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  98.  </script>
  99. <script type="text/javascript">
  100.      function handleImageError(element) {
  101.          const $element = $(element);
  102.          $element.css('pointer-events', 'none');
  103.          $element.attr('tabindex', '-1');
  104.      }
  105.  </script>
  106. <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="b60ec523a5bee2ad04c630bf0d3aa388" />
  107. <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script" />
  108. <script data-cfasync="false" async="true" src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script>
  109. <script>
  110.    $(document).ready(function () {
  111.        AOP.loadScript(AOP.baseUrl + '/cambridge-core/public/js/a11y-1.0.40.min.js', function () {
  112.          if(!window.cambridgeA11y) {
  113.            console.error('cambridgeA11y not loaded')
  114.            return
  115.          }
  116.          const { ShareaholicAccessibilityHandler, FocusTrapKeydownHandler } = window.cambridgeA11y
  117.          new ShareaholicAccessibilityHandler(new FocusTrapKeydownHandler()).fixAccessibilityForShareaholicModal();
  118.      })
  119.    })
  120.  </script>
  121. <script type="text/javascript">
  122.      var AOP = AOP || {};
  123.      AOP.focusTrap = function (modalId, firstFocusableElement) {
  124.        var modalElement = document.getElementById(modalId)
  125.        modalElement.removeAttribute('tabindex')
  126.  
  127.        if (!modalElement) {
  128.          return;
  129.        }
  130.  
  131.        // Get all focusable elements inside the modal
  132.        var focusableElements = Array.from(modalElement.querySelectorAll(
  133.          'a[href], area[href], input:not([disabled]):not([type="hidden"]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), button:not([disabled]), [tabindex="0"]'
  134.        ))
  135.  
  136.        focusableElements = focusableElements.filter(el => {
  137.          const ancestorElement = el.offsetParent || el.parentElement
  138.          const visibleElement = el.style.visibility !== 'hidden'
  139.  
  140.          return ancestorElement && visibleElement
  141.        })
  142.  
  143.        if (!focusableElements) {
  144.          return;
  145.        }
  146.  
  147.        var firstFocusable = firstFocusableElement || focusableElements[0]
  148.        var lastFocusable = focusableElements[focusableElements.length - 1]
  149.        var TAB_KEY_CODE = 'Tab'
  150.  
  151.        firstFocusable.focus()
  152.  
  153.        $(firstFocusable).on('keydown', function (event) {
  154.          var isTabPressed = event.key === TAB_KEY_CODE
  155.  
  156.          if (!isTabPressed) {
  157.            return
  158.          }
  159.          if (event.shiftKey) {
  160.            event.preventDefault()
  161.            lastFocusable.focus()
  162.          }
  163.        })
  164.  
  165.        $(`#${modalId}`).on('keydown', function (event) {
  166.          var isTabPressed = event.key === TAB_KEY_CODE
  167.  
  168.          if (!isTabPressed) {
  169.            return
  170.          }
  171.          if (event.shiftKey) {
  172.            if (document.activeElement === firstFocusable || document.activeElement === modalElement) {
  173.              event.preventDefault()
  174.              lastFocusable.focus()
  175.            }
  176.          } else {
  177.            if (document.activeElement === lastFocusable || document.activeElement === modalElement) {
  178.              event.preventDefault()
  179.              firstFocusable.focus()
  180.            }
  181.          }
  182.        })
  183.      }
  184.    </script></head>
  185. <body>
  186. <header>
  187.  
  188. <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NTX72TG"
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  190.  
  191. <a class="skiptocontent" href="#maincontent">
  192. Skip to main content
  193. </a>
  194. <a class="skiptocontent" href="/core/accessibility">
  195. Accessibility help
  196. </a>
  197. <div class="cookie-message">
  198. <div class="row">
  199. <div class="small-11 columns">
  200. <p>We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/cookies-policy/" target="_blank">manage your cookie settings</a>.</p>
  201. </div>
  202. <div class="small-1 columns">
  203. <a href="#" onclick="closeMessage();" class="cookie-close">
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