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<p>He was a Russian lawyer, anti-<a class="md-crosslink" href="#/topic/corruption-law" data-show-preview="true">corruption</a> activist, and politician who achieved international recognition as one of the most prominent domestic critics of Russian Pres. <a class="md-crosslink" href="#/biography/Vladimir-Putin" data-show-preview="true">Vladimir Putin</a>.</p>
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<div class="credit ml-10 ">Nikolay Vinokurov/Alamy</div>
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<div class="credit internal mt-10">National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (NPG.2009.36)</div>
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<p><span id="ref71118"></span>This American journalist led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s.</p>
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<div class="credit ml-10 d-none d-md-block">National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (NPG.2009.36)</div>
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Major Taylor was the 1899 world champion in cycling, a winner of many national and international honors, and the first American-born Black athlete of wide renown to reach his sport’s international pinnacle. Taylor overcame racism, including Jim Crow restrictions, bans by racing organizations, and
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Rosa Parks was an American civil rights activist whose refusal to relinquish her seat on a public bus precipitated the 1955–56 Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama, which became the spark that ignited the civil rights movement in the United States. Born to parents James McCauley, a skilled stonemason
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<div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-editors-pick-6">
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<a href="/list/6-of-the-first-women-heads-of-state" class="card-media d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" >
<div class="w-100">
<img loading="eager" src="#/45/114445-131-7A7D9353/Corazon-Aquino-1986.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Philippine President Corazon Aquino (b. Maria Corazon Cojuangco) greets officials in airport terminal. Andrews Air Force Base, U.S., Maryland September 15, 1986. President of the Philippines 1986-1992." class="w-100" />
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</a>
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<a href="/list/6-of-the-first-women-heads-of-state" class="font-weight-bold font-16">6 of the First Women to Become Heads of State</a>
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How six women became leaders, from Iceland to the Philippines.
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</div>
<div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-editors-pick-7">
<div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100">
<a href="/list/pablo-escobar-8-interesting-facts-about-the-king-of-cocaine" class="card-media d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" >
<div class="w-100">
<img loading="eager" src="#/62/192062-131-96B933EF/mug-shot-Colombia-control-agency-Medellin.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="A mug shot taken by the regional Colombia control agency in Medellin" class="w-100" />
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<a href="/list/pablo-escobar-8-interesting-facts-about-the-king-of-cocaine" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Pablo Escobar: 8 Interesting Facts About the King of Cocaine</a>
<div class="m-0 mt-5 line-clamp clamp-2">
Get to know the infamous drug kingpin.
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<div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-editors-pick-8">
<div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100">
<a href="#/biography/Sojourner-Truth" class="card-media d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" >
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<img loading="eager" src="#/72/4772-050-E3FD5548/Sojourner-Truth.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Sojourner Truth" class="w-100" />
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</a>
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<a href="#/biography/Sojourner-Truth" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Sojourner Truth</a>
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Sojourner Truth African American evangelist and reformer who applied her religious fervour to the abolitionist and women’s rights movements. Isabella was the daughter of slaves and spent her childhood as an abused chattel of several masters. Her first language was Dutch. Between 1810 and 1827 she
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<h2>Mia Malkova</h2>
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<div class="mb-20 mb-md-0"><p>The Polish-born French physicist was famous for her work on radioactivity Mia Malkova free video, becoming the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in 1903 (for Physics), and later becoming the only woman to win a Nobel in two different fields when, in 1911, she won best movies Mia Malkova the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.</p></div>
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<ul class="col-100 col-md-60 super-spotlight-links">
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<a class="d-block" href="#/biography/Marie-Curie">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/12/12512-004-80322EC3/Marie-Curie.jpg?w=920&h=518&c=crop" alt="Marie Curie" class="rounded-sm border super-spotlight-hero-image" width="920" />
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<a class="d-block" href="#/biography/Marie-Curie">
<p class="font-weight-bold mt-20 mt-md-5">The Extraordinary Life of Marie Curie</p>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/video/201446/World-War-I-Marie-Curie-labs-fleet">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/46/201446-138-0BC459F1/World-War-I-Marie-Curie-labs-fleet.jpg?w=400&h=255&c=crop" alt="Marie Curie: World War I" width="400" height="255" />
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="/video/201446/World-War-I-Marie-Curie-labs-fleet" >How Marie Curie Developed Mobile X-ray Machines and Labs in WWI</a>
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/topic/Marie-Curie-and-Irene-Curie-on-radium-1983710" >Marie Curie's 1926 Britannica Essay on Radium</a>
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<h2 class="mt-40">Quizzes</h2>
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<div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100">
<a href="/quiz/i-am-the-greatest-athlete" class="card-media d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" >
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/55/235355-131-5EA8CFD4/Usain-Bolt-Jamaica-gold-medal-breaking-world-record-200m-Beijing-Summer-Olympics-August-20-2008.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Usain Bolt of Jamaica reacts after breaking the world record with a time of 19.30 to win the gold medal as Churandy Martina (left) of Netherlands Antilles and Brian Dzingai of Zimbabwe come in after him in the Men's 200m Final at the National Stadium during Day 12 of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games on August 20, 2008 in Beijing, China. (Summer Olympics, track and field, athletics)" class="w-100" />
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<a href="/quiz/i-am-the-greatest-athlete" class="font-weight-bold font-16">I Am the Greatest (Athlete)</a>
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Think you know a lot about famous athletes? This quiz might get your GOAT.
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<a href="/quiz/name-that-painter" class="card-media d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" >
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/66/136366-050-224B2E86/Wheat-Field-with-Cypresses-Vincent-van-Gogh-Metropolitan-Museum-of-Art.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Wheat Field with Cypresses, oil on canvas by Vincent van Gogh, 1889; in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, 73 x 93.4 cm." class="w-100" />
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<a href="/quiz/name-that-painter" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Name that Painter!</a>
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Can you tell a Monet from a Manet?
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<div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100">
<a href="/quiz/whos-on-that-stamp" class="card-media d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" >
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/29/236229-131-FF5DF4EC/postage-stamp-Jackie-Robinson-circa-1999.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="a postage stamp printed in USA showing an image of Jackie Robinson, CIRCA 1999." class="w-100" />
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<a href="/quiz/whos-on-that-stamp" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Who's on that Stamp?</a>
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This quiz requires attention -- you can't just mail it in.
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<a href="/quiz/first-ladies-of-the-united-states" class="card-media d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" >
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/89/236189-131-46FF66C0/First-Ladies-dedication-of-Ronald-Reagan-Presidential-Library-November-1991.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="(From left): First Ladies Barbara Bush, Nancy Reagan, Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Pat Nixon, and Lady Bird Johnson at the Dedication of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, California; November 4, 1991. (first lady)" class="w-100" />
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</a>
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<a href="/quiz/first-ladies-of-the-united-states" class="font-weight-bold font-16">First Ladies of the United States Quiz</a>
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They have been hostesses, helpers, advisers, gatekeepers, guardians, confidantes, and sometimes formidable powers behind the scenes. How much do you know about the first ladies of the United States?
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<h2 class="mt-40">Videos</h2>
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<div class="vpwpl-video-title mt-10 font-weight-bold mb-10">
What made Sammy Davis, Jr., the world's greatest entertainer?
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<div class="vpwpl-credit mb-20 font-13 text-gray-600 font-italic ">
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/45/250945-138-826DE4F1/sammy-davis-entertainer.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="What made Sammy Davis, Jr., the world's greatest entertainer?" width="100" height="75" />
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/video/229330/interview-Brian-May-astrophysicist" >Brian May: Queen guitarist and astrophysicist</a>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/video/229330/interview-Brian-May-astrophysicist">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/30/229330-138-DBEBB21A/interview-Brian-May-astrophysicist.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="Brian May: Queen guitarist and astrophysicist" width="100" height="75" />
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/video/251033/madeleine-albright-immigration-secretary-of-state" >Madeleine Albright on immigrating to the United States</a>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/video/251033/madeleine-albright-immigration-secretary-of-state">
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/video/251608/alice-walker-the-color-purple-pulitzer-prize-for-fiction-author-advocate" >The colorful life of <em>The Color Purple</em> author Alice Walker</a>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/video/251608/alice-walker-the-color-purple-pulitzer-prize-for-fiction-author-advocate">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/08/251608-138-14F56010/alice-walker-the-color-purple-pulitzer-prize-for-fiction-author-advocate.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="The colorful life of The Color Purple author Alice Walker" width="100" height="75" />
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<script data-id="video-credit" type="text/plain">Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.</script>
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/video/232195/who-was-Mae-Jemison" >Who is Mae Jemison, the first African American female astronaut?</a>
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<h2 class="mt-40">Galleries</h2>
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<div class="gallery col-100 col-md-33 mb-35 mb-md-20 super-galleries-item-1" data-href="/media/24/3986">
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/47/129247-131-BE784D71/Charles-Darwin.jpg" alt="English naturalist Charles Darwin; undated engraving." class="border rounded-sm w-100" />
<p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Charles Darwin</p>
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/23/135123-131-1AB67A8C/William-II-Hermine-Reuss-of-Greiz-November-9-1922.jpg" alt="Kaiser William II with his second wife Hermine Reuss on their wedding day, November 9, 1922." class="border rounded-sm w-100" />
<p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Royal Weddings</p>
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<img loading="lazy" src="#/79/142279-131-21B3AA25/Bust-Aristotle.jpg" alt="Bust of ancient greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle." class="border rounded-sm w-100" />
<p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Aristotle</p>
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<h2 class="mt-20">Featured Categories</h2>
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<h3>Actors</h3>
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Katharine-Hepburn" >Katharine Hepburn</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Katharine Hepburn indomitable American stage and film actress, known as a spirited performer with a touch of eccentricity. She introduced into her roles a strength of character previously considered to be undesirable in Hollywood leading ladies. As an actress, she was noted for her brisk</div>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Sidney-Poitier">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/98/152998-050-CB9DF4E4/Sidney-Poitier-2009.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Sidney Poitier" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
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<div class="card-body ilf-content">
<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Sidney-Poitier" >Sidney Poitier</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Sidney Poitier Bahamian American actor, director, and producer who broke the colour barrier in the U.S. motion-picture industry by becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award for best actor (for Lilies of the Field [1963]) and the first Black movie star. He also redefined roles for</div>
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<div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;">
<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Dorothy-Dandridge">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/55/21655-050-A08F57DB/Dorothy-Dandridge.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Dorothy Dandridge" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Dorothy-Dandridge" >Dorothy Dandridge</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Dorothy Dandridge was an American singer and film actress who was the first black woman to be nominated for an Academy Award for best actress. Dandridge’s mother was an entertainer and comedic actress who, after settling in Los Angeles, had some success in radio and, later, television. The young</div>
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<div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-1-item-4" >
<div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;">
<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Laurence-Olivier">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/26/1126-004-D17E598F/Laurence-Olivier-title-role-Hamlet-film-adaptation.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Laurence Olivier in a scene from Hamlet" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
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<div class="card-body ilf-content">
<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Laurence-Olivier" >Laurence Olivier</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Laurence Olivier a towering figure of the British stage and screen, acclaimed in his lifetime as the greatest English-speaking actor of the 20th century. He was the first member of his profession to be elevated to a life peerage. The son of an Anglican minister, Olivier attended All Saints Choir</div>
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<div class="col-100 col-md-33">
<h3>Philosophers</h3>
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<div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-2-item-1" >
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Avicenna">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/06/138806-050-853B09B6/title-page-edition-Gerard-of-Cremona-The.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="The title page of the 1556 edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb). This edition (sometimes called the 1556 Basel edition) was translated by medieval scholar Gerard of Cremona." width="200" height="150" />
</a>
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<div class="card-body ilf-content">
<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Avicenna" >Avicenna</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Avicenna was a Muslim physician, the most famous and influential of the philosopher-scientists of the medieval Islamic world. He was particularly noted for his contributions in the fields of Aristotelian philosophy and medicine. He composed the Kitāb al-shifāʾ (Book of the Cure), a vast</div>
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<div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-2-item-2" >
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Plato">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/88/149188-050-DC34842F/Plato-portrait-bust-original-Capitoline-Museums-Rome.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Plato" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Plato" >Plato</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Plato ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470–399 bce), teacher of Aristotle (384–322 bce), and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence. He is one of the major figures of Classical antiquity. Building on the demonstration by</div>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Cornel-West">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/01/5101-004-F7651536/Cornel-West.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Cornel West" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Cornel-West" >Cornel West</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Cornel West is an American philosopher, scholar of African American studies, and political activist. His influential book Race Matters (1993) lamented what he saw as the spiritual impoverishment of the African American underclass and critically examined the “crisis” of Black leadership in the</div>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Bertrand-Russell">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/58/20958-050-EB05A07A/Bertrand-Russell-1960.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Bertrand Russell" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-body ilf-content">
<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Bertrand-Russell" >Bertrand Russell</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Bertrand Russell British philosopher, logician, and social reformer, founding figure in the analytic movement in Anglo-American philosophy, and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. Russell’s contributions to logic, epistemology, and the philosophy of mathematics established him as</div>
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<h3>Aviation Legends</h3>
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<div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-3-item-1" >
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Amelia-Earhart">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/78/164578-050-634E4E33/Amelia-Earhart.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Amelia Earhart" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-body ilf-content">
<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Amelia-Earhart" >Amelia Earhart</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Amelia Earhart was an American aviator, one of the world’s most celebrated, who was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Her disappearance during a flight around the world in 1937 became an enduring mystery, fueling much speculation. Earhart’s father was a railroad lawyer, and her</div>
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<div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;">
<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Charles-Lindbergh">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/44/2144-004-0E00C69F/Charles-A-Lindbergh-Spirit-of-St-Louis-1927.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Charles Lindbergh" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-body ilf-content">
<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Charles-Lindbergh" >Charles Lindbergh</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Charles Lindbergh American aviator, one of the best-known figures in aeronautical history, remembered for the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York City to Paris, on May 20–21, 1927. Lindbergh’s early years were spent chiefly in Little Falls, Minnesota, and in</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-3-item-3" >
<div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;">
<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Harriet-Quimby">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/74/153974-050-0FF18D47/Harriet-Quimby-1911.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Harriet Quimby" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-body ilf-content">
<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Harriet-Quimby" >Harriet Quimby</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Harriet Quimby American aviator, the first female pilot to fly across the English Channel. Quimby’s birth date and place are not well attested. (She sometimes claimed 1884 in Arroyo Grande, California.) By 1902, however, it is known that she and her family were living in California, and in that</div>
</div>
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<a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="#/biography/Wright-brothers">
<img loading="lazy" src="#/10/69210-050-33BA2D24/Orville-Wright-1910.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Orville and Wilbur Wright" width="200" height="150" />
</a>
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<a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16" href="#/biography/Wright-brothers" >Wright brothers</a>
<div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Wright brothers, American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight (1903). Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867, near Millville, Indiana, U.S.—May 30, 1912, Dayton, Ohio) and his brother Orville Wright (August 19, 1871,</div>
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