First post coming soon!&lt;br /&gt;
  921. &lt;/div&gt;
  922. </content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/1573602184252150003'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2332925130670857962/posts/default/1573602184252150003'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wownder.windforwings.com/2011/09/hello-there.html' title='Hello there!'/><author><name>Tanmay</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05342457728508357508</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='26' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheakwtON2DE8r6Mxa4svmuaXTdJJBnRKmv0FWgVFHcJKG7PA9dAilEK2LAnCglzj7Apk7UlILXkUrwHw48lUZUI8V50p83CFQmQnPl3IWB3kcsNMgLsFUdixKBjjEten0/s200/DSC_0009.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-uN0QXO9XygLc2hshdGA4DlwFFoZZQHm4L-MtDnQ0Ox8atsv1C8C5DzDv8UgRqXlwaKRJuClfa2-0f5D6ep0wKLsWSqbxA276rt_GDnZUMknUDYvYnnuZHUAEna9lKqKqWNG6JEPQNOQ/s72-c/People_Children_A_curious_baby_015395_.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry></feed>

Home · About · News · Docs · Terms

 
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda