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  244.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  245.   Name=&quot;HTML Preformatted&quot;/&gt;
  246.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  247.   Name=&quot;HTML Sample&quot;/&gt;
  248.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  249.   Name=&quot;HTML Typewriter&quot;/&gt;
  250.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  251.   Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;
  252.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  253.   Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;
  254.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  255.   Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;
  256.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  257.   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  258.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  259.   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  260.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  261.   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  262.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  263.   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  264.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  265.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  266.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  267.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  268.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  269.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  270.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  271.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  272.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  273.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  274.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  275.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  276.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  277.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  278.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  279.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  280.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  281.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  282.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  283.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  284.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  285.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  286.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  287.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  288.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  289.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  290.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  291.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  292.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  293.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  294.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  295.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  296.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  297.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  298.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  299.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  300.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  301.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  302.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  303.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  304.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  305.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  306.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  307.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  308.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  309.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  310.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  311.   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  312.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  313.   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  314.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  315.   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  316.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  317.   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  318.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  319.   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  320.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  321.   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  322.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  323.   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  324.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  325.   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  326.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  327.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  328.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  329.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  330.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  331.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  332.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  333.   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  334.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  335.   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  336.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  337.   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  338.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  339.   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  340.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  341.   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  342.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  343.   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  344.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  345.   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  346.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  347.   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  348.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  349.   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  350.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  351.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  352.   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  353.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  354.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  355.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  356.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  357.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  358.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  359.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  360.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  361.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  362.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  363.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  364.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  365.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  366.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  367.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  368.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  369.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  370.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  371.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  372.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  373.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  374.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  375.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  376.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  377.   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  378.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  379.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  380.   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  381.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  382.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  383.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  384.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  385.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  386.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  387.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  388.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  389.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  390.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  391.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  392.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  393.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  394.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  395.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  396.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  397.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  398.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  399.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  400.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  401.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  402.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  403.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  404.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  405.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  406.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  407.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  408.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  409.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  410.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  411.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  412.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  413.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  414.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  415.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  416.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  417.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  418.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  419.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  420.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  421.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  422.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  423.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  424.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  425.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  426.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  427.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  428.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  429.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  430.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  431.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  432.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  433.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  434.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  435.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  436.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  437.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  438.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  439.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  440.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  441.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  442.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  443.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  444.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  445.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  446.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  447.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  448.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  449.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  450.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  451.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  452.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  453.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  454.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  455.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  456.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  457.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  458.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  459.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  460.   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  461.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
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  463.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  464.   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  465.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  466.   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  467.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  468.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  469.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  470.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  471.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
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  473.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  474.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  475.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  476.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  477.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  478.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  479.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  480.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  481.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  482.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  483.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  484.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  485.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  486.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  487.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  488.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  489.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  490.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  491.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  492.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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  494.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  495.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  496.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  497.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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  511.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  512.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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  514.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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  516.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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  531.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  532.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  533.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  534.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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  536.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  537.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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  539.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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  541.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  542.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  543.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  544.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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  553.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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  556.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  557.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  558.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  559.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  560.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  561.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  562.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  563.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  564.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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  567.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  568.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  569.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  570.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  571.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  572.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  573.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  574.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  575.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  576.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  577.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  578.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  579.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  580.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  581.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  582.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  583.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  584.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  585.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  586.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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  588.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  589.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  590.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  591.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  592.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  593.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  594.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  595.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  596.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  597.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  598.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  599.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  600.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  601.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  602.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  603.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  604.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  605.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  606.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  607.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  608.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  609.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  610.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  611.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  612.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  613.   Name=&quot;Mention&quot;/&gt;
  614.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  615.   Name=&quot;Smart Hyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  616.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  617.   Name=&quot;Hashtag&quot;/&gt;
  618.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  619.   Name=&quot;Unresolved Mention&quot;/&gt;
  620.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  621.   Name=&quot;Smart Link&quot;/&gt;
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  623. &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
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  637. mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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  646. &lt;![endif]--&gt;
  647.  
  648. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman \(Body CS\)&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The
  649. Appealability of Juvenile Court Jurisdiction Transfer in Missouri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman \(Body CS\)&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  650.  
  651. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;D.E.G. v. Juv. Officer of Jackson Cnty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;, 601 S.W.3d 212
  652. (Mo. 2020) (en banc).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  653.  
  654. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  655.  
  656. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rachael Moore&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  657.  
  658. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  659.  
  660. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  661. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman \(Body CS\)&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  662.  
  663. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Since its adoption in 1957, the
  664. Missouri Juvenile Code has separated and shielded juveniles from the harshness
  665. of the “adult” criminal system.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While the juvenile and adult criminal systems
  666. have many differences, both give the accused the right to appeal final
  667. judgments.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;For serious offenses, a juvenile court may,
  668. on its own motion or a motion by a juvenile officer, dismiss juvenile court
  669. jurisdiction and transfer a juvenile’s case to a court of general jurisdiction.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This exposes the juvenile to being tried as an
  670. adult and strips the juvenile of all the protections of juvenile court.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Section 211&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;.261 of the Juvenile Code
  671. gives juveniles the right to appeal any final judgment,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in
  672. 1972, the Supreme Court of Missouri ruled in &lt;i&gt;In Re T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;that transfers
  673. of jurisdiction were not included in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Section&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; 211.261,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt; barring juveniles from appealing transfers to
  674. adult court&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  675.  
  676. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;For the next fifty years,
  677. the ruling of &lt;i&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;sat undisturbed&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;However, in 2020 the Supreme Court of
  678. Missouri revisited the appealability of a juvenile transfer of jurisdiction in &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.
  679. v. Juvenile Officer of Jackson County&lt;/i&gt;, finding the reasoning in &lt;i&gt;T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;unpersuasive
  680. and citing a revision of the statute.” You could even break it into two
  681. sentences, but I think the transitional info could be helpful to the reader&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  682. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, the court overruled &lt;i&gt;T.J.H.,
  683. &lt;/i&gt;holding that a juvenile court dismissing jurisdiction and transferring a
  684. juvenile to a court of general jurisdiction is a final, appealable judgment.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  685.  
  686. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;In overruling &lt;i&gt;T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Missouri has afforded
  687. juveniles more protections than ever. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;However,
  688. this new era of juvenile appeals of transfer orders leads to several new policy
  689. questions that could have a substantial effect on juveniles’ ability to have
  690. access to the benefits of the juvenile system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  691. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Facts
  692. and Holding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  693.  
  694. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In 2018, D.E.G., a teenager, allegedly shot and seriously injured
  695. another juvenile in the hallway of an apartment building.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In October of 2018, the Jackson County juvenile
  696. officer filed a petition alleging that D.E.G., if charged as an adult for the
  697. shooting incident, would be charged with first-degree assault, a class A
  698. felony, and armed criminal action.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The juvenile officer filed a motion for a
  699. certification hearing and prepared a report recommending that D.E.G. be transferred
  700. to a court of general jurisdiction to stand trial as an adult.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  701.  
  702. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;At the certification hearing, the deputy juvenile officer gave a summary
  703. of the information contained in the certification report and recommendation for
  704. transfer.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  705. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The summary included details of D.E.G.’s
  706. conduct while in detention for a previous criminal incident, statements by
  707. D.E.G.’s mother, and details of D.E.G.’s mental and medical health and
  708. treatment for conditions.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The juvenile court judge overruled D.E.G.’s
  709. objections and allowed the report in.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  710.  
  711. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In considering the seriousness and viciousness of the offense, D.E.G.’s
  712. history of past violent action both within and outside of the juvenile system,
  713. the options available to treat D.E.G. at the juvenile level, and the
  714. sophistication of D.E.G., the judge dismissed the juvenile court’s jurisdiction
  715. over D.E.G. and transferred jurisdiction to “adult court.”&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;D.E.G. raised six points on appeal but first
  716. had to argue that the court should overrule &lt;i&gt;T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;and hold that he had
  717. the right to appeal the transfer order.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While the case was pending in the Missouri
  718. Court of Appeals, Western District, the Supreme Court of Missouri granted
  719. transfer.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  720.  
  721. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In a four-three decision, the Supreme Court of Missouri held that a
  722. judgment by a juvenile court dismissing jurisdiction and transferring
  723. jurisdiction to a court of general jurisdiction is a final, appealable judgment
  724. under Section 211.261, overruling &lt;i&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;T.J.H&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Because the Supreme Court of Missouri only
  725. transferred the case to decide the issue of appealability, D.E.G.’s case was
  726. retransferred to the court of appeals to rule on the merits.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  727.  
  728. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  729. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Legal
  730. Background&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  731.  
  732. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In examining the
  733. appealability of juvenile transfers, there are three important components to
  734. consider: 1) the history of the Missouri juvenile court system and how it
  735. differs from adult criminal court; 2) the statutory framework of the Missouri
  736. juvenile court system, including the history of how the Missouri Legislature
  737. has amended the Juvenile Code; and 3) the cases that have shaped the
  738. appealability of transfers of jurisdiction, namely &lt;i&gt;In re T.J.H&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  739. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background of Missouri
  740. Juvenile System&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  741.  
  742. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The Missouri Juvenile Code in its current form was first adopted in
  743. 1957.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Section 211.011 states that the Missouri
  744. Juvenile Code is intended to “facilitate the care, protection, and discipline
  745. of children who come within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  746.  
  747. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The Missouri Division of Youth Services (“DYS”) was created in 1974 as a
  748. division of the Department of Social Services.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The agency cares for and treats juveniles that
  749. are committed by one of the forty-five juvenile courts of Missouri.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;DYS focuses on rehabilitation and restorative
  750. justice through its core areas of accountability, rehabilitation, and community
  751. safety.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  752.  
  753. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Today, DYS operates a variety of treatment programs, from maximum
  754. security facilities to day treatment programs and group homes.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Because the focus of DYS is on rehabilitation
  755. rather than punitive correction, the Missouri juvenile justice system offers a
  756. better alternative than adult incarceration.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  757. &lt;/span&gt;Juveniles in residential facilities are given more freedoms and comforts
  758. than incarcerated adults.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Juveniles might also be less likely to
  759. reoffend due to the rehabilitative model. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Missouri juvenile system has found
  760. incredible success: In 2016, the Missouri Department of Corrections reported
  761. the adult recidivism rate at 43.9%.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;By contrast, the long-term recidivism rate
  762. for juveniles into the adult system was 6.6% in 2014.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  763. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Statutory
  764. Framework for Transfer of Jurisdiction&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  765.  
  766. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Section 211.071 was included in the Juvenile Code adopted in 1957.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Section 211.071 allows for a juvenile court
  767. to dismiss its own jurisdiction over a juvenile and transfer jurisdiction to
  768. “adult” court so that the juvenile can be charged as an adult if the prosecutor
  769. so chooses.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Only juveniles between the ages of twelve and
  770. seventeen who have committed an offense that would be considered a felony if
  771. committed by an adult are eligible.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A juvenile court may schedule a hearing to
  772. determine jurisdiction on its own motion or upon motion by a juvenile officer, the
  773. child, or the child’s custodian.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;For the most serious offenses, the juvenile
  774. court must order a hearing.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  775.  
  776. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Before the hearing, the juvenile officer must prepare a written report
  777. outlining the factors that the juvenile court judge should consider when ruling
  778. on jurisdiction.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;During the hearing, a juvenile officer gives
  779. a recommendation for dismissing or granting juvenile court jurisdiction.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;After hearing both sides and reviewing the compiled
  780. report, the juvenile judge either grants or dismisses transfer to a court of
  781. general jurisdiction.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If the judge grants the transfer, the judge
  782. must file a dismissal order with all of the findings of the hearing.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  783.  
  784. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;When the Missouri Legislature adopted the Juvenile Code in 1957,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Section 211.261 allowed for a child to appeal
  785. “any final judgment, order, or decree.”&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In 1994, the Legislature amended Section
  786. 211.261, adding in sections that now allow juvenile officers to appeal any
  787. final judgment, order, or decree, except for a final determination pursuant to
  788. Section 211.031.1(3).&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Section 211.031.1(3) establishes that juvenile
  789. courts have jurisdiction over juveniles alleged to have violated a state law or
  790. municipal ordinance prior to attaining the age of seventeen years.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  791. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Judicial Interpretation
  792. of Appealability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  793.  
  794. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In 1972, the Supreme Court of
  795. Missouri was tasked with deciding whether Section 211.261 applied to juvenile
  796. transfers of jurisdiction in &lt;i&gt;In re T.J.H&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court ruled that juvenile transfers of
  797. jurisdiction were not covered under Section 211.261, although Section 211.261
  798. allowed for any final judgment within the Juvenile Code.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In the majority opinion, there was little
  799. discussion of the language in Section 211.261.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court instead chose to focus on public
  800. policy, reasoning that allowing juveniles to appeal jurisdiction transfers
  801. would delay the administration of justice in general court.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court was concerned that allowing such an
  802. appeal would allow juveniles to “game” the system and prolong their wait for a
  803. felony charge.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  804. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The majority also held that there was no
  805. need for appeals of jurisdiction transfers: If juveniles really opposed such a
  806. transfer, they could simply file a motion to dismiss the indictment in the
  807. trial court.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  808.  
  809. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Judge Seiler dissented in &lt;i&gt;In re T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt;, criticizing the
  810. majority’s refusal to interpret the statute and instead turn to other
  811. jurisdictions for public policy arguments.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Judge Seiler argued that the remedy suggested
  812. by the majority – forcing juveniles to file motions to dismiss at the trial
  813. court level – would take away all of the protections of juvenile court that a
  814. juvenile would get to keep during an appeal.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;These include the right to be shielded from
  815. publicity, not to be fingerprinted or photographed, and not to be jailed or
  816. housed with adults.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  817.  
  818. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  819. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Instant
  820. Decision&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  821.  
  822. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri overruled &lt;i&gt;In re T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;in a four-to-three
  823. decision, remanding the case to the Missouri Court of Appeals, Western District,
  824. to decide on the substantive issues in D.E.G.’s appeal.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Chief Justice George W. Draper III wrote the
  825. majority opinion, joined by three other judges.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn52&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Judge W. Brent Powell and Judge Zel Fischer
  826. filed separate dissents with Judge Paul C. Wilson joining both dissents.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn53&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  827.  
  828. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In overruling &lt;i&gt;T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt;, the majority cited three reasons for holding
  829. that a juvenile court transfer of jurisdiction is a final, appealable decision:
  830. (1) the majority in &lt;i&gt;In re T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;incorrectly interpreted and applied
  831. Sections 211.071 and 211.261; (2) the legislature amended Section 211.261,
  832. requiring a reanalysis; and (3) the plain language of Section 211.261 allowed
  833. an appeal from any final judgment, and a transfer of jurisdiction had all of
  834. the hallmarks of a final judgment.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn54&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  835.  
  836. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;First, the court held that the majority in &lt;i&gt;T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt; incorrectly
  837. quoted Section 211.261 and failed to discuss the statutory language, instead
  838. raising public policy concerns from outside jurisdictions.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn55&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt;, the court misquoted Section
  839. 211.261 as only allowing an appeal from specific sections of Chapter 211.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn56&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Section 211.261 does not limit, nor has it
  840. ever limited, what types of statutory issues can be appealed.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn57&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The &lt;i&gt;T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;opinion contains no
  841. interpretation or analysis of Section 211.261.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn58&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Because the court in &lt;i&gt;T.J.H. &lt;/i&gt;failed to engage
  842. in any statutory interpretation and also misquoted Section 211.261, undermining
  843. the legislative intent, the majority in &lt;i&gt;D.E.G. &lt;/i&gt;found it necessary to
  844. overrule &lt;i&gt;T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt;’s holding.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn59&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  845.  
  846. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Second, the Missouri legislature amended Section 211.261.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn60&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;When the legislature amends a statute, the court
  847. presumes that the legislature intended to change the existing law.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn61&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The legislature added language that now allows
  848. a juvenile officer to appeal from any final judgment or order, except for a
  849. final determination under Section 211.031.1(3).&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn62&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The legislature also added language allowing juvenile
  850. officers to seek an interlocutory appeal for orders suppressing evidence, a
  851. confession, or an admission during a 211.031.1(3) proceeding.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn63&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;By adding in language about what juvenile
  852. officers can and cannot appeal while leaving the language about juveniles so
  853. broad as to include “any final judgment,” the legislature’s amendment would
  854. logically seem to indicate that their intent is not in line with the ruling of &lt;i&gt;In
  855. re T.J.H&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  856.  
  857. &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Third, the plain language of the statute allows for an appeal of &lt;i&gt;any &lt;/i&gt;final
  858. judgment or order, and the issuance by the juvenile court had all the hallmarks
  859. of a final judgment.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn64&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The judgment dismissing and transferring D.E.G.’s
  860. case was titled “Judgment of Dismissal,” the judge signed it, the court gave a
  861. detailed analysis and reasoning of why it was dismissing and transferring, and
  862. the judgment concluded with “It is hereby ordered and adjudged.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn65&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri concluded that
  863. these characteristics make the judgment transferring jurisdiction a final
  864. judgment.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn66&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  865. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Because the language of 211.261 is
  866. “clear and unambiguous” as to allowing for an appeal of any final judgment, the
  867. court concluded that there was no need to go into public policy concerns or look
  868. to other jurisdictions for guidance.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn67&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;V.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  869. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Comment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  870.  
  871. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The
  872. Supreme Court of Missouri has now opened the door for juveniles to appeal many
  873. different issues arising from a juvenile transfer hearing. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Like D.E.G., juveniles may wish to appeal
  874. perceived procedural defects in the case.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn68&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Others may want a review of the entire
  875. decision itself, believing that their case was improperly decided based on the
  876. weighing of the factors. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Because the
  877. Missouri Court of Appeals has not had to review any transfers of jurisdiction on
  878. direct appeal in the last fifty years, allowing appeals may now open the door
  879. for a variety of questions for Missouri appellate courts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  880.  
  881. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Another
  882. issue that may come before the court is whether juvenile officers in Missouri
  883. can or should appeal transfer of jurisdiction denials. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While this may seem like an inconsequential
  884. determination &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;–&lt;/span&gt; indeed,
  885. the majority only devoted one sentence to it when discussing the amendments to
  886. 211.261 &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;–&lt;/span&gt; allowing
  887. juvenile officers to appeal a transfer of jurisdiction could have huge
  888. consequences for juveniles. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A juvenile
  889. officer appealing could lead to confusion in the juvenile courts of whether to
  890. pursue treatment of the juvenile or wait for the results of the appeal,
  891. delaying much-needed treatment options for at-risk youth. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Because the juvenile court system must work
  892. quickly to prevent juveniles from aging out of the system before receiving
  893. treatment, juvenile officers should not have the right to create confusion by
  894. appealing denial of a transfer order. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Therefore,
  895. it would be in the best interest of juveniles for the courts to clarify that
  896. Section 211.261 does not allow juvenile officers to appeal denials of transfer.&lt;/p&gt;
  897.  
  898. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Another
  899. issue for juveniles sent to “adult” court is that they are still left without
  900. any of the protections of juvenile court while they are appealing. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The supersedeas provision of 211.261 leaves
  901. juveniles without any of the protections that Judge Seiler discussed in his
  902. dissent in &lt;i&gt;In re T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn69&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  903. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Judge Seiler worried that not allowing a
  904. juvenile to appeal a transfer order would strip juveniles of the privileges of
  905. juvenile court, including the right to be shielded
  906. from publicity, not to be fingerprinted or photographed, and not to be jailed
  907. or housed with adults.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn70&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Section 211.261 and &lt;i&gt;D.E.G. &lt;/i&gt;still leave
  908. Judge Seiler’s worries intact, since, even though a juvenile can now appeal,
  909. the juvenile would still be subject to the full force of adult criminal court
  910. while their appeal is pending. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;If a
  911. court of appeals finds that the transfer was in error, some of the protections
  912. of juvenile court may already be gone. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;If
  913. their criminal proceedings have begun while the appeal of the transfer was
  914. pending, the juvenile will have already been jailed, fingerprinted, and had
  915. their information potentially released to the media. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  916.  
  917. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In order to combat the injustice of juveniles losing the
  918. protections of the juvenile court while they are appealing, the Missouri legislature
  919. must reexamine Section 211.261 and amend it so that proceedings are stalled
  920. while the juvenile is appealing the transfer.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  921. &lt;/span&gt;This would be a similar system to Alabama, where the Alabama Supreme Court
  922. has held that in general, jurisdiction of a case can only be in one court at
  923. time and trial courts cannot rule on matters that are being adjudged by an
  924. appellate court.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn71&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  925. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;If Missouri wants to avoid a juvenile
  926. losing all of the protections of juvenile court after winning an appeal of
  927. transfer, Missouri must reexamine Section 211.261 and should follow a system
  928. similar to that used by Alabama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  929.  
  930. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The final issue that Missouri must address is the issue of
  931. age, which has become a problem in states with similar juvenile systems. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In the Texas case &lt;i&gt;In Matter of J.G.&lt;/i&gt;, juvenile
  932. J.G. spent three years appealing his case that began when he was sixteen.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn72&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;When J.G. finally appeared before the juvenile
  933. court for the second time, he was nineteen, which made the court worry about
  934. how amenable he was to treatment in the juvenile system and whether he could
  935. receive treatment alongside much younger juveniles.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn73&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, D.E.G. was most likely fifteen
  936. when the alleged offense occurred in 2018&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn74&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and was barely sixteen
  937. years old when the juvenile court granted the transfer of jurisdiction in
  938. January 2019.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn75&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  939. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri opinion
  940. was decided in June 2020 when D.E.G. was most likely on the cusp of his
  941. eighteenth birthday.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn76&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Missouri Court of Appeals must still
  942. decide the merits of D.E.G.’s claims, and if it reverses and remands the issue
  943. back to the juvenile court, D.E.G. will most likely be eighteen when he stands
  944. in front of the juvenile court for the second time.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn77&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  945.  
  946. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The major factors that a juvenile court considers when
  947. granting or denying a transfer is the age of the child, the programs and
  948. facilities available to the juvenile court, and whether or not the child can
  949. benefit from the treatment or rehabilitation.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn78&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In the future, many cases like D.E.G.’s may be
  950. remanded based on purely procedural defects. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;When the juvenile reappears in front of the
  951. juvenile court, the court may conclude that the child’s age makes them past the
  952. point of help or that the juvenile system has no adequate resources to
  953. rehabilitate or treat a person who is now over eighteen and a legal adult. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A juvenile court may be even less likely to
  954. grant a transfer the second time around if a child is now two to three years
  955. older, reasoning that they are closer to the age of adulthood and therefore
  956. less amenable to treatment in the juvenile system. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  957.  
  958. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In order to combat this, the Missouri legislature or the
  959. judiciary must reexamine the appellate procedures for juveniles and create an
  960. expedited system for reviewing an appeal of transfer of jurisdiction. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This expedited proceeding would work against
  961. the passage of time and allow juveniles a fair proceeding if they win their
  962. appeal and appear again in front of a juvenile court.&lt;/p&gt;
  963.  
  964. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;While
  965. &lt;i&gt;D.E.G. &lt;/i&gt;is a step in the right direction, Missouri still has significant
  966. issues relating to juveniles appealing transfer orders that it must resolve to
  967. achieve true justice for juveniles. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;D.E.G.
  968. &lt;/i&gt;leaves many questions unresolved, such as whether criminal circuit courts
  969. should proceed in prosecuting a juvenile while the juvenile is appealing their
  970. transfer, how to deal with the closing window of time for juvenile proceedings,
  971. and the confusion over whether juvenile officers can appeal denials of transfer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;VI.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  972. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  973.  
  974. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In
  975. treating a transfer of jurisdiction from juvenile court to a court of general
  976. jurisdiction as a final, appealable judgment, the Supreme Court of Missouri has
  977. changed a piece of the juvenile court system that sat undisturbed for fifty
  978. years.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn79&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref79&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn79;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  979. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The ruling of &lt;i&gt;D.E.G. &lt;/i&gt;was long
  980. overdue, as evidenced by the court citing a 1994 amendment to the juvenile
  981. appeals statute.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn80&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref80&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn80;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This amendment to Section 211.261 shows that
  982. the Missouri legislature intended to give juveniles the right to appeal a
  983. transfer of jurisdiction.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn81&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref81&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn81;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  984. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While the Supreme Court of Missouri
  985. would be correct in its interpretation of Section 211.261 based on the amendment
  986. to the statute alone, its ruling is strengthened by the public policy concerns
  987. of transferring juveniles to adult court. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Judge Seiler’s dissent in the 1972 case &lt;i&gt;In
  988. re T.J.H.&lt;/i&gt; highlighted the serious decision a juvenile court has in
  989. subjecting a child to the adult criminal court system and stripping that child
  990. of all of the protections and treatment options that juvenile court can
  991. provide.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn82&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref82&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn82;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  992.  
  993. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The
  994. Missouri juvenile justice system has achieved amazing results in recent years
  995. with extremely low rates of recidivism.&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn83&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref83&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn83;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  996. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Because of these results, Missouri
  997. juvenile courts should strive to keep juveniles in the juvenile justice system
  998. in as many cases as they can. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;By
  999. allowing juveniles to appeal transfer orders after fifty years of prohibiting
  1000. it, Missouri has created a safeguard that can protect more juveniles from the
  1001. harshness of the adult criminal system. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Now that juveniles can appeal transfer orders,
  1002. it is up to the Missouri legislature and the Missouri appellate courts to amend
  1003. and interpret Section 211.261 to ensure that juveniles are given as much
  1004. justice as possible. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This would include
  1005. limiting the ability of juvenile officers to appeal denials of transfer,
  1006. halting adult criminal proceedings while juveniles appeal the transfer so they
  1007. keep some juvenile system protections, and expediting the system so that
  1008. juveniles do not age out while their appeal is pending. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1009.  
  1010. &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
  1011.  
  1012. &lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
  1013.  
  1014.  
  1015.  
  1016. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1017.  
  1018. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; B.A. Psychology,
  1019. University of Missouri, 2021 dual-degree program; J.D. Candidate, University of
  1020. Missouri School of Law, 2022; Associate Member, &lt;i&gt;Missouri Law Review&lt;/i&gt;,
  1021. 2020-2021; I would like to thank Associate Dean Paul Litton for his insight and
  1022. edits, and thank you to the editorial staff of the Missouri Law Review for
  1023. their help during the editing process.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1024.  
  1025. &lt;/div&gt;
  1026.  
  1027. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1028.  
  1029. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;§&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt; 211.011
  1030. (2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1031.  
  1032. &lt;/div&gt;
  1033.  
  1034. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1035.  
  1036. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;§&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt; 211.261
  1037. (2016); &lt;/span&gt;Mo. Sup. Ct. R.&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt; 30.01.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1038.  
  1039. &lt;/div&gt;
  1040.  
  1041. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1042.  
  1043. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;§&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt; 211.071
  1044. (2020 &lt;/span&gt;Cum. Supp.&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1045.  
  1046. &lt;/div&gt;
  1047.  
  1048. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1049.  
  1050. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; T.J.H., 479 S.W.2d 433, 437 (Mo. 1972) (en banc) (Seiler, J.
  1051. dissenting), &lt;i&gt;overruled by &lt;/i&gt;D.E.G. v. Juv. Officer of Jackson Cnty., 601 S.W.3d
  1052. 212 (Mo. 2020) (en banc). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1053.  
  1054. &lt;/div&gt;
  1055.  
  1056. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1057.  
  1058. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;§&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;
  1059. 211.261.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1060.  
  1061. &lt;/div&gt;
  1062.  
  1063. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1064.  
  1065. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; T.J.H., 479 S.W.2d at 435 (Seiler, J. dissenting).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1066.  
  1067. &lt;/div&gt;
  1068.  
  1069. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1070.  
  1071. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; D.E.G. v. Juv. Officer of
  1072. Jackson Cnty., 601 S.W.3d 212, 219-20 (Mo. 2020). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1073.  
  1074. &lt;/div&gt;
  1075.  
  1076. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1077.  
  1078. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1079.  
  1080. &lt;/div&gt;
  1081.  
  1082. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1083.  
  1084. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 234 (Ex. A)
  1085. (The victim was hospitalized for more than a month in
  1086. intensive care and remains permanently paralyzed from the waist down.). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1087.  
  1088. &lt;/div&gt;
  1089.  
  1090. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1091.  
  1092. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 233-34 (Ex.
  1093. A).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1094.  
  1095. &lt;/div&gt;
  1096.  
  1097. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1098.  
  1099. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 214.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1100.  
  1101. &lt;/div&gt;
  1102.  
  1103. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1104.  
  1105. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  1106.  
  1107. &lt;/div&gt;
  1108.  
  1109. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1110.  
  1111. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1112.  
  1113. &lt;/div&gt;
  1114.  
  1115. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1116.  
  1117. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  1118.  
  1119. &lt;/div&gt;
  1120.  
  1121. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1122.  
  1123. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 233-238
  1124. (Ex. A).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1125.  
  1126. &lt;/div&gt;
  1127.  
  1128. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1129.  
  1130. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Brief for Appellant at
  1131. 13-18, &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d 212 (No. SC97869) (D.E.G.’s six points on
  1132. appeal claimed that various parts of the juvenile court system violate the
  1133. Missouri Constitution.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1134.  
  1135. &lt;/div&gt;
  1136.  
  1137. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1138.  
  1139. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d
  1140. at 215. Cases pending in the court of appeals can be transferred to the Supreme
  1141. Court of Missouri before the court of appeals issues an opinion because of the
  1142. general interest of a question involved in the case or for the purpose of
  1143. reexamining existing law. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Const. Art.
  1144. 5, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;§&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt; 10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1145.  
  1146. &lt;/div&gt;
  1147.  
  1148. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1149.  
  1150. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d
  1151. at 219-20.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1152.  
  1153. &lt;/div&gt;
  1154.  
  1155. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1156.  
  1157. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 220.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1158.  
  1159. &lt;/div&gt;
  1160.  
  1161. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1162.  
  1163. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;§&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;
  1164. 211.011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1165.  
  1166. &lt;/div&gt;
  1167.  
  1168. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1169.  
  1170. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1171.  
  1172. &lt;/div&gt;
  1173.  
  1174. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1175.  
  1176. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Approach&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;The Missouri Approach&lt;/span&gt;, http://missouriapproach.org/approach/
  1177. (last visited Sept. 16, 2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1178.  
  1179. &lt;/div&gt;
  1180.  
  1181. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1182.  
  1183. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1184.  
  1185. &lt;/div&gt;
  1186.  
  1187. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1188.  
  1189. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;James D. Reed&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Celebrating
  1190. 100 years of Juvenile Justice In Missouri 5&lt;/span&gt; (2003).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1191.  
  1192. &lt;/div&gt;
  1193.  
  1194. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1195.  
  1196. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;§&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;219.021
  1197. (2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1198.  
  1199. &lt;/div&gt;
  1200.  
  1201. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1202.  
  1203. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Brittany L. Briggs, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Children Are Our Future: Resurrecting Juvenile
  1204. Rehabilitation Through “Raise the Age” Legislation in Missouri&lt;/i&gt;, 85 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. L. Rev. 191, 205 (2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1205.  
  1206. &lt;/div&gt;
  1207.  
  1208. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1209.  
  1210. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Anne F. Precythe, Mo. Dept. of Corr., Missouri Reentry Process
  1211. report to the governor 1 (2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1212.  
  1213. &lt;/div&gt;
  1214.  
  1215. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1216.  
  1217. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Results&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;The Missouri Approach&lt;/span&gt;, http://missouriapproach.org/results/#:~:text=The%20results%20of%20Missouri&#39;s%20innovative,for%203%20years%20or%20more
  1218. (last visited Sept. 16, 2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1219.  
  1220. &lt;/div&gt;
  1221.  
  1222. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1223.  
  1224. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat.&lt;/span&gt; § 211.071.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1225.  
  1226. &lt;/div&gt;
  1227.  
  1228. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1229.  
  1230. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1231.  
  1232. &lt;/div&gt;
  1233.  
  1234. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1235.  
  1236. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; § 211.071(1).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1237.  
  1238. &lt;/div&gt;
  1239.  
  1240. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1241.  
  1242. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1243.  
  1244. &lt;/div&gt;
  1245.  
  1246. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1247.  
  1248. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;(Offenses that
  1249. require a hearing include first and second degree murder, first degree assault,
  1250. first degree rape and sodomy, first degree robbery, distribution of drugs, or
  1251. the juvenile has committed two or more prior unrelated offenses which would be
  1252. felonies if committed by an adult.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1253.  
  1254. &lt;/div&gt;
  1255.  
  1256. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1257.  
  1258. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; § 211.071(6) (These
  1259. factors include: seriousness of the offense, characteristics of the offense
  1260. (violence, committed against persons or property), age of the child, previous
  1261. record in the juvenile system, and program and facilities available, whether
  1262. the offense is part of a repetitive pattern that indicates the child is beyond
  1263. rehabilitation, the sophistication and maturity of the child when considering
  1264. the child’s home and environment, whether the child can benefit from treatment
  1265. or rehabilitative programs, and the racial disparity in certification.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1266.  
  1267. &lt;/div&gt;
  1268.  
  1269. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1270.  
  1271. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; § 211.071.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1272.  
  1273. &lt;/div&gt;
  1274.  
  1275. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1276.  
  1277. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1278.  
  1279. &lt;/div&gt;
  1280.  
  1281. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1282.  
  1283. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1284.  
  1285. &lt;/div&gt;
  1286.  
  1287. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1288.  
  1289. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat.&lt;/span&gt; § 211.261.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1290.  
  1291. &lt;/div&gt;
  1292.  
  1293. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1294.  
  1295. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d
  1296. at 217.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1297.  
  1298. &lt;/div&gt;
  1299.  
  1300. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1301.  
  1302. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat.&lt;/span&gt; § 211.031.1(3).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1303.  
  1304. &lt;/div&gt;
  1305.  
  1306. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1307.  
  1308. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; T.J.H, 479 S.W.2d at 435.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1309.  
  1310. &lt;/div&gt;
  1311.  
  1312. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1313.  
  1314. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;at 434.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  1315.  
  1316. &lt;/div&gt;
  1317.  
  1318. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1319.  
  1320. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  1321.  
  1322. &lt;/div&gt;
  1323.  
  1324. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1325.  
  1326. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  1327.  
  1328. &lt;/div&gt;
  1329.  
  1330. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1331.  
  1332. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 435. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1333.  
  1334. &lt;/div&gt;
  1335.  
  1336. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1337.  
  1338. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref47&quot; name=&quot;_ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  1339.  
  1340. &lt;/div&gt;
  1341.  
  1342. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1343.  
  1344. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 436 (Seiler, J. dissenting).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1345.  
  1346. &lt;/div&gt;
  1347.  
  1348. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1349.  
  1350. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 437.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1351.  
  1352. &lt;/div&gt;
  1353.  
  1354. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1355.  
  1356. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1357.  
  1358. &lt;/div&gt;
  1359.  
  1360. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1361.  
  1362. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; D.E.G. v. Juv. Officer of
  1363. Jackson Cnty., 601 S.W.3d 212, 220 (Mo. 2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1364.  
  1365. &lt;/div&gt;
  1366.  
  1367. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1368.  
  1369. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref52&quot; name=&quot;_ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 220 (Judges
  1370. Russell, Breckenridge, and Stith concurred in the majority opinion.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1371.  
  1372. &lt;/div&gt;
  1373.  
  1374. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1375.  
  1376. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref53&quot; name=&quot;_ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1377.  
  1378. &lt;/div&gt;
  1379.  
  1380. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1381.  
  1382. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref54&quot; name=&quot;_ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 217.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1383.  
  1384. &lt;/div&gt;
  1385.  
  1386. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1387.  
  1388. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref55&quot; name=&quot;_ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 216-19.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1389.  
  1390. &lt;/div&gt;
  1391.  
  1392. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1393.  
  1394. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref56&quot; name=&quot;_ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 216 n.5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1395.  
  1396. &lt;/div&gt;
  1397.  
  1398. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1399.  
  1400. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref57&quot; name=&quot;_ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1401.  
  1402. &lt;/div&gt;
  1403.  
  1404. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1405.  
  1406. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref58&quot; name=&quot;_ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; T.J.H., 479 S.W.2d 433, 434 (Mo. 1972) (en banc) (Seiler, J.
  1407. dissenting), &lt;i&gt;overruled by D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d 212.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1408.  
  1409. &lt;/div&gt;
  1410.  
  1411. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1412.  
  1413. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref59&quot; name=&quot;_ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d
  1414. at 219.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1415.  
  1416. &lt;/div&gt;
  1417.  
  1418. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1419.  
  1420. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref60&quot; name=&quot;_ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 217.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1421.  
  1422. &lt;/div&gt;
  1423.  
  1424. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1425.  
  1426. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref61&quot; name=&quot;_ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 216.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1427.  
  1428. &lt;/div&gt;
  1429.  
  1430. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1431.  
  1432. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref62&quot; name=&quot;_ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1433.  
  1434. &lt;/div&gt;
  1435.  
  1436. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1437.  
  1438. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref63&quot; name=&quot;_ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 216.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1439.  
  1440. &lt;/div&gt;
  1441.  
  1442. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1443.  
  1444. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref64&quot; name=&quot;_ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1445.  
  1446. &lt;/div&gt;
  1447.  
  1448. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1449.  
  1450. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref65&quot; name=&quot;_ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 217.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1451.  
  1452. &lt;/div&gt;
  1453.  
  1454. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1455.  
  1456. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref66&quot; name=&quot;_ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1457.  
  1458. &lt;/div&gt;
  1459.  
  1460. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1461.  
  1462. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref67&quot; name=&quot;_ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 219.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1463.  
  1464. &lt;/div&gt;
  1465.  
  1466. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1467.  
  1468. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref68&quot; name=&quot;_ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 215-16.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1469.  
  1470. &lt;/div&gt;
  1471.  
  1472. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1473.  
  1474. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref69&quot; name=&quot;_ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; T.J.H, 479 S.W.2d 433, 435 (Mo. 1972) (en banc) (Seiler, J.
  1475. dissenting), &lt;i&gt;overruled by D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d 212. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1476.  
  1477. &lt;/div&gt;
  1478.  
  1479. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1480.  
  1481. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref70&quot; name=&quot;_ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1482.  
  1483. &lt;/div&gt;
  1484.  
  1485. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1486.  
  1487. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref71&quot; name=&quot;_ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ex parte&lt;/i&gt; Webb, 843
  1488. So. 2d 127, 130 (Ala. 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1489.  
  1490. &lt;/div&gt;
  1491.  
  1492. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1493.  
  1494. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref72&quot; name=&quot;_ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; J.G., 495
  1495. S.W.3d 354, 362 (Tex. App. Houst. 2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1496.  
  1497. &lt;/div&gt;
  1498.  
  1499. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1500.  
  1501. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref73&quot; name=&quot;_ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
  1502.  
  1503. &lt;/div&gt;
  1504.  
  1505. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1506.  
  1507. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref74&quot; name=&quot;_ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d
  1508. at 212. D.E.G.’s age is redacted in the juvenile court decision due to being a
  1509. minor, but the juvenile court stated in its findings that at the time of the
  1510. transfer hearing in January 2019 that D.E.G. was “little more than 16”, making
  1511. his birthday most likely between August and January. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 238 (Ex. A).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1512.  
  1513. &lt;/div&gt;
  1514.  
  1515. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1516.  
  1517. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref75&quot; name=&quot;_ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 238 (Ex.
  1518. A).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1519.  
  1520. &lt;/div&gt;
  1521.  
  1522. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1523.  
  1524. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref76&quot; name=&quot;_ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 212.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1525.  
  1526. &lt;/div&gt;
  1527.  
  1528. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1529.  
  1530. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref77&quot; name=&quot;_ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 238 (Ex.
  1531. A).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1532.  
  1533. &lt;/div&gt;
  1534.  
  1535. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1536.  
  1537. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref78&quot; name=&quot;_ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat.&lt;/span&gt; § 211.071(6).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1538.  
  1539. &lt;/div&gt;
  1540.  
  1541. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn79&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1542.  
  1543. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref79&quot; name=&quot;_ftn79&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn79;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 219.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1544.  
  1545. &lt;/div&gt;
  1546.  
  1547. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn80&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1548.  
  1549. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref80&quot; name=&quot;_ftn80&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn80;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 217.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1550.  
  1551. &lt;/div&gt;
  1552.  
  1553. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn81&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1554.  
  1555. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref81&quot; name=&quot;_ftn81&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn81;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1556.  
  1557. &lt;/div&gt;
  1558.  
  1559. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn82&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1560.  
  1561. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref82&quot; name=&quot;_ftn82&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn82;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; T.J.H, 479 S.W.2d 433, 435 (Mo. 1972) (en banc) (Seiler, J.
  1562. dissenting), &lt;i&gt;overruled by D.E.G.&lt;/i&gt;, 601 S.W.3d 212. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1563.  
  1564. &lt;/div&gt;
  1565.  
  1566. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn83&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  1567.  
  1568. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref83&quot; name=&quot;_ftn83&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn83;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Results&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;The Missouri Approach&lt;/span&gt;,
  1569. http://missouriapproach.org/results/#:~:text=The%20results%20of%20Missouri&#39;s%20innovative,for%203%20years%20or%20more
  1570. (last visited Sept. 16, 2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  1571.  
  1572. &lt;/div&gt;
  1573.  
  1574. &lt;/div&gt;
  1575.  
  1576. </description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-appealability-of-juvenile-court.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-8347739488879254842</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Oct 2021 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2021-10-01T08:00:00.193-05:00</atom:updated><title>A Sentence Deferred: Ignoring Multijurisdictional Concurrent Sentences </title><description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  1742.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1743.   Name=&quot;List Number 4&quot;/&gt;
  1744.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1745.   Name=&quot;List Number 5&quot;/&gt;
  1746.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  1747.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1748.   Name=&quot;Closing&quot;/&gt;
  1749.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1750.   Name=&quot;Signature&quot;/&gt;
  1751.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  1752.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  1753.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1754.   Name=&quot;Body Text&quot;/&gt;
  1755.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1756.   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent&quot;/&gt;
  1757.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1758.   Name=&quot;List Continue&quot;/&gt;
  1759.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1760.   Name=&quot;List Continue 2&quot;/&gt;
  1761.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1762.   Name=&quot;List Continue 3&quot;/&gt;
  1763.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1764.   Name=&quot;List Continue 4&quot;/&gt;
  1765.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1766.   Name=&quot;List Continue 5&quot;/&gt;
  1767.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1768.   Name=&quot;Message Header&quot;/&gt;
  1769.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  1770.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1771.   Name=&quot;Salutation&quot;/&gt;
  1772.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1773.   Name=&quot;Date&quot;/&gt;
  1774.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1775.   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot;/&gt;
  1776.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1777.   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1778.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1779.   Name=&quot;Note Heading&quot;/&gt;
  1780.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1781.   Name=&quot;Body Text 2&quot;/&gt;
  1782.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1783.   Name=&quot;Body Text 3&quot;/&gt;
  1784.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1785.   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1786.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1787.   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1788.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1789.   Name=&quot;Block Text&quot;/&gt;
  1790.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1791.   Name=&quot;Hyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  1792.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1793.   Name=&quot;FollowedHyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  1794.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  1795.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  1796.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1797.   Name=&quot;Document Map&quot;/&gt;
  1798.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1799.   Name=&quot;Plain Text&quot;/&gt;
  1800.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1801.   Name=&quot;E-mail Signature&quot;/&gt;
  1802.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1803.   Name=&quot;HTML Top of Form&quot;/&gt;
  1804.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1805.   Name=&quot;HTML Bottom of Form&quot;/&gt;
  1806.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1807.   Name=&quot;Normal (Web)&quot;/&gt;
  1808.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1809.   Name=&quot;HTML Acronym&quot;/&gt;
  1810.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1811.   Name=&quot;HTML Address&quot;/&gt;
  1812.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1813.   Name=&quot;HTML Cite&quot;/&gt;
  1814.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1815.   Name=&quot;HTML Code&quot;/&gt;
  1816.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1817.   Name=&quot;HTML Definition&quot;/&gt;
  1818.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1819.   Name=&quot;HTML Keyboard&quot;/&gt;
  1820.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1821.   Name=&quot;HTML Preformatted&quot;/&gt;
  1822.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1823.   Name=&quot;HTML Sample&quot;/&gt;
  1824.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1825.   Name=&quot;HTML Typewriter&quot;/&gt;
  1826.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1827.   Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;
  1828.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1829.   Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;
  1830.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1831.   Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;
  1832.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1833.   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  1834.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1835.   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  1836.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1837.   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  1838.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1839.   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  1840.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1841.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  1842.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1843.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  1844.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1845.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  1846.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1847.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  1848.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1849.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  1850.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1851.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  1852.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1853.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  1854.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1855.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  1856.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1857.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  1858.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1859.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  1860.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1861.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  1862.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1863.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  1864.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1865.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  1866.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1867.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  1868.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1869.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  1870.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1871.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  1872.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1873.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  1874.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1875.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  1876.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1877.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  1878.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1879.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  1880.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1881.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  1882.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1883.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  1884.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1885.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  1886.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1887.   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  1888.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1889.   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  1890.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1891.   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  1892.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1893.   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  1894.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1895.   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  1896.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1897.   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  1898.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1899.   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  1900.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1901.   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  1902.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1903.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  1904.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1905.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  1906.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1907.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  1908.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1909.   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  1910.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1911.   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  1912.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1913.   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  1914.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1915.   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  1916.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1917.   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  1918.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1919.   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  1920.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1921.   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  1922.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1923.   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  1924.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1925.   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  1926.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  1927.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  1928.   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  1929.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  1930.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  1931.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  1932.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  1933.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  1934.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  1935.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  1936.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  1937.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  1938.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  1939.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  1940.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  1941.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  1942.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  1943.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  1944.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  1945.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1946.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1947.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1948.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1949.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1950.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1951.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  1952.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  1953.   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  1954.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  1955.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  1956.   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  1957.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1958.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1959.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1960.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1961.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1962.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1963.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1964.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  1965.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1966.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1967.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1968.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1969.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1970.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1971.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1972.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1973.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1974.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1975.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1976.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1977.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1978.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  1979.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1980.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1981.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1982.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1983.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1984.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1985.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1986.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1987.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1988.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1989.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1990.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1991.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1992.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  1993.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  1994.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  1995.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  1996.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  1997.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  1998.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  1999.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2000.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2001.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2002.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2003.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2004.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2005.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2006.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2007.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2008.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2009.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2010.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2011.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2012.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2013.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2014.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2015.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2016.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2017.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2018.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2019.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2020.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2021.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2022.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2023.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2024.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2025.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2026.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2027.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2028.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2029.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2030.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2031.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2032.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2033.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2034.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2035.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  2036.   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  2037.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  2038.   Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  2039.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  2040.   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  2041.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  2042.   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  2043.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  2044.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  2045.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  2046.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  2047.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
  2048.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;41&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 1&quot;/&gt;
  2049.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  2050.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  2051.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  2052.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  2053.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  2054.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  2055.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  2056.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  2057.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  2058.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  2059.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  2060.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  2061.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2062.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2063.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2064.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2065.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2066.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2067.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2068.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2069.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2070.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2071.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2072.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2073.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2074.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2075.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2076.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2077.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2078.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2079.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2080.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2081.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2082.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2083.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2084.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2085.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2086.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2087.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2088.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2089.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2090.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2091.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2092.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2093.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2094.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2095.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2096.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2097.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2098.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2099.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2100.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2101.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2102.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2103.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2104.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2105.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2106.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2107.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2108.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2109.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2110.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  2111.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2112.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2113.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2114.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2115.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2116.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2117.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2118.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2119.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2120.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  2121.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  2122.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  2123.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  2124.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  2125.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  2126.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  2127.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  2128.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2129.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2130.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2131.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2132.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2133.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2134.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2135.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2136.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2137.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  2138.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2139.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2140.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2141.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2142.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2143.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2144.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2145.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2146.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2147.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  2148.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2149.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2150.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2151.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2152.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2153.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2154.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2155.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2156.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  2157.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  2158.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  2159.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2160.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2161.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2162.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2163.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  2164.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  2165.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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  2222.  
  2223. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 8pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;A Sentence Deferred: Ignoring Multijurisdictional Concurrent
  2224. Sentences &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2225.  
  2226. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;By
  2227. Elizabeth Weaver*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2228.  
  2229. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Introduction
  2230.  
  2231. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The role of imprisonment
  2232. in the United States is appallingly out of balance with the idea and practice
  2233. of a just society;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2234. whether the ends justify the means warrants careful consideration.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The insufficiency of the practical constraint
  2235. placed on incarceration as a crime control tactic becomes increasingly obvious
  2236. as another generation feels the ripple effect of mass incarceration.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“The jurisprudence of punishment and theories
  2237. of social policy have sought to limit public harm by appealing to long-standing
  2238. principles of fairness and shared social membership.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Still, we continue to tolerate a criminal justice
  2239. system that routinely fails to achieve justice and embodies a dangerous
  2240. enthusiasm for punishment.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2241.  
  2242. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This
  2243. enthusiasm is no more apparent than when the court of one state orders an
  2244. offender to serve a concurrent&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; sentence of incarceration,
  2245. but an administrative agency in another state renders it consecutive.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Such cases crystallize the often-overlooked
  2246. para-carceral tendencies present in modern society and highlight a willingness
  2247. to ignore the “long-standing principles of fairness”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; fundamental to the
  2248. effective pursuit of justice. &lt;/p&gt;
  2249.  
  2250. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;This paper
  2251. proposes the creation of an Interstate Compact on Sentencing as a small step
  2252. toward justice.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Part II explores problems
  2253. that occur when states ignore a multijurisdictional concurrent sentencing order
  2254. and the policies that allow states to extend a sentence beyond its court-ordered
  2255. expiration. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Part III proposes the implementation
  2256. of an Interstate Compact on Sentencing. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Creating
  2257. an Interstate Compact on Sentencing would allow states to lower the overall
  2258. cost of incarceration through cost-sharing measures, reduce the total number of
  2259. years of imprisonment for those offenders who qualify, and promote more
  2260. meaningful rehabilitation through correctional programming.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;II.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Don’t Throw Away the Key
  2261.  
  2262. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;If the aim of the
  2263. criminal justice system truly is justice, defendants should be able to rely on
  2264. the sentencing orders they receive.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  2265. &lt;/span&gt;Instead, lengthy sentences,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; promotion of retributivist
  2266. ideals,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and legal nonenforcement
  2267. of sentencing orders allow states to exact punishment far beyond what is due.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;States can effectively lock an individual up
  2268. and throw away the key.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;When an offender
  2269. is convicted and remanded to the custody of a penal institution, he or she enters
  2270. the shadowy realm of correctional authority.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Freedoms are now determined by a faceless
  2271. figure deep within the bureaucracy of a governmental agency.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The ease with which confinement lends itself
  2272. to misuse is a threat to the legitimacy of the penal system, but the fair
  2273. determination of punishment for law violations is “strengthened by adherence to
  2274. rules that promote substantive equity.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A
  2275. Sentence Deferred&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  2276.  
  2277. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Michael Isreal’s story is not a
  2278. story of innocence; rather, it is a story of a state’s preference for
  2279. punishment over justice.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mr. Isreal’s
  2280. criminal culpability is real and the charges against him required appropriate
  2281. punishment. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The reality of that
  2282. punishment, however, is troubling.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;At
  2283. sixty-two years old, Mr. Isreal has spent more than forty-five years in
  2284. prison.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Missouri Department of
  2285. Corrections&lt;span class=&quot;msoIns&quot;&gt;&lt;ins cite=&quot;mailto:Calla%20M.%20Mears&quot; datetime=&quot;2021-06-08T17:24&quot;&gt; (“MDOC”)&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/span&gt; expects him to serve
  2286. twenty-five more.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2287.  
  2288. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;In 1974, a St. Louis City court
  2289. certified a sixteen-year-old Michael Isreal for prosecution in adult court,
  2290. removing him from the juvenile system and subjecting him to the harsh realities
  2291. of an adult penal system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court sentenced
  2292. Mr. Isreal to twenty years in prison for robbery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; and remanded him to the Missouri State Penitentiary, once
  2293. described by a team of corrections experts as “the bloodiest forty-seven acres
  2294. in America.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As is typical for
  2295. minors incarcerated in adult prisons,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Mr. Isreal experienced extreme violence – he was stabbed on
  2296. at least three occasions before his twentieth birthday.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In 1977, Mr. Isreal
  2297. fought back, netting a ten-year increase in his already lengthy sentence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Facing decades in
  2298. prison, Mr. Isreal saw an opportunity and escaped from Missouri custody during
  2299. a visit to a local hospital in 1978.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;His freedom was
  2300. fleeting, and within months he pled no contest to murder in Alameda County, California.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2301.  
  2302. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The court sentenced Mr. Isreal to
  2303. twenty-five years to life in prison.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In compliance with California law,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; the court ordered Mr. Isreal’s sentence to be served
  2304. concurrently with his Missouri sentence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;On February 21,
  2305. 1980, MDOC demanded the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
  2306. (“CDCR”) return Mr. Isreal to the Missouri State Penitentiary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;However, when CDCR offered
  2307. Mr. Isreal for transfer, MDOC doggedly refused to accept him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;CDCR tendered Mr.
  2308. Isreal for transfer no less than six times between 1980 and 1997, and on each
  2309. occasion, Missouri refused to accept him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Despite MDOC’s refusals,
  2310. Mr. Isreal continued to pursue transfer to Missouri to secure the proper
  2311. execution of his multijurisdictional concurrent sentence. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2312.  
  2313. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;In 1997, the United States Court
  2314. of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit evaluated Mr. Isreal’s allegations that
  2315. California had not done enough to ensure his sentence proceeded as ordered.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Ninth Circuit
  2316. noted that “Missouri flatly refused to accept Mr. Isreal into custody under any
  2317. circumstances.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In upholding the
  2318. district court’s ruling, the Ninth Circuit acknowledged the liberty interest
  2319. created by Mr. Isreal’s sentence.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2320. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Still, it explained that while
  2321. California law required CDCR to tender Mr. Isreal for transfer, California could
  2322. not compel another sovereign state to accept custody.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;To neglect to offer
  2323. Mr. Isreal for transfer might “present a case where the State’s action [would]
  2324. inevitably affect the duration of his sentence.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ultimately the Ninth
  2325. Circuit ruled that California fulfilled its obligations under the law.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2326.  
  2327. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mr. Isreal spent forty years in
  2328. the custody of the State of California, unable to challenge Missouri’s
  2329. disregard of a valid sentencing decree.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In effect, Missouri
  2330. rendered Mr. Isreal’s California and Missouri sentences consecutive in
  2331. contradiction of the California judgment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In early 2019, as
  2332. Mr. Isreal prepared for release, the state of Missouri prepared for
  2333. extradition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;MDOC took Michael
  2334. Isreal into custody on March 3, 2020, more than fifteen years after his Missouri
  2335. sentence should have expired.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;His records
  2336. reflected 15,230 non-credit days, the forty years he spent incarcerated in
  2337. California.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ignoring
  2338. Multijurisdictional Concurrent Sentences&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  2339.  
  2340. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Criminal laws exist
  2341. to achieve each of the states’ penological goals. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Such goals commonly include deterrence,
  2342. incapacitation, restoration of crime victims, offender rehabilitation, and
  2343. reintegration.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;By
  2344. their nature, concurrent sentences can achieve these correctional goals for
  2345. multiple states at once while simultaneously reducing the economic burden of
  2346. incarceration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;However, “the
  2347. law governing prisoners subject to multiple sentences, particularly prisoners
  2348. subject to multiple state and federal sentences, is hardly a model of clarity.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2349.  
  2350. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“Pragmatically, when the sentencing aims of
  2351. two judges clash, the last judge to impose sentence usually controls the
  2352. outcome.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  2353. &lt;/span&gt;However, because a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt; state government is a sovereign authority, one state’s
  2354. criminal or penal laws cannot have a binding effect on the court of another.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;In most states, the decision between ordering a concurrent
  2355. sentence or a consecutive sentence rests firmly in the hands of the judiciary,
  2356. regardless of whether all sentences of incarceration are owed to one
  2357. sovereignty.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Absent a contradictory
  2358. statute, judges have the discretion to order a sentence to run concurrently
  2359. with a previously adjudicated sentence owed in another jurisdiction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2360.  
  2361. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;California is one
  2362. of a handful of states that mandates concurrence when an offender has
  2363. undischarged terms of imprisonment.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;When
  2364. the earlier-imposed penalty is from another jurisdiction, California must offer
  2365. the inmate for transfer to give the sentencing order full effect&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2366. and provide credit for time served in the other state’s penal institution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Similarly, in Pennsylvania, when a judge
  2367. orders a sentence to run concurrently with a prior undischarged sentence owed
  2368. in another state, Pennsylvania will return the offender to that other state.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Unfortunately,
  2369. the administrative agencies responsible for carrying out the will of the
  2370. legislature and the courts do not always comply.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2371. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;When departments of corrections refuse
  2372. to accept the transfer of an offender with undischarged sentences in multiple
  2373. jurisdictions because a court from another state ordered those sentences to run
  2374. concurrently, it removes criminal penalties from their proper place in the
  2375. hands of the judiciary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Violation
  2376. of Due Process&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  2377.  
  2378. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Prisoners have a legitimate
  2379. expectation that any deprivation of liberty cannot exceed a court’s order,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; but when&lt;/span&gt; administrative agencies are free to
  2380. interpret statutory gaps in the way they see fit, it can result in unchecked
  2381. violations of due process.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Incarceration requires the deprivation of
  2382. certain rights and benefits normally afforded to individuals.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Still, the idea that “prisoners in state
  2383. institutions are wholly without the protections of the Constitution and Due
  2384. Process Clause . . . is plainly untenable.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Offenders’ rights do not disappear when they
  2385. enter prison; those rights are simply limited by necessary constraints that
  2386. accompany punishment.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn52&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;When
  2387. offenders commit crimes in multiple jurisdictions, an ongoing issue is whether
  2388. one jurisdiction has the “authority to order an offender’s sentence be served
  2389. either concurrently with or consecutively to another jurisdiction’s prior
  2390. sentence.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn53&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A state that
  2391. “disregard[s], if not deliberately, at least negligently, the rights of a
  2392. prisoner who sought proper execution of his sentence,” by refusing to honor a
  2393. concurrent sentence from another jurisdiction violates due process rights.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn54&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2394.  
  2395. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;One of the most
  2396. vital constitutional safeguards firmly in place for incarcerated persons is
  2397. that of due process, which protects “against arbitrary action of the
  2398. government.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn55&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2399. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Consideration of due process in the
  2400. context of multijurisdictional concurrent sentences necessarily involves the “determination
  2401. of the precise nature of the government function involved as well as the
  2402. private interest that has been affected by governmental action.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn56&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Although some statutory provisions create
  2403. space for multiple states to achieve their own correctional goals at once,
  2404. there is no mandate requiring a non-credit state to accept a prisoner tendered
  2405. for transfer. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;III.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A New Interstate Compact
  2406.  
  2407. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Reeling
  2408. from the intense civil unrest and political upheaval of the 1960s and 1970s,
  2409. legislative bodies across the country began strengthening criminal penalties,
  2410. heavily favoring incarceration as the primary means of crime control.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn57&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Policy decisions, rather than a recalcitrant
  2411. public, led to “historically unprecedented and internationally unique”
  2412. incarceration rates in the United States.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn58&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Although incarceration rose sharply, the
  2413. number of available beds within penal institutions did not.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Overcrowding, a natural consequence of
  2414. increased imprisonment, led to state and federal prisons operating well above
  2415. capacity.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn59&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The personal, social, and economic costs
  2416. associated with incarceration are unsustainable, yet implementing meaningful
  2417. solutions is laborious and complex.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Creating
  2418. an Interstate Compact on Sentencing (“Sentencing Compact”) would allow states
  2419. to lower the overall cost of incarceration through cost-sharing measures,
  2420. reduce the total number of years of imprisonment for those offenders who
  2421. qualify, and promote more meaningful rehabilitation through correctional programming&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Interstate
  2422. Compacts&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  2423.  
  2424. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Interstate
  2425. compacts provide states an opportunity to work cooperatively to achieve
  2426. effective administration of justice.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;An
  2427. interstate compact is a negotiated contract between two or more states
  2428. requiring approval by the legislature of each state, and in some cases, congressional
  2429. consent.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn60&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2430. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“Interstate compacts are the only method
  2431. permitted by the U.S. Constitution for states to change their relationship to
  2432. one another in a significant way.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn61&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2433.  
  2434. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;The main goal of
  2435. an interstate compact is more effective administration through cooperative
  2436. effort and shared responsibility.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn62&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As with any contract, an interstate compact
  2437. controls the party states’ rights and duties through mutual assent.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn63&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;If an interstate compact has the potential to
  2438. affect federal supremacy, congressional approval is required.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn64&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;An interstate compact, once approved by
  2439. Congress, becomes federal law,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn65&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;but Congress will not permit an interstate
  2440. compact between two or more states if the agreement could “affect injuriously the
  2441. interests of the others.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn66&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;An interstate compact is both contractual and
  2442. statutory, and as such the U.S. Supreme Court has ultimate authority to
  2443. interpret its meaning.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn67&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Court also has the power to enforce an interstate
  2444. compact’s provisions, create and enforce restrictions to prevent abuse, and
  2445. devise a fair resolution for disputes between the party states.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn68&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2446.  
  2447. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In the realm of
  2448. criminal law, commonly used compacts are the Interstate Agreement on Detainers,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn69&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; the Interstate Compact for
  2449. Supervision of Parolees and Probationers,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn70&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and the Interstate
  2450. Compact on Corrections.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn71&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;American criminal jurisprudence generally does
  2451. not lend itself to the idea that a person could be convicted in one
  2452. jurisdiction but “restrained of his liberty” in another.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn72&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;However, the advent of interstate compact
  2453. agreements and prisoner transfers solidified that individuals have no
  2454. constitutional right to be incarcerated in any specific institution or within a
  2455. particular state,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn73&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2456. and opened the door for the creation of a Sentencing Compact. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Currently, no existing compact establishes a
  2457. way for incarcerated offenders to seek proper execution of a
  2458. multijurisdictional concurrent sentence.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  2459. &lt;/span&gt;This, therefore, creates a gap in constitutional protection for
  2460. individuals in prison who have already been sentenced.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;An
  2461. Interstate Compact on Sentencing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  2462.  
  2463. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Creating
  2464. a new cooperative system between states can be daunting; however, there are
  2465. systems and processes already in place that could help implement an interstate
  2466. compact on sentencing.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Establishing a
  2467. Sentencing Compact would work to achieve the principal goals of criminal
  2468. justice while creating an administrative structure that protects offenders’ due
  2469. process rights, upholds the penological aims of corrections, and maintains the
  2470. sovereign authority of the states.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn74&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2471.  
  2472. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;By enacting the
  2473. Crime Control Act,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn75&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Congress authorized and
  2474. encouraged states to create interstate compacts to aid in crime prevention and
  2475. criminal justice.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn76&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Corrections Compact created a system in
  2476. which states may transfer prisoners as they please.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn77&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;States may transfer prisoners from an
  2477. institution within their jurisdiction to an institution in another jurisdiction
  2478. for “rehabilitative and correctional purposes.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn78&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Generally, this system is utilized by states
  2479. to reduce incarceration costs and, on occasion, to remove “problem” prisoners
  2480. from the general population.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn79&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref79&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn79;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Prison systems are rendered “legally
  2481. borderless,” making penal institutions part of a much larger administrative
  2482. system.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn80&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref80&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn80;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The basic framework of the Corrections Compact
  2483. is malleable enough to accommodate its adoption for use in a Sentencing Compact
  2484. with one notable difference: prisoner consent.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn81&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref81&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn81;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2485.  
  2486. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Transferring
  2487. prisoners out of state is not a new concept,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn82&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref82&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn82;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and the procedure for completing
  2488. transfers is already in place.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;State
  2489. legislatures have the power to create a Sentencing Compact, and the benefits
  2490. far outweigh any foreseeable costs.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn83&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref83&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn83;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;State
  2491. sovereignty is precious, but harmony in justice administration does not
  2492. automatically infringe on “essential state autonomy.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn84&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref84&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn84;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[84]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Until and
  2493. unless state legislatures prioritize reducing the cost of corrections and
  2494. preserving the rights of prisoners, the personal, social, and economic cost of
  2495. incarceration will continue to skyrocket.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  2496. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Creating a
  2497. Sentencing Compact will produce positive change in the criminal justice system
  2498. by alleviating some of the financial strain placed on state and federal
  2499. correctional systems, but more importantly, by more effectively working toward
  2500. offender rehabilitation and reintegration.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn85&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref85&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn85;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[85]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2501. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A state’s ability to maintain
  2502. control over the way it punishes is a function of an independent state&lt;span class=&quot;msoDel&quot;&gt;&lt;del cite=&quot;mailto:Calla%20M.%20Mears&quot; datetime=&quot;2021-06-08T17:26&quot;&gt;,&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  2503. but s&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;hifting focus from
  2504. the separateness of the states can serve national unity in certain situations.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn86&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref86&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn86;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[86]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;
  2505. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Conclusion
  2506.  
  2507. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Implementation of
  2508. an Interstate Compact on Sentencing will allow the proper execution of
  2509. multijurisdictional concurrent sentences in a way that can benefit both states
  2510. and prisoners.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The most extreme example of
  2511. arbitrary administrative action in this Note is that of Michael Isreal.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As of the date of this Note, Mr. Isreal
  2512. remains in the custody of MDOC.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;He is
  2513. awaiting a hearing on a Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus to secure discharge,
  2514. but as it stands, there is no provision, statutory or otherwise, to compel his
  2515. release.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Any evaluation of the
  2516. underlying principle of due process – fairness – indicates that Mr. Isreal
  2517. should receive credit on his Missouri sentence for the time he spent
  2518. incarcerated in California.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Beyond the
  2519. basic unfairness MDOC created for Mr. Isreal, it refused a large financial
  2520. benefit.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Had MDOC designated CDCR as the
  2521. place where Mr. Isreal would serve his Missouri sentence, it is likely that
  2522. California would have borne the entire cost.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  2523. &lt;/span&gt;At the current cost of incarceration, Mr. Isreal’s commitment in
  2524. Missouri will cost the state more than one million dollars.
  2525.  
  2526. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
  2527.  
  2528. &lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
  2529.  
  2530.  
  2531.  
  2532. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2533.  
  2534. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;* B.A., Boise State University, 2018; J.D. Candidate,
  2535. University of Missouri School of Law, 2022; Associate Member, &lt;i&gt;Missouri Law
  2536. Review&lt;/i&gt;, 2020-2021.&lt;span class=&quot;msoIns&quot;&gt;&lt;ins cite=&quot;mailto:Elizabeth%20Weaver&quot; datetime=&quot;2021-07-24T14:30&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2537.  
  2538. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;See &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;The Growth of Incarceration in the United
  2539. States: Exploring Causes and Consequences 8 &lt;/span&gt;(Travis, J., Western, B.,
  2540. &amp;amp; Redburn, S. eds., 2014).&lt;/p&gt;
  2541.  
  2542. &lt;/div&gt;
  2543.  
  2544. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2545.  
  2546. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2547. “[P]ublic policy necessarily embodies ethical judgments about means or
  2548. ends.”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 8 n.1.&lt;/p&gt;
  2549.  
  2550. &lt;/div&gt;
  2551.  
  2552. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2553.  
  2554. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2555. &lt;i&gt;See &lt;/i&gt;Alfred Blumstein, &lt;i&gt;Dealing with Mass Incarceration&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;104 Minn. L. Rev. 2651, 2665­–67 &lt;/span&gt;(2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  2556.  
  2557. &lt;/div&gt;
  2558.  
  2559. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2560.  
  2561. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Western&lt;/span&gt;,
  2562. &lt;i&gt;supra &lt;/i&gt;note 1.&lt;/p&gt;
  2563.  
  2564. &lt;/div&gt;
  2565.  
  2566. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2567.  
  2568. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2569. A concurrent sentence allows an offender to serve multiple terms of
  2570. imprisonment simultaneously.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Arthur W. Campbell, Law of sentencing § 9:20 (&lt;/span&gt;August
  2571. 2020 Update).&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2572.  
  2573. &lt;/div&gt;
  2574.  
  2575. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2576.  
  2577. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2578. A consecutive sentence requires an offender to serve multiple terms of
  2579. imprisonment one after another.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  2580. Departments of corrections render concurrent sentences consecutive by refusing
  2581. to either accept custody of the offender or provide credit for time served in
  2582. the sentencing court’s jurisdiction. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2583.  
  2584. &lt;/div&gt;
  2585.  
  2586. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2587.  
  2588. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2589. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Western&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;supra &lt;/i&gt;note 1.&lt;/p&gt;
  2590.  
  2591. &lt;/div&gt;
  2592.  
  2593. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2594.  
  2595. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2596. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Connie de la Vega, et al&lt;/span&gt;., &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Cruel and Unusual: U.S. Sentencing Practices in
  2597. a Global Context &lt;/span&gt;15 (2012).&lt;/p&gt;
  2598.  
  2599. &lt;/div&gt;
  2600.  
  2601. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2602.  
  2603. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2604. &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;at 8.&lt;/p&gt;
  2605.  
  2606. &lt;/div&gt;
  2607.  
  2608. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2609.  
  2610. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2611. “[O]nce a person is sentenced . . . and custody is handed over to [the
  2612. department of corrections], that person falls into a black hole at the mercy of
  2613. some unidentified person somewhere in the . . . penal system checking
  2614. periodically that inmates are serving their sentences where and when as
  2615. ordered.” Brisco-Wade v. Carnahan, 149 F.Supp.2d 891, 902 (E.D. Mo. 2001).&lt;/p&gt;
  2616.  
  2617. &lt;/div&gt;
  2618.  
  2619. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2620.  
  2621. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2622. N. Peter Rasmussen, &lt;i&gt;The Concurrent Sentence Doctrine: Sound Judicial
  2623. Procedure or Illegitimate Shortcut?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;1981
  2624. U. Ill. L. Rev. 723 (1981)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
  2625.  
  2626. &lt;/div&gt;
  2627.  
  2628. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2629.  
  2630. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2631. Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus, Isreal v. Falkenrath, No. 20CW-CV00435
  2632. (Callaway County, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  2633.  
  2634. &lt;/div&gt;
  2635.  
  2636. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2637.  
  2638. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2639. Mr. Isreal stole $500.00.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;;
  2640. Judgment, State v. Isreal, No. 74-1078 (City of St. Louis, 1974). &lt;/p&gt;
  2641.  
  2642. &lt;/div&gt;
  2643.  
  2644. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2645.  
  2646. &lt;p class=&quot;Style5&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;“In 1954, a team of
  2647. corrections experts described the riot-prone Jeff City this way: ‘Square foot
  2648. for square foot, it is the bloodiest forty-seven acres in America.’”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Hampton
  2649. Sides, Hellhound on His Trail&lt;/span&gt; 4 (2011).&lt;/p&gt;
  2650.  
  2651. &lt;/div&gt;
  2652.  
  2653. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2654.  
  2655. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2656. &lt;i&gt;See &lt;/i&gt;Neelum Arya, &lt;i&gt;Jailing Juveniles&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Campaign for Youth Justice&lt;/span&gt; (Nov. 15, 2007).&lt;/p&gt;
  2657.  
  2658. &lt;/div&gt;
  2659.  
  2660. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2661.  
  2662. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2663. &lt;i&gt;Falkenrath&lt;/i&gt;, No. 20CW-CV00435 at 2.&lt;/p&gt;
  2664.  
  2665. &lt;/div&gt;
  2666.  
  2667. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2668.  
  2669. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2670. Mr. Isreal awoke to a fellow inmate stabbing him in the face.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;His attacker was killed. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Mr. Isreal was convicted of Manslaughter after
  2671. a jury trial. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;; State v. Isreal,
  2672. No. 29725 (Cole County, Mo., 1977).&lt;/p&gt;
  2673.  
  2674. &lt;/div&gt;
  2675.  
  2676. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2677.  
  2678. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2679. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2680.  
  2681. &lt;/div&gt;
  2682.  
  2683. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2684.  
  2685. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2686. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2687.  
  2688. &lt;/div&gt;
  2689.  
  2690. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2691.  
  2692. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2693. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Isreal
  2694. v. Marshall, 125 F.3d 837 (9th Cir. 1997).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2695.  
  2696. &lt;/div&gt;
  2697.  
  2698. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2699.  
  2700. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2701. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2702.  
  2703. &lt;/div&gt;
  2704.  
  2705. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2706.  
  2707. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2708. “This term of imprisonment shall commence to run immediately and concurrent
  2709. with the sentence which the defendant is obliged to serve in the State of
  2710. Missouri.”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;State v. Isreal, No. 69190
  2711. (Super. Ct. Alameda Cnty, 1979).&lt;/p&gt;
  2712.  
  2713. &lt;/div&gt;
  2714.  
  2715. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2716.  
  2717. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2718. Order for Arrest of Escaped Prisoner, Donald Wyrick, Warden, Missouri State
  2719. Penitentiary, February 21, 1980.&lt;/p&gt;
  2720.  
  2721. &lt;/div&gt;
  2722.  
  2723. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2724.  
  2725. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2726. &lt;i&gt;Marshall&lt;/i&gt;, 125 F.3d at 837.&lt;/p&gt;
  2727.  
  2728. &lt;/div&gt;
  2729.  
  2730. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2731.  
  2732. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2733. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Letters between CDCR and MDOC
  2734. confirmed that California continued to reflect a hold from MDOC, but that MDOC
  2735. would not approve Mr. Isreal’s transfer until he completed his California
  2736. sentence. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Letter from Arlene
  2737. Kersten, Correctional Case Records Assistant, California Department of
  2738. Corrections, to H.F. Lauf, Records Officer, Missouri Department of Corrections,
  2739. filed in support of Isreal v. Falkenrath, at p. 9.&lt;/p&gt;
  2740.  
  2741. &lt;/div&gt;
  2742.  
  2743. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2744.  
  2745. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2746. &lt;i&gt;Marshall&lt;/i&gt;, 125 F.3d at 837.&lt;/p&gt;
  2747.  
  2748. &lt;/div&gt;
  2749.  
  2750. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2751.  
  2752. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2753. According to the Ninth Circuit, vi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;olations
  2754. of Mr. Isreal’s Constitutional rights or violations of Missouri law were not properly
  2755. before that court.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at
  2756. 840.&lt;/p&gt;
  2757.  
  2758. &lt;/div&gt;
  2759.  
  2760. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2761.  
  2762. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2763. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2764.  
  2765. &lt;/div&gt;
  2766.  
  2767. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2768.  
  2769. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2770. &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;at 839. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The
  2771. right to transfer rose “to the level of a federally protected liberty interest.”
  2772. &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;at 837.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2773.  
  2774. &lt;/div&gt;
  2775.  
  2776. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2777.  
  2778. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2779. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 839 n.2 (quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 487 (1995)).&lt;/p&gt;
  2780.  
  2781. &lt;/div&gt;
  2782.  
  2783. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2784.  
  2785. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2786. &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2787.  
  2788. &lt;/div&gt;
  2789.  
  2790. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2791.  
  2792. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2793. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2794.  
  2795. &lt;/div&gt;
  2796.  
  2797. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2798.  
  2799. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2800. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 840.&lt;/p&gt;
  2801.  
  2802. &lt;/div&gt;
  2803.  
  2804. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2805.  
  2806. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Letter from Deborah
  2807. Kincade, Extradition Officer, MDOC, to Dawn Stott, Extradition Specialist,
  2808. Office of the Attorney General of California (April 22, 2019) (on file with the
  2809. Missouri Department of Corrections).&lt;/p&gt;
  2810.  
  2811. &lt;/div&gt;
  2812.  
  2813. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2814.  
  2815. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2816. Petition, &lt;i&gt;Falkenrath&lt;/i&gt;, No. 20CW-CV00435 at 11.&lt;/p&gt;
  2817.  
  2818. &lt;/div&gt;
  2819.  
  2820. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2821.  
  2822. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2823. Department of Corrections Adult Institutions Face Sheet, Michael J. Isreal, DOC
  2824. No: 26420, March 30, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;
  2825.  
  2826. &lt;/div&gt;
  2827.  
  2828. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2829.  
  2830. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2831. ALI Model Penal Code, art. 1 § 1.02 Official Draft, 1962.&lt;/p&gt;
  2832.  
  2833. &lt;/div&gt;
  2834.  
  2835. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2836.  
  2837. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2838. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Annual Determination of Average Cost of
  2839. Incarceration&lt;/span&gt;, 83 FR 18863 (2018).&lt;/p&gt;
  2840.  
  2841. &lt;/div&gt;
  2842.  
  2843. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2844.  
  2845. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2846. McCarthy v. Doe, 146 F.3d 118, 120 (2d Cir. 1998).&lt;/p&gt;
  2847.  
  2848. &lt;/div&gt;
  2849.  
  2850. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2851.  
  2852. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2853. &lt;i&gt;See &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Arthur W. Campbell&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Law of Sentencing § 9:24;&lt;/span&gt; Kelley v.
  2854. Washington, 843 S.W.2d 797 (Ark. Sup. Ct. 1992).&lt;/p&gt;
  2855.  
  2856. &lt;/div&gt;
  2857.  
  2858. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2859.  
  2860. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2861. &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Piercy v. Black&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, 801 F.2d 1075, 1078 (8th
  2862. Cir. 1986); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;“The right to impose sanctions for violations of the state’s
  2863. laws inheres in the body of its citizens speaking through their
  2864. representatives.”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;U.S. v. Constantine,
  2865. 296 U.S. 287, 292 (1935).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2866.  
  2867. &lt;/div&gt;
  2868.  
  2869. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2870.  
  2871. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2872. &lt;i&gt;Constantine&lt;/i&gt;, 296 U.S. at 292; Absent statutory control, a court must
  2873. establish guiding principles, keeping in mind that justice is foundational to
  2874. any due process determination.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Chalifoux
  2875. v. Comm’r of Correction, 377 N.E.2d 923, 926 (Mass. Sup. Jud. Ct. 1978)&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2876.  
  2877. &lt;/div&gt;
  2878.  
  2879. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2880.  
  2881. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2882. Absent extraordinary circumstance an individual with prior felony convictions
  2883. must serve a subsequent sentence concurrently.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  2884. &lt;/span&gt;Cal. Penal Code § 669.&lt;/p&gt;
  2885.  
  2886. &lt;/div&gt;
  2887.  
  2888. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2889.  
  2890. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2891. &lt;i&gt;In re &lt;/i&gt;Stoliker created a vehicle by which prisoners could secure the
  2892. proper execution of their punishment. 49 Cal. 2d 75 (Cal. Sup. Ct. 1957)&lt;/p&gt;
  2893.  
  2894. &lt;/div&gt;
  2895.  
  2896. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2897.  
  2898. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2899. Cal. Penal Code § 669; &lt;i&gt;Marshall&lt;/i&gt;, 125 F.3d 837.&lt;/p&gt;
  2900.  
  2901. &lt;/div&gt;
  2902.  
  2903. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2904.  
  2905. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2906. People &lt;i&gt;ex rel.&lt;/i&gt; Howard v. Yelich, 87 A.D.3d 772 (2011); 42 Pa. § 9761(b).&lt;/p&gt;
  2907.  
  2908. &lt;/div&gt;
  2909.  
  2910. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2911.  
  2912. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref47&quot; name=&quot;_ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2913. &lt;i&gt;Brisco-Wade&lt;/i&gt;, 149 F. Supp. 2d at 894.&lt;/p&gt;
  2914.  
  2915. &lt;/div&gt;
  2916.  
  2917. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2918.  
  2919. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2920. Chitwood v. Dowd, 889 F.2d 781, 786 (8th Cir. 1989).&lt;/p&gt;
  2921.  
  2922. &lt;/div&gt;
  2923.  
  2924. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2925.  
  2926. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2927. Gilbert v. Homar, 520 U.S. 924, 930 (1997).&lt;/p&gt;
  2928.  
  2929. &lt;/div&gt;
  2930.  
  2931. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2932.  
  2933. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2934. Wolf v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 555 (1974).&lt;/p&gt;
  2935.  
  2936. &lt;/div&gt;
  2937.  
  2938. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2939.  
  2940. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2941. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2942.  
  2943. &lt;/div&gt;
  2944.  
  2945. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2946.  
  2947. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref52&quot; name=&quot;_ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2948. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2949.  
  2950. &lt;/div&gt;
  2951.  
  2952. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2953.  
  2954. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref53&quot; name=&quot;_ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2955. R.P. Davis, 57 A.L.R. 2d 1410 § 9:24 (Originally published in 1958).&lt;/p&gt;
  2956.  
  2957. &lt;/div&gt;
  2958.  
  2959. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2960.  
  2961. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref54&quot; name=&quot;_ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2962. &lt;i&gt;Chitwood&lt;/i&gt;, 889 F.2d at 786; When state action prevents the execution of a
  2963. concurrent sentence, the state has altered the length of a prison term.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 487 (1995).&lt;/p&gt;
  2964.  
  2965. &lt;/div&gt;
  2966.  
  2967. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2968.  
  2969. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref55&quot; name=&quot;_ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2970. &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;at 558&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;citing&lt;/i&gt; Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114
  2971. (1889)).&lt;/p&gt;
  2972.  
  2973. &lt;/div&gt;
  2974.  
  2975. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2976.  
  2977. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref56&quot; name=&quot;_ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2978. &lt;i&gt;Wolf&lt;/i&gt;, 418 U.S. at 555, 560 (quoting Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 481).&lt;/p&gt;
  2979.  
  2980. &lt;/div&gt;
  2981.  
  2982. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2983.  
  2984. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref57&quot; name=&quot;_ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2985. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;The Growth of Incarceration in the United
  2986. States: Exploring Causes and Consequences&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;supra&lt;/i&gt; note 1. &lt;/p&gt;
  2987.  
  2988. &lt;/div&gt;
  2989.  
  2990. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2991.  
  2992. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref58&quot; name=&quot;_ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  2993. The U.S. prison population has increased exponentially since the early 1970s. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  2994.  
  2995. &lt;/div&gt;
  2996.  
  2997. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  2998.  
  2999. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref59&quot; name=&quot;_ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3000. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3001.  
  3002. &lt;/div&gt;
  3003.  
  3004. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3005.  
  3006. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref60&quot; name=&quot;_ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3007. Interstate Compacts, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/interstate-compacts/us.php#skip_menu&lt;/p&gt;
  3008.  
  3009. &lt;/div&gt;
  3010.  
  3011. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3012.  
  3013. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref61&quot; name=&quot;_ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3014. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Michael L. Buenger, et al.,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;The Evolving Law and Use of Interstate Compacts&lt;/span&gt;
  3015. 3 (2d ed. 2016).&lt;/p&gt;
  3016.  
  3017. &lt;/div&gt;
  3018.  
  3019. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3020.  
  3021. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref62&quot; name=&quot;_ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3022. &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3023.  
  3024. &lt;/div&gt;
  3025.  
  3026. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3027.  
  3028. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref63&quot; name=&quot;_ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3029. Each term is carefully negotiated to create a clear and enforceable contract,
  3030. upholding the interstate compact’s primary purpose and understanding it is
  3031. “superior in force and effect to both prior and subsequent statutory law.”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Council of State Governments, &lt;i&gt;A Guide to
  3032. Development, Content and Format: Interstate Compacts&lt;/i&gt; § 1 (2003).&lt;/p&gt;
  3033.  
  3034. &lt;/div&gt;
  3035.  
  3036. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3037.  
  3038. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref64&quot; name=&quot;_ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3039. Gray v. North Dakota Game and Fish Dept., 706 N.W.2d 614 (N.D. 2005).&lt;/p&gt;
  3040.  
  3041. &lt;/div&gt;
  3042.  
  3043. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3044.  
  3045. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref65&quot; name=&quot;_ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3046. Jack K. Levin, 72 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Am. Jur. 2d States, Etc&lt;/span&gt;.
  3047. § 10 (Nov. 2020 update).&lt;/p&gt;
  3048.  
  3049. &lt;/div&gt;
  3050.  
  3051. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3052.  
  3053. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref66&quot; name=&quot;_ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3054. Texas v. New Mexico, 138 S. Ct. 954 (2018).&lt;/p&gt;
  3055.  
  3056. &lt;/div&gt;
  3057.  
  3058. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3059.  
  3060. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref67&quot; name=&quot;_ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3061. &lt;i&gt;See &lt;/i&gt;Nebraska v. Iowa, 406 U.S. 117 (1972); Jack K. Levin, 72 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Am. Jur. 2d States, Etc&lt;/span&gt;. § 13 (Nov. 2020
  3062. update).&lt;/p&gt;
  3063.  
  3064. &lt;/div&gt;
  3065.  
  3066. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3067.  
  3068. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref68&quot; name=&quot;_ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3069. Kansas v. Nebraska, 135 S. Ct. 1042 (2015).&lt;/p&gt;
  3070.  
  3071. &lt;/div&gt;
  3072.  
  3073. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3074.  
  3075. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref69&quot; name=&quot;_ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3076. 18 U.S.C. App’x 2; The Agreement requires a State to hold an individual after
  3077. his sentence is complete so that he may be tried by a different State for a
  3078. different crime. Alabama v. Bozeman, 533 U.S. 146, 148 (2001).&lt;/p&gt;
  3079.  
  3080. &lt;/div&gt;
  3081.  
  3082. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3083.  
  3084. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref70&quot; name=&quot;_ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3085. The Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision is the operational
  3086. vehicle for the Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and
  3087. Probationers.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;https://www.interstatecompact.org/.
  3088. &lt;/p&gt;
  3089.  
  3090. &lt;/div&gt;
  3091.  
  3092. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3093.  
  3094. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref71&quot; name=&quot;_ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3095. 4 U.S.C. § 112 (2018); Correctional officials may &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;choose which offenders to keep and which offenders to
  3096. send to institutions in other jurisdictions. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Emma Kaufman,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Prisoner Trade&lt;/i&gt;,
  3097. 133 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Harv. L. Rev.&lt;/span&gt; 1815, 1827–28
  3098. (2020). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3099.  
  3100. &lt;/div&gt;
  3101.  
  3102. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3103.  
  3104. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref72&quot; name=&quot;_ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3105. &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mitchell Wendell,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Multijurisdictional Aspects of
  3106. Corrections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 45&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;cosmallcaps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; font-variant: small-caps; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Neb. L. Rev&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;520, 532 (1966).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3107.  
  3108. &lt;/div&gt;
  3109.  
  3110. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3111.  
  3112. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref73&quot; name=&quot;_ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3113. Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238 (1983).&lt;/p&gt;
  3114.  
  3115. &lt;/div&gt;
  3116.  
  3117. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3118.  
  3119. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref74&quot; name=&quot;_ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3120. “The failure to integrate prison sentences for crimes committed in different
  3121. states seriously inhibits a consistent, coherent treatment program during
  3122. confinement… It is therefore highly desirable that multiple sentences of
  3123. imprisonment imposed by different states be served at one time and under one
  3124. correctional authority.”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;See&lt;/i&gt; AMERICAN
  3125. BAR ASSOCIATION STANDARDS RELATING TO SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND PROCEDURES
  3126. 3.5(a) (1968); &lt;i&gt;see generally&lt;/i&gt;, Law of Sentencing § 9:24.&lt;/p&gt;
  3127.  
  3128. &lt;/div&gt;
  3129.  
  3130. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3131.  
  3132. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref75&quot; name=&quot;_ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3133. 4 U.S.C. § 112 (1965).&lt;/p&gt;
  3134.  
  3135. &lt;/div&gt;
  3136.  
  3137. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3138.  
  3139. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref76&quot; name=&quot;_ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3140. The Corrections Compact shows the usefulness of sharing prison space and
  3141. prisoners.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Kaufman, &lt;i&gt;supra
  3142. &lt;/i&gt;note 72. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3143.  
  3144. &lt;/div&gt;
  3145.  
  3146. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3147.  
  3148. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref77&quot; name=&quot;_ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3149. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3150.  
  3151. &lt;/div&gt;
  3152.  
  3153. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3154.  
  3155. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref78&quot; name=&quot;_ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3156. 4 U.S.C. § 112 (1965); George L. Blum, 54 A.L.R. 6th 1 (2010).&lt;/p&gt;
  3157.  
  3158. &lt;/div&gt;
  3159.  
  3160. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn79&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3161.  
  3162. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref79&quot; name=&quot;_ftn79&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn79;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3163. Kaufman, &lt;i&gt;supra &lt;/i&gt;note 72; Effective rehabilitation is challenging to
  3164. accomplish when an offender is continually moving from one facility, or one
  3165. jurisdiction, to another.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;See&lt;/i&gt;
  3166. AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION STANDARDS RELATING TO SENTENCING ALTERNATIVES AND
  3167. PROCEDURES 3.5(a) (1968).&lt;/p&gt;
  3168.  
  3169. &lt;/div&gt;
  3170.  
  3171. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn80&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3172.  
  3173. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref80&quot; name=&quot;_ftn80&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn80;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Kaufman, &lt;i&gt;supra &lt;/i&gt;note 72&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;at 1830.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3174.  
  3175. &lt;/div&gt;
  3176.  
  3177. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn81&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3178.  
  3179. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref81&quot; name=&quot;_ftn81&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn81;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3180. Current corrections compacts are generally silent on the topic of prisoner
  3181. consent.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Id. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;at &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;1833&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3182.  
  3183. &lt;/div&gt;
  3184.  
  3185. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn82&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3186.  
  3187. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref82&quot; name=&quot;_ftn82&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn82;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3188. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Id. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;at&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt; 1842–43&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3189.  
  3190. &lt;/div&gt;
  3191.  
  3192. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn83&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3193.  
  3194. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref83&quot; name=&quot;_ftn83&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn83;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3195. AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION STANDARDS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE 18-3.8(b) (3d ed. 1994).&lt;/p&gt;
  3196.  
  3197. &lt;/div&gt;
  3198.  
  3199. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn84&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3200.  
  3201. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref84&quot; name=&quot;_ftn84&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn84;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[84]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3202. Michigan v. Doran, 439 U.S. 282, 288 (1978)&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3203.  
  3204. &lt;/div&gt;
  3205.  
  3206. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn85&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3207.  
  3208. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref85&quot; name=&quot;_ftn85&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn85;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[85]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3209. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Annual Determination of Average Cost of
  3210. Incarceration&lt;/span&gt;, 83 FR 18863 (2018).&lt;/p&gt;
  3211.  
  3212. &lt;/div&gt;
  3213.  
  3214. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn86&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  3215.  
  3216. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref86&quot; name=&quot;_ftn86&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn86;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[86]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3217. &lt;i&gt;Doran&lt;/i&gt;, 439 U.S. at 288.&lt;/p&gt;
  3218.  
  3219. &lt;/div&gt;
  3220.  
  3221. &lt;/div&gt;
  3222.  
  3223. </description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2021/10/a-sentence-deferred-ignoring.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-1525235159886824677</guid><pubDate>Wed, 15 Sep 2021 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2021-09-15T08:00:00.270-05:00</atom:updated><title>Criminal Multi-Charge Malicious Prosecution in Missouri: A New Path to Prevail</title><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  3370.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3371.   Name=&quot;List 3&quot;/&gt;
  3372.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3373.   Name=&quot;List 4&quot;/&gt;
  3374.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3375.   Name=&quot;List 5&quot;/&gt;
  3376.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3377.   Name=&quot;List Bullet 2&quot;/&gt;
  3378.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3379.   Name=&quot;List Bullet 3&quot;/&gt;
  3380.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3381.   Name=&quot;List Bullet 4&quot;/&gt;
  3382.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3383.   Name=&quot;List Bullet 5&quot;/&gt;
  3384.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3385.   Name=&quot;List Number 2&quot;/&gt;
  3386.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3387.   Name=&quot;List Number 3&quot;/&gt;
  3388.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3389.   Name=&quot;List Number 4&quot;/&gt;
  3390.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3391.   Name=&quot;List Number 5&quot;/&gt;
  3392.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  3393.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3394.   Name=&quot;Closing&quot;/&gt;
  3395.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3396.   Name=&quot;Signature&quot;/&gt;
  3397.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  3398.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  3399.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3400.   Name=&quot;Body Text&quot;/&gt;
  3401.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3402.   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent&quot;/&gt;
  3403.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3404.   Name=&quot;List Continue&quot;/&gt;
  3405.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3406.   Name=&quot;List Continue 2&quot;/&gt;
  3407.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3408.   Name=&quot;List Continue 3&quot;/&gt;
  3409.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3410.   Name=&quot;List Continue 4&quot;/&gt;
  3411.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3412.   Name=&quot;List Continue 5&quot;/&gt;
  3413.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3414.   Name=&quot;Message Header&quot;/&gt;
  3415.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  3416.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3417.   Name=&quot;Salutation&quot;/&gt;
  3418.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3419.   Name=&quot;Date&quot;/&gt;
  3420.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3421.   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot;/&gt;
  3422.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3423.   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3424.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3425.   Name=&quot;Note Heading&quot;/&gt;
  3426.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3427.   Name=&quot;Body Text 2&quot;/&gt;
  3428.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3429.   Name=&quot;Body Text 3&quot;/&gt;
  3430.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3431.   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3432.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3433.   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3434.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3435.   Name=&quot;Block Text&quot;/&gt;
  3436.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3437.   Name=&quot;Hyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  3438.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3439.   Name=&quot;FollowedHyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  3440.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  3441.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  3442.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3443.   Name=&quot;Document Map&quot;/&gt;
  3444.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3445.   Name=&quot;Plain Text&quot;/&gt;
  3446.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3447.   Name=&quot;E-mail Signature&quot;/&gt;
  3448.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3449.   Name=&quot;HTML Top of Form&quot;/&gt;
  3450.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3451.   Name=&quot;HTML Bottom of Form&quot;/&gt;
  3452.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3453.   Name=&quot;Normal (Web)&quot;/&gt;
  3454.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3455.   Name=&quot;HTML Acronym&quot;/&gt;
  3456.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3457.   Name=&quot;HTML Address&quot;/&gt;
  3458.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3459.   Name=&quot;HTML Cite&quot;/&gt;
  3460.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3461.   Name=&quot;HTML Code&quot;/&gt;
  3462.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3463.   Name=&quot;HTML Definition&quot;/&gt;
  3464.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3465.   Name=&quot;HTML Keyboard&quot;/&gt;
  3466.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3467.   Name=&quot;HTML Preformatted&quot;/&gt;
  3468.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3469.   Name=&quot;HTML Sample&quot;/&gt;
  3470.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3471.   Name=&quot;HTML Typewriter&quot;/&gt;
  3472.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3473.   Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;
  3474.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3475.   Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;
  3476.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3477.   Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;
  3478.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3479.   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  3480.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3481.   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  3482.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3483.   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  3484.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3485.   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  3486.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3487.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  3488.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3489.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  3490.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3491.   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  3492.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3493.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  3494.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3495.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  3496.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3497.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  3498.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3499.   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  3500.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3501.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  3502.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3503.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  3504.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3505.   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  3506.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3507.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  3508.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3509.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  3510.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3511.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  3512.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3513.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  3514.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3515.   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  3516.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3517.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  3518.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3519.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  3520.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3521.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  3522.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3523.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  3524.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3525.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  3526.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3527.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  3528.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3529.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  3530.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3531.   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  3532.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3533.   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  3534.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3535.   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  3536.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3537.   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  3538.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3539.   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  3540.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3541.   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  3542.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3543.   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  3544.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3545.   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  3546.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3547.   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  3548.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3549.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  3550.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3551.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  3552.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3553.   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  3554.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3555.   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  3556.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3557.   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  3558.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3559.   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  3560.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3561.   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  3562.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3563.   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  3564.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3565.   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  3566.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3567.   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  3568.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3569.   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  3570.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3571.   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  3572.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  3573.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  3574.   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  3575.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  3576.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  3577.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  3578.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  3579.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  3580.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  3581.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  3582.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  3583.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  3584.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  3585.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  3586.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  3587.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  3588.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  3589.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  3590.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  3591.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3592.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3593.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3594.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3595.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3596.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3597.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  3598.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  3599.   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  3600.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  3601.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  3602.   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  3603.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3604.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3605.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3606.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3607.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3608.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3609.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3610.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3611.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3612.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3613.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3614.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3615.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3616.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3617.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3618.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3619.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3620.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3621.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3622.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3623.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3624.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3625.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3626.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3627.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3628.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3629.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3630.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3631.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3632.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3633.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3634.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3635.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3636.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3637.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3638.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3639.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3640.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3641.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3642.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3643.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3644.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3645.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3646.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3647.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3648.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3649.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3650.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3651.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3652.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3653.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3654.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3655.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3656.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3657.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3658.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3659.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3660.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3661.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3662.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3663.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3664.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3665.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3666.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3667.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3668.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3669.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3670.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3671.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3672.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3673.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3674.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3675.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3676.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3677.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3678.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3679.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3680.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3681.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  3682.   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  3683.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  3684.   Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  3685.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  3686.   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  3687.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
  3688.   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  3689.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  3690.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  3691.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  3692.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
  3693.   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
  3694.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;41&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 1&quot;/&gt;
  3695.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  3696.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  3697.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  3698.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  3699.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  3700.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  3701.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  3702.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  3703.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  3704.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  3705.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  3706.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  3707.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3708.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3709.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3710.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3711.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3712.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3713.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3714.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3715.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3716.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3717.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3718.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3719.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3720.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3721.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3722.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3723.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3724.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3725.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3726.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3727.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3728.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3729.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3730.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3731.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3732.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3733.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3734.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3735.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3736.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  3737.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3738.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3739.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3740.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3741.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3742.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3743.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3744.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3745.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3746.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  3747.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3748.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3749.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3750.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3751.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3752.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3753.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3754.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3755.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3756.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  3757.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3758.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3759.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3760.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3761.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3762.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3763.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3764.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3765.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3766.   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  3767.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  3768.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  3769.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  3770.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  3771.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  3772.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  3773.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  3774.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3775.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3776.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3777.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3778.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3779.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3780.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3781.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3782.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3783.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  3784.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3785.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3786.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3787.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3788.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3789.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3790.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
  3791.   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3792.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
  3793.   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  3794.  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
  3795.   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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  3868.  
  3869. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Criminal Multi-Charge Malicious
  3870. Prosecution in Missouri: A New Path to Prevail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3871.  
  3872. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  3873. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Daniels v. Terranova&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, No. WD 82785, 2020 WL 4758599
  3874. (Mo. Ct. App. Aug. 18, 2020)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3875.  
  3876. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3877.  
  3878. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;By Jessica Schmitz&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3879.  
  3880. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3881.  
  3882. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;I. Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3883.  
  3884.  
  3885.  
  3886. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A man is wrestled to the ground,
  3887. tazed, and charged with crimes he likely did not commit. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;He is prosecuted on baseless charges
  3888. thoughtlessly tacked onto other offenses. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;These charges are dropped, but the man has
  3889. suffered uncompensated harms. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Malicious
  3890. prosecution was created as part of a suite of claims available to those
  3891. wrongfully litigated against in 1698 to compensate for harms such as these.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3892. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A malicious prosecution claim may be
  3893. brought by an individual who had a suit lacking probable cause initiated against
  3894. them which was later terminated in their favor.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3895. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3896.  
  3897. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;Unfortunately for many would-be plaintiffs,
  3898. malicious prosecution has been frequently disfavored by courts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  3899. &lt;/span&gt;Missouri courts’ disfavor has resulted in strict adherence to the
  3900. elements of the malicious prosecution claim.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3901. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;One such element is a lack of probable
  3902. cause to prosecute the charge in the original proceeding.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3903. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A special issue arises in proving this
  3904. element when multiple charges were brought in the original proceeding, only
  3905. some of which lacked probable cause to prosecute. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;Daniels v. Terranova, &lt;/i&gt;the court conducted
  3906. a review of first impression that addressed this multi-charge malicious
  3907. prosecution issue.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3908.  
  3909. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This Post begins in Part II with the
  3910. particular circumstances under which Daniels was charged and the holding of the
  3911. court. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Part III provides a discussion of
  3912. the history of the multi-charge malicious prosecution issue. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Part IV lays out the court’s decision in&lt;i&gt;
  3913. Daniels v. Terranova&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Finally, in
  3914. Part V, this Note concludes by analyzing the reasonableness of the novel holding
  3915. in &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3916.  
  3917. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;II. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Facts and
  3918. Holding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3919.  
  3920.  
  3921.  
  3922. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Nicholas Daniels was
  3923. in a bar in Columbia, Missouri when he got into an argument with the bar’s bouncer.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3924. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Four police officers responded to the
  3925. dispute&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3926. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The officers ordered Daniels to get on
  3927. the ground, but he did not immediately comply.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3928. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A physical altercation broke out during
  3929. which an officer was punched, and an officer used his taser on Daniels.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3930. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Daniels fell to the ground and was
  3931. handcuffed.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3932. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While cuffing Daniels, officers claimed Daniels
  3933. “physically resisted their efforts” by flexing his muscles.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3934. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Daniels was charged with trespass, assault
  3935. of a law enforcement officer, and resisting arrest, but all charges were subsequently
  3936. dismissed.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3937. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3938.  
  3939. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;After having his case dismissed in
  3940. federal court, Daniels commenced a state action for malicious prosecution.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3941. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The trial court subsequently granted
  3942. summary judgment in favor of the defendant on all claims.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3943. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Daniels appealed from this judgment to the
  3944. Missouri Court of Appeals for the Western District on the grant of summary
  3945. judgement for his malicious prosecution claim.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3946. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The appeal turned on an issue of first
  3947. impression in Missouri state court: whether a malicious prosecution action may
  3948. move forward when some, but not all, of the &lt;i&gt;criminal &lt;/i&gt;charges against a
  3949. defendant are supported by probable cause to prosecute.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3950. The court held that a malicious prosecution claim could move forward for one
  3951. criminal charge, even if others in the same underlying action were supported by
  3952. probable cause.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3953. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3954.  
  3955. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;III. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Legal Background&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3956.  
  3957.  
  3958.  
  3959. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Malicious prosecution is a tort action
  3960. that allows for recovery of damages when a civil or criminal suit has been
  3961. commenced maliciously and without probable cause which was later terminated in
  3962. the defendant’s favor.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3963. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In both state and federal malicious
  3964. prosecution actions, a plaintiff must prove that the officer lacked probable
  3965. cause to prosecute the underlying charge;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3966. however, in addition to the corresponding state-law elements, a plaintiff in
  3967. federal court must prove they were deprived of a constitutional right.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;A question
  3968. arises in state and federal malicious prosecution claims when the original
  3969. action was initiated on multiple claims or charges: whether a lack of probable
  3970. cause must be shown for each charge or for just one.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3971.  
  3972. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Multi-Charge Malicious
  3973. Prosecution in Missouri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3974.  
  3975.  
  3976.  
  3977. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Until &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Missouri
  3978. state courts had only confronted the issue of multi-charge malicious
  3979. prosecution when the underlying claims were civil.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3980. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;Zahorsky
  3981. v. Griffin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;, the Missouri Court of
  3982. Appeals for the Western District created the preeminent precedent addressing this
  3983. question,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3984. and it held that to defeat an action for malicious prosecution, the defendant
  3985. need only show probable cause to support one claim.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The rule set forth in &lt;i&gt;Zahorsky&lt;/i&gt; was subsequently
  3986. applied in federal court &lt;/span&gt;where the underlying charges were criminal in
  3987. nature.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3988. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;Ciesla v. Christian&lt;/i&gt;, the United
  3989. States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri cited &lt;i&gt;Zahorsky&lt;/i&gt;,
  3990. along with other state-law precedent, holding that an underlying proceeding
  3991. allows for only one malicious prosecution claim.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3992. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  3993.  
  3994. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The reasoning articulated in &lt;i&gt;Zahorsky&lt;/i&gt;,
  3995. reiterated in &lt;i&gt;Ciesla&lt;/i&gt;, was rooted in judicial efficiency concerns.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  3996. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court was concerned that if parties
  3997. were allowed to separate successful claims from the unsuccessful ones, an
  3998. unwieldy amount of new litigation would result.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In its discussion the
  3999. &lt;i&gt;Daniels &lt;/i&gt;court acknowledged this Missouri precedent, but in reaching its
  4000. conclusion relied instead on non-Missouri federal precedent.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4001.  
  4002. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Multi-Charge Malicious
  4003. Prosecution Outside of Missouri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4004.  
  4005. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cohl&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;When confronting the multi-charge malicious
  4006. prosecution issue, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;the
  4007. majority of federal circuit courts have held a complete defense requires probable
  4008. cause for each individual offense.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4009. However, this holding was not a bright-line rule and has been applied only when
  4010. the plaintiff was additionally burdened by the charge lacking probable cause.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4011.  
  4012. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Courts have varied in how this
  4013. additional burden may be shown.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cohl&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Some have found the requirement satisfied when
  4014. the plaintiff established that he suffered, or could suffer, an additional physical
  4015. or psychological harm attributable to the charge or charges lacking probable
  4016. cause as in &lt;i&gt;Holmes v. Village of Hoffman Estate&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cohl&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Other courts have focused on the seriousness of the
  4017. charge itself rather than the harm attributable to it as in &lt;i&gt;Posr v. Doherty&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4018. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Still other courts have focused on the burden
  4019. in terms of how far the prosecution actually progressed versus the nature of
  4020. the charges themselves as in &lt;i&gt;Wright v. City of Philadelphia&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Johnson
  4021. v. Knorr&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4022.  
  4023. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The Missouri Court of Appeals for the
  4024. Western District in &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt; applied the precedent of &lt;i&gt;Holmes&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Posr&lt;/i&gt;,
  4025. and &lt;i&gt;Johnson&lt;/i&gt; in determining the outcome of its first impression review of
  4026. the criminal multi-charge malicious prosecution issue.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4027.  
  4028. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;IV. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Instant Decision&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4029.  
  4030. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The
  4031. primary issue on appeal was the grant of summary judgement for Daniels’s
  4032. malicious prosecution claim.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4033. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The court concluded that summary
  4034. judgment was properly granted in favor of the officers with regard to the malicious
  4035. prosecution claim for the resisting arrest charge.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;But it found there were genuine issues of
  4036. material fact as to whether the officers had probable cause for the charges of trespass
  4037. and assault of an officer.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4038.  
  4039. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Next,
  4040. the court considered whether the finding of probable cause on the resisting
  4041. arrest offense precluded a claim of malicious prosecution on the others.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In answering this question, the court rejected
  4042. the holding in &lt;i&gt;Ciesla&lt;/i&gt;, noting that federal case law interpreting state
  4043. law was not binding.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The
  4044. court held “&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;the
  4045. existence of probable cause to prosecute one criminal offense does not preclude
  4046. a claim of malicious prosecution for other charged offenses.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4047. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court noted this “charge-specific
  4048. approach” applied where the underlying criminal proceeding involved&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; multiple charges “arising
  4049. from the same incident or set of facts.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4050.  
  4051. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In reaching its
  4052. decision, the court relied on non-Missouri circuit court precedent.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court promoted the federal precedent as
  4053. the “majority approach” citing &lt;i&gt;Holmes, Posr, Johnson&lt;/i&gt;, and others.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court did not mention the constitutional
  4054. requirement distinction between a state and federal claim for malicious
  4055. prosecution,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4056. and it did not include any discussion pertaining to the “deprivation of
  4057. liberty” hurdle advanced by the circuit courts.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The court supported its decision through public
  4058. policy rationale and reasoned that if the case were decided differently,
  4059. officers would be free to tack on baseless charges, insulated from any
  4060. potential suit, so long as one charge had the requisite probable cause.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Thereby harms suffered by criminal suspects
  4061. from being charged with offenses lacking probable cause would go unanswered.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4062.  
  4063. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;V. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Comment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4064.  
  4065.  
  4066.  
  4067. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #181818;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“There
  4068. is no greater tyranny than that which is perpetrated under the shield of the
  4069. law and in the name of justice.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn52&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #181818; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4070. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Malicious prosecution claims serve to
  4071. protect against this tyranny of baseless litigation and redress harm, but it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; is well established that these claims
  4072. are disfavored.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn53&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #181818;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Underlying
  4073. the sentiment against malicious prosecution claims is a preference &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;for promoting judicial economy.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn54&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The balance between redress of harm and
  4074. judicial economy has been essential in court decisions on the issue of
  4075. multi-charge malicious prosecution,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn55&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4076. and a weighing of each &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cohl&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;makes it evident that the novel decision in &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt; is
  4077. overwhelmingly supported by policy concerns, even if the impact of the decision
  4078. may not have a wide reach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #181818;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4079.  
  4080. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Judicial Economy: Two Sides of the Coin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4081.  
  4082. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;Judicial economy is a public policy that
  4083. favors efficiency in the judicial system.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn56&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4084. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This policy argument was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;referenced by Missouri cases as a
  4085. reason to rule in favor of probable cause to prosecute for one charge defeating
  4086. malicious prosecution for all.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn57&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;However, this case law almost exclusively
  4087. dealt with malicious prosecution stemming from underlying civil claims.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn58&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4088. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4089.  
  4090. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The probable cause requirement&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn59&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4091. and overall methods of practice differ for civil and criminal cases.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;For example, in civil cases a plaintiff may
  4092. plead in the alternative.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn60&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4093. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;As a result, more instances arise where
  4094. one of the multiple claims lacks probable cause to prosecute. Therefore, a rule
  4095. requiring all claims to lack probable cause for a successful malicious
  4096. prosecution suit makes sense in a civil context as such claims would be brought
  4097. too frequently. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;On the other hand, in
  4098. the criminal context, where pleading in the alternative is not available, there
  4099. will inherently be fewer malicious prosecution claims, so judicial economy is not
  4100. as strong of a consideration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4101.  
  4102. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conversely, a judicial economy
  4103. argument could be made to favor the &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt; decision. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;As some scholars have noted, “[T]he judicial process is also harmed by
  4104. those who use the courts as instruments with which to maliciously injure their
  4105. fellow men.”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn61&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4106. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;If officers are permitted to tack on
  4107. charges unsupported by probable cause without fear of repercussions,
  4108. substantial judicial resources will be wasted. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Therefore, it is possible that judicial
  4109. economy concerns stemming from the increase in litigation caused by the &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt;
  4110. decision might be offset by a reduction in baseless charges brought in the
  4111. first place. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4112.  
  4113. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;This concern over an influx of new
  4114. litigation due to &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt; is weakened further by a review of the
  4115. potential damages available to a plaintiff for redressing harm suffered in
  4116. multi-charge malicious prosecution circumstances. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4117.  
  4118. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  4119. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;Redressing
  4120. Harm: Is There a Harm to Redress?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4121.  
  4122. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;A primary goal underlying tort law is redressing
  4123. harm,&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn62&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4124. but what harm is suffered by a plaintiff who is prosecuted on multiple charges,
  4125. where only some charges lack probable cause? &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;When all charges lack probable cause, the harm
  4126. is easy to identify as the defendant must endure a suit that should never have been
  4127. brought.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;When only one of several claims
  4128. brought is baseless, however, the true harm suffered is not as easy to
  4129. determine, particularly when no additional jail time or money spent is alleged.
  4130. This concern was central in the circuit courts’ decision to add an additional
  4131. deprivation requirement for a malicious prosecution claim on one of multiple
  4132. charges.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn63&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4133. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4134.  
  4135. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt;
  4136. there was no additional physical harm because taking away the charges lacking
  4137. probable cause would not have impacted Daniels’s jail time, bail price, etc.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn64&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;There were, however, still psychological and
  4138. emotional harms attributable to the baseless charge. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Even if multiple charges carry the same physical
  4139. costs, they may not be perceived the same way in society. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In Daniels’s case, the charge of resisting
  4140. arrest might result in a different stigma than that of assaulting a police
  4141. officer, especially in a state like Missouri where resisting arrest is an easy
  4142. charge to support.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn65&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The name of the crime may also imply
  4143. different levels of wrongdoing that impact the defendant’s life in myriad ways.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4144.  
  4145. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;Other potential psychological, emotional,
  4146. or reputational harms for a plaintiff like Daniels &lt;/span&gt;in a criminal case
  4147. could come from the fear of jail time and losing his freedom.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Some consideration might also be paid to the psychological
  4148. toll related to the potential racial justice implications of officers charging
  4149. an African American man, like Daniels, with baseless charges.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It might be that we, as a society, are less
  4150. likely to tolerate a lack of accounting for someone’s harm when it is placed in
  4151. a criminal context, as the court in &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt; was.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4152.  
  4153. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;All things considered,
  4154. the tort law policy of redressing harms supports the decision made in &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt;.
  4155. Even without an additional concrete harm, substantial reputational and
  4156. psychological harm may be suffered by someone who has unfounded charges tacked
  4157. onto legitimate ones. &lt;/p&gt;
  4158.  
  4159. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  4160. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Damages&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4161.  
  4162. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;An opportunity to redress harms suffered,
  4163. as the &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt; court has provided plaintiffs, does not equate to recovering
  4164. damages. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In a malicious prosecution
  4165. claim a plaintiff can recover compensatory and punitive damages.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn66&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4166. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Such “&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;damages&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;are
  4167. recoverable for every element of the injury, including mental and physical
  4168. suffering, injury to fame and reputation, and the general impairment of social
  4169. standing.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn67&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4170. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;But, without a severe compensable harm, clearly
  4171. attributable to the baseless charge, it may be difficult for a plaintiff to
  4172. find an attorney willing to pursue the action.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  4173. &lt;/span&gt;When compensatory damages would be nominal, two important issues come to
  4174. mind: (1) whether the damage is calculated based only on the charge lacking
  4175. probable cause, and (2) whether attorney fees may be recovered. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4176.  
  4177. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;An early decision from the Supreme Court
  4178. of Missouri, &lt;i&gt;Boogher v. Bryant&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;is instructive as to whether the
  4179. damage calculation would include only harms sustained under the baseless charge
  4180. or under all the charges.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn68&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4181. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The &lt;i&gt;Boogher&lt;/i&gt; court reasoned that having
  4182. demonstrated there was a joining of a justified and unjustified charge, a
  4183. plaintiff did not have the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;“burden of showing that her damage was specifically
  4184. attributable to the malicious prosecution...”&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn69&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Although decided over a century ago, &lt;i&gt;Boogher&lt;/i&gt;
  4185. provides legal precedent that might allow a plaintiff to recover damages not
  4186. attributable specifically to the baseless claim. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;For a plaintiff like Daniels, who lost his job
  4187. after being charged, this issue is crucial as it would be nearly impossible for
  4188. Daniels to prove his termination was only due to the baseless claims.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn70&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4189.  
  4190. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;It is well established that in a malicious
  4191. prosecution claim, a plaintiff can recover for attorney fees incurred in
  4192. defending the underlying suit.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn71&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  4193. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Attorney fees however might not always
  4194. be incurred in the initial defense. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The
  4195. question becomes whether attorney fees incurred in &lt;i&gt;bringing&lt;/i&gt; the
  4196. malicious prosecution suit may be recovered. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;If so, even if the harm suffered would not
  4197. allow a large recovery, an attorney might be more willing to take the case. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In Missouri there is no general fee-shifting
  4198. statute for tort claims, and there does not appear to be case law where a court
  4199. has awarded a malicious prosecution plaintiff with the attorney fees incurred
  4200. in bringing the claim.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Without a
  4201. provision in which an attorney can recover their fees, it may be difficult for
  4202. a plaintiff to find an attorney to file his claim. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4203.  
  4204. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;All things considered, the policy support
  4205. for the &lt;i&gt;Daniels&lt;/i&gt; court’s decision to turn away from Missouri precedent is
  4206. strong. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Even if it does not allow for
  4207. every baseless charge to be remedied, the decision made by the &lt;i&gt;Daniels &lt;/i&gt;court
  4208. is an important step to preventing injustice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4209.  
  4210. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;VI. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4211.  
  4212.  
  4213.  
  4214. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The &lt;i&gt;Daniels
  4215. &lt;/i&gt;court has taken an appropriate step away from Missouri civil precedent so
  4216. that a defendant charged with multiple counts in an underlying criminal suit
  4217. may bring a malicious prosecution claim even if there was probable cause to
  4218. support one of the charges. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While this
  4219. decision of first impression strays away from the generally accepted policy of disfavoring
  4220. malicious prosecution, it provides an avenue for fighting injustice while remaining
  4221. limited enough to prevent an onslaught of cases that would clog the judicial
  4222. system. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4223.  
  4224. &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
  4225.  
  4226. &lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
  4227.  
  4228.  
  4229.  
  4230. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4231.  
  4232. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;B.A., University of Minnesota, 2013; M.A., Georgetown
  4233. University, 2015; J.D. Candidate, University of Missouri School of Law, 2022;
  4234. Associate Member,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;footnote0020textchar&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Missouri Law Review&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,
  4235. 2020-2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4236.  
  4237. &lt;/div&gt;
  4238.  
  4239. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4240.  
  4241. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Groundless Litigation and the Malicious Prosecution Debate: A
  4242. Historical Analysis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 88 Y&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;ale&lt;/span&gt;
  4243. L.J. 1218, 1229 (1979).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4244.  
  4245. &lt;/div&gt;
  4246.  
  4247. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4248.  
  4249. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 34 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Robert H. Dierker &amp;amp; Richard J. Mehan,
  4250. Missouri Practice Personal Injury and Torts Handbook &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;§ 27:1(a) (2020 ed.). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A malicious prosecution tort action may be brought under
  4251. state law or under 42 U.S.C. §&amp;nbsp;1983 in federal court.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; Erin E. McMannon,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;The Demise of § 1983 Malicious Prosecution:
  4252. Separating Tort Law from the Fourth Amendment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 94 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Notre Dame L. Rev.&lt;/span&gt; 1479, 1480 (2019).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4253.  
  4254. &lt;/div&gt;
  4255.  
  4256. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4257.  
  4258. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Groundless Litigation and the
  4259. Malicious Prosecution Debate: A Historical Analysis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, 88 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Yale L.J.&lt;/span&gt;
  4260. 1218, 1229 (1979); &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Sanders v. Daniel Int&#39;l Corp.&lt;/span&gt;, 682 S.W.2d
  4261. 803, 806 (Mo. banc 1984).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4262.  
  4263. &lt;/div&gt;
  4264.  
  4265. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4266.  
  4267. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Copeland v. Wicks, 468 S.W.3d 886, 889 (Mo. banc
  4268. 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4269.  
  4270. &lt;/div&gt;
  4271.  
  4272. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4273.  
  4274. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 34 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Robert H. Dierker &amp;amp; Richard J. Mehan,
  4275. Missouri Practice Personal Injury and Torts Handbook &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;§ 27:2(1) (2020 ed.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4276.  
  4277. &lt;/div&gt;
  4278.  
  4279. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4280.  
  4281. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4282. v. Terranova, 611 S.W.3d 799, 803 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4283.  
  4284. &lt;/div&gt;
  4285.  
  4286. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4287.  
  4288. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4289.  
  4290. &lt;/div&gt;
  4291.  
  4292. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4293.  
  4294. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;;
  4295. Daniels v. City of Columbia, Missouri, No. 2:15-CV-04187-NKL, 2016 WL 6394496,
  4296. at *1 (Mo. App. Oct. 26, 2016).&lt;/p&gt;
  4297.  
  4298. &lt;/div&gt;
  4299.  
  4300. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4301.  
  4302. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4303. v. Terranova, 611 S.W.3d 799, 812 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4304.  
  4305. &lt;/div&gt;
  4306.  
  4307. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4308.  
  4309. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4310. v. City of Columbia, Missouri, No. 2:15-CV-04187-NKL, 2016 WL 6394496, at *3
  4311. (Mo. App. Oct. 26, 2016); Daniels v. Terranova, 611 S.W.3d 799, 803 (Mo. App.
  4312. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4313.  
  4314. &lt;/div&gt;
  4315.  
  4316. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4317.  
  4318. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4319. v. Terranova, 611 S.W.3d 799, 813 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4320.  
  4321. &lt;/div&gt;
  4322.  
  4323. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4324.  
  4325. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4326.  
  4327. &lt;/div&gt;
  4328.  
  4329. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4330.  
  4331. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt; at 803-4 &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;“A&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;nolle prosequi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is
  4332. a prosecutor&#39;s formal entry on the record indicating that he or she will no
  4333. longer prosecute a pending criminal charge.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;State v. Buchli, 152 S.W.3d
  4334. 289, 307 (Mo. App. 2004)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4335.  
  4336. &lt;/div&gt;
  4337.  
  4338. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4339.  
  4340. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4341. v. Terranova, 611 S.W.3d 799, 804 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4342.  
  4343. &lt;/div&gt;
  4344.  
  4345. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4346.  
  4347. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4348.  
  4349. &lt;/div&gt;
  4350.  
  4351. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4352.  
  4353. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4354.  
  4355. &lt;/div&gt;
  4356.  
  4357. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4358.  
  4359. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  4360. at 814.&lt;/p&gt;
  4361.  
  4362. &lt;/div&gt;
  4363.  
  4364. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4365.  
  4366. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4367.  
  4368. &lt;/div&gt;
  4369.  
  4370. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4371.  
  4372. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;52 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Am. Jur.&lt;/span&gt; 2D
  4373. &lt;i&gt;Malicious Prosecution&lt;/i&gt; § 1 (2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4374.  
  4375. &lt;/div&gt;
  4376.  
  4377. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4378.  
  4379. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;There is a distinction between probable
  4380. cause to arrest and probable cause to initiate a legal proceeding, the
  4381. malicious prosecution element is focused solely on the latter. &lt;/span&gt;34 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Robert H. Dierker &amp;amp; Richard J. Mehan,
  4382. Missouri Practice Personal Injury and Torts Handbook &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;§ 27:2(5)(a) (2020 ed.). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4383.  
  4384. &lt;/div&gt;
  4385.  
  4386. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4387.  
  4388. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Posr v.
  4389. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91, 100 (2d Cir. 1991).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4390.  
  4391. &lt;/div&gt;
  4392.  
  4393. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4394.  
  4395. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;See, &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;e.g.,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Jonathan Simonds
  4396. Pyatt,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;An Action for Malicious Prosecution Lies When at Least One of
  4397. Several Possible Grounds of Recovery Lacks Probable Cause and Is Brought with
  4398. Malice: Crowley v. Katleman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 23 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Pepp.
  4399. L. Rev&lt;/span&gt;. 1073, 1074 (1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4400.  
  4401. &lt;/div&gt;
  4402.  
  4403. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4404.  
  4405. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Daniels v. Terranova, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;611 S.W.3d 799, at note 14 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4406.  
  4407. &lt;/div&gt;
  4408.  
  4409. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4410.  
  4411. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Zahorsky v. Griffin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, 690 S.W.2d
  4412. 144 (Mo. App. 1985).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4413.  
  4414. &lt;/div&gt;
  4415.  
  4416. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4417.  
  4418. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Id.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt; at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; 151. &lt;i&gt;See also&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Joseph H. Held &amp;amp; Assocs.,
  4419. Inc. v. Wolff&lt;/span&gt;, 39 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Mo. App. 2001) (holding that &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;the original proceeding could bring about only one
  4420. claim for malicious prosecution and therefore separate counts in the complaint
  4421. would not support separate actions).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4422.  
  4423. &lt;/div&gt;
  4424.  
  4425. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4426.  
  4427. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Ciesla v. Christian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, No.
  4428. 1:14CV000165 ACL, 2016 WL 1245197, at *1 (Mo. App. Mar. 30, 2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4429.  
  4430. &lt;/div&gt;
  4431.  
  4432. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4433.  
  4434. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Id. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;at *5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4435.  
  4436. &lt;/div&gt;
  4437.  
  4438. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4439.  
  4440. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4441.  
  4442. &lt;/div&gt;
  4443.  
  4444. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4445.  
  4446. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Zahorsky v. Griffin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, 690 S.W.2d
  4447. 144, 150-51 (Mo. App. 1985); &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Joseph H. Held &amp;amp; Assocs.,
  4448. Inc. v. Wolff&lt;/span&gt;, 39 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Mo. App. 2001); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Ciesla v. Christian, No.
  4449. 1:14CV000165 ACL, 2016 WL 1245197, at *5 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Mo.
  4450. App. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Mar. 30, 2016)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4451.  
  4452. &lt;/div&gt;
  4453.  
  4454. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4455.  
  4456. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4457. v. Terranova, &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;611 S.W.3d 799&lt;/span&gt;, 815 (Mo. App.
  4458. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4459.  
  4460. &lt;/div&gt;
  4461.  
  4462. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4463.  
  4464. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;See&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt;
  4465. e.g&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;a href=&quot;https://1.next.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&amp;amp;serNum=2033333213&amp;amp;pubNum=0007903&amp;amp;originatingDoc=Ib5e291a0e17111eabaabff88df14112a&amp;amp;refType=RP&amp;amp;fi=co_pp_sp_7903_415&amp;amp;originationContext=document&amp;amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;amp;contextData=(sc.Folder*cid.265b4e2a03184e179454e84fb96a126c*oc.Search)#co_pp_sp_7903_415&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Costello v. Milano, 20 F. Supp. 3d 406, 415 (S.D.N.Y.
  4466. 2014)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;;
  4467. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.next.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&amp;amp;serNum=2023374785&amp;amp;pubNum=0004637&amp;amp;originatingDoc=Ib5e291a0e17111eabaabff88df14112a&amp;amp;refType=RP&amp;amp;fi=co_pp_sp_4637_1011&amp;amp;originationContext=document&amp;amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;amp;contextData=(sc.Folder*cid.265b4e2a03184e179454e84fb96a126c*oc.Search)#co_pp_sp_4637_1011&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Harrington v. Wilber, 743 F. Supp. 2d 1006, 1011
  4468. (S.D. Iowa 2010)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;rev&#39;d on other grounds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.next.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&amp;amp;serNum=2027588799&amp;amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;amp;originatingDoc=Ib5e291a0e17111eabaabff88df14112a&amp;amp;refType=RP&amp;amp;originationContext=document&amp;amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;amp;contextData=(sc.Folder*cid.265b4e2a03184e179454e84fb96a126c*oc.Search)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;678 F.3d 676 (8th Cir. 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4469.  
  4470. &lt;/div&gt;
  4471.  
  4472. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4473.  
  4474. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  4475. e.g.&lt;/i&gt;, Holmes v. Village of Hoffman Estate, 511 F.3d 673, 682 (7th Cir.
  4476. 2007); &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Posr v.
  4477. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91, 101 (2d Cir. 1991); Johnson v. Knorr, 477 F.3d 75, 85 (3d
  4478. Cir. 2007).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4479.  
  4480. &lt;/div&gt;
  4481.  
  4482. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4483.  
  4484. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  4485. e.g.&lt;/i&gt;, Holmes v. Village of Hoffman Estate, 511 F.3d 673, 682 (7th Cir. 2007);
  4486. &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Posr v.
  4487. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91, 101 (2d Cir. 1991); Johnson v. Knorr, 477 F.3d 75, 85 (3d
  4488. Cir. 2007).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4489.  
  4490. &lt;/div&gt;
  4491.  
  4492. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4493.  
  4494. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Holmes
  4495. v. Village of Hoffman Estate, 511 F.3d 673, 682 (7th Cir. 2007) (reasoning that
  4496. unlike probable cause to arrest, when it pertains to probable cause to
  4497. prosecute the number and nature of the charges matter because with additional
  4498. charges the costs and psychic toll on the defendant increases). &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;Freeman v. Troutt&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;No.
  4499. 3:10-CV-0697, 2012 WL 5439160, at *10 (M.D. Tenn. Nov. 7, 2012)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;(holding the additional, groundless charge
  4500. added to the plaintiff’s bond was not enough to show deprivation of liberty as
  4501. he was already in jail and couldn’t show that but for this bond he would have
  4502. been released) and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Warner v. Freeman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, No. 3:14CV1192(DFM), 2017 WL 4227655, at *2 (D. Conn.
  4503. Sept. 22, 2017)&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt; (holding that &lt;/span&gt;plaintiff
  4504. could not show additional deprivation of liberty because they were arrested on
  4505. all charges, released on bond the same day, and appeared in court on all the
  4506. charges not just the groundless one).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4507.  
  4508. &lt;/div&gt;
  4509.  
  4510. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4511.  
  4512. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Posr v.
  4513. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91, 100 (2d Cir. 1991) (reasoning that if probable cause
  4514. wasn’t required for each underlying charge officers could tack on more serious
  4515. charges in their reports that would support higher bails or lengthier
  4516. detentions without concern for liability since probable cause on the lesser
  4517. charges would insulate them from retribution).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4518.  
  4519. &lt;/div&gt;
  4520.  
  4521. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4522.  
  4523. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Wright v. City of Philadelphia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;, 409 F.3d 595, 598 (3d Cir. 2005); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Johnson v.
  4524. Knorr, 477 F.3d 75, 84-5 (3d Cir. 2007)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. In &lt;i&gt;Wright&lt;/i&gt; the plaintiff was not
  4525. able to proceed with malicious prosecution claims because one of the underlying
  4526. charges was supported by probable cause, but in &lt;i&gt;Johnson&lt;/i&gt; the plaintiff
  4527. could. The distinction was that in &lt;i&gt;Wright&lt;/i&gt; there was only discreet
  4528. involvement of law enforcement. Whereas in &lt;i&gt;Johnson&lt;/i&gt; the initiation of
  4529. criminal proceedings was more extensive. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Kollock-Mann
  4530. v. Morante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, No. CV 15-4708 (NLH/KMW), 2017 WL
  4531. 772326, at *3 (D.N.J. Feb. 28, 2017).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4532.  
  4533. &lt;/div&gt;
  4534.  
  4535. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4536.  
  4537. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4538. v. Terranova, &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;611 S.W.3d 799&lt;/span&gt;, 816 (Mo. App.
  4539. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4540.  
  4541. &lt;/div&gt;
  4542.  
  4543. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4544.  
  4545. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  4546. at 803. &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This malicious
  4547. prosecution claim stemmed from the underlying criminal prosecution of Daniels
  4548. for trespass, assault of a law enforcement officer, and resisting arrest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4549.  
  4550. &lt;/div&gt;
  4551.  
  4552. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4553.  
  4554. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4555.  
  4556. &lt;/div&gt;
  4557.  
  4558. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4559.  
  4560. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; For the
  4561. trespass charge, the disputed fact was whether the requisite notice of trespass
  4562. was given to Daniels, and for assault it was whether Daniels was the person who
  4563. punched an officer during the arrest. Daniels v. Terranova, &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;611 S.W.3d 799&lt;/span&gt;, at 803, 12 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020).
  4564. “&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt;A person commits the offense of
  4565. trespass in the first degree if he or she knowingly enters unlawfully or
  4566. knowingly remains unlawfully”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat.&lt;/span&gt; § 569.140.1 (2018). “A
  4567. person does not commit the offense of trespass…unless…notice against trespass
  4568. is given…” &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat.&lt;/span&gt; §
  4569. 569.140.2 (2018).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4570.  
  4571. &lt;/div&gt;
  4572.  
  4573. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4574.  
  4575. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4576. v. Terranova, &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;611 S.W.3d 799&lt;/span&gt;, 814-15 (Mo. App.
  4577. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4578.  
  4579. &lt;/div&gt;
  4580.  
  4581. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4582.  
  4583. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;at
  4584. 816.&lt;/p&gt;
  4585.  
  4586. &lt;/div&gt;
  4587.  
  4588. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4589.  
  4590. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4591.  
  4592. &lt;/div&gt;
  4593.  
  4594. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4595.  
  4596. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  4597. The particular phraseology of “charge-specific approach” to identify this rule
  4598. was used by the Massachusetts district court in &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Bertram v. Viglas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;, Civil No.
  4599. 19-11298 LTS, 2020 WL 1892187, at *6-7 (D. Mass. April 16, 2020),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; but does not appear
  4600. in most other cases that have ruled on this issue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4601.  
  4602. &lt;/div&gt;
  4603.  
  4604. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4605.  
  4606. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Daniels
  4607. v. Terranova, &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;611 S.W.3d 799&lt;/span&gt;, 815-16 (Mo. App.
  4608. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;
  4609.  
  4610. &lt;/div&gt;
  4611.  
  4612. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4613.  
  4614. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref47&quot; name=&quot;_ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;at
  4615. 815.&lt;/p&gt;
  4616.  
  4617. &lt;/div&gt;
  4618.  
  4619. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4620.  
  4621. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;at
  4622. 815-16.&lt;/p&gt;
  4623.  
  4624. &lt;/div&gt;
  4625.  
  4626. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4627.  
  4628. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4629.  
  4630. &lt;/div&gt;
  4631.  
  4632. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4633.  
  4634. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  4635. at 816.&lt;/p&gt;
  4636.  
  4637. &lt;/div&gt;
  4638.  
  4639. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4640.  
  4641. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Harms might include greater costs or an increased
  4642. psychological toll. Holmes v. Village of Hoffman Estate, 511 F.3d 673, 682 (7th
  4643. Cir. 2007). &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;On September 29, 2020 a motion for
  4644. rehearing and/or application for transfer to Supreme Court was denied.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4645.  
  4646. &lt;/div&gt;
  4647.  
  4648. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4649.  
  4650. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref52&quot; name=&quot;_ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;authorortitle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Charles-Louis de
  4651. Secondat, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The Spirit of the Laws 52 (1748).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4652.  
  4653. &lt;/div&gt;
  4654.  
  4655. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4656.  
  4657. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref53&quot; name=&quot;_ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Sanders v. Daniel Int&#39;l Corp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;,
  4658. 682 S.W.2d 803, 806 (Mo. banc 1984).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4659.  
  4660. &lt;/div&gt;
  4661.  
  4662. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4663.  
  4664. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref54&quot; name=&quot;_ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Sanders v. Daniel Int&#39;l Corp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;,
  4665. 682 S.W.2d 803, 806 (Mo. banc 1984).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4666.  
  4667. &lt;/div&gt;
  4668.  
  4669. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4670.  
  4671. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref55&quot; name=&quot;_ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  4672. e.g.&lt;/i&gt; Daniels v. Terranova, No. &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;611 S.W.3d 799&lt;/span&gt;,
  4673. 815-16 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020); &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Ciesla
  4674. v. Christian, No. 1:14CV000165 ACL, 2016 WL 1245197, at *5 (Mo. App. Mar. 30,
  4675. 2016)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4676.  
  4677. &lt;/div&gt;
  4678.  
  4679. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4680.  
  4681. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref56&quot; name=&quot;_ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Judicial Economy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Black&#39;s Law
  4682. Dictionary&lt;/span&gt; (11th ed. 2019).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4683.  
  4684. &lt;/div&gt;
  4685.  
  4686. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4687.  
  4688. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref57&quot; name=&quot;_ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Ciesla v. Christian, No.
  4689. 1:14CV000165 ACL, 2016 WL 1245197, at *5 (Mo. App. Mar. 30, 2016)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4690.  
  4691. &lt;/div&gt;
  4692.  
  4693. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4694.  
  4695. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref58&quot; name=&quot;_ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Daniels v. Terranova&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, No. 611 S.W.3d 799, at note 14 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4696.  
  4697. &lt;/div&gt;
  4698.  
  4699. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4700.  
  4701. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref59&quot; name=&quot;_ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Probable cause to
  4702. instigate a criminal prosecution exists when there is evidence strong enough to
  4703. warrant “an ordinarily cautious person to believe the accused &lt;i&gt;is guilty&lt;/i&gt;
  4704. of the offense charged.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;34 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Robert H.
  4705. Dierker &amp;amp; Richard J. Mehan, Missouri Practice Personal Injury and Torts
  4706. Handbook &lt;/span&gt;§ 27:2(5)(a) (2020 ed.) (citing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Haswell v.
  4707. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0e568c; font-size: 10pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;.,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-color-alt: windowtext; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;557 S.W.2d 628, 633 (Mo. banc 1977)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Probable cause to
  4708. initiate a civil suit is defined as a reasonable belief both in the facts
  4709. alleged and that the claim &lt;i&gt;could be valid&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;.
  4710. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;34
  4711. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Robert H. Dierker &amp;amp; Richard J. Mehan,
  4712. Missouri Practice Personal Injury and Torts Handbook &lt;/span&gt;§ 27:2(4)(a) (2020
  4713. ed.) (citing State v. Mummert, 875 S.W.2d 553 (Mo. banc 1994)).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4714.  
  4715. &lt;/div&gt;
  4716.  
  4717. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4718.  
  4719. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref60&quot; name=&quot;_ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Zahorsky v. Griffin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, 690 S.W.2d
  4720. 144, 150-51 (Mo. App. 1985). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In Missouri a party is permitted to plead in the alternative under &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Rev. Stat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; § 509.110 (2018).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4721.  
  4722. &lt;/div&gt;
  4723.  
  4724. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4725.  
  4726. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref61&quot; name=&quot;_ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt; Jonathan Simonds
  4727. Pyatt,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;An Action for Malicious Prosecution Lies When at Least One of
  4728. Several Possible Grounds of Recovery Lacks Probable Cause and Is Brought with
  4729. Malice: Crowley v. Katleman.&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; 23 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Pepp.
  4730. L. Rev&lt;/span&gt;. 1073, 1077 (1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4731.  
  4732. &lt;/div&gt;
  4733.  
  4734. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4735.  
  4736. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref62&quot; name=&quot;_ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;74 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Am. Jur.&lt;/span&gt; 2D &lt;i&gt;Torts&lt;/i&gt; § 2 (2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4737.  
  4738. &lt;/div&gt;
  4739.  
  4740. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4741.  
  4742. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref63&quot; name=&quot;_ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  4743. e.g.&lt;/i&gt;, Holmes v. Village of Hoffman Estate, 511 F.3d 673, 682 (7th Cir.
  4744. 2007); &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Posr v.
  4745. Doherty, 944 F.2d 91, 101 (2d Cir. 1991); Johnson v. Knorr, 477 F.3d 75, 85 (3d
  4746. Cir. 2007).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4747.  
  4748. &lt;/div&gt;
  4749.  
  4750. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4751.  
  4752. &lt;h3 style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref64&quot; name=&quot;_ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;
  4753. In none of the filings are facts alleged as to the time spent in jail or amount
  4754. of money spent on bail if any. The only harm specifically alleged by the
  4755. plaintiff is a loss of job, a scholarship, and future work opportunities. Plaintiff’s
  4756. Petition, Daniels v. Terranova, No. 611 S.W.3d 799, 803-4 (Mo. App. Aug. 18,
  4757. 2020) (No. 17BA-CV00033) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;2016 WL 11707093. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;If
  4758. harms were suffered in jail time or bail spent, you would have expected to see
  4759. them in the pleadings and could therefore infer that Daniels was not harmed in
  4760. this specific manner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  4761.  
  4762. &lt;/div&gt;
  4763.  
  4764. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4765.  
  4766. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref65&quot; name=&quot;_ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Case
  4767. law has interpreted the elements of resisting arrest as being fairly easy to
  4768. meet. 32 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Robert H. Dierker, Missouri
  4769. Practice Criminal Law &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;§ 47:4 (3 ed. 2019).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4770.  
  4771. &lt;/div&gt;
  4772.  
  4773. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4774.  
  4775. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref66&quot; name=&quot;_ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;7 &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Am. Jur.&lt;/span&gt; 2D &lt;i&gt;Proof of Facts&lt;/i&gt; § 181 (2020).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4776.  
  4777. &lt;/div&gt;
  4778.  
  4779. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4780.  
  4781. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref67&quot; name=&quot;_ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;oung v. Jack Boring&#39;s, Inc.&lt;/span&gt;,
  4782. 540 S.W.2d 887, 897 (Mo. App. 1976) (quoting &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;Foley
  4783. v. Union House Furnishing Co., 60 S.W.2d 725, 728 (Mo. App. 1933)).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4784.  
  4785. &lt;/div&gt;
  4786.  
  4787. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4788.  
  4789. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref68&quot; name=&quot;_ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Boogher v. Bryant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, 86 Mo. 42
  4790. (1885).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4791.  
  4792. &lt;/div&gt;
  4793.  
  4794. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4795.  
  4796. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref69&quot; name=&quot;_ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Singleton v. Perry&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;289 P.2d 794,
  4797. 799–800 (1955) (quoting &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Boogher v. Bryant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, 86 Mo. 42, 42 (1885)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Boogher
  4798. v. Bryant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, 86 Mo. 42, 49 (1885).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4799.  
  4800. &lt;/div&gt;
  4801.  
  4802. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4803.  
  4804. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref70&quot; name=&quot;_ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Plaintiff’s
  4805. Petition, Daniels v. Terranova, 611 S.W.3d 799, 803 (Mo. App. Aug. 18, 2020)
  4806. (No. 17BA-CV00033) &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;2016 WL 11707093.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4807.  
  4808. &lt;/div&gt;
  4809.  
  4810. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4811.  
  4812. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref71&quot; name=&quot;_ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;A. L. Azores,
  4813. Attorney’s Fees as Element of Damages in Action for False Imprisonment or
  4814. Arrest, or for Malicious Prosecution&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;21
  4815. A.L.R.3d 1068 (1968)&lt;/span&gt; (“&lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;It has
  4816. generally been held or recognized that in an action for false imprisonment
  4817. or&amp;nbsp;arrest&amp;nbsp;or in an action for&amp;nbsp;malicious&amp;nbsp;prosecution, the
  4818. plaintiff may recover as an element
  4819. of&amp;nbsp;damages&amp;nbsp;attorneys&#39;&amp;nbsp;fees&amp;nbsp;incurred by him as a result of
  4820. the unlawful imprisonment or&amp;nbsp;arrest&amp;nbsp;or the&amp;nbsp;malicious&amp;nbsp;prosecution&amp;nbsp;in
  4821. question.”).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;See also&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;&quot;&gt;Ruth v. St. Louis Transit Co., 71 S.W. 1055 (Mo. App. 1903).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4822.  
  4823. &lt;/div&gt;
  4824.  
  4825. &lt;/div&gt;
  4826.  
  4827. </description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2021/09/criminal-multi-charge-malicious.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-232713175548206360</guid><pubDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2021 22:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2021-04-30T17:00:00.232-05:00</atom:updated><title>Planned Parenthood of St. Louis Region v. Department of Social Services</title><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Planned Parenthood
  4828. of St. Louis Region v. Department of Social Services, Division of Medical
  4829. Services, &lt;/i&gt;602 S.W.3d 201 (Mo. 2020) (en banc)&lt;/p&gt;
  4830.  
  4831. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;By Lucy Downing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4832.  
  4833. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4834.  
  4835. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Introduction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4836.  
  4837. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In a six-one decision, the Missouri
  4838. Supreme Court affirmed a circuit court’s decision declaring a provision of an
  4839. appropriation bill purporting to deny Medicaid reimbursement to Planned
  4840. Parenthood of the St. Louis Region (“Planned Parenthood”) for medical services
  4841. rendered unconstitutional and severing it from the remainder of the bill.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Court reversed the portion of the circuit
  4842. court’s judgment taxing costs against the state as statutorily
  4843. unauthorized.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Judge Paul C. Wilson wrote
  4844. the majority opinion with Judge Zel M. Fischer dissenting.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4845.  
  4846. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Background&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4847.  
  4848. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Missouri’s
  4849. Medicaid program is administered by the MO HealthNet Division of the Missouri
  4850. Department of Social Services.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;RSMo section 208.152.1 provides that the MO
  4851. HealthNet Division “&lt;i&gt;shall&lt;/i&gt; make payments to authorized providers &lt;i&gt;on
  4852. behalf of&lt;/i&gt; Medicaid-eligible individuals for &lt;i&gt;physicians’ services&lt;/i&gt; and
  4853. &lt;i&gt;family planning&lt;/i&gt;.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The General Assembly appropriated funds for
  4854. the fiscal year of 2019 to pay for these services, and Planned Parenthood was
  4855. an authorized provider of these services due to a statutorily-authorized
  4856. agreement with MO HealthNet.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;However, MO HealthNet refused to reimburse
  4857. Planned Parenthood for services rendered in 2019 due to section 11.800 of a new
  4858. Missouri appropriation bill.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The section provided: “No funds shall be
  4859. expended to any abortion facility as defined in Section 188.015, RSMo, or any
  4860. affiliate thereof.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4861.  
  4862. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Legal Background&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4863.  
  4864. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Planned Parenthood filed a complaint
  4865. with the Administrative Hearing Commission, which ruled in the state’s favor
  4866. without addressing Planned Parenthood’s constitutional claim due to its lack of
  4867. authority to make such a determination.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Planned Parenthood then sought consolidated
  4868. review in the circuit court, arguing it is impermissible to use an
  4869. appropriation bill to amend substantive law because such behavior violates
  4870. article III, section 23 of the Missouri Constitution.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The circuit court agreed with Planned
  4871. Parenthood and therefore declared Section 11.800 unconstitutional, severed the
  4872. section from the rest of the bill, and taxed costs against the state.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;MO HealthNet appealed to the Missouri Supreme
  4873. Court.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4874.  
  4875. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Instant Decision&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4876.  
  4877. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Majority&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4878.  
  4879. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Writing for the majority, Judge
  4880. Wilson first discussed the constitutionality of Section 11.800 of the
  4881. appropriation bill.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Article III, section 23 of the Missouri
  4882. Constitution provides, “No bill shall contain more than one subject which shall
  4883. be clearly expressed in its title, except bills enacted under the third
  4884. exception in section 37 of this article and general appropriation bills, which
  4885. may embrace the various subjects and accounts for which moneys are
  4886. appropriated.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Thus, while section 23 prohibits bills with
  4887. more than one subject, it does contain a “narrow exception” for appropriation
  4888. bills “because such bills necessarily include multiple subjects, i.e.,
  4889. appropriations of differing amounts from differing accounts for differing
  4890. subjects.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4891.  
  4892. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;However,
  4893. the majority explained that the Court has long recognized that the exception is
  4894. limited, and “section 23 [still] limits appropriation bills &lt;i&gt;to
  4895. appropriations only&lt;/i&gt;.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;To clarify, “any bill that purports to
  4896. combine appropriations with the enactment or amendment of general or
  4897. substantive law necessarily contains more than one subject in violation of
  4898. article III, section 23, and such a bill does not fall within the exception for
  4899. general appropriation bills.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The majority clarified, however, that an
  4900. appropriation bill must be in direct conflict with a general law in order for
  4901. it to be considered more than solely an appropriation in this context.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4902.  
  4903. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Accordingly,
  4904. the majority examined whether Section 11.800 directly conflicts with general
  4905. law, specifically RSMo Sections 208.153.1 and 208.152.1.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Section 208.152.1 “provides that MO HealthNet
  4906. payments &lt;i&gt;shall&lt;/i&gt; be made on behalf of Medicaid-eligible individuals for &lt;i&gt;physicians’
  4907. services&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;family planning&lt;/i&gt;,” while section 208.153.1 provides that
  4908. “these individuals can obtain those services from any authorized health care
  4909. provider, i.e., &lt;i&gt;any provider&lt;/i&gt; that has an agreement with MO HealthNet
  4910. Division to provide those services.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Because these statutes “specify clearly and
  4911. unambiguously what MO HealthNet payments will cover and two whom those payments
  4912. must be made, . . . the language in section 11.800 seeking to disqualify
  4913. certain authorized providers based on services they provide, separately and
  4914. apart from the MO HealthNet program, – and for which no MO HealthNet payments
  4915. can be made ­– is a naked attempt to use HB2011 both to appropriate funds for
  4916. various purposes and to amend sections 208.153.1 and 208.152.1.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Therefore, the majority found this to be “a
  4917. clear and unmistakable violation of the proscription in article III, section 23
  4918. of the Missouri Constitution against bills with multiple subjects.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4919.  
  4920. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Judge
  4921. Wilson then analyzed whether the circuit court was correct in severing section
  4922. 11.800 from the remainder of the appropriation bill.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;While he agreed with the circuit court that
  4923. the bill should be severed, he took issue with how the lower court reached its
  4924. conclusion on the issue, specifically its reliance on RSMo Section 1.140 during
  4925. its severance analysis.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;He explained that the Court uses a different
  4926. severance analysis for procedurally unconstitutional provisions versus
  4927. substantively unconstitutional provisions.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;For substantive violations, the Court applies
  4928. section 1.140 to analyze the propriety of severance.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;“On the other hand, when evaluating a &lt;i&gt;procedural&lt;/i&gt;
  4929. constitutional violation, the doctrine of judicial severance is applied and
  4930. severance is only appropriate when this Court is convinced beyond a reasonable
  4931. doubt that the legislature would have passed the bill without the additional
  4932. provisions and that the provisions in question are not essential to the
  4933. efficacy of the bill.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;While the circuit court was incorrect in
  4934. applying section 1.140 in its severance analysis because this case involves a
  4935. procedural violation, the majority nonetheless agreed that severance is
  4936. appropriate under the analysis for procedural violations.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Judge Wilson noted that the General Assembly
  4937. intentionally segregated section 11.800 from the appropriations in the rest of
  4938. the bill and it expressly noted that the other sections shall not be severed
  4939. from each other but provided no similar prohibition against severing section
  4940. 11.800.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Thus, the majority affirmed the circuit
  4941. court’s determination regarding severance because it was satisfied “beyond a
  4942. reasonable doubt that the appropriation bill would have passed without section
  4943. 11.800, and that nothing in 11.800 is essential to the efficacy of the
  4944. appropriations made elsewhere in [the appropriation bill].”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4945.  
  4946. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Lastly,
  4947. the majority reversed the lower court’s determination to tax costs to MO
  4948. HealthNet because it found no statutory authorization for such a decision.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4949.  
  4950. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dissent&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4951.  
  4952. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In his dissent, Judge Fischer argues
  4953. that section 11.800 is constitutional.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;He posits that the language of article III,
  4954. section 23 plainly and unambiguously exempts appropriation bills from its
  4955. purview, and therefore it does not control the resolution of this case.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;He further argues that, “even if [section] 23
  4956. does apply to appropriation bills, the challenged language in HB2011 is
  4957. constitutional because it embraces one of the various subjects for which money
  4958. is appropriated.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4959.  
  4960. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;V.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Comment&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4961.  
  4962. &lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The situation leading up to this opinion
  4963. illustrates the continuation of Missouri’s aggressive legislative tactics to
  4964. make abortion more difficult in the state.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  4965. &lt;/span&gt;Most notably, the state tried to deny the license of Missouri’s sole
  4966. remaining abortion clinic last year.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Indeed, Planned Parenthood officials in that
  4967. case accused Missouri of using the legislative process as a “weaponizing
  4968. mechanism designed to deny abortion access.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Had the Court allowed the appropriation bill
  4969. to pass constitutional muster, it would have deprived Planned Parenthood of
  4970. millions of dollars’ worth of medical services rendered.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Additionally, the organization provides other
  4971. essential health services such as cancer screenings, pap smears, and birth
  4972. control pills – all of which would be at risk without funding.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;While this decision allows Missouri women
  4973. continued access to safe sexual and reproductive healthcare for now, it is
  4974. likely only a matter of time before Missouri’s legislative actions face another
  4975. legal challenge.&lt;/span&gt;
  4976.  
  4977. &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
  4978.  
  4979. &lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
  4980.  
  4981. &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;
  4982.  
  4983. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4984.  
  4985. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  4986. &lt;/i&gt;Planned Parenthood of St. Louis Region v. Dep’t of Soc. Services, Division
  4987. of Medical Services, 602 S.W.3d 201 (Mo. banc 2020).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4988.  
  4989. &lt;/div&gt;
  4990.  
  4991. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4992.  
  4993. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  4994. at 204.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  4995.  
  4996. &lt;/div&gt;
  4997.  
  4998. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  4999.  
  5000. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5001.  
  5002. &lt;/div&gt;
  5003.  
  5004. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5005.  
  5006. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5007.  
  5008. &lt;/div&gt;
  5009.  
  5010. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5011.  
  5012. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  5013. House Bill No. 2011, § 11.800 (2018).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5014.  
  5015. &lt;/div&gt;
  5016.  
  5017. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5018.  
  5019. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  5020. Planned&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Parenthood&lt;/i&gt;, 602 S.W.3d at 206.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5021.  
  5022. &lt;/div&gt;
  5023.  
  5024. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5025.  
  5026. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5027.  
  5028. &lt;/div&gt;
  5029.  
  5030. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5031.  
  5032. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court vacated the circuit court’s
  5033. decision to tax costs against the state, holding such a tax to be without
  5034. statutory authorization.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5035.  
  5036. &lt;/div&gt;
  5037.  
  5038. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5039.  
  5040. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5041.  
  5042. &lt;/div&gt;
  5043.  
  5044. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5045.  
  5046. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5047.  
  5048. &lt;/div&gt;
  5049.  
  5050. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5051.  
  5052. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mo. Const.&lt;/span&gt; art. III, § 23.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5053.  
  5054. &lt;/div&gt;
  5055.  
  5056. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5057.  
  5058. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Planned&lt;/i&gt;
  5059. &lt;i&gt;Parenthood&lt;/i&gt;, 602 S.W.3d at 206.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5060.  
  5061. &lt;/div&gt;
  5062.  
  5063. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5064.  
  5065. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5066. (internal quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5067.  
  5068. &lt;/div&gt;
  5069.  
  5070. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5071.  
  5072. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5073. (internal quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5074.  
  5075. &lt;/div&gt;
  5076.  
  5077. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5078.  
  5079. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5080. at 208.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5081.  
  5082. &lt;/div&gt;
  5083.  
  5084. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5085.  
  5086. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5087.  
  5088. &lt;/div&gt;
  5089.  
  5090. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5091.  
  5092. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5093. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5094.  
  5095. &lt;/div&gt;
  5096.  
  5097. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5098.  
  5099. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5100. at 208–09.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5101.  
  5102. &lt;/div&gt;
  5103.  
  5104. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5105.  
  5106. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5107. at 209.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5108.  
  5109. &lt;/div&gt;
  5110.  
  5111. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5112.  
  5113. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5114.  
  5115. &lt;/div&gt;
  5116.  
  5117. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5118.  
  5119. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5120.  
  5121. &lt;/div&gt;
  5122.  
  5123. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5124.  
  5125. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5126. at 210.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5127.  
  5128. &lt;/div&gt;
  5129.  
  5130. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5131.  
  5132. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5133. at 211.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5134.  
  5135. &lt;/div&gt;
  5136.  
  5137. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5138.  
  5139. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5140. at 211–12. (internal quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5141.  
  5142. &lt;/div&gt;
  5143.  
  5144. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5145.  
  5146. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5147. at 212.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5148.  
  5149. &lt;/div&gt;
  5150.  
  5151. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5152.  
  5153. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5154.  
  5155. &lt;/div&gt;
  5156.  
  5157. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5158.  
  5159. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5160.  
  5161. &lt;/div&gt;
  5162.  
  5163. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5164.  
  5165. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5166.  
  5167. &lt;/div&gt;
  5168.  
  5169. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5170.  
  5171. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.
  5172. at 213.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5173.  
  5174. &lt;/div&gt;
  5175.  
  5176. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5177.  
  5178. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5179.  
  5180. &lt;/div&gt;
  5181.  
  5182. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5183.  
  5184. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5185.  
  5186. &lt;/div&gt;
  5187.  
  5188. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5189.  
  5190. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Joe
  5191. Harris, &lt;i&gt;Missouri Court Shuts Down Effort to Defund Planned Parenthood&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Courthouse News Service&lt;/span&gt; (June 30, 2020),
  5192. https://www.courthousenews.com/missouri-court-shuts-down-effort-to-defund-planned-parenthood/.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5193.  
  5194. &lt;/div&gt;
  5195.  
  5196. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5197.  
  5198. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5199.  
  5200. &lt;/div&gt;
  5201.  
  5202. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5203.  
  5204. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5205.  
  5206. &lt;/div&gt;
  5207.  
  5208. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5209.  
  5210. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/ssd7f/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Blog%20Stuff/Downing%20August%20(Brand%20Edits,%20LD%20check).docx#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5211.  
  5212. &lt;/div&gt;
  5213.  
  5214. &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2021/04/planned-parenthood-of-st-louis-region-v.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-7395199732297391143</guid><pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2020 01:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-11-15T19:45:25.049-06:00</atom:updated><title>June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo</title><description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;June Medical Services
  5215. L.L.C. v. Russo, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;140 S.
  5216. Ct. 2103&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5217.  
  5218. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Opinion
  5219. handed down June 29, 2020&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;By Lucy Downing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5220.  
  5221. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Introduction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5222.  
  5223. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In a five-four
  5224. decision, the United States Supreme Court struck down a Louisiana law requiring
  5225. physicians who provide abortions to obtain admitting privileges at a local
  5226. hospital.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Court held that the
  5227. Louisiana admitting privilege requirement, facially identical to a Texas law
  5228. the Court struck down four years ago in &lt;i&gt;Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt&lt;/i&gt;,
  5229. was an undue burden on abortion access.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;However,
  5230. the Court missed an opportunity to meaningfully address how targeted
  5231. regulations of abortion providers (“TRAP laws”) like the admitting priviliges
  5232. requirement at issue work in the greater context of abortion restrictions to
  5233. gradually chip away at the abortion right.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  5234. &lt;/span&gt;Justice Breyer, joined by Justices Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan, wrote
  5235. the plurality opinion.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5236.  
  5237. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Background&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5238.  
  5239. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In
  5240. June 2014, the Louisiana Legislature passed Act 620 which requires any
  5241. physician who performs abortions to hold “active admitting privileges at a
  5242. hospital that is located not further than thirty miles from the location at
  5243. which the abortion is performed or induced and that provides obstetrical or
  5244. gynecological health care services.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;To have “active admitting privileges,” a
  5245. doctor must be a member in good standing of the hospital’s medical staff with
  5246. the ability to admit a patient and to provide diagnostic and surgical services
  5247. to such patient.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Prior to Act 620’s passage, Louisiana law
  5248. already required abortion providers either to possess local hospital admitting
  5249. privileges or to have a transfer agreement with a physician who had such
  5250. privileges.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Act 620 removed that flexibility and attached
  5251. liability to physicians for failing to comply, possibly leading to “fines of up
  5252. to $4,000 per violation, license revocation, and civil liability.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5253.  
  5254. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Several
  5255. weeks before Act 620 was to take effect in September 2014, three abortion clinics
  5256. and two abortion providers filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for
  5257. the Middle District of Louisiana alleging that Act 620 was unconstitutional as
  5258. an undue burden on their patients’ rights to obtain abortions.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The plaintiffs sought a temporary restraining
  5259. order followed by a preliminary injunction to prevent the law from taking
  5260. effect.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The State opposed the temporary restraining
  5261. order and urged the district court to hold a hearing on the preliminary
  5262. injunction as soon as possible, but conceded that the physicians clearly had
  5263. standing to bring suit.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Instead of ruling on whether to stay Act
  5264. 620’s effective date, the district court temporarily prohibited the State from
  5265. enforcing the Act’s penalties and directed the plaintiff doctors to continue
  5266. their efforts to obtain conforming privileges while keeping the court informed
  5267. of their progress.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5268.  
  5269. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Legal Background&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5270.  
  5271. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In
  5272. June 2015, the District Court held a six-day bench trial on the preliminary
  5273. injunction.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;After hearing live testimony from a dozen
  5274. witnesses and making extensive factual findings on the issue, the district court
  5275. declared Act 620 facially unconstitutional and granted the preliminary
  5276. injunction on its enforcement.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5277.  
  5278. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The
  5279. State immediately appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth
  5280. Circuit asking for a stay of the preliminary injunction, which the court
  5281. granted.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The U.S. Supreme Court then granted its own
  5282. stay at the plaintiffs’ request, leaving the district court’s injunction
  5283. intact.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5284.  
  5285. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;About
  5286. two months later, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in &lt;i&gt;Whole
  5287. Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt&lt;/i&gt;, striking down a Texas law nearly identical
  5288. to the Louisiana law at issue here.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;Whole Woman’s Health&lt;/i&gt;, the Court
  5289. held that “unnecessary health regulations that have the purpose or effect of
  5290. presenting a substantial obstacle to a woman seeking an abortion impose an
  5291. undue burden on the right and are therefore constitutionally invalid.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Court then undertook a state-specific
  5292. analysis and assessed the asserted benefits and burdens of the law as it
  5293. operated in Texas.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Reviewing the record in that case, the Court held
  5294. that the Texas admitting privilege law did not further the State’s asserted
  5295. interest in women’s health because it provided no real health benefit—abortions
  5296. in Texas were extremely safe before the law’s passage, so there was no
  5297. health-related issue the law attempted to cure.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Futher, the law placed a substantial obstacle
  5298. in the path of Texas women seeking an abortion because half of the state’s
  5299. abortion clinics closed after the law went into effect.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Court then struck down the Texas law,
  5300. reasoning that the obstacle, “when viewed in light of the virtual absence of
  5301. any health benefit, imposed an undue burden on abortion access in violation of
  5302. the Federal Constitution.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5303.  
  5304. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;In light of &lt;i&gt;Whole
  5305. Woman’s Health&lt;/i&gt;, the Court remanded this case to the Fifth Circuit for
  5306. reconsideration and the Fifth Circuit remanded to the district court for
  5307. further fact-finding and a ruling on the plaintiffs’ request for a permanent
  5308. injunction regarding Act 620.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The district court made extensive factual
  5309. findings on the Act’s purported benefits and its impact on women’s access to
  5310. abortion in Louisiana.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;With respect to the Act’s asserted benefits,
  5311. the district court found that: (1) abortion in Louisiana “has been extremely
  5312. safe, with particularly low rates of serious complications”; (2) it “rarely . .
  5313. . is necessary to transfer patients to a hospital”; and (3) “whether or not a
  5314. patient’s treating physician has admitting privileges is not relevant to the
  5315. patient’s care.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Accordingly, the district court found there
  5316. was “no significant health-related problem that the new law helped to cure,”
  5317. and, thus, there was “no credible evidence in the record that Act 620 would
  5318. further the State’s interest in women’s health beyond that which is already
  5319. insured under existing Louisiana law.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5320.  
  5321. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As
  5322. to the Act’s burdens on women’s access to abortion, the district court found
  5323. that the approximately 10,000 women who obtain abortions in Louisiana each year
  5324. are served by six doctors at five abortion clinics, and that by the time of its
  5325. decision, two of those clinics had closed and one of the doctors had retired,
  5326. leaving only five physicians in the entire state who perform abortions, most of
  5327. whom were unable to obtain admitting privileges required by Act 620.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The district court further found that the
  5328. doctors’ inability to obtain privileges was “caused by Act 620 working in
  5329. concert with existing laws and practices, including hospital bylaws and
  5330. criteria that preclude or, at least greatly discourage, the granting of
  5331. privileges to abortion provers.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Thus, enforcing the Act would “result in a
  5332. drastic reduction in the number and geographic distribution of abortion
  5333. providers . . .” and prevent many women seeking a safe, legal abortion in
  5334. Louisiana from obtaining one.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The district court added that “Act 620 does
  5335. not advance Louisiana’s legitimate interest in protecting the health of women
  5336. seeking abortions.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Instead, Act 620 would
  5337. increase the risk of harm to women’s health by dramatically reducing the
  5338. availability of safe abortion in Louisiana.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Moreover, the court found no legally
  5339. significant distinction between Act 620 and the Texas law struck down in &lt;i&gt;Whole
  5340. Woman’s Health&lt;/i&gt; because Act 620 was modeled after the Texas law, functions
  5341. in the same manner, and similarly imposes significant obstacles to abortion
  5342. access with “no countervailing benefits.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Accordingly, the district court declared Act
  5343. 620 unconstitutional and entered a permanent injunction forbidding its
  5344. enforcement.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5345.  
  5346. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The
  5347. State appealed, and the Fifth Circuit reversed the district court’s decision.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Fifth Circuit disagreed with nearly all
  5348. of the district court’s findings regarding Act 620’s burdens, and it differentiated
  5349. the Act from the Texas law at issue in &lt;i&gt;Whole Woman’s Health&lt;/i&gt; concluding
  5350. that the burden Act 620 imposes on abortion access is “dramatically less” than
  5351. that imposed by the Texas law.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In terms of the Act’s asserted benefits, the Fifth
  5352. Circuit argued that, “unlike Texas, Louisiana presents some evidence of a
  5353. minimal benefit,” despite the district court’s contrary finding that the law
  5354. provided no real health benefit to women.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5355.  
  5356. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The
  5357. U.S. Supreme Court then issued a stay of the Fifth Circuit’s reversal at the
  5358. plaintiffs’ request and granted certiorari to address the Fifth Circuit’s
  5359. decision on the merits.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Court also granted the State’s
  5360. cross-petition for certiorari challenging the plaintiff’s standing to bring the
  5361. action.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5362.  
  5363. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Instant Decision&lt;/p&gt;
  5364.  
  5365. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The
  5366. opinion first addressed the State’s argument that the plaintiff physicians lacked
  5367. standing to bring suit on behalf of their patients. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Court held that the State waived that
  5368. argument when it conceded the physicians’ standing at the district court in order
  5369. to obtain a quick decision on the merits.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Further, the Court pointed out its long-standing
  5370. precedent of allowing abortion providers to invoke the rights of their actual
  5371. or potential patients in challenges to abortion-related regulations.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5372.  
  5373. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Turning
  5374. to the merits, the opinion reiterated the proper standard for assessing
  5375. abortion regulations: “a statute which, while furthering a valid state interest
  5376. has the effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman’s
  5377. choice cannot be considered a permissible means of serving its legitimate
  5378. ends.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Further, “unnecessary health regulations
  5379. impose an undue burden if they have the purpose or effect of presenting a
  5380. substantial obstacle to a woman seeking an abortion.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Noting that the Fifth Circuit did not take
  5381. issue with the legal standard used by the district court so much as the factual
  5382. findings it used in reaching its decision, the Court emphasized that “a
  5383. district court’s findings of fact, whether based on oral or other evidence,
  5384. must not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and the reviewing court must
  5385. give due regard to the trial court’s opportunity to judge the witnesses’
  5386. credibility.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This is a highly deferential standard, and a
  5387. court of appeals may not reverse a plausible account of the evidence given the
  5388. record, even if it would have weighed the evidence differently if it had been
  5389. sitting as the trier of fact.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5390.  
  5391. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;With
  5392. that standard in mind, the Court then carefully assessed whether the district court’s
  5393. findings were sufficient to support its conclusion that Act 620 was
  5394. unconstitutional.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It concluded that, in light of the record,
  5395. “the District Court’s significant factual findings—both as to burdens and as to
  5396. benefits—have ample evidentiary support.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
  5397. &lt;/span&gt;None is ‘clearly erroneous.’”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Court further concluded that “[t]his case
  5398. is similar to, [and] nearly identical with, &lt;i&gt;Whole Woman’s Health&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And the law must consequently reach a similar
  5399. conclusion.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Act 620 is
  5400. unconstitutional.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5401.  
  5402. &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;V.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Comment and Conclusion&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5403.  
  5404. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;While
  5405. the Court’s decision ended up striking down Louisiana’s admitting privilege
  5406. requirement, its continued use of a state-specific analysis leaves the door
  5407. open for states to continue strategically restricting abortion using the
  5408. argument that each state is different.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;TRAP
  5409. laws such as the admitting privileges requirement at issue do not further a
  5410. legitimate interest in women’s health.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The American Medical Association, American
  5411. Public Health Association, and American College of Obstetricians and
  5412. Gynecologists oppose these restrictions, recognizing that they serve no
  5413. legitimate purpose.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Today, abortion procedures are generally
  5414. quite safe, and TRAP laws ostensibly enacted under the guise of furthering
  5415. women’s health do no more than subject women to more health risks by making the
  5416. process of obtaining an abortion more burdensome.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  5417. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In practice, TRAP laws further strategic
  5418. legislative goals of eroding the abortion right into nonexistence.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5419.  
  5420. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;While admitting
  5421. privilege requirements have been struck down twice by the Court and blocked in
  5422. eight states, they are currently still in effect in Missouri, North Dakota, and
  5423. Utah.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In Missouri, for example, the admitting
  5424. privilege requirement acts as one piece of a complicated web of restrictions designed
  5425. to make access to abortion more difficult.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Other anti-abortion measures in Missouri
  5426. include strict limits on insurance coverage of abortion, a parental consent
  5427. requirement for minors, a mandate doctors counsel patients in a way that is
  5428. intended to dissuade them from obtaining the procedure, a mandatory
  5429. seventy-two-hour waiting period between clinic visits, and other similar
  5430. restrictions.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As the first state to enact an admitting
  5431. privilege requirement, Missouri has proven this strategy quite effective as the
  5432. state is down to one remaining abortion clinic.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;However, Missouri is not the only state using
  5433. this tactic.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;While the Court saw the Louisiana law for
  5434. what it really was, the opinion was limited to Louisiana and failed to
  5435. meaningfully address how admitting privilege requirements fit into the
  5436. framework of anti-abortion legislative strategies.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Thus, states like Missouri will likely
  5437. continue legislating to incrementally strip away abortion access. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5438.  
  5439. &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
  5440.  
  5441. &lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
  5442.  
  5443. &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;
  5444.  
  5445. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5446.  
  5447. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  5448. While Justice Roberts filed a concurring opinion and Justices Thomas, Alito,
  5449. Gorsuch, and Kavanaugh each filed dissenting opinions, this article focuses on
  5450. the plurality opinion.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5451.  
  5452. &lt;/div&gt;
  5453.  
  5454. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5455.  
  5456. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  5457. June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo, 140 S.Ct. 2112 (2020).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5458.  
  5459. &lt;/div&gt;
  5460.  
  5461. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5462.  
  5463. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5464. at 2113 (quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5465.  
  5466. &lt;/div&gt;
  5467.  
  5468. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5469.  
  5470. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5471.  
  5472. &lt;/div&gt;
  5473.  
  5474. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5475.  
  5476. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5477.  
  5478. &lt;/div&gt;
  5479.  
  5480. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5481.  
  5482. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5483.  
  5484. &lt;/div&gt;
  5485.  
  5486. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5487.  
  5488. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5489.  
  5490. &lt;/div&gt;
  5491.  
  5492. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5493.  
  5494. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5495. at 2113­–14.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5496.  
  5497. &lt;/div&gt;
  5498.  
  5499. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5500.  
  5501. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5502. at 2114.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5503.  
  5504. &lt;/div&gt;
  5505.  
  5506. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5507.  
  5508. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5509.  
  5510. &lt;/div&gt;
  5511.  
  5512. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5513.  
  5514. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5515.  
  5516. &lt;/div&gt;
  5517.  
  5518. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5519.  
  5520. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5521.  
  5522. &lt;/div&gt;
  5523.  
  5524. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5525.  
  5526. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5527.  
  5528. &lt;/div&gt;
  5529.  
  5530. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5531.  
  5532. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Whole
  5533. Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S.Ct. 2292 (2016).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5534.  
  5535. &lt;/div&gt;
  5536.  
  5537. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5538.  
  5539. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5540.  
  5541. &lt;/div&gt;
  5542.  
  5543. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5544.  
  5545. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5546.  
  5547. &lt;/div&gt;
  5548.  
  5549. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5550.  
  5551. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5552.  
  5553. &lt;/div&gt;
  5554.  
  5555. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5556.  
  5557. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5558.  
  5559. &lt;/div&gt;
  5560.  
  5561. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5562.  
  5563. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5564.  
  5565. &lt;/div&gt;
  5566.  
  5567. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5568.  
  5569. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; June
  5570. Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo, 140 S.Ct. 2112, 2113­–14 (2020).&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5571.  
  5572. &lt;/div&gt;
  5573.  
  5574. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5575.  
  5576. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5577. at 2114-16.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5578.  
  5579. &lt;/div&gt;
  5580.  
  5581. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5582.  
  5583. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5584. at 2114­–15 (quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5585.  
  5586. &lt;/div&gt;
  5587.  
  5588. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5589.  
  5590. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5591. at 2115 (quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5592.  
  5593. &lt;/div&gt;
  5594.  
  5595. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5596.  
  5597. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5598.  
  5599. &lt;/div&gt;
  5600.  
  5601. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5602.  
  5603. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5604. (quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5605.  
  5606. &lt;/div&gt;
  5607.  
  5608. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5609.  
  5610. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5611. at 2115–16.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5612.  
  5613. &lt;/div&gt;
  5614.  
  5615. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5616.  
  5617. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5618. at 2116.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5619.  
  5620. &lt;/div&gt;
  5621.  
  5622. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5623.  
  5624. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5625.  
  5626. &lt;/div&gt;
  5627.  
  5628. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5629.  
  5630. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5631.  
  5632. &lt;/div&gt;
  5633.  
  5634. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5635.  
  5636. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5637.  
  5638. &lt;/div&gt;
  5639.  
  5640. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5641.  
  5642. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5643.  
  5644. &lt;/div&gt;
  5645.  
  5646. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5647.  
  5648. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5649.  
  5650. &lt;/div&gt;
  5651.  
  5652. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5653.  
  5654. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5655. at 2117.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5656.  
  5657. &lt;/div&gt;
  5658.  
  5659. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5660.  
  5661. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5662.  
  5663. &lt;/div&gt;
  5664.  
  5665. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5666.  
  5667. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5668. at 2117–18.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5669.  
  5670. &lt;/div&gt;
  5671.  
  5672. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5673.  
  5674. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.
  5675. &lt;/i&gt;at 2118-19.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5676.  
  5677. &lt;/div&gt;
  5678.  
  5679. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5680.  
  5681. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5682. (quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5683.  
  5684. &lt;/div&gt;
  5685.  
  5686. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5687.  
  5688. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5689. (quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5690.  
  5691. &lt;/div&gt;
  5692.  
  5693. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5694.  
  5695. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5696. at 2121 (quotations omitted).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5697.  
  5698. &lt;/div&gt;
  5699.  
  5700. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5701.  
  5702. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5703.  
  5704. &lt;/div&gt;
  5705.  
  5706. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5707.  
  5708. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See&lt;/i&gt;
  5709. &lt;i&gt;id.&lt;/i&gt; at 2122–32.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5710.  
  5711. &lt;/div&gt;
  5712.  
  5713. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5714.  
  5715. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5716. at 2132.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5717.  
  5718. &lt;/div&gt;
  5719.  
  5720. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5721.  
  5722. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5723. at 2133.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5724.  
  5725. &lt;/div&gt;
  5726.  
  5727. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5728.  
  5729. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  5730. &lt;/i&gt;Elizabeth Nash &amp;amp; Megan Donovan, &lt;i&gt;Admitting Privileges Are Back at the
  5731. U.S. Supreme Court with Serious Implications for Abortion Access&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Guttmacher Inst.&lt;/span&gt; (last visited Sept. 18,
  5732. 2020), &lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2019/10/admitting-privileges-are-back-us-supreme-court-serious-implications-abortion-access&quot;&gt;https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2019/10/admitting-privileges-are-back-us-supreme-court-serious-implications-abortion-access&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.
  5733. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5734.  
  5735. &lt;/div&gt;
  5736.  
  5737. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5738.  
  5739. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5740.  
  5741. &lt;/div&gt;
  5742.  
  5743. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5744.  
  5745. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5746.  
  5747. &lt;/div&gt;
  5748.  
  5749. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5750.  
  5751. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref47&quot; name=&quot;_ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5752.  
  5753. &lt;/div&gt;
  5754.  
  5755. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5756.  
  5757. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See&lt;/i&gt;
  5758. A Dark Milestone for Women’s Rights: A State With No Abortion Clinics, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;N.Y. Times&lt;/span&gt; (May 28, 2019), https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/opinion/missouri-abortion-clinic.html.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5759.  
  5760. &lt;/div&gt;
  5761.  
  5762. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5763.  
  5764. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5765.  
  5766. &lt;/div&gt;
  5767.  
  5768. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5769.  
  5770. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5771.  
  5772. &lt;/div&gt;
  5773.  
  5774. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  5775.  
  5776. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Downing%20July%20Final%20for%20Publishing.docx#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;See
  5777. id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5778.  
  5779. &lt;/div&gt;
  5780.  
  5781. &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2020/11/june-medical-services-llc-v-russo.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-2109313332764767626</guid><pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2020 16:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-11-15T19:56:14.581-06:00</atom:updated><title>Perverted Preference?: The Dark Potential of the Contemporaneous Exchange  for New Value Exception to Voidable Preferences</title><description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perverted Preference?: The Dark
  5782. Potential of the Contemporaneous Exchange&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, serif; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;for New Value Exception to
  5783. Voidable Preferences&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, serif; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;In re &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Times, serif; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;Gas-Mart USA, Inc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif;&quot;&gt;, 613 B.R. 168, 170 (B.A.P.
  5784. 8th Cir. 2020)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;By Sam Brand&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  5785. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;While every area
  5786. of the law is shaped by public policy considerations, the field of bankruptcy
  5787. law tends to rely on a &lt;i&gt;different&lt;/i&gt; policy rationale at almost every turn. &amp;nbsp;The most basic goal of a successful bankruptcy
  5788. is to provide the debtor with the means to either pursue a fresh start or
  5789. reorganize their debt by creating a sustainable plan.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The most pervasive competing goal with that
  5790. of the debtor’s wellbeing is the preservation of value for the benefit of
  5791. creditors.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Put simply, bankruptcy serves primarily as a
  5792. debtor’s remedy, but the Bankruptcy Code (“Code”) attempts to prevent debtors
  5793. from devaluing the bankruptcy estate which must be used to pay off unsecured
  5794. creditors.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;One way in which
  5795. the Code seeks to preserve value for the estate is through the concept of a
  5796. “voidable preference.” &amp;nbsp;A voidable
  5797. preference is defined as: (1) a transfer of money or an interest in property by
  5798. the debtor to a creditor; (2) to settle an antecedent debt; (3) made while the
  5799. debtor is insolvent; (4) made within the ninety days immediately preceding the
  5800. filing of a bankruptcy petition; and (5) which enables a creditor to receive
  5801. more than it would receive under Chapter 7&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The general rule is that any transfer the
  5802. court determines to be a voidable preference may be retracted from the
  5803. creditor, back to the bankruptcy estate.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The main purpose of this seemingly obscure
  5804. section is to prevent debtors from unfairly providing payment to select
  5805. creditors just before filing bankruptcy, leaving the remaining creditors to split
  5806. up the left-over scraps.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;While the aims of
  5807. preference law are noble, there are several exceptions to the general rule that
  5808. create problems for bankruptcy trustees trying to preserve the value of the
  5809. bankruptcy estate. &amp;nbsp;Through the lens of &lt;i&gt;In
  5810. re Gas-Mart&lt;/i&gt;, this article will discuss the “contemporaneous exchange for
  5811. new value” exception to preference law contained in § 547(c)(1).&amp;nbsp; Ultimately, this article will propose that
  5812. this exception, as it has been applied in &lt;i&gt;In re Gas-Mart&lt;/i&gt;, has the
  5813. potential to be severely abused and may defeat the principles of fairness upon
  5814. which preference law was founded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif;&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  5815. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Factual Background&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Prior to filing
  5816. bankruptcy in July 2015, Gas-Mart (the debtor) held deposit accounts at Wells
  5817. Fargo Bank and issued checks in excess of the balance of the accounts.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Gas-Mart and Wells Fargo entered into an
  5818. agreement under which Gas-Mart scheduled its repayment of the debt on the
  5819. accounts and granted Wells Fargo a security interest in all its assets.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;In March 2015,
  5820. Gas-Mart agreed to sell its real estate and personal property from nineteen Gas-Mart
  5821. locations for a total of $27 million; the contract, which closed on April 30,
  5822. 2015, required the sold assets to be free of all liens.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; To facilitate the requirement that the sold
  5823. assets were not subject to a lien, Gas-Mart agreed to give proceeds from the
  5824. sale to its creditors in return for lien releases.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Sun Life, a creditor, agreed to receive
  5825. roughly $14 million in proceeds from the sale as partial payment of Gas-Mart’s
  5826. debt in return for a lien release.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Wells Fargo received $1.3 million from the
  5827. sale in partial payment of its debt in return for a lien release.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  5828. Additionally, Wells Fargo received a payment from Gas-Mart of $100,000 on April
  5829. 29, one day before the sale closed.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  5830. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Instant Decision&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Before digging
  5831. into the issues in the case, the court discussed what the contemporaneous
  5832. exchange for new value exception is.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This exception prevents a trustee from
  5833. avoiding a preferential transfer where the transfer was intended by the debtor
  5834. and creditor to be a contemporaneous exchange for new value given to the
  5835. debtor.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The key consideration, and therefore the crux
  5836. of the issue in this case, is the definition of “new value.”&amp;nbsp; The court looked to existing case law to
  5837. determine that the release of a lien can constitute new value.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The court noted the policy rational behind
  5838. the exception: “Contemporaneous new value exchanges are excepted from avoidance
  5839. because they ‘encourage creditors to continue doing business with troubled
  5840. debtors who may then be able to avoid bankruptcy altogether,’ and ‘because
  5841. other creditors are not adversely affected if the debtor&#39;s estate receives new
  5842. value.’”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As applied to the
  5843. case, the key issue for the court was whether Sun Life’s release of its liens
  5844. for less than full payment of its debt allowed Wells Fargo’s lien release to
  5845. provide Gas-Mart with new value in exchange for the $1.4 million in payment.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; As a starting point, the court noted that
  5846. Wells Fargo’s interest in Gas-Mart’s property was junior to Sun Life’s; Sun
  5847. Life agreed to release its liens for payment of less than what it was owed, and
  5848. as a result, funds were made available to pay Wells Fargo, with the excess
  5849. returning to the debtor.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The trustee objected to this deal in that it
  5850. did not actually provide “new value” to the debtor. &amp;nbsp;The trustee argued that if a senior creditor –
  5851. here Sun Life – “is not paid in full from the value of its collateral as the
  5852. result of a sale, that release of junior liens on the sale property should have
  5853. no corresponding value for the purposes of § 547(c)(1)”.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The court
  5854. disagreed with the trustee. &amp;nbsp;The court
  5855. articulated that the lien releases of Wells Fargo and Sun Life were contingent
  5856. on each other.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; While it is true that the lien release of a
  5857. junior creditor is worthless to the debtor when the senior creditor still
  5858. possesses a lien, if &lt;i&gt;both&lt;/i&gt; creditors release their liens for less than
  5859. full value, the debtor has acquired new value in reduced debt, despite the fact
  5860. that the junior lien would have been worthless under ordinary circumstances.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As a last-ditch
  5861. effort, the trustee argued that Sun Life agreed to take less than the amount
  5862. owed because Wells Fargo impermissibly demanded payment in exchange for the
  5863. release of its junior liens.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The court responded that this demand merely
  5864. reflected the demands of the buyer in the overall deal and was fully
  5865. permissible.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  5866. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Comment&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;On its surface, &lt;i&gt;In
  5867. re Gas-Mart&lt;/i&gt; looks like a relatively cut-and-dry case.&amp;nbsp; It is hard to argue with the court’s finding
  5868. that new value was added to the bankruptcy estate based on the lien releases of
  5869. both Sun Life and Wells Fargo.&amp;nbsp; Yet, when
  5870. considering the motivations of the parties, the facts do not seem to add
  5871. up.&amp;nbsp; The biggest question this case
  5872. raises is why Sun Life agreed to release its liens in the first place. &amp;nbsp;As a secured creditor, Sun Life was guaranteed
  5873. to receive payment in bankruptcy up to the value of the secured collateral.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Therefore, when Sun Life released its liens
  5874. for far less than their face value, it presumably took on a substantial loss in
  5875. order to ensure the sale went through. &amp;nbsp;This
  5876. begs the question: why?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The most likely
  5877. answer is that Sun Life intentionally overvalued its liens, so that when it released
  5878. the liens in return for a kickback from the sale, it was not actually taking a
  5879. loss.&amp;nbsp; This theory is nearly impossible
  5880. to prove, but it is perhaps the only explanation for Sun Life’s bizarre
  5881. behavior in this case.&amp;nbsp; In the grander
  5882. scheme, it does not matter whether this theory is true, but &lt;i&gt;In re Gas-Mart&lt;/i&gt;
  5883. illustrates a way in which a creditor can use the contemporaneous exchange for
  5884. new value exception to circumvent preference law entirely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Valuation of
  5885. assets in bankruptcy is a notoriously tricky business, so much so that each
  5886. party usually acquires a separate appraisal, leaving the judge to determine a &lt;i&gt;fair
  5887. &lt;/i&gt;appraisal.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; If a creditor succeeds in convincing the
  5888. court that the value of its lien is greater than the actual value of the asset,
  5889. a wily creditor could abuse the contemporaneous exchange for new value
  5890. exception in much the same way as Sun Life.&amp;nbsp;
  5891. Rather than waiting for the slow process of bankruptcy to take its
  5892. course, this creditor could simply agree to release its overvalued lien in
  5893. exchange for a payment from the debtor for less than the full value of the
  5894. lien.&amp;nbsp; When all is said and done, the
  5895. creditor will have gotten far more than it would likely have received had it
  5896. merely acquired the property in bankruptcy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, serif;&quot;&gt;V.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  5897. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;While it is
  5898. unclear if this is what happened in &lt;i&gt;In re Gas-Mart&lt;/i&gt;, judges must be wary
  5899. of attempts to malign the bankruptcy process through inaccurate valuation
  5900. practices.&amp;nbsp; This warning may not shock
  5901. bankruptcy judges who deal with valuation issues on a near daily basis, but it
  5902. serves as another reminder that the Bankruptcy Code is not perfect.&amp;nbsp; While the contemporaneous exchange for new
  5903. value exception provides room for debtors to bargain with creditors, judges
  5904. must remain vigilant in order to preserve the value of the bankruptcy estate
  5905. for the sake of the bankruptcy trustee and any unsecured creditors. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  5906.  
  5907.  
  5908.  
  5909.  
  5910.  
  5911.  
  5912.  
  5913.  
  5914.  
  5915.  
  5916.  
  5917.  
  5918.  
  5919.  
  5920.  
  5921.  
  5922.  
  5923.  
  5924.  
  5925.  
  5926.  
  5927.  
  5928.  
  5929.  
  5930.  
  5931.  
  5932.  
  5933.  
  5934.  
  5935.  
  5936.  
  5937.  
  5938.  
  5939.  
  5940.  
  5941.  
  5942.  
  5943.  
  5944.  
  5945.  
  5946.  
  5947.  
  5948.  
  5949.  
  5950.  
  5951.  
  5952.  
  5953.  
  5954.  
  5955. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
  5956.  
  5957. &lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
  5958.  
  5959. &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;
  5960.  
  5961. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
  5962.  
  5963. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Warren et al.,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;The Law of Debtors and Creditors&lt;/span&gt; 6–7
  5964. (2014).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5965.  
  5966. &lt;/div&gt;
  5967.  
  5968. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
  5969.  
  5970. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  5971. at 7.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5972.  
  5973. &lt;/div&gt;
  5974.  
  5975. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
  5976.  
  5977. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 11
  5978. U.S.C. § 547(b).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5979.  
  5980. &lt;/div&gt;
  5981.  
  5982. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
  5983.  
  5984. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5985.  
  5986. &lt;/div&gt;
  5987.  
  5988. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;
  5989.  
  5990. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  5991. Robert Weisberg, &lt;i&gt;Commercial Morality, the Merchant Character, and the
  5992. History of the Voidable Preference&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;39
  5993. Stan. L. Rev. 3&lt;/span&gt; (1986).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  5994.  
  5995. &lt;/div&gt;
  5996.  
  5997. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;
  5998.  
  5999. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;In
  6000. re&lt;/i&gt; Gas-Mart USA, Inc., 613 B.R. 168, 170–71 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2020).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6001.  
  6002. &lt;/div&gt;
  6003.  
  6004. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;
  6005.  
  6006. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.
  6007. &lt;/i&gt;at 171.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6008.  
  6009. &lt;/div&gt;
  6010.  
  6011. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;
  6012.  
  6013. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6014.  
  6015. &lt;/div&gt;
  6016.  
  6017. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;
  6018.  
  6019. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  6020. at 171, 174. &amp;nbsp;This case also involved a
  6021. tax lien by the IRS, but for the purposes of this article, the tax lien release
  6022. operated in much the same way as the Wells Fargo release. For the sake of
  6023. clarity and conciseness, the issue of the tax lien will not be addressed
  6024. herein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6025.  
  6026. &lt;/div&gt;
  6027.  
  6028. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;
  6029.  
  6030. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  6031. at 171.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6032.  
  6033. &lt;/div&gt;
  6034.  
  6035. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;
  6036.  
  6037. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6038.  
  6039. &lt;/div&gt;
  6040.  
  6041. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;
  6042.  
  6043. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6044.  
  6045. &lt;/div&gt;
  6046.  
  6047. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot;&gt;
  6048.  
  6049. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6050. This case addressed other issues in addition to what is discussed here. This
  6051. article focuses on the “new value” issue and does not address the issues
  6052. related to flexibility of the contemporaneous exchange requirement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6053.  
  6054. &lt;/div&gt;
  6055.  
  6056. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot;&gt;
  6057.  
  6058. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;In
  6059. re Gas-Mart,&lt;/i&gt; 613 B.R. at 172.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6060.  
  6061. &lt;/div&gt;
  6062.  
  6063. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot;&gt;
  6064.  
  6065. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 11
  6066. U.S.C. § 547(c)(1); &lt;i&gt;In re Gas-Mart&lt;/i&gt;, 613 B.R. at 172.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6067.  
  6068. &lt;/div&gt;
  6069.  
  6070. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot;&gt;
  6071.  
  6072. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;In
  6073. re Gas-Mart&lt;/i&gt;, 613 B.R. at 172 (first citing Velde v. Kirsch, 543 F.3d 469,
  6074. 474 (8th Cir. 2008) (recognizing new value under&amp;nbsp;§ 547(c)(1) by release of
  6075. a lien on debtor&#39;s assets);&amp;nbsp;then citing Velde v. Reinhardt, 294 Fed. Appx.
  6076. 242, 243 (8th Cir. 2008) (same)).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6077.  
  6078. &lt;/div&gt;
  6079.  
  6080. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot;&gt;
  6081.  
  6082. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;
  6083. Id&lt;/i&gt;. (citing Dietz v. Calandrillo (&lt;i&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; Genmar Holdings, Inc.), 776
  6084. F.3d 961, 963 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting Jones Truck Lines, Inc. v. Central
  6085. States, S.E. and S.W. Areas Pension Fund (&lt;i&gt;In re&lt;/i&gt; Jones Truck Lines,
  6086. Inc.), 130 F.3d 323, 326 (8th Cir. 1997))).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6087.  
  6088. &lt;/div&gt;
  6089.  
  6090. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot;&gt;
  6091.  
  6092. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;
  6093. at 173.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6094.  
  6095. &lt;/div&gt;
  6096.  
  6097. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot;&gt;
  6098.  
  6099. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6100.  
  6101. &lt;/div&gt;
  6102.  
  6103. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot;&gt;
  6104.  
  6105. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6106.  
  6107. &lt;/div&gt;
  6108.  
  6109. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot;&gt;
  6110.  
  6111. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6112.  
  6113. &lt;/div&gt;
  6114.  
  6115. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot;&gt;
  6116.  
  6117. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6118.  
  6119. &lt;/div&gt;
  6120.  
  6121. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot;&gt;
  6122.  
  6123. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6124.  
  6125. &lt;/div&gt;
  6126.  
  6127. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot;&gt;
  6128.  
  6129. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Id.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6130.  
  6131. &lt;/div&gt;
  6132.  
  6133. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot;&gt;
  6134.  
  6135. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 11
  6136. U.S.C. § 506(a).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6137.  
  6138. &lt;/div&gt;
  6139.  
  6140. &lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot;&gt;
  6141.  
  6142. &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/srs638/Dropbox/Law%20School/Law%20Review/Final%20Docs%20for%20Blog%20Publishing/Brand%20July%20(Brand%20final%20edits).docx#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Douglas
  6143. G. Baird, Donald S. Bernstein,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Absolute Priority, Valuation
  6144. Uncertainty, and the Reorganization Bargain&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;115 Yale L.J&lt;/span&gt;. 1930-33 (2006).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  6145.  
  6146. &lt;/div&gt;
  6147.  
  6148. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
  6149.  
  6150. &lt;/div&gt;
  6151.  
  6152. &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2020/10/perverted-preference-darkpotential-of.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-732302782077318128</guid><pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2019 21:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-04-29T16:40:36.675-05:00</atom:updated><title>State ex rel. McCree v. Dalton</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6153. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6154. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.courts.mo.gov/file.jsp?id=138173&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.courts.mo.gov/file.jsp?id=138173&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;handed down March 19, 2019&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6155. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6156. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In a plurality opinion of three judges, the
  6157. Supreme Court of Missouri declined to issue a writ of mandamus.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20ex%20rel.%20McCree%20-%20Combined%20Edits4261.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;In this case the circuit court refused to
  6158. dismiss a driving while intoxicated charge when the defendant’s blood alcohol concentration
  6159. (“BAC”) was below .08% and no evidence was presented that the defendant was
  6160. intoxicated.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20ex%20rel.%20McCree%20-%20Combined%20Edits4261.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Judge Patricia Breckenridge issued a concurring
  6161. opinion and Chief Justice Zel M. Fisher issued a dissenting opinion, which was
  6162. joined by Judges George W. Draper III and Laura Denvir Stith.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20ex%20rel.%20McCree%20-%20Combined%20Edits4261.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6163. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/state-ex-rel-mccree-v-dalton.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/state-ex-rel-mccree-v-dalton.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-602847373046237156</guid><pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2019 16:11:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-04-29T11:11:58.695-05:00</atom:updated><title>Lampley v. Missouri Commission on Human Rights</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6164. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6165. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2019-sc96828.pdf?ts=1551208487&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down February 26,2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6166. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6167. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;In 2014, two State of Missouri employees filed related
  6168. charges of discrimination and retaliation against their employer.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Lampley%20Article%20-%20Final%20(002).docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The charges, filed with the Missouri
  6169. Commission on Human Rights (“Commission”), alleged discrimination based on sex
  6170. under the Missouri Human Rights Act (“Act”).&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Lampley%20Article%20-%20Final%20(002).docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Commission determined the discrimination
  6171. complaints were based on sexual orientation, which is not a protected group
  6172. within the Act and administratively closed the matter.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Lampley%20Article%20-%20Final%20(002).docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The closure of the complaint denied the
  6173. plaintiffs right-to-sue letters, and so they asked the circuit court to force
  6174. the Commission to issue such letters.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Lampley%20Article%20-%20Final%20(002).docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The circuit court entered summary judgment in
  6175. favor of the Commission, which was then appealed to the Supreme Court of
  6176. Missouri.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Lampley%20Article%20-%20Final%20(002).docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri ruled in favor
  6177. of the employees and held that the discrimination alleged was not based on
  6178. sexual orientation but rather sex stereotyping, which does fall under the
  6179. category of sex in the Act, and that the Commission should be compelled to
  6180. issue right-to-sue letters.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Lampley%20Article%20-%20Final%20(002).docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6181. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/lampley-v-missouri-commission-on-human.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/lampley-v-missouri-commission-on-human.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-5551621342926304864</guid><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2019 13:35:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-04-16T08:35:48.963-05:00</atom:updated><title>R.M.A. v. Blue Springs R-IV School District</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6182. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6183. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2019-sc96683.pdf?ts=1551208489&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinionhanded down February 26, 2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6184. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6185. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;I. Introduction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6186. &lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6187. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;R.M.A.,
  6188. a transgender student attending high school in the Blue Springs R-IV School
  6189. District (“School District”), brought a discrimination lawsuit against the
  6190. School District and the Blue Springs School District Board of Education
  6191. (“School Board”) alleging both entities unlawfully discriminated against him on
  6192. the basis of his sex in violation of the Missouri Human Rights Act (“MHRA”).&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/RMA%20v.%20Blue%20Springs%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;MS Mincho&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;After filing his lawsuit, the School District
  6193. and School Board (collectively, “Defendants”) filed a motion to dismiss for failure
  6194. to state a claim, which the circuit court sustained “without explanation.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/RMA%20v.%20Blue%20Springs%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;MS Mincho&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;R.M.A. appealed.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/RMA%20v.%20Blue%20Springs%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;MS Mincho&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri reversed the
  6195. circuit court’s entry of judgment against R.M.A., holding that the facts set
  6196. forth in his petition, if taken as true, establish a claim for sex
  6197. discrimination under the MHRA.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/RMA%20v.%20Blue%20Springs%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;MS Mincho&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6198. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/rma-v-blue-springs-r-iv-school-district.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/rma-v-blue-springs-r-iv-school-district.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-8115802662969915111</guid><pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 15:53:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-04-01T10:56:03.885-05:00</atom:updated><title>State ex rel. Cullen v. Harrell</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6199. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6200. &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2019-sc97008.pdf?ts=1551208485&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down February 26, 2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6201. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6202. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In a 4-3 decision, the Supreme Court of Missouri
  6203. decided whether a motion to compel the production of documents was properly
  6204. granted after a trial court entered a final judgment in a dissolution action.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Harrell%20-%20Combined%20Edits2792.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The court held that a trial court may grant a
  6205. motion to compel when it does so to effectuate the terms of its prior judgment.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Harrell%20-%20Combined%20Edits2792.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6206. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/state-ex-rel-cullen-v-harrell.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/04/state-ex-rel-cullen-v-harrell.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-4212372021225628582</guid><pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2019 19:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-03-04T13:40:25.860-06:00</atom:updated><title>State v. Patrick</title><description>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6207. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/court-of-appeals/2019-wd80777.pdf?ts=1546965002&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down January 8, 2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6208. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6209. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;At 7:30 a.m. November 7, 2016, a phone call was made to
  6210. 911.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The caller, identified in court documents as
  6211. H.P., called 911 to report a disturbance from the night before involving her
  6212. son, Derrick Patrick (“Patrick”).&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Police were dispatched to the family
  6213. residence and an investigation ensued.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The police investigation explored allegations
  6214. of an altercation between Patrick and family members the evening before, but
  6215. during the course of the 911 call, another possible altercation arose – this
  6216. time between Patrick and H.P.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Patrick was charged with third degree
  6217. domestic assault, a class A misdemeanor, for an alleged altercation with H.P.
  6218. during the phone call she made to 911.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A bench trial was held in Boone County,
  6219. Missouri, that included the admission of portions of a police officer’s body
  6220. camera footage and a recording of H.P.’s 911 call.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Patrick was found guilty by the trial court.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Patrick appealed the decision to the Missouri
  6221. Court of Appeals for the Western District, contending that the trial court
  6222. abused its discretion in admitting the 911 call and the police body camera
  6223. footage.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/State%20v.%20Patrick%20CM%20final%20edit.docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6224. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/03/state-v-patrick.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/03/state-v-patrick.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-3127164345437931376</guid><pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 2019 14:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-28T08:19:12.013-06:00</atom:updated><title>Rodriguez v. Swartz</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6225. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6226. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2018/08/07/15-16410.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down August 7, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6227. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
  6228. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6229. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6230. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;In
  6231. 2010 and 2012, while on duty, two different Border Patrol agents shot from
  6232. American soil across the border into Mexico, each killing a Mexican teenager.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Cavender%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This post centers on the civil case levied
  6233. against the border agent involved in the latter incident; it ultimately forms
  6234. legal conclusions on the viability of holding the agent civilly liable for
  6235. money damages based on a &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Bivens &lt;/i&gt;claim.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Cavender%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6236. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Part I reviews the facts and holding of
  6237. the case. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Part II lays out the two major
  6238. legal frameworks at play. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Part III
  6239. examines the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit’s decision on the
  6240. matter, which both antagonizes and rejects that of the U.S. Court of Appeals for
  6241. the Fifth Circuit.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Cavender%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The remaining Part offers a commentary on both
  6242. the soundness of the Ninth Circuit’s decision and a prediction of the future.&lt;/div&gt;
  6243. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/02/rodriguez-v-swartz.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/02/rodriguez-v-swartz.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-3709041778534238532</guid><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2019 15:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-27T09:47:30.361-06:00</atom:updated><title>Kader v. Board of Regents of Harris-Stowe State University</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6244. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6245. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2019-sc97069.pdf?ts=1547579255&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down January 15, 2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6246. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6247. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;I. Introduction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6248. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6249. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dr. Shereen Kader, Ph.D., an
  6250. Egyptian national, worked for Harris-Stowe State University from 2007-2009.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6251. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;In 2009, a new dean evaluated Dr.
  6252. Kader’s performance.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6253. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Dr. Kader believed her scores on the
  6254. performance evaluation were unfair and discriminatory.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6255. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Dr. Kader wanted to bring her attorney
  6256. to a human resources meeting planned to take place between the new dean and Dr.
  6257. Kader.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6258. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;In response, the new dean allegedly told
  6259. Dr. Kader that bringing her attorney to the meeting would result in “visa complications”
  6260. – the alleged statement was significant to Dr. Kader because her ability to
  6261. live and work in the United States depended on acquiring a new visa when her
  6262. then-current visa expired in 2010.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6263. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Shortly before Dr. Kader’s visa expired,
  6264. she applied for a different visa – known as an “extraordinary person” visa –
  6265. but was denied.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6266. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Harris-Stowe did not appeal the denial
  6267. and soon thereafter declined to renew Dr. Kader’s teaching contract based on
  6268. her lack of a valid visa.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6269. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Dr. Kader sued under the Missouri Human
  6270. Rights Act (“MHRA”), alleging that Harris-Stowe unlawfully retaliated against
  6271. her and unlawfully discriminated against her based on her race and national
  6272. origin.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6273. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;After a jury trial, Dr. Kader was
  6274. awarded $750,000 in compensatory and $1.75 million in punitive damages on her
  6275. retaliation and national origin discrimination claims.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6276. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;However, Harris-Stowe appealed, arguing
  6277. the jury instructions in the case were “erroneous and prejudicial.”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6278. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri agreed,
  6279. and the judgment in favor of Dr. Kader was reversed and remanded for a new
  6280. trial.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kader%20v%20HS%20-%20Final%20to%20Ray.docx#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6281. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/02/kader-v-board-of-regents-of-harris.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/02/kader-v-board-of-regents-of-harris.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-3439309125710886733</guid><pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2019 00:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-20T18:20:13.018-06:00</atom:updated><title>Whose Right to Try?: Eligibility of the Severely Mentally Ill Under the Right to Try Act of 2017</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6282. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6283. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;I. Introduction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6284. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6285. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6286. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6287. In May of 2018,
  6288. the Trickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, Jordan McLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right
  6289. to Try Act of 2017 (“Right to Try Act”) was signed into law in order to
  6290. “authorize the use of unapproved medical products by patients diagnosed with a
  6291. terminal illness” as an “alternative pathway alongside, existing expanded
  6292. access policies of the Food and Drug Administration [(“FDA”)]. . . .”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Baumgart%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  While drafting the law, questions arose over
  6293. what types of diseases and conditions would be covered by the Right to Try Act
  6294. and whether those differed from existing laws allowing access to
  6295. investigational drugs.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Baumgart%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6296. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6297. Given that nearly
  6298. 45,000 Americans die of suicide each year,&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Baumgart%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6299. and that people with severe mental illnesses have a twenty-times higher risk of
  6300. suicide than the general population,&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Baumgart%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6301. such questioning by the drafters begs another: Does the Right to Try Act allow
  6302. patients with severe mental illnesses access to experimental drugs absent a
  6303. comorbid physical condition?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6304. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6305. &lt;/div&gt;
  6306. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/02/whose-right-to-try-eligibility-of.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2019/02/whose-right-to-try-eligibility-of.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-4338820115635778812</guid><pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2018 20:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-06-04T10:21:40.166-05:00</atom:updated><title>A-1 Premium Acceptance, Inc. v. Hunter</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6307. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6308. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2018-sc96672.pdf?ts=1539713178&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2018-sc96672.pdf?ts=1539713178&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;n handed down October 16, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6309. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6310. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A-1
  6311. Premium Acceptance, Inc. (“A-1”) gave high interest loans to Meeka Hunter in an
  6312. amount totaling $800.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/A-1%20DO%20-%20Combined%20Edits1908.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Hunter eventually defaulted on the loans when
  6313. she owed over $7,000.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/A-1%20DO%20-%20Combined%20Edits1908.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A-1 filed a lawsuit against Hunter and she
  6314. counterclaimed.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/A-1%20DO%20-%20Combined%20Edits1908.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The loan contracts contained an arbitration
  6315. provision that required the borrower to use the National Arbitration Forum (“NAF”)
  6316. to settle disputes.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/A-1%20DO%20-%20Combined%20Edits1908.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;However, the NAF was unable to arbitrate her dispute
  6317. after it was prosecuted by the Minnesota Attorney General and required by the
  6318. court to stop arbitrating commercial disputes.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/A-1%20DO%20-%20Combined%20Edits1908.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A-1 motioned to compel arbitration and have
  6319. the court assign another arbitrator.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/A-1%20DO%20-%20Combined%20Edits1908.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The circuit court did not compel arbitration
  6320. and the Supreme Court of Missouri affirmed because the language of the arbitration
  6321. provision contemplated that the parties would arbitrate before only the NAF.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/A-1%20DO%20-%20Combined%20Edits1908.docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6322. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/11/a-1-premium-acceptance-inc-v-hunter.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/11/a-1-premium-acceptance-inc-v-hunter.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-2688973378819145060</guid><pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2018 00:27:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-11-28T18:27:02.308-06:00</atom:updated><title>State Conference of NAACP v. State</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6323. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6324. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/court-of-appeals/2018-wd81484.pdf?ts=1540913308&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down October 30, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6325. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6326. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;On
  6327. September 14, 2016, the Missouri General Assembly successfully overturned
  6328. Governor Jay Nixon’s veto of House Bill 1631 (“HB 1631”).&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;HB 1631 replaced the then-existing voter
  6329. identification requirements in Missouri with more stringent standards (“Voter
  6330. ID Law”).&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Missouri State Conference for the
  6331. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the League of Women
  6332. Voters of Missouri, and Christine Dragonette (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), sued
  6333. the State of Missouri and the Missouri Secretary of State (collectively, “Defendants”),
  6334. alleging that the funding provisions of the Voter ID Law were not satisfied,
  6335. and therefore the voter identification requirements should not be enforced.&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Circuit Court of Cole County granted the Defendants’
  6336. motion for a judgment on the pleadings, effectuating a dismissal without
  6337. prejudice of the Plaintiffs’ complaint.&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Missouri Court of Appeals for the Western
  6338. District reversed the judgment and remanded for further proceedings.&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6339. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/11/state-conference-of-naacp-v-state_28.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/11/state-conference-of-naacp-v-state_28.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-3616160138036969050</guid><pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 2018 14:57:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-02T01:18:06.722-06:00</atom:updated><title>Kelsay v. Ernst</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6340. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6341. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca8/17-2181/17-2181-2018-09-27.pdf?ts=1538074522&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down September 27, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6342. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6343. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;I. Introduction &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6344. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6345. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;After an apparent
  6346. misunderstanding at a local pool, Melanie Kelsay found herself arrested and
  6347. seriously injured.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kelsay%20v%20Ernst%20-%20Final%20edits.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;She claimed a police officer used excessive
  6348. force when arresting her, and she sued the officer for violating her rights
  6349. under the Fourth Amendment.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kelsay%20v%20Ernst%20-%20Final%20edits.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6350. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The officer responsible for Kelsay’s
  6351. injuries moved for summary judgment, asserting qualified immunity.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kelsay%20v%20Ernst%20-%20Final%20edits.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The U.S. District Court for the District of
  6352. Nebraska held the officer was not entitled to qualified immunity.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kelsay%20v%20Ernst%20-%20Final%20edits.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6353. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;On appeal, however, the U.S. Court of
  6354. Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed, finding the officer did not violate
  6355. Kelsay’s clearly established rights under the Fourth Amendment.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kelsay%20v%20Ernst%20-%20Final%20edits.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6356. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6357. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6358. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6359. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/10/kelsay-v-ernst.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/10/kelsay-v-ernst.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-5665572466946271725</guid><pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2018 20:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-10-22T15:29:58.993-05:00</atom:updated><title>Shallow v. Follwell</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6360. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6361. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.courts.mo.gov/file.jsp?id=118594&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down September 11,2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6362. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6363. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;The
  6364. Supreme Court of Missouri issued a 6-1 opinion, holding that a trial court did
  6365. not abuse its discretion when it allowed an expert witness to deviate from his
  6366. deposition testimony at trial nor when it admitted five medical experts with different specialties to testify about the case.&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Shallow%20v%20Follwell%20-%20Combined%20Edits1675.docx#_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Shallow%20v%20Follwell%20-%20Combined%20Edits1675.docx#_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6367. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6368. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6369. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/10/shallow-v-follwell.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/10/shallow-v-follwell.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-6758249764562889021</guid><pubDate>Tue, 02 Oct 2018 21:34:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-10-02T16:44:34.288-05:00</atom:updated><title>Latham v. State</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6370. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6371. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2018-sc96315.pdf?ts=1536689160&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down September 11, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6372. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6373. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;I.
  6374. Facts and Holding&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6375. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6376. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;In 2011,
  6377. David Latham was charged with and subsequently pleaded guilty to trafficking
  6378. drugs in violation of section 195.223 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Latham%20v.%20State%20-%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Latham%20v.%20State%20-%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The plea court suspended the execution of his
  6379. sentence, placing him on supervised probation for a period of five years.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Latham%20v.%20State%20-%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In August 2013, the plea court found Latham
  6380. violated his probation and ordered execution of his fifteen-year sentence.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Latham%20v.%20State%20-%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;In November 2013, after the execution of his
  6381. sentence, Latham filed a pro se Supreme Court of Missouri Rule 24.025 motion
  6382. for post-conviction relief.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Latham%20v.%20State%20-%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Latham’s motion alleged relief was warranted
  6383. on three grounds:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6384. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
  6385. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;(1)
  6386. counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate why his preliminary hearing&lt;sup&gt;
  6387. &lt;/sup&gt;was waived; (2) counsel was ineffective for failing to spend sufficient
  6388. time with him to defend him at the revocation hearing; and (3) counsel was
  6389. ineffective in that she misled him into believing she would request long-term
  6390. drug treatment at his sentencing hearing.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Latham%20v.%20State%20-%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6391. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
  6392. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6393. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/10/latham-v-state.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/10/latham-v-state.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-4528366453640171872</guid><pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 2018 15:51:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-10-02T16:34:57.258-05:00</atom:updated><title>Washington v. Denney</title><description>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  6394. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  6395. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6396. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://media.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/18/08/172747P.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down August 13, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6397. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6398. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Ecclesiastical
  6399. Denzel Washington was an inmate at Crossroads Correctional Center
  6400. (“Crossroads”) in Missouri.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Washington%20v.%20Denney%20Combined%20Edits.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;He suffered from asthma and other respiratory
  6401. ailments that were aggravated by secondhand smoke.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Washington%20v.%20Denney%20Combined%20Edits.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;While Crossroads was nominally a smoke-free
  6402. facility, in reality a large portion of the population smoked and were
  6403. permitted to do so in their cells.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Washington%20v.%20Denney%20Combined%20Edits.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This smoke-intensive environment aggravated
  6404. Washington’s condition, which led him to bring a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action to
  6405. protect his Constitutional rights.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Washington%20v.%20Denney%20Combined%20Edits.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6406. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Washington brought suit against a group
  6407. of prison officials alleging a violation of his Eighth Amendment right to be
  6408. free from cruel and unusual punishment.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Washington%20v.%20Denney%20Combined%20Edits.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Washington prevailed, collecting compensatory
  6409. and punitive damages in a federal district court.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Washington%20v.%20Denney%20Combined%20Edits.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A three-judge panel for the U.S. Court of
  6410. Appeals for the Eighth Circuit affirmed the jury’s findings of fact but vacated
  6411. the award of punitive damages and remanded the case for further proceedings on
  6412. damages.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Washington%20v.%20Denney%20Combined%20Edits.docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6413. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/09/washington-v-denney.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/09/washington-v-denney.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-4175651305006148653</guid><pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 21:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-09-27T11:01:51.614-05:00</atom:updated><title>State v. Stricklin</title><description>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  6414. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  6415. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6416. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/court-of-appeals/2018-ed105350.pdf?ts=1530026739&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down June 26, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6417. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6418. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;A
  6419. Missouri mother awoke one morning in January of 2013 to discover her two-year
  6420. old daughter crying and bleeding from her genitals.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/CM-Stricklin.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;She took her to a hospital where she
  6421. underwent surgery and spent five days recuperating.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/CM-Stricklin.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Suspicion fell on the mother’s boyfriend,
  6422. Thomas A. Stricklin (“Stricklin”), who was staying in the house at the time of
  6423. the incident.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/CM-Stricklin.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In a December 2016 trial, Stricklin was convicted
  6424. of first-degree statutory sodomy, partially based on evidence collected in a
  6425. police interrogation wherein Stricklin was not given &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Miranda&lt;/i&gt; warnings.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/CM-Stricklin.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6426. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The trial court admitted the evidence on
  6427. a finding that the interrogation was not custodial.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/CM-Stricklin.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In a divided decision, the Missouri Court of
  6428. Appeals for the Eastern District reversed and remanded the case, holding that,
  6429. at a certain point, the interrogation became custodial and therefore portions
  6430. of the interview should have been suppressed on &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Miranda &lt;/i&gt;grounds.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/CM-Stricklin.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6431. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/state-v-stricklin.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/state-v-stricklin.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-1131023187424255432</guid><pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2018 05:34:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-09-27T11:01:19.621-05:00</atom:updated><title>Miller v. State</title><description>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  6432. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6433. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2018-sc96754.pdf?ts=1533060739&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down on July 31, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6434. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;&quot;&gt;
  6435. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In
  6436. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Miller v. State&lt;/i&gt;, the Supreme Court of
  6437. Missouri reviewed a grant of postconviction relief to a defendant who
  6438. challenged his conviction based on the revocation of his probation.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/David&amp;#39;s%20Blog%20Post.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The question before the court was whether the
  6439. trial court made “every reasonable effort” to hold the hearing before the end of
  6440. his probation term.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/David&amp;#39;s%20Blog%20Post.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri held that the
  6441. trial court did make “every reasonable effort” to hold the hearing prior to the
  6442. expiration of the probation term, despite allowing for continuances, because
  6443. the continuances were agreed to by both parties.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/David&amp;#39;s%20Blog%20Post.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6444. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/miller-v-state.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/miller-v-state.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-6492595836443122591</guid><pubDate>Thu, 16 Aug 2018 00:07:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-09-27T11:02:18.312-05:00</atom:updated><title>Spence v. BNSF Ry. Co.</title><description>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  6445. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6446. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2018-sc96195.pdf?ts=1527012260&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion issued May 22, 2018, and modified on the Court&amp;#39;s own motion June12, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6447. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
  6448. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6449. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6450. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Sherry
  6451. Spence sued BNSF Railway (“BNSF”) for wrongful death in 2013 after her husband,
  6452. Scott Spence, was struck and killed in his pickup truck by a BNSF train at a
  6453. railway crossing.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Spence%20-%20Edits%20Accepted%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The case went to trial in 2015, and the jury
  6454. returned a multi-million dollar verdict for Sherry Spence.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Spence%20-%20Edits%20Accepted%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;After the verdict, BNSF filed a motion for a
  6455. new trial based chiefly on the intentional nondisclosure of a jury member.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Spence%20-%20Edits%20Accepted%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6456. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The circuit court overruled the motion,
  6457. and BNSF appealed.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Spence%20-%20Edits%20Accepted%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Supreme Court of Missouri affirmed the
  6458. circuit court’s ruling, holding that BNSF had waived its right to seek relief based
  6459. on juror nondisclosure.&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Spence%20-%20Edits%20Accepted%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/Blog%20Posts/Spence%20-%20Edits%20Accepted%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6460. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6461. &lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6462. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/spence-v-bnsf-ry-co.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/spence-v-bnsf-ry-co.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-7028099490059167832</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2018 06:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-08-02T01:35:05.225-05:00</atom:updated><title>Kohner Properties, Inc. v. Johnson</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6463. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6464. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cases.justia.com/missouri/supreme-court/2018-sc95944.pdf?ts=1530641132&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down July 3, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6465. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
  6466. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In
  6467. a divided opinion, the Supreme Court of Missouri issued a 3-2 per curiam
  6468. opinion,&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kohner%20Properties%20-%20Combined%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; holding that when a tenant
  6469. asserts a breach of the implied warranty of habitability as a defense in an
  6470. action by a landlord to recover rent, and the tenant retains possession of the property,
  6471. then a trial court &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;may&lt;/i&gt; institute an &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;in custodia legis &lt;/i&gt;procedure, which requires
  6472. a tenant to place unpaid rent into an escrow account to be distributed at the
  6473. conclusion of the litigation.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/J3UM9ZAI/Kohner%20Properties%20-%20Combined%20Final%20Edits.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6474. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
  6475. &lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6476. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/kohner-properties-inc-v-johnson.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/08/kohner-properties-inc-v-johnson.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212456963419451443.post-2531022554263323229</guid><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jul 2018 01:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-07-05T20:27:46.852-05:00</atom:updated><title>State v. Ajak</title><description>&lt;br&gt;
  6477. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
  6478. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.courts.mo.gov/file.jsp?id=124308&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Opinion handed down April 3, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6479. &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
  6480. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Daniel
  6481. Ajak was charged with three counts of domestic assault and one count of
  6482. resisting arrest under section 575.150 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/2018-2019/Blog%20Posts/State%20v%20Ajak%20-%20Payne%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A jury acquitted him of two of the three
  6483. domestic assault charges, and the prosecutor dismissed the remaining domestic
  6484. assault charge when the jury could not reach a verdict.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/2018-2019/Blog%20Posts/State%20v%20Ajak%20-%20Payne%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The jury did, however, convict Mr. Ajak of
  6485. resisting arrest.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/2018-2019/Blog%20Posts/State%20v%20Ajak%20-%20Payne%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;On appeal, the Supreme Court of Missouri, en
  6486. banc, Judge Laura Denvir Stith writing for the majority, reversed Mr. Ajak’s
  6487. conviction, holding that any resistance by Mr. Ajak occurred after his arrest
  6488. had been effected, and therefore did not constitute resisting arrest under
  6489. section 575.150.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/Raymond%20Lee/Documents/Law%20Review/Senior%20Associate%20Editor/2018-2019/Blog%20Posts/State%20v%20Ajak%20-%20Payne%20-%20Final.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
  6490. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6491. &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;&quot;&gt;
  6492. &lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  6493. &lt;a href=&quot;http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/07/state-v-ajak.html#more&quot;&gt;Read full summary »&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://missourilawreview.blogspot.com/2018/07/state-v-ajak.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author></item></channel></rss>

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