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Source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/rss/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291520-6300

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8.      <title>Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</title>
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10.      <description>Table of Contents for American Journal of Human Biology. List of articles from both the latest and EarlyView issues.</description>
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26.         <title>Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</title>
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31.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24057?af=R</link>
32.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
33.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
34.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
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38.         <title>Religious minority identity associates with stress and psychological health among Muslim and Hindu women in Bangladesh and London</title>
39.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
40.         <dc:description>
41. Abstract
42.  
43. Objectives
44. This study examined the association of minority religious identification (Hindu or Muslim) with self‐reported stress and psychological symptoms among sedentee and immigrant Bangladeshi women.
45.  
46.  
47. Methods
48. Women, aged 35–59 (n = 531) were drawn from Sylhet, Bangladesh and London, England. Muslim immigrants in London and Hindu sedentees in Sylhet represented minority religious identities. Muslim sedentees in Sylhet and Londoners of European descent represented majority religious identities. In bivariate analyses, minority religious identity was examined in relation to self‐reported measures of stress, nervous tension, and depressed mood. Logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between these variables while adjusting for marital status, parity, daily walking, and perceived financial comfort.
49.  
50.  
51. Results
52. In bivariate analyses, religious minorities reported more stress than religious majorities in all group comparisons (p < .05), and minority Muslims reported more nervous tension and depressed mood than majority Muslims (p < .05). In logistic regression models, minority Muslims had greater odds of high stress than majority Muslims (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.18–3.39). Minority Muslims had greater odds of stress (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.51–6.17) and nervous tension (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.66–6.87) than majority Londoners. Financial comfort reduced odds of stress and symptoms in all models.
53.  
54.  
55. Conclusions
56. Socioeconomic situation, immigration history, and minority ethnicity appear to influence the relationship between religious identity and psychosomatic symptoms in Bangladeshi women. Attention to personal and socioeconomic context is important for research examining the association between religion and mental health.
57.  
58. </dc:description>
59.         <content:encoded>
60. <h2>Abstract</h2>
61. <h2>Objectives</h2>
62. <p>This study examined the association of minority religious identification (Hindu or Muslim) with self-reported stress and psychological symptoms among sedentee and immigrant Bangladeshi women.</p>
63. <h2>Methods</h2>
64. <p>Women, aged 35–59 (<i>n</i> = 531) were drawn from Sylhet, Bangladesh and London, England. Muslim immigrants in London and Hindu sedentees in Sylhet represented minority religious identities. Muslim sedentees in Sylhet and Londoners of European descent represented majority religious identities. In bivariate analyses, minority religious identity was examined in relation to self-reported measures of stress, nervous tension, and depressed mood. Logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between these variables while adjusting for marital status, parity, daily walking, and perceived financial comfort.</p>
65. <h2>Results</h2>
66. <p>In bivariate analyses, religious minorities reported more stress than religious majorities in all group comparisons (<i>p</i> < .05), and minority Muslims reported more nervous tension and depressed mood than majority Muslims (<i>p</i> < .05). In logistic regression models, minority Muslims had greater odds of high stress than majority Muslims (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.18–3.39). Minority Muslims had greater odds of stress (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.51–6.17) and nervous tension (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.66–6.87) than majority Londoners. Financial comfort reduced odds of stress and symptoms in all models.</p>
67. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
68. &lt;p&gt;Socioeconomic situation, immigration history, and minority ethnicity appear to influence the relationship between religious identity and psychosomatic symptoms in Bangladeshi women. Attention to personal and socioeconomic context is important for research examining the association between religion and mental health.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
69.         <dc:creator>
70. S. J. Dornisch,
71. L. L. Sievert,
72. T. Sharmeen,
73. K. Begum,
74. S. Muttukrishna,
75. O. Chowdhury,
76. G. R. Bentley
77. </dc:creator>
78.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
79.         <dc:title>Religious minority identity associates with stress and psychological health among Muslim and Hindu women in Bangladesh and London</dc:title>
80.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24057</dc:identifier>
81.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
82.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24057</prism:doi>
83.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24057?af=R</prism:url>
84.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
85.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
86.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
87.      </item>
88.      <item>
89.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24111?af=R</link>
90.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
91.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
92.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
93.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
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95.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24111</guid>
96.         <title>Emotional contagion in a collective ritual</title>
97.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
98.         <dc:description>
99. Abstract
100. Collective gatherings are often associated with the alignment of psychophysiological states between members of a crowd. While the process of emotional contagion has been studied extensively in dyads as well as at the population level, our understanding of its operation and dynamics as they unfold in real time in real‐world group contexts remains limited. Employing a naturalistic design, we investigated emotional contagion in a public religious ritual by examining the relationship between interpersonal distance and autonomic arousal. We found that proximity in space was associated with heightened affective synchrony between participants in the context of the emotionally laden ritual (a Hindu procession) compared with an unstructured walk along the same route performed by the same group. Our findings contribute to the understanding of collective emotions and their underlying psychophysiological mechanisms, emphasizing the role of cultural practices in shaping collective emotional experiences.
101. </dc:description>
102.         <content:encoded>
103. <h2>Abstract</h2>
104. &lt;p&gt;Collective gatherings are often associated with the alignment of psychophysiological states between members of a crowd. While the process of emotional contagion has been studied extensively in dyads as well as at the population level, our understanding of its operation and dynamics as they unfold in real time in real-world group contexts remains limited. Employing a naturalistic design, we investigated emotional contagion in a public religious ritual by examining the relationship between interpersonal distance and autonomic arousal. We found that proximity in space was associated with heightened affective synchrony between participants in the context of the emotionally laden ritual (a Hindu procession) compared with an unstructured walk along the same route performed by the same group. Our findings contribute to the understanding of collective emotions and their underlying psychophysiological mechanisms, emphasizing the role of cultural practices in shaping collective emotional experiences.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
105.         <dc:creator>
106. Dimitris Xygalatas,
107. Martin Lang,
108. Peter Maňo,
109. Jan Krátký,
110. Ronald Fischer
111. </dc:creator>
112.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
113.         <dc:title>Emotional contagion in a collective ritual</dc:title>
114.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24111</dc:identifier>
115.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
116.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24111</prism:doi>
117.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24111?af=R</prism:url>
118.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
119.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
120.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
121.      </item>
122.      <item>
123.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23931?af=R</link>
124.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
125.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
126.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
127.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
128.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
129.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.23931</guid>
130.         <title>Issue Information</title>
131.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
132.         <dc:description/>
133.         <content:encoded/>
134.         <dc:creator/>
135.         <category>ISSUE INFORMATION</category>
136.         <dc:title>Issue Information</dc:title>
137.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.23931</dc:identifier>
138.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
139.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.23931</prism:doi>
140.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23931?af=R</prism:url>
141.         <prism:section>ISSUE INFORMATION</prism:section>
142.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
143.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
144.      </item>
145.      <item>
146.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24106?af=R</link>
147.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
148.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
149.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
150.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
151.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
152.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24106</guid>
153.         <title>Why religion and spirituality are important in human biological research</title>
154.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
155.         <dc:description>
156. Abstract
157. The study of human biology includes exploration of all the genetic and environmental influences on human variation and life history, including impacts of sociocultural and physical environments. Religious practice and spirituality may be one of these influences. There are more than 5.8 billion religiously affiliated adults and children, accounting for 84% of the world's 6.9 billion people. Furthermore, 70% of Americans consider themselves spiritual in some way, including 22% who do not consider themselves religious, and the numbers for Europe are lower but proportionally similar. Such a high rate of religious affiliation and spiritual belief suggests that religion and spirituality could be sociocultural influences on human variation, but human biologists have scarcely attended to their impacts, as indicated by the limited numbers of relevant articles in the two flagship human biology journals. In this article, we discuss why human biologists may have overlooked this important force for human variability and highlight foundational work from human biology and other disciplines that can give our colleagues directions forward. We review the impacts of religion and spirituality at population and individual levels and call for human biologists to attend to the many aspects of religion and spirituality that can impact human biology and are much more than simply influences of denominational affiliation.
158. </dc:description>
159.         <content:encoded>
160. <h2>Abstract</h2>
161. &lt;p&gt;The study of human biology includes exploration of all the genetic and environmental influences on human variation and life history, including impacts of sociocultural and physical environments. Religious practice and spirituality may be one of these influences. There are more than 5.8 billion religiously affiliated adults and children, accounting for 84% of the world's 6.9 billion people. Furthermore, 70% of Americans consider themselves spiritual in some way, including 22% who do not consider themselves religious, and the numbers for Europe are lower but proportionally similar. Such a high rate of religious affiliation and spiritual belief suggests that religion and spirituality could be sociocultural influences on human variation, but human biologists have scarcely attended to their impacts, as indicated by the limited numbers of relevant articles in the two flagship human biology journals. In this article, we discuss why human biologists may have overlooked this important force for human variability and highlight foundational work from human biology and other disciplines that can give our colleagues directions forward. We review the impacts of religion and spirituality at population and individual levels and call for human biologists to attend to the many aspects of religion and spirituality that can impact human biology and are much more than simply influences of denominational affiliation.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
162.         <dc:creator>
163. Christopher D. Lynn,
164. Lawrence M. Schell
165. </dc:creator>
166.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
167.         <dc:title>Why religion and spirituality are important in human biological research</dc:title>
168.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24106</dc:identifier>
169.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
170.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24106</prism:doi>
171.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24106?af=R</prism:url>
172.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
173.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
174.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
175.      </item>
176.      <item>
177.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24144?af=R</link>
178.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
179.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
180.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
181.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
182.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
183.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24144</guid>
184.         <title>Religious Involvement Is Associated With Higher Fertility and Lower Maternal Investment, but More Alloparental Support Among Gambian Mothers</title>
185.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
186.         <dc:description>
187. ABSTRACT
188.  
189. Objectives
190. Human childrearing is cooperative, with women often able to achieve relatively high fertility through help from many individuals. Previous work has documented tremendous socioecological variation in who supports women in childrearing, but less is known about the intracultural correlates of variation in allomaternal support. In the highly religious, high‐fertility setting of The Gambia, we studied whether religious mothers have more children and receive more support with their children.
191.  
192.  
193. Methods
194. We randomly sampled 395 mothers and 745 focal children enrolled in the Kiang West (The Gambia) Longitudinal Population Study cohort. Structured interviews asked mothers who and how often people invest in their children, and about their religious practices. Data were collected at participants' homes on electronic tablet‐based long‐form surveys and analyzed using the Bayesian hierarchical models.
195.  
196.  
197. Results
198. Religiosity was weakly associated with women's higher age‐adjusted fertility. Maternal religiosity was negatively related to maternal investment in focal children, but positively associated with total allomaternal support. Specifically, a woman's religiosity was positively associated with allomaternal support from matrilineal kin, other offspring, and affinal kin, but unrelated to paternal, patrilineal, and non‐kin investment.
199.  
200.  
201. Conclusions
202. These results suggest that higher fertility among religious mothers may be supported by high levels of investment from biological and affinal kin. Matrilineal kin, other siblings, and affinal kin seem to be the most responsive to a woman's religiosity. Our findings cast doubt on interpretations of women's religious behaviors as signals of fidelity, and instead suggest they may be part of strategies to enable collective allomaternal resources and higher relative fertility.
203.  
204. </dc:description>
205.         <content:encoded>
206. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
207. <h2>Objectives</h2>
208. <p>Human childrearing is cooperative, with women often able to achieve relatively high fertility through help from many individuals. Previous work has documented tremendous socioecological variation in who supports women in childrearing, but less is known about the intracultural correlates of variation in allomaternal support. In the highly religious, high-fertility setting of The Gambia, we studied whether religious mothers have more children and receive more support with their children.</p>
209. <h2>Methods</h2>
210. <p>We randomly sampled 395 mothers and 745 focal children enrolled in the Kiang West (The Gambia) Longitudinal Population Study cohort. Structured interviews asked mothers who and how often people invest in their children, and about their religious practices. Data were collected at participants' homes on electronic tablet-based long-form surveys and analyzed using the Bayesian hierarchical models.</p>
211. <h2>Results</h2>
212. <p>Religiosity was weakly associated with women's higher age-adjusted fertility. Maternal religiosity was negatively related to maternal investment in focal children, but positively associated with total allomaternal support. Specifically, a woman's religiosity was positively associated with allomaternal support from matrilineal kin, other offspring, and affinal kin, but unrelated to paternal, patrilineal, and non-kin investment.</p>
213. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
214. &lt;p&gt;These results suggest that higher fertility among religious mothers may be supported by high levels of investment from biological and affinal kin. Matrilineal kin, other siblings, and affinal kin seem to be the most responsive to a woman's religiosity. Our findings cast doubt on interpretations of women's religious behaviors as signals of fidelity, and instead suggest they may be part of strategies to enable collective allomaternal resources and higher relative fertility.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
215.         <dc:creator>
216. John H. Shaver,
217. Radim Chvaja,
218. Laure Spake,
219. Anushé Hassan,
220. Jainaba Badjie,
221. Andrew M. Prentice,
222. Carla Cerami,
223. Rebecca Sear,
224. Mary K. Shenk,
225. Richard Sosis
226. </dc:creator>
227.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
228.         <dc:title>Religious Involvement Is Associated With Higher Fertility and Lower Maternal Investment, but More Alloparental Support Among Gambian Mothers</dc:title>
229.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24144</dc:identifier>
230.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
231.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24144</prism:doi>
232.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24144?af=R</prism:url>
233.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
234.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
235.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
236.      </item>
237.      <item>
238.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24195?af=R</link>
239.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
240.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
241.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
242.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
243.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
244.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24195</guid>
245.         <title>Introduction: The Influences of Religion and Spirituality on Human Biology</title>
246.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
247.         <dc:description>
248. ABSTRACT
249. The objective of this special issue is to highlight the absence of religion and spirituality in the human biological enterprise. We have assembled a set of articles covering physiology, psychology, cognition, and neurophenomenology. The influences on human biology are diverse, yet many have been historically overlooked, which we hope this special issue takes a large step in remedying. Here, we outline how this issue came together and introduce readers to the articles to follow.
250. </dc:description>
251.         <content:encoded>
252. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
253. &lt;p&gt;The objective of this special issue is to highlight the absence of religion and spirituality in the human biological enterprise. We have assembled a set of articles covering physiology, psychology, cognition, and neurophenomenology. The influences on human biology are diverse, yet many have been historically overlooked, which we hope this special issue takes a large step in remedying. Here, we outline how this issue came together and introduce readers to the articles to follow.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
254.         <dc:creator>
255. Christopher D. Lynn
256. </dc:creator>
257.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
258.         <dc:title>Introduction: The Influences of Religion and Spirituality on Human Biology</dc:title>
259.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24195</dc:identifier>
260.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
261.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24195</prism:doi>
262.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24195?af=R</prism:url>
263.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
264.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
265.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
266.      </item>
267.      <item>
268.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24189?af=R</link>
269.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
270.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
271.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
272.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
273.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
274.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24189</guid>
275.         <title>The Spiral of Attention, Arousal, and Release: A Comparative Phenomenology of Jhāna Meditation and Speaking in Tongues</title>
276.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
277.         <dc:description>
278. ABSTRACT
279. Buddhist Jhāna meditation and the Christian practice of speaking in tongues appear wildly distinct. These spiritual techniques differ in their ethical, theological, and historical frames and seem, from the outside, to produce markedly different states of consciousness—one a state of utter calm and the other of high emotional arousal. Yet, our phenomenological interviews with experienced practitioners in the USA found significant points of convergence. Practitioners in both traditions describe a dynamic relationship between focused attention, aroused joy, and a sense of letting go or release that they describe as crucial to their practice. This paper highlights these shared phenomenological features and theorizes possible underlying mechanisms. Analyzing our phenomenological data through the lens of various theories of brain function, including sensory gating and predictive processing, we propose that these practices both engage an autonomic field built through a spiral between attention, arousal, and release (AAR).
280. </dc:description>
281.         <content:encoded>
282. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
283. &lt;p&gt;Buddhist Jhāna meditation and the Christian practice of speaking in tongues appear wildly distinct. These spiritual techniques differ in their ethical, theological, and historical frames and seem, from the outside, to produce markedly different states of consciousness—one a state of utter calm and the other of high emotional arousal. Yet, our phenomenological interviews with experienced practitioners in the USA found significant points of convergence. Practitioners in both traditions describe a dynamic relationship between focused attention, aroused joy, and a sense of letting go or release that they describe as crucial to their practice. This paper highlights these shared phenomenological features and theorizes possible underlying mechanisms. Analyzing our phenomenological data through the lens of various theories of brain function, including sensory gating and predictive processing, we propose that these practices both engage an autonomic field built through a spiral between attention, arousal, and release (AAR).&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
284.         <dc:creator>
285. Josh Brahinsky,
286. Jonas Mago,
287. Mark Miller,
288. Shaila Catherine,
289. Michael Lifshitz
290. </dc:creator>
291.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
292.         <dc:title>The Spiral of Attention, Arousal, and Release: A Comparative Phenomenology of Jhāna Meditation and Speaking in Tongues</dc:title>
293.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24189</dc:identifier>
294.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
295.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24189</prism:doi>
296.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24189?af=R</prism:url>
297.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
298.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
299.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
300.      </item>
301.      <item>
302.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24192?af=R</link>
303.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
304.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
305.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
306.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
307.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
308.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24192</guid>
309.         <title>Using Latent Class Analysis to Characterize Sickness Signaling in Relation to Familism and Public and Private Religiosity in a Stratified US Sample</title>
310.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
311.         <dc:description>
312. ABSTRACT
313.  
314. Background
315. In response to contracting an infection, individuals usually display a suite of external signs (including sickness behavior) as an outward indication of illness. This context‐dependent phenomenon seems to weigh the benefits and costs of eliciting sympathy by indicating sickness versus hiding signs of illness to avoid exposing others to potential infection. In a dynamically social species like humans, non‐kin may be as likely to respond to these signs with care as family members, particularly fellow church members. We explore the relative contributions of religiosity and familism in shaping self‐reported sickness signaling styles as two dimensions central to human altruism using latent class analysis (LCA).
316.  
317.  
318. Methods
319. LCA was used to characterize the signaling styles of the study participants. Data come from a large 2018 survey (n = 1259) of sickness and health behaviors among US adults. We used denomination public (church attendance) and private religiosity (time spent in prayer, meditation, etc.) and the God Locus of Health Control scale to assess the impact of God on health. Sickness signaling style was assessed with the SicknessQ and three additional items. Covariates included age, gender, education, and income.
320.  
321.  
322. Results
323. We identified four classes (Familiar, Moderate, Gregarious, and Stoic) tied to signaling styles. The Familiar Signaling class displayed sickness verbally to familiar others, were the oldest, and were least guided by an internal sense of religion. The Moderate Signaling class was younger and had lower public and private religiosity (except regarding health issues) than the Stoic and Gregarious Signaling classes. The Gregarious class signaled to both close others and strangers and scored highest in familism and religiosity. The Stoic class did not verbally signal but indicated sickness worsening when around both close others and strangers, were less likely to be married or endorse private religiosity, and were least likely to recall recent illness as severe.
324.  
325.  
326. Conclusion
327. The signaling classes strongly resembled aspects of the introvert–ambivert–extrovert spectrum. We conclude that variation is important at multiple levels, including personality types, and potentially prevents the loss of immunological diversity.
328.  
329. </dc:description>
330.         <content:encoded>
331. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
332. <h2>Background</h2>
333. <p>In response to contracting an infection, individuals usually display a suite of external signs (including sickness behavior) as an outward indication of illness. This context-dependent phenomenon seems to weigh the benefits and costs of eliciting sympathy by indicating sickness versus hiding signs of illness to avoid exposing others to potential infection. In a dynamically social species like humans, non-kin may be as likely to respond to these signs with care as family members, particularly fellow church members. We explore the relative contributions of religiosity and familism in shaping self-reported sickness signaling styles as two dimensions central to human altruism using latent class analysis (LCA).</p>
334. <h2>Methods</h2>
335. <p>LCA was used to characterize the signaling styles of the study participants. Data come from a large 2018 survey (<i>n</i> = 1259) of sickness and health behaviors among US adults. We used denomination public (church attendance) and private religiosity (time spent in prayer, meditation, etc.) and the God Locus of Health Control scale to assess the impact of God on health. Sickness signaling style was assessed with the SicknessQ and three additional items. Covariates included age, gender, education, and income.</p>
336. <h2>Results</h2>
337. <p>We identified four classes (Familiar, Moderate, Gregarious, and Stoic) tied to signaling styles. The Familiar Signaling class displayed sickness verbally to familiar others, were the oldest, and were least guided by an internal sense of religion. The Moderate Signaling class was younger and had lower public and private religiosity (except regarding health issues) than the Stoic and Gregarious Signaling classes. The Gregarious class signaled to both close others and strangers and scored highest in familism and religiosity. The Stoic class did not verbally signal but indicated sickness worsening when around both close others and strangers, were less likely to be married or endorse private religiosity, and were least likely to recall recent illness as severe.</p>
338. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
339. &lt;p&gt;The signaling classes strongly resembled aspects of the introvert–ambivert–extrovert spectrum. We conclude that variation is important at multiple levels, including personality types, and potentially prevents the loss of immunological diversity.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
340.         <dc:creator>
341. Tanvi Padalkar,
342. Jessica Perrotte,
343. Christopher Dana Lynn,
344. Austin Lee,
345. Aidan Nuttall,
346. Eric C. Shattuck
347. </dc:creator>
348.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
349.         <dc:title>Using Latent Class Analysis to Characterize Sickness Signaling in Relation to Familism and Public and Private Religiosity in a Stratified US Sample</dc:title>
350.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24192</dc:identifier>
351.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
352.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24192</prism:doi>
353.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24192?af=R</prism:url>
354.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
355.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
356.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
357.      </item>
358.      <item>
359.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24052?af=R</link>
360.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
361.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
362.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
363.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
364.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
365.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24052</guid>
366.         <title>Medieval monastic health: Variation in skeletal signs of inflammation and developmental stress between religious orders in London</title>
367.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
368.         <dc:description>
369. Abstract
370.  
371. Objectives
372. Previous bioarchaeological analyses of medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries in London revealed evidence of lower risks of mortality, and thus better health, in the monastic settings. However, comparison of the two monastic communities, Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory, which adhered to different religious ideals, suggested lower risks of mortality in the former. This study examines patterns of skeletal biomarkers, which reflect developmental stress or inflammation, in an attempt to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms producing apparent health differences in these monastic communities.
373.  
374.  
375. Materials and Methods
376. This study uses skeletal data on age‐at‐death, periosteal new bone formation (PNBF), and cribra orbitalia from 558 adults (18 years of age and older) estimated to be male from Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory. Biomarker age patterns are assessed via Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and binary logistic regression. Differences in frequencies of biomarkers between the monastic sites are evaluated using Chi‐square and hierarchical log‐linear analyses.
377.  
378.  
379. Results
380. In general, PNBF is positively associated with age, and cribra orbitalia is negatively associated with age. The frequency of PNBF formation is significantly higher and that of cribra orbitalia is significantly lower in Bermondsey Abbey compared with Merton Priory.
381.  
382.  
383. Conclusions
384. The differences in frequencies of these skeletal biomarkers support previous findings suggesting that health conditions were better in Bermondsey Abbey than in Merton Priory. The age patterns of cribra orbitalia suggest that these differences reflect conditions and the greater health‐promoting effects of religiosity or isolation from the lay community in Bermondsey Abbey rather than differences in selective admissions processes.
385.  
386. </dc:description>
387.         <content:encoded>
388. <h2>Abstract</h2>
389. <h2>Objectives</h2>
390. <p>Previous bioarchaeological analyses of medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries in London revealed evidence of lower risks of mortality, and thus better health, in the monastic settings. However, comparison of the two monastic communities, Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory, which adhered to different religious ideals, suggested lower risks of mortality in the former. This study examines patterns of skeletal biomarkers, which reflect developmental stress or inflammation, in an attempt to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms producing apparent health differences in these monastic communities.</p>
391. <h2>Materials and Methods</h2>
392. <p>This study uses skeletal data on age-at-death, periosteal new bone formation (PNBF), and cribra orbitalia from 558 adults (18 years of age and older) estimated to be male from Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory. Biomarker age patterns are assessed via Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and binary logistic regression. Differences in frequencies of biomarkers between the monastic sites are evaluated using Chi-square and hierarchical log-linear analyses.</p>
393. <h2>Results</h2>
394. <p>In general, PNBF is positively associated with age, and cribra orbitalia is negatively associated with age. The frequency of PNBF formation is significantly higher and that of cribra orbitalia is significantly lower in Bermondsey Abbey compared with Merton Priory.</p>
395. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
396. &lt;p&gt;The differences in frequencies of these skeletal biomarkers support previous findings suggesting that health conditions were better in Bermondsey Abbey than in Merton Priory. The age patterns of cribra orbitalia suggest that these differences reflect conditions and the greater health-promoting effects of religiosity or isolation from the lay community in Bermondsey Abbey rather than differences in selective admissions processes.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
397.         <dc:creator>
398. Sharon N. DeWitte
399. </dc:creator>
400.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
401.         <dc:title>Medieval monastic health: Variation in skeletal signs of inflammation and developmental stress between religious orders in London</dc:title>
402.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24052</dc:identifier>
403.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
404.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24052</prism:doi>
405.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24052?af=R</prism:url>
406.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
407.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
408.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
409.      </item>
410.      <item>
411.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24125?af=R</link>
412.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
413.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
414.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
415.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
416.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
417.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24125</guid>
418.         <title>Religious participation is associated with fewer dementia diagnoses among Black people in the United States</title>
419.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
420.         <dc:description>
421. Abstract
422.  
423. Introduction
424. Black people had the highest prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) of any racial/ethnic group in the United States (US) as of 2020. As racial disparities in the prevalence of ADRD are being investigated, more evidence is necessary to determine the pathways and mechanisms that either slow ADRD progression or improve quality of life for those affected. Religion/spirituality (R/S) has been shown to affect health outcomes but has rarely been studied as a possible pathway for reducing ADRD risk. Crucially, Black people also report higher levels of R/S than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. This research asks if R/S affects ADRD risk among Black adults and if any effects persist after controlling for hypertension.
425.  
426.  
427. Methods
428. We conducted a secondary data analysis drawing from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal dataset with an oversampling of Black adults.
429.  
430.  
431. Results
432. We used logistic regression analysis to demonstrate how R/S has an ameliorating impact on ADRD risk among Black people, even after controlling for hypertension. Those who never attended religious services had 2.37 higher odds of being diagnosed with ADRD than those who attended more than once a week. Further, as R/S attendance increased, ADRD risk decreased linearly.
433.  
434.  
435. Conclusion
436. These findings demonstrate the importance that existing cultural networks (e.g., R/S) can have for reducing ADRD burden for Black people and has important implications for the role of R/S in shaping ADRD symptomatology.
437.  
438. </dc:description>
439.         <content:encoded>
440. <h2>Abstract</h2>
441. <h2>Introduction</h2>
442. <p>Black people had the highest prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) of any racial/ethnic group in the United States (US) as of 2020. As racial disparities in the prevalence of ADRD are being investigated, more evidence is necessary to determine the pathways and mechanisms that either slow ADRD progression or improve quality of life for those affected. Religion/spirituality (R/S) has been shown to affect health outcomes but has rarely been studied as a possible pathway for reducing ADRD risk. Crucially, Black people also report higher levels of R/S than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. This research asks if R/S affects ADRD risk among Black adults and if any effects persist after controlling for hypertension.</p>
443. <h2>Methods</h2>
444. <p>We conducted a secondary data analysis drawing from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal dataset with an oversampling of Black adults.</p>
445. <h2>Results</h2>
446. <p>We used logistic regression analysis to demonstrate how R/S has an ameliorating impact on ADRD risk among Black people, even after controlling for hypertension. Those who never attended religious services had 2.37 higher odds of being diagnosed with ADRD than those who attended more than once a week. Further, as R/S attendance increased, ADRD risk decreased linearly.</p>
447. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
448. &lt;p&gt;These findings demonstrate the importance that existing cultural networks (e.g., R/S) can have for reducing ADRD burden for Black people and has important implications for the role of R/S in shaping ADRD symptomatology.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
449.         <dc:creator>
450. Eric E. Griffith,
451. Paul A. Robbins,
452. Bethlehem T. Ferede,
453. Keisha L. Bentley‐Edwards
454. </dc:creator>
455.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
456.         <dc:title>Religious participation is associated with fewer dementia diagnoses among Black people in the United States</dc:title>
457.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24125</dc:identifier>
458.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
459.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24125</prism:doi>
460.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24125?af=R</prism:url>
461.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
462.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
463.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
464.      </item>
465.      <item>
466.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24147?af=R</link>
467.         <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 04:59:54 -0800</pubDate>
468.         <dc:date>2024-12-14T04:59:54-08:00</dc:date>
469.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
470.         <prism:coverDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
471.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
472.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24147</guid>
473.         <title>Locus of Control and Mental Health: Human Variation Complicates a Well‐Established Research Finding</title>
474.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2024. </description>
475.         <dc:description>
476. ABSTRACT
477.  
478. Introduction
479. Locus of control (LoC) refers to one's expectation that life outcomes and (mis)fortune are driven largely by one's own actions or abilities (internal LoC) or by external factors (e.g., powerful others, chance; external LoC). There is a large literature demonstrating an association between internal LoC and positive mental health outcomes. However, this research is conducted mostly in high‐income, Global North settings, with limited consideration of cross‐cultural variability. This short report explores how LoC relates to mental health when considered in a less‐studied context: in a setting of stark structural violence and in relation to supernatural agents.
480.  
481.  
482. Methods
483. I conducted a community‐based survey in rural Haiti (n = 322) that assessed sent spirit‐related locus of control (LoC‐S) and mental health.
484.  
485.  
486. Results
487. Among individuals experiencing higher levels of daily stressors, depressive and anxiety symptoms were high regardless of LoC‐S. However, for individuals facing low‐to‐moderate daily stressors, external LoC‐S (believing one does not have control in relation to sent spirits) was associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms, though this interaction did not hold for anxiety after controlling for covariates. Though initially a nonintuitive finding, I contextualize this outcome in relation to ethnographic work in Haiti, showing that the ability to explain misfortune via the supernatural world can serve as a form of blame displacement.
488.  
489.  
490. Conclusion
491. In a context where extreme structural violence means that individuals realistically have little control over their lives, an external LoC better reflects lived experience, helping explain the association with better mental health outcomes.
492.  
493. </dc:description>
494.         <content:encoded>
495. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
496. <h2>Introduction</h2>
497. <p>Locus of control (LoC) refers to one's expectation that life outcomes and (mis)fortune are driven largely by one's own actions or abilities (internal LoC) or by external factors (e.g., powerful others, chance; external LoC). There is a large literature demonstrating an association between internal LoC and positive mental health outcomes. However, this research is conducted mostly in high-income, Global North settings, with limited consideration of cross-cultural variability. This short report explores how LoC relates to mental health when considered in a less-studied context: in a setting of stark structural violence and in relation to supernatural agents.</p>
498. <h2>Methods</h2>
499. <p>I conducted a community-based survey in rural Haiti (<i>n</i> = 322) that assessed sent spirit-related locus of control (LoC-S) and mental health.</p>
500. <h2>Results</h2>
501. <p>Among individuals experiencing higher levels of daily stressors, depressive and anxiety symptoms were high regardless of LoC-S. However, for individuals facing low-to-moderate daily stressors, external LoC-S (believing one does not have control in relation to sent spirits) was associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms, though this interaction did not hold for anxiety after controlling for covariates. Though initially a nonintuitive finding, I contextualize this outcome in relation to ethnographic work in Haiti, showing that the ability to explain misfortune via the supernatural world can serve as a form of blame displacement.</p>
502. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
503. &lt;p&gt;In a context where extreme structural violence means that individuals realistically have little control over their lives, an external LoC better reflects lived experience, helping explain the association with better mental health outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
504.         <dc:creator>
505. Bonnie N. Kaiser
506. </dc:creator>
507.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
508.         <dc:title>Locus of Control and Mental Health: Human Variation Complicates a Well‐Established Research Finding</dc:title>
509.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24147</dc:identifier>
510.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
511.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24147</prism:doi>
512.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24147?af=R</prism:url>
513.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
514.         <prism:volume>36</prism:volume>
515.         <prism:number>12</prism:number>
516.      </item>
517.      <item>
518.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24198?af=R</link>
519.         <pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2024 18:33:49 -0800</pubDate>
520.         <dc:date>2024-12-09T06:33:49-08:00</dc:date>
521.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
522.         <prism:coverDate/>
523.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
524.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24198</guid>
525.         <title>Secular Trends in the Median Age at Menarche and Spermarche Among Chinese Children From 2000 to 2019 and Analysis of Physical Examination Indicators Factor</title>
526.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
527.         <dc:description>
528. ABSTRACT
529.  
530. Objectives
531. This research aimed to understand the long‐term trends in the age of menarche among girls and spermarche among boys, and to analyze the factors that may influence the onset of menarche and first spermarche.
532.  
533.  
534. Methods
535. The study was based on data from 49 566 students in Henan Province collected from the Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) conducted between 2000 and 2019. Median age at menarche and spermarche was estimated by probit analysis. t‐Tests were used to analyze the influence of menarche and first spermarche on physical examination indexes of adolescent children, and the chi‐squared test was used to compare whether the differences in physical activity were statistically significant.
536.  
537.  
538. Results
539. The age at menarche has decreased from 12.33 years in 2000 to 12.00 years in 2019, and the age at first spermarche has decreased from 14.01 years in 2000 to 13.99 years in 2019. The age at first spermarche in urban boys (13.61 years in 2000; 12.94 years in 2014) was consistently younger than that in rural boys (14.43 years in 2000; aged 13.08 in 2014), except in 2019. The age of menarche in urban girls (12.23 years in 2000; 11.89 years in 2019) was always earlier than that in rural girls (12.44 years in 2000; 12.05 years in 2019).
540.  
541.  
542. Conclusions
543. The age at menarche and spermarche for children in Henan Province generally showed a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2019. The status of BMI is significantly associated with the early onset of puberty in children.
544.  
545. </dc:description>
546.         <content:encoded>
547. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
548. <h2>Objectives</h2>
549. <p>This research aimed to understand the long-term trends in the age of menarche among girls and spermarche among boys, and to analyze the factors that may influence the onset of menarche and first spermarche.</p>
550. <h2>Methods</h2>
551. <p>The study was based on data from 49 566 students in Henan Province collected from the Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) conducted between 2000 and 2019. Median age at menarche and spermarche was estimated by probit analysis. <i>t</i>-Tests were used to analyze the influence of menarche and first spermarche on physical examination indexes of adolescent children, and the chi-squared test was used to compare whether the differences in physical activity were statistically significant.</p>
552. <h2>Results</h2>
553. <p>The age at menarche has decreased from 12.33 years in 2000 to 12.00 years in 2019, and the age at first spermarche has decreased from 14.01 years in 2000 to 13.99 years in 2019. The age at first spermarche in urban boys (13.61 years in 2000; 12.94 years in 2014) was consistently younger than that in rural boys (14.43 years in 2000; aged 13.08 in 2014), except in 2019. The age of menarche in urban girls (12.23 years in 2000; 11.89 years in 2019) was always earlier than that in rural girls (12.44 years in 2000; 12.05 years in 2019).</p>
554. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
555. &lt;p&gt;The age at menarche and spermarche for children in Henan Province generally showed a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2019. The status of BMI is significantly associated with the early onset of puberty in children.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
556.         <dc:creator>
557. Jiajia Hu,
558. Wenhao Han,
559. Meng Zhou,
560. Yixiao Geng,
561. Junna Zhang,
562. Fanke Zhou,
563. Wencan Wu,
564. Xiaolei Ban,
565. Xiaomin Lou,
566. Xian Wang
567. </dc:creator>
568.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
569.         <dc:title>Secular Trends in the Median Age at Menarche and Spermarche Among Chinese Children From 2000 to 2019 and Analysis of Physical Examination Indicators Factor</dc:title>
570.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24198</dc:identifier>
571.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
572.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24198</prism:doi>
573.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24198?af=R</prism:url>
574.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
575.      </item>
576.      <item>
577.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24184?af=R</link>
578.         <pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 2024 09:28:42 -0800</pubDate>
579.         <dc:date>2024-12-04T09:28:42-08:00</dc:date>
580.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
581.         <prism:coverDate/>
582.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
583.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24184</guid>
584.         <title>Occupational Stress and Sleep of Military Police Officers From Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</title>
585.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
586.         <dc:description>
587. ABSTRACT
588.  
589. Objective
590. Military Police officers of Rio de Janeiro's State have been considered the most lethal security forces in Brazil, corresponding to 52.35% of deaths in policing actions. The main aim of this study was to identify occupational stress among military police officers in Rio de Janeiro State and its relationship with the psychosocial environment, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness.
591.  
592.  
593. Methods
594. Two hundred and forty‐two military policemen, divided into two groups (elite and non‐elite), were evaluated occupational stress by the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory (LSSI), daytime sleepiness (DS) by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and sleep quality (SQ) by the Pitsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
595.  
596.  
597. Results
598. Military police officers (entire sample) showed dissatisfaction related to psychological support from the military institution (p = 0.004), about the inefficiency of the judicial system (p < 0.001) and their low popularity towards society (p = 0.009). The group of elite police officers slept significantly less (p = 0.026) and, in general, suffered more from severe daytime sleepiness, had poorer SQ and showed lower levels of occupational stress than their peers. It was possible to identify that stress can be detected, developed, and intensified in military police officers as a result of the environment in which they are exposed and this interferes significantly in sleep and daytime sleepiness (p < 0.05).
599.  
600.  
601. Conclusion
602. Through this study, it is hoped that measures can be implemented to enhance the work environment and thereby improve the quality of life for this military population. Furthermore, it is intended to stimulate more comprehensive and longitudinal studies, particularly inclusive of female military personnel.
603.  
604. </dc:description>
605.         <content:encoded>
606. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
607. <h2>Objective</h2>
608. <p>Military Police officers of Rio de Janeiro's State have been considered the most lethal security forces in Brazil, corresponding to 52.35% of deaths in policing actions. The main aim of this study was to identify occupational stress among military police officers in Rio de Janeiro State and its relationship with the psychosocial environment, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness.</p>
609. <h2>Methods</h2>
610. <p>Two hundred and forty-two military policemen, divided into two groups (elite and non-elite), were evaluated occupational stress by the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory (LSSI), daytime sleepiness (DS) by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and sleep quality (SQ) by the Pitsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p>
611. <h2>Results</h2>
612. <p>Military police officers (entire sample) showed dissatisfaction related to psychological support from the military institution (<i>p</i> = 0.004), about the inefficiency of the judicial system (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and their low popularity towards society (<i>p</i> = 0.009). The group of elite police officers slept significantly less (<i>p</i> = 0.026) and, in general, suffered more from severe daytime sleepiness, had poorer SQ and showed lower levels of occupational stress than their peers. It was possible to identify that stress can be detected, developed, and intensified in military police officers as a result of the environment in which they are exposed and this interferes significantly in sleep and daytime sleepiness (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p>
613. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
614. &lt;p&gt;Through this study, it is hoped that measures can be implemented to enhance the work environment and thereby improve the quality of life for this military population. Furthermore, it is intended to stimulate more comprehensive and longitudinal studies, particularly inclusive of female military personnel.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
615.         <dc:creator>
616. Luiz Otavio Ribeiro Garcia,
617. Ruda Moreira,
618. Maria‐Raquel G. Silva
619. </dc:creator>
620.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
621.         <dc:title>Occupational Stress and Sleep of Military Police Officers From Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</dc:title>
622.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24184</dc:identifier>
623.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
624.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24184</prism:doi>
625.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24184?af=R</prism:url>
626.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
627.      </item>
628.      <item>
629.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24196?af=R</link>
630.         <pubDate>Mon, 02 Dec 2024 22:04:43 -0800</pubDate>
631.         <dc:date>2024-12-02T10:04:43-08:00</dc:date>
632.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
633.         <prism:coverDate/>
634.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
635.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24196</guid>
636.         <title>Inflammation and Ovarian Function in Reproductive‐Aged Women</title>
637.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
638.         <dc:description>
639. ABSTRACT
640.  
641. Introduction
642. Inflammation is a marker of immune activation. Inflammation may have an effect on both ovarian function and luteal function, both essential to pregnancy. High inflammation may also signal dysregulated processes within the ovary, which could be in part measured through Anti‐Müllerian hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, and inhibin B levels.
643.  
644.  
645. Objective
646. To determine the relationship between inflammation, measured by C‐reactive protein, and three biomarkers of ovarian function during the early follicular phase: Anti‐Müllerian hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, and inhibin B.
647.  
648.  
649. Methods
650. Secondary cross‐sectional analysis of data and serum obtained in Time to Conceive, a prospective cohort study sample of 843 women attempting pregnancy in central North Carolina from 2008 to 2016. Participants were aged 30 and 44 years, had no history of infertility, endometriosis, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, and were not currently breastfeeding. Serum samples were obtained on days 2, 3, or 4 of the menstrual cycle. C‐reactive protein (natural‐log transformed), Anti‐Müllerian hormone (natural‐log transformed), follicle‐stimulating hormone (natural‐log transformed), and inhibin B (untransformed) were measured in serum. Diminished ovarian reserve was examined dichotomously and defined as an Anti‐Müllerian hormone level below 0.7 ng/mL.
651.  
652.  
653. Results
654. The analysis included 703 participants with C‐reactive protein measured. In an adjusted linear regression model, a 20% increase in C‐reactive protein was associated with a 0.57 pg/mL decrease in inhibin B (95% CI: −0.84 to −0.29 pg/mL) and a 0.535% decrease in follicle‐stimulating hormone (95% CI: −1.01 to −0.06). Although there was not a significant relationship between Anti‐Müllerian hormone and C‐reactive protein, a 20% increase in C‐reactive protein was associated with a 0.87% increase in Anti‐Müllerian hormone (95% CI: −0.27 to 2.01). C‐reactive protein was not associated with the odds of diminished ovarian reserve in an adjusted logistic regression model (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.77–1.20).
655.  
656.  
657. Conclusions
658. Inflammation, as measured by C‐reactive protein, is associated with early follicular phase follicle‐stimulating hormone and inhibin B, although this is not true of AMH. Inflammation may exert an effect on ovarian function.
659.  
660. </dc:description>
661.         <content:encoded>
662. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
663. <h2>Introduction</h2>
664. <p>Inflammation is a marker of immune activation. Inflammation may have an effect on both ovarian function and luteal function, both essential to pregnancy. High inflammation may also signal dysregulated processes within the ovary, which could be in part measured through Anti-Müllerian hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and inhibin B levels.</p>
665. <h2>Objective</h2>
666. <p>To determine the relationship between inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein, and three biomarkers of ovarian function during the early follicular phase: Anti-Müllerian hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and inhibin B.</p>
667. <h2>Methods</h2>
668. <p>Secondary cross-sectional analysis of data and serum obtained in Time to Conceive, a prospective cohort study sample of 843 women attempting pregnancy in central North Carolina from 2008 to 2016. Participants were aged 30 and 44 years, had no history of infertility, endometriosis, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, and were not currently breastfeeding. Serum samples were obtained on days 2, 3, or 4 of the menstrual cycle. C-reactive protein (natural-log transformed), Anti-Müllerian hormone (natural-log transformed), follicle-stimulating hormone (natural-log transformed), and inhibin B (untransformed) were measured in serum. Diminished ovarian reserve was examined dichotomously and defined as an Anti-Müllerian hormone level below 0.7 ng/mL.</p>
669. <h2>Results</h2>
670. <p>The analysis included 703 participants with C-reactive protein measured. In an adjusted linear regression model, a 20% increase in C-reactive protein was associated with a 0.57 pg/mL decrease in inhibin B (95% CI: −0.84 to −0.29 pg/mL) and a 0.535% decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (95% CI: −1.01 to −0.06). Although there was not a significant relationship between Anti-Müllerian hormone and C-reactive protein, a 20% increase in C-reactive protein was associated with a 0.87% increase in Anti-Müllerian hormone (95% CI: −0.27 to 2.01). C-reactive protein was not associated with the odds of diminished ovarian reserve in an adjusted logistic regression model (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.77–1.20).</p>
671. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
672. &lt;p&gt;Inflammation, as measured by C-reactive protein, is associated with early follicular phase follicle-stimulating hormone and inhibin B, although this is not true of AMH. Inflammation may exert an effect on ovarian function.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
673.         <dc:creator>
674. Anneliese Long,
675. Anne Z. Steiner,
676. Amanda L. Thompson,
677. Hannah R. Jahnke,
678. Benjamin S. Harris,
679. Anne Marie Jukic
680. </dc:creator>
681.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
682.         <dc:title>Inflammation and Ovarian Function in Reproductive‐Aged Women</dc:title>
683.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24196</dc:identifier>
684.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
685.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24196</prism:doi>
686.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24196?af=R</prism:url>
687.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
688.      </item>
689.      <item>
690.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24194?af=R</link>
691.         <pubDate>Mon, 02 Dec 2024 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
692.         <dc:date>2024-12-02T12:00:00-08:00</dc:date>
693.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
694.         <prism:coverDate/>
695.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
696.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24194</guid>
697.         <title>The Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Waist Circumference Among Normal‐Weight Individuals in the Peruvian Population: A 3‐Year Pooled Cross‐Sectional Study</title>
698.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
699.         <dc:description>
700. ABSTRACT
701.  
702. Introduction
703. Limited information is available on the association between depressive symptoms and waist circumference (WC) in individuals with normal weight. This study aimed to analyze the association between depressive symptoms and WC among individuals aged 18 years or older with normal weight in the Peruvian population between 2019 and 2021.
704.  
705.  
706. Methods
707. Analytical cross‐sectional study. Data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (2019–2021) were analyzed. The sample consisted of 26 933 participants. The outcome variable was WC. The exposure variables included the overall Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) score and severity of depressive symptoms. Generalized linear models of the Gaussian family estimated the effects with β coefficients for the associations between WC and depressive symptoms stratified by age and sex.
708.  
709.  
710. Results
711. A significant inverse association was observed between depressive symptoms and WC in young (< 35 years) individuals of both sexes. In young males, a dose–response relationship emerged, with greater severity of depressive symptoms associated with progressively lower WC. Specifically, inverse associations were found for moderate (β = −1.74, 95% CI: −3.25 to −0.23), moderately severe (β = −2.81, 95% CI: −4.71 to −0.91), and severe (β = −2.75, 95% CI: −5.11 to −0.40) depressive symptoms.
712.  
713.  
714. Conclusions
715. Among young individuals of both sexes with a normal weight, depressive symptoms were inversely associated with WC. These findings underscore the need for nuanced considerations of age and sex when exploring the interplay of depression and abdominal adiposity in individuals with normal weight.
716.  
717. </dc:description>
718.         <content:encoded>
719. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
720. <h2>Introduction</h2>
721. <p>Limited information is available on the association between depressive symptoms and waist circumference (WC) in individuals with normal weight. This study aimed to analyze the association between depressive symptoms and WC among individuals aged 18 years or older with normal weight in the Peruvian population between 2019 and 2021.</p>
722. <h2>Methods</h2>
723. <p>Analytical cross-sectional study. Data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (2019–2021) were analyzed. The sample consisted of 26 933 participants. The outcome variable was WC. The exposure variables included the overall Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score and severity of depressive symptoms. Generalized linear models of the Gaussian family estimated the effects with <i>β</i> coefficients for the associations between WC and depressive symptoms stratified by age and sex.</p>
724. <h2>Results</h2>
725. <p>A significant inverse association was observed between depressive symptoms and WC in young (< 35 years) individuals of both sexes. In young males, a dose–response relationship emerged, with greater severity of depressive symptoms associated with progressively lower WC. Specifically, inverse associations were found for moderate (<i>β</i> = −1.74, 95% CI: −3.25 to −0.23), moderately severe (<i>β</i> = −2.81, 95% CI: −4.71 to −0.91), and severe (<i>β</i> = −2.75, 95% CI: −5.11 to −0.40) depressive symptoms.</p>
726. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
727. &lt;p&gt;Among young individuals of both sexes with a normal weight, depressive symptoms were inversely associated with WC. These findings underscore the need for nuanced considerations of age and sex when exploring the interplay of depression and abdominal adiposity in individuals with normal weight.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
728.         <dc:creator>
729. Lorena Saavedra‐Garcia,
730. Miguel Moscoso‐Porras,
731. Ysabella Benites‐Castillo,
732. Luis German‐Montejo,
733. Paula Andrea Diaz‐Valencia,
734. Noël C. Barengo,
735. Heidi von Harscher,
736. Jamee Guerra Valencia
737. </dc:creator>
738.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
739.         <dc:title>The Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Waist Circumference Among Normal‐Weight Individuals in the Peruvian Population: A 3‐Year Pooled Cross‐Sectional Study</dc:title>
740.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24194</dc:identifier>
741.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
742.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24194</prism:doi>
743.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24194?af=R</prism:url>
744.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
745.      </item>
746.      <item>
747.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24191?af=R</link>
748.         <pubDate>Fri, 29 Nov 2024 17:49:00 -0800</pubDate>
749.         <dc:date>2024-11-29T05:49:00-08:00</dc:date>
750.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
751.         <prism:coverDate/>
752.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
753.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24191</guid>
754.         <title>Somatic Symptoms Are Associated With Elevated Blood Pressure and Epstein–Barr Virus Antibodies Among Shuar of the Ecuadorian Amazon</title>
755.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
756.         <dc:description>
757. ABSTRACT
758.  
759. Introduction
760. This study tests the hypothesis that self‐reported somatic symptoms are associated with biomarkers of stress, including elevated blood pressure and suppressed immune function, among Shuar adults living in the Ecuadorian Amazon.
761.  
762.  
763. Methods
764. Research was conducted in three Shuar communities in the Upano Valley of the Ecuadorian Amazon and included the collection of biomarkers and a structured morbidity interview. Participants self‐reported somatic symptoms such as headaches, body pain, fatigue, and other bodily symptoms. We examined whether the number of somatic symptoms reported was associated with measures of immune (Epstein–Barr virus [EBV] antibodies) and cardiovascular (blood pressure) functioning in 97 Shuar adults (37 women, 60 men; ages 18–65 years). Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationships among somatic symptoms and stress biomarkers, controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), active infection, level of education, and income.
765.  
766.  
767. Results
768. Controlling for relevant covariates, Shuar adults reporting the highest level of somatic symptoms (three symptoms) were more likely to exhibit elevated systolic (β = 0.20, p = 0.04) and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.23, p = 0.03), in comparison to adults reporting no symptoms. Shuar adults reporting two symptoms, compared to no symptoms, were more likely to exhibit elevated EBV antibody concentrations (β = 0.34, p = < 0.01).
769.  
770.  
771. Conclusions
772. These preliminary findings demonstrate that somatic symptoms reported by Shuar men and women are associated with physiological measures widely associated with chronic psychosocial stress. These findings complement the cross‐cultural literature in medical anthropology documenting the close connection between the expression of somatic symptoms and stressful life circumstances and highlight the important role that human biologists can play in exploring biocultural phenomena.
773.  
774. </dc:description>
775.         <content:encoded>
776. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
777. <h2>Introduction</h2>
778. <p>This study tests the hypothesis that self-reported somatic symptoms are associated with biomarkers of stress, including elevated blood pressure and suppressed immune function, among Shuar adults living in the Ecuadorian Amazon.</p>
779. <h2>Methods</h2>
780. <p>Research was conducted in three Shuar communities in the Upano Valley of the Ecuadorian Amazon and included the collection of biomarkers and a structured morbidity interview. Participants self-reported somatic symptoms such as headaches, body pain, fatigue, and other bodily symptoms. We examined whether the number of somatic symptoms reported was associated with measures of immune (Epstein–Barr virus [EBV] antibodies) and cardiovascular (blood pressure) functioning in 97 Shuar adults (37 women, 60 men; ages 18–65 years). Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationships among somatic symptoms and stress biomarkers, controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), active infection, level of education, and income.</p>
781. <h2>Results</h2>
782. <p>Controlling for relevant covariates, Shuar adults reporting the highest level of somatic symptoms (three symptoms) were more likely to exhibit elevated systolic (<i>β</i> = 0.20, <i>p</i> = 0.04) and diastolic blood pressure (<i>β</i> = 0.23, <i>p</i> = 0.03), in comparison to adults reporting no symptoms. Shuar adults reporting two symptoms, compared to no symptoms, were more likely to exhibit elevated EBV antibody concentrations (<i>β</i> = 0.34, <i>p</i> = < 0.01).</p>
783. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
784. &lt;p&gt;These preliminary findings demonstrate that somatic symptoms reported by Shuar men and women are associated with physiological measures widely associated with chronic psychosocial stress. These findings complement the cross-cultural literature in medical anthropology documenting the close connection between the expression of somatic symptoms and stressful life circumstances and highlight the important role that human biologists can play in exploring biocultural phenomena.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
785.         <dc:creator>
786. Paula S. Tallman,
787. Rebecca A. Seligman,
788. Felicia C. Madimenos,
789. Melissa A. Liebert,
790. Tara J. Cepon‐Robins,
791. J. Josh Snodgrass,
792. Thomas W. McDade,
793. Lawrence S. Sugiyama
794. </dc:creator>
795.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
796.         <dc:title>Somatic Symptoms Are Associated With Elevated Blood Pressure and Epstein–Barr Virus Antibodies Among Shuar of the Ecuadorian Amazon</dc:title>
797.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24191</dc:identifier>
798.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
799.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24191</prism:doi>
800.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24191?af=R</prism:url>
801.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
802.      </item>
803.      <item>
804.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24197?af=R</link>
805.         <pubDate>Thu, 28 Nov 2024 00:23:48 -0800</pubDate>
806.         <dc:date>2024-11-28T12:23:48-08:00</dc:date>
807.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
808.         <prism:coverDate/>
809.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
810.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24197</guid>
811.         <title>Urbanization and Infectious Disease</title>
812.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
813.         <dc:description>
814. ABSTRACT
815. The United Nations currently estimates that over half of the global population has lived in cities since 2017 and that this proportion is continuing to grow, particularly in the Global South. While urbanization is not new, increased population density combined with accelerating rates of (re)emerging and noncommunicable diseases as well as growing economic disparities has created new challenges to human health and well‐being. Here, I examine peri‐urban communities, peripheral settlements on the edges of urban areas populated by rural people, and argue that these areas are often overlooked, despite becoming increasingly common. Thus, human biologists should move beyond categorizing these spaces as transitional. Using unplanned, peri‐urban communities around Lima, Peru as a case study, I detail the complexity of political ecological factors that impact infectious disease risk and rates in peri‐urban communities. Using disease mechanisms, I demonstrate the importance of a biocultural approach and a political ecology perspective when investigating infectious disease. I highlight how human biologists and anthropologists are uniquely positioned to explore the heterogeneity of infectious disease patterns and pathways in an increasingly urbanized world.
816. </dc:description>
817.         <content:encoded>
818. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
819. &lt;p&gt;The United Nations currently estimates that over half of the global population has lived in cities since 2017 and that this proportion is continuing to grow, particularly in the Global South. While urbanization is not new, increased population density combined with accelerating rates of (re)emerging and noncommunicable diseases as well as growing economic disparities has created new challenges to human health and well-being. Here, I examine peri-urban communities, peripheral settlements on the edges of urban areas populated by rural people, and argue that these areas are often overlooked, despite becoming increasingly common. Thus, human biologists should move beyond categorizing these spaces as transitional. Using unplanned, peri-urban communities around Lima, Peru as a case study, I detail the complexity of political ecological factors that impact infectious disease risk and rates in peri-urban communities. Using disease mechanisms, I demonstrate the importance of a biocultural approach and a political ecology perspective when investigating infectious disease. I highlight how human biologists and anthropologists are uniquely positioned to explore the heterogeneity of infectious disease patterns and pathways in an increasingly urbanized world.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
820.         <dc:creator>
821. Achsah F. Dorsey
822. </dc:creator>
823.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
824.         <dc:title>Urbanization and Infectious Disease</dc:title>
825.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24197</dc:identifier>
826.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
827.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24197</prism:doi>
828.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24197?af=R</prism:url>
829.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
830.      </item>
831.      <item>
832.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24190?af=R</link>
833.         <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 02:04:48 -0800</pubDate>
834.         <dc:date>2024-11-25T02:04:48-08:00</dc:date>
835.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
836.         <prism:coverDate/>
837.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
838.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24190</guid>
839.         <title>Stature and Its Association With Physiological Stress Exposure in a Pediatric Autopsy Sample</title>
840.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
841.         <dc:description>
842. ABSTRACT
843.  
844. Introduction and Background
845. Experiencing illnesses or other stressors may disrupt processes of growth and development throughout the different stages of prepubertal development. Stunted stature for age is one potential outcome from such disruption, with both the nature and timing of stressors playing a role in the development of stunting. This study explores whether stress events in utero or during birth, and prepubertal development have an impact on stature, by examining associations between experience of prenatal or birth issues, postnatal stressor exposure by severity, and stature at time‐of‐death, with the impact of different stress experiences compared.
846.  
847.  
848. Methods
849. A coronial pediatric dataset of individuals aged 0–20.9 years (280 male, 195 female) who died in the state of New Mexico from years 2011 to 2019 was assessed for presence/absence of stunting associated with physiological stress exposure type whilst controlling for low socioeconomic status (as inferred by housing type) and sex using two multiple logistic regression models for ages < 12, and for ages 12+. Broad postnatal condition categories were then investigated, again controlling for socioeconomic status and sex for these two cohorts. A linear regression model was also used to assess relationships between stunting, physiological stress, low socioeconomic status housing, and age‐at‐death.
850.  
851.  
852. Results and Discussion
853. For both groups aged < 12 and 12+, experiencing moderate to severe illness prior to 12 years of age increased the odds of being stunted at death. Only experience of prenatal or birth issues was associated with younger age‐at‐death, but stunting itself was not, potentially reflecting the prolonged exposure to severe stressors necessary for stunted growth.
854.  
855. </dc:description>
856.         <content:encoded>
857. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
858. <h2>Introduction and Background</h2>
859. <p>Experiencing illnesses or other stressors may disrupt processes of growth and development throughout the different stages of prepubertal development. Stunted stature for age is one potential outcome from such disruption, with both the nature and timing of stressors playing a role in the development of stunting. This study explores whether stress events in utero or during birth, and prepubertal development have an impact on stature, by examining associations between experience of prenatal or birth issues, postnatal stressor exposure by severity, and stature at time-of-death, with the impact of different stress experiences compared.</p>
860. <h2>Methods</h2>
861. <p>A coronial pediatric dataset of individuals aged 0–20.9 years (280 male, 195 female) who died in the state of New Mexico from years 2011 to 2019 was assessed for presence/absence of stunting associated with physiological stress exposure type whilst controlling for low socioeconomic status (as inferred by housing type) and sex using two multiple logistic regression models for ages < 12, and for ages 12+. Broad postnatal condition categories were then investigated, again controlling for socioeconomic status and sex for these two cohorts. A linear regression model was also used to assess relationships between stunting, physiological stress, low socioeconomic status housing, and age-at-death.</p>
862. <h2>Results and Discussion</h2>
863. &lt;p&gt;For both groups aged &amp;lt; 12 and 12+, experiencing moderate to severe illness prior to 12 years of age increased the odds of being stunted at death. Only experience of prenatal or birth issues was associated with younger age-at-death, but stunting itself was not, potentially reflecting the prolonged exposure to severe stressors necessary for stunted growth.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
864.         <dc:creator>
865. Bronwyn Wyatt,
866. Cait McPherson,
867. Lexi O'Donnell
868. </dc:creator>
869.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
870.         <dc:title>Stature and Its Association With Physiological Stress Exposure in a Pediatric Autopsy Sample</dc:title>
871.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24190</dc:identifier>
872.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
873.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24190</prism:doi>
874.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24190?af=R</prism:url>
875.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
876.      </item>
877.      <item>
878.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24193?af=R</link>
879.         <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 01:54:41 -0800</pubDate>
880.         <dc:date>2024-11-25T01:54:41-08:00</dc:date>
881.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
882.         <prism:coverDate/>
883.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
884.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24193</guid>
885.         <title>Enhancement of a Mathematical Model for Predicting Puberty Stage in Boys: A Cross‐Sectional Study</title>
886.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
887.         <dc:description>
888. ABSTRACT
889.  
890. Background
891. Previously, we developed a mathematical model capable of predicting pubertal development (PD) through seven anthropometric variables, with an accuracy of 75%. We believe that it is possible to develop a similar model that uses fewer anthropometric measurements and provides greater precision.
892.  
893.  
894. Objective
895. Develop a mathematical model capable of predicting PD through anthropometric variables.
896.  
897.  
898. Methods
899. We evaluated the anthropometric profile and PD by medical analysis in 203 boys (Age = 12.6 ± 2.6). Subsequently, we divided the boys into groups: development (n = 121) and cross‐validation (n = 82). Data from the development group were subjected to discriminant analysis to identify which anthropometric indicators would be potential predictors of PD. We subsequently developed an equation based on the indicated indicators and tested its validation using data from the cross‐validation group.
900.  
901.  
902. Results
903. Discriminant analyses showed that age and sitting‐height were the variables with the greatest power to predict PD (p < 0.05). Consequently, the mathematical model was developed: Puberty‐score = −17.357 + (0.603 × Age [years]) + (0.127 × Sitting‐height [cm]). Based on the scores generated, we classified PD into stage‐I (score ≤ −1.815), stage‐II (score = −1.816 to −0.605), stage‐III (score = −0.606 to 0.695), stage‐IV (score = 0.696–3.410), and stage‐V (score > 3.410). No differences were found between PD assessments performed by doctors and assessments using the mathematical model (p > 0.5). The prediction model showed high agreement (R2 = 0.867; CCC = 0.899; ICC = 0.900; Kappa = 0.922; α‐Krippendorff = 0.885; Bland–Altman LoAs = −2.0, 2.0; pure error = 0.0009) with accuracy of 82.8% and precision of 82%. Analyses in the cross‐validation group confirmed the reliability of the prediction model.
904.  
905.  
906. Conclusion
907. The developed mathematical model presents high reliability, validity and accuracy and precision above 80% for determining PD in boys.
908.  
909. </dc:description>
910.         <content:encoded>
911. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
912. <h2>Background</h2>
913. <p>Previously, we developed a mathematical model capable of predicting pubertal development (PD) through seven anthropometric variables, with an accuracy of 75%. We believe that it is possible to develop a similar model that uses fewer anthropometric measurements and provides greater precision.</p>
914. <h2>Objective</h2>
915. <p>Develop a mathematical model capable of predicting PD through anthropometric variables.</p>
916. <h2>Methods</h2>
917. <p>We evaluated the anthropometric profile and PD by medical analysis in 203 boys (Age = 12.6 ± 2.6). Subsequently, we divided the boys into groups: development (<i>n</i> = 121) and cross-validation (<i>n</i> = 82). Data from the development group were subjected to discriminant analysis to identify which anthropometric indicators would be potential predictors of PD. We subsequently developed an equation based on the indicated indicators and tested its validation using data from the cross-validation group.</p>
918. <h2>Results</h2>
919. <p>Discriminant analyses showed that age and sitting-height were the variables with the greatest power to predict PD (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Consequently, the mathematical model was developed: Puberty-score = −17.357 + (0.603 × Age [years]) + (0.127 × Sitting-height [cm]). Based on the scores generated, we classified PD into stage-I (score ≤ −1.815), stage-II (score = −1.816 to −0.605), stage-III (score = −0.606 to 0.695), stage-IV (score = 0.696–3.410), and stage-V (score > 3.410). No differences were found between PD assessments performed by doctors and assessments using the mathematical model (<i>p</i> > 0.5). The prediction model showed high agreement (<i>R</i>
920. <sup>2</sup> = 0.867; CCC = 0.899; ICC = 0.900; Kappa = 0.922; <i>α</i>-Krippendorff = 0.885; Bland–Altman LoAs = −2.0, 2.0; pure error = 0.0009) with accuracy of 82.8% and precision of 82%. Analyses in the cross-validation group confirmed the reliability of the prediction model.</p>
921. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
922. &lt;p&gt;The developed mathematical model presents high reliability, validity and accuracy and precision above 80% for determining PD in boys.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
923.         <dc:creator>
924. Paulo Francisco de Almeida‐Neto,
925. Adam Dominic George Baxter‐Jones,
926. Ricardo Fernando Arrais,
927. Jenner Christian Veríssimo de Azevedo,
928. Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas,
929. Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral,
930. Radamés Maciel Vitor Medeiros
931. </dc:creator>
932.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
933.         <dc:title>Enhancement of a Mathematical Model for Predicting Puberty Stage in Boys: A Cross‐Sectional Study</dc:title>
934.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24193</dc:identifier>
935.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
936.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24193</prism:doi>
937.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24193?af=R</prism:url>
938.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
939.      </item>
940.      <item>
941.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24188?af=R</link>
942.         <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 2024 04:17:32 -0800</pubDate>
943.         <dc:date>2024-11-20T04:17:32-08:00</dc:date>
944.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
945.         <prism:coverDate/>
946.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
947.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24188</guid>
948.         <title>Meta‐Analysis of the Heritability of Childhood Height From 560 000 Pairs of Relatives Born Between 1929 and 2004</title>
949.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
950.         <dc:description>
951. ABSTRACT
952.  
953. Background
954. Childhood height is commonly used to measure children's health and nutritional status. It is used to define stunting, where a child is considered stunted if their height is shorter than two standard deviations below the Child Growth Standards median. Studies have shown that genetic and environmental factors contribute to childhood height, so understanding these contributions is important for stunting research. This systematic review and meta‐analysis examined the contribution of these factors across study designs and ancestries.
955.  
956.  
957. Methods
958. A systematic search found 28 twin and 26 family studies spanning from birth to 17 years. We identified 162 293 twin, 380 195 parent‐offspring, and 19 965 sibling pairs born between 1929 and 2004. These datasets were meta‐analyzed using a random effects model. The review is registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42023432550).
959.  
960.  
961. Results
962. The estimated heritability (h2) of height from twin design increased from birth to 17 years. For children under 5 years, the estimated heritability was 0.57 (95%CI, 0.52–0.61) for European, 0.48 (0.39–0.57) for Asian, and 0.46 (0.40–0.51) for multi ancestries. Heritability estimated from parent‐offspring design was 0.46 (95%CI, 0.28–0.62) at birth and 0.76 (95%CI, 0.70–0.80) at 17 years. Meanwhile, the estimated heritability from sibling design remained constant across ages at 0.70 (95%CI, 0.52–0.83).
963.  
964.  
965. Conclusions
966. The heritability estimates of childhood height were slightly higher in European ancestries, but in general, they did not significantly differ across ancestry groups. While the shared environmental effects on height peak in early childhood, the estimated heritability increase in late teens. Unique environmental factors play a small, but significant role throughout childhood.
967.  
968. </dc:description>
969.         <content:encoded>
970. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
971. <h2>Background</h2>
972. <p>Childhood height is commonly used to measure children's health and nutritional status. It is used to define stunting, where a child is considered stunted if their height is shorter than two standard deviations below the Child Growth Standards median. Studies have shown that genetic and environmental factors contribute to childhood height, so understanding these contributions is important for stunting research. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the contribution of these factors across study designs and ancestries.</p>
973. <h2>Methods</h2>
974. <p>A systematic search found 28 twin and 26 family studies spanning from birth to 17 years. We identified 162 293 twin, 380 195 parent-offspring, and 19 965 sibling pairs born between 1929 and 2004. These datasets were meta-analyzed using a random effects model. The review is registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42023432550).</p>
975. <h2>Results</h2>
976. <p>The estimated heritability (<i>h</i>
977. <sup>2</sup>) of height from twin design increased from birth to 17 years. For children under 5 years, the estimated heritability was 0.57 (95%CI, 0.52–0.61) for European, 0.48 (0.39–0.57) for Asian, and 0.46 (0.40–0.51) for multi ancestries. Heritability estimated from parent-offspring design was 0.46 (95%CI, 0.28–0.62) at birth and 0.76 (95%CI, 0.70–0.80) at 17 years. Meanwhile, the estimated heritability from sibling design remained constant across ages at 0.70 (95%CI, 0.52–0.83).</p>
978. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
979. &lt;p&gt;The heritability estimates of childhood height were slightly higher in European ancestries, but in general, they did not significantly differ across ancestry groups. While the shared environmental effects on height peak in early childhood, the estimated heritability increase in late teens. Unique environmental factors play a small, but significant role throughout childhood.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
980.         <dc:creator>
981. Reta Dewau,
982. Aafke Boomsma,
983. Caitlin Doyle,
984. Stephanie Byrne,
985. Elina Hyppönen,
986. Sang Hong Lee,
987. Beben Benyamin
988. </dc:creator>
989.         <category>REVIEW</category>
990.         <dc:title>Meta‐Analysis of the Heritability of Childhood Height From 560 000 Pairs of Relatives Born Between 1929 and 2004</dc:title>
991.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24188</dc:identifier>
992.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
993.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24188</prism:doi>
994.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24188?af=R</prism:url>
995.         <prism:section>REVIEW</prism:section>
996.      </item>
997.      <item>
998.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24185?af=R</link>
999.         <pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2024 23:34:10 -0800</pubDate>
1000.         <dc:date>2024-11-15T11:34:10-08:00</dc:date>
1001.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1002.         <prism:coverDate/>
1003.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1004.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24185</guid>
1005.         <title>Celebrating 50 Years of the Human Biology Association</title>
1006.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1007.         <dc:description/>
1008.         <content:encoded/>
1009.         <dc:creator>
1010. William R. Leonard
1011. </dc:creator>
1012.         <category>EDITORIAL</category>
1013.         <dc:title>Celebrating 50 Years of the Human Biology Association</dc:title>
1014.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24185</dc:identifier>
1015.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1016.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24185</prism:doi>
1017.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24185?af=R</prism:url>
1018.         <prism:section>EDITORIAL</prism:section>
1019.      </item>
1020.      <item>
1021.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24186?af=R</link>
1022.         <pubDate>Wed, 13 Nov 2024 22:44:46 -0800</pubDate>
1023.         <dc:date>2024-11-13T10:44:46-08:00</dc:date>
1024.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1025.         <prism:coverDate/>
1026.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1027.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24186</guid>
1028.         <title>Comparison of Sport Type on the Handgrip Strength Change in Young Athletes</title>
1029.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1030.         <dc:description>
1031. ABSTRACT
1032.  
1033. Objective
1034. Whether or not an athlete plays with sports equipment in their hands may influence handgrip strength (HGS) changes during development, but longitudinal studies have not confirmed this. This study compared one‐year HGS changes between two sports types (soccer vs. kendo) in children and adolescent athletes.
1035.  
1036.  
1037. Methods
1038. One hundred sixty‐eight young athletes (86 kendo boys and 82 soccer boys) had two HGS measurements separated by 1 year. A 2 (sports) by 2 (timepoints 1 and 2) repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine whether HGS changed differently between sports.
1039.  
1040.  
1041. Results
1042. There was no evidence for a sport × time interaction in HGS (p = 0.14); however, the mean difference and 95% CI were in the direction of favoring a greater change in kendo athletes [difference of 0.6 (95% CI: −0.2, 1.5) kg]. There was a main effect of time and sport. Kendo athletes had a 4.6 (95% CI: 1.8, 7.5) kg greater HGS than soccer athletes. There was no evidence that the change in HGS between sports depended on the initial age of the athlete (p = 0.205).
1043.  
1044.  
1045. Conclusion
1046. Using sports equipment during play may positively affect HGS.
1047.  
1048. </dc:description>
1049.         <content:encoded>
1050. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1051. <h2>Objective</h2>
1052. <p>Whether or not an athlete plays with sports equipment in their hands may influence handgrip strength (HGS) changes during development, but longitudinal studies have not confirmed this. This study compared one-year HGS changes between two sports types (soccer vs. kendo) in children and adolescent athletes.</p>
1053. <h2>Methods</h2>
1054. <p>One hundred sixty-eight young athletes (86 kendo boys and 82 soccer boys) had two HGS measurements separated by 1 year. A 2 (sports) by 2 (timepoints 1 and 2) repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine whether HGS changed differently between sports.</p>
1055. <h2>Results</h2>
1056. <p>There was no evidence for a sport × time interaction in HGS (<i>p</i> = 0.14); however, the mean difference and 95% CI were in the direction of favoring a greater change in kendo athletes [difference of 0.6 (95% CI: −0.2, 1.5) kg]. There was a main effect of time and sport. Kendo athletes had a 4.6 (95% CI: 1.8, 7.5) kg greater HGS than soccer athletes. There was no evidence that the change in HGS between sports depended on the initial age of the athlete (<i>p</i> = 0.205).</p>
1057. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
1058. &lt;p&gt;Using sports equipment during play may positively affect HGS.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1059.         <dc:creator>
1060. Takashi Abe,
1061. Akemi Abe,
1062. Jeremy P. Loenneke
1063. </dc:creator>
1064.         <category>SHORT REPORT</category>
1065.         <dc:title>Comparison of Sport Type on the Handgrip Strength Change in Young Athletes</dc:title>
1066.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24186</dc:identifier>
1067.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1068.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24186</prism:doi>
1069.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24186?af=R</prism:url>
1070.         <prism:section>SHORT REPORT</prism:section>
1071.      </item>
1072.      <item>
1073.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24183?af=R</link>
1074.         <pubDate>Mon, 11 Nov 2024 23:39:52 -0800</pubDate>
1075.         <dc:date>2024-11-11T11:39:52-08:00</dc:date>
1076.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1077.         <prism:coverDate/>
1078.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1079.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24183</guid>
1080.         <title>Anthropometric Studies of Schoolchildren During the First Decades of the 20th Century in Spain and Argentina</title>
1081.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1082.         <dc:description>
1083. ABSTRACT
1084.  
1085. Objective
1086. The practice of anthropometry in schools at the beginning of the 20th century originated in Europe and Latin America in conjunction with the emergence of hygienism and epidemiological auxology. The aim of this work is to deepen the knowledge of these practices in Spain and Argentina and to compare the available growth data in order to identify possible differences between the populations.
1087.  
1088.  
1089. Methods
1090. The anthropometric data of 1693 boys and girls aged 7–15 years (877 Spanish; 816 Argentinean) from the period between 1903 and 1913 were analyzed. The data were taken from the Reports and Memoirs of the School Colonies of the National Pedagogical Museum (Spain) and the Archives of Pedagogy and Related Sciences of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the National University of La Plata (UNLP) (Argentina).
1091.  
1092.  
1093. Results
1094. The most pronounced differences in weight and height were observed between the ages of 11 and 12. The weight growth of Spanish schoolchildren was 22% (boys) and 24% (girls) lower than that of their Argentine counterparts, while linear growth was about 7% lower for both sexes. In addition, the Spanish had a lower body mass index up to the age of 12 years.
1095.  
1096.  
1097. Conclusions
1098. Argentine boys and girls of La Plata were taller and heavier than their Spanish counterparts of Madrid during the same period (between 1903 and 1913). These results can be attributed to the higher standard of living that characterized the Argentine population at that time.
1099.  
1100. </dc:description>
1101.         <content:encoded>
1102. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1103. <h2>Objective</h2>
1104. <p>The practice of anthropometry in schools at the beginning of the 20th century originated in Europe and Latin America in conjunction with the emergence of hygienism and epidemiological auxology. The aim of this work is to deepen the knowledge of these practices in Spain and Argentina and to compare the available growth data in order to identify possible differences between the populations.</p>
1105. <h2>Methods</h2>
1106. <p>The anthropometric data of 1693 boys and girls aged 7–15 years (877 Spanish; 816 Argentinean) from the period between 1903 and 1913 were analyzed. The data were taken from the Reports and Memoirs of the School Colonies of the National Pedagogical Museum (Spain) and the Archives of Pedagogy and Related Sciences of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the National University of La Plata (UNLP) (Argentina).</p>
1107. <h2>Results</h2>
1108. <p>The most pronounced differences in weight and height were observed between the ages of 11 and 12. The weight growth of Spanish schoolchildren was 22% (boys) and 24% (girls) lower than that of their Argentine counterparts, while linear growth was about 7% lower for both sexes. In addition, the Spanish had a lower body mass index up to the age of 12 years.</p>
1109. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1110. &lt;p&gt;Argentine boys and girls of La Plata were taller and heavier than their Spanish counterparts of Madrid during the same period (between 1903 and 1913). These results can be attributed to the higher standard of living that characterized the Argentine population at that time.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1111.         <dc:creator>
1112. María Florencia Cesani,
1113. Marisa González Montero,
1114. María Dolores Marrodán Serrano
1115. </dc:creator>
1116.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1117.         <dc:title>Anthropometric Studies of Schoolchildren During the First Decades of the 20th Century in Spain and Argentina</dc:title>
1118.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24183</dc:identifier>
1119.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1120.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24183</prism:doi>
1121.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24183?af=R</prism:url>
1122.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1123.      </item>
1124.      <item>
1125.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24187?af=R</link>
1126.         <pubDate>Mon, 11 Nov 2024 23:23:36 -0800</pubDate>
1127.         <dc:date>2024-11-11T11:23:36-08:00</dc:date>
1128.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1129.         <prism:coverDate/>
1130.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1131.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24187</guid>
1132.         <title>Is Alcohol Consumption Pattern Dependent on Prenatal Sex‐Steroids? A Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Study Among University Students</title>
1133.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1134.         <dc:description>
1135. ABSTRACT
1136.  
1137. Introduction
1138. There is evidence that alcohol consumption is influenced by prenatal sex steroids (as measured by digit ratio [2D:4D]). Here, we clarify the effect size of the relationship in a student (rather than a patient) population.
1139.  
1140.  
1141. Methods
1142. There were 258 (169 women) participants. Digit length was measured directly with calipers. Alcohol use was evaluated by the Polish version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and operationalized as total AUDIT scores and grams of alcohol/week.
1143.  
1144.  
1145. Results
1146. Digit ratios were sexually dimorphic (males < females). There were negative correlations between right 2D:4D and Dr‐l (right 2D:4D minus left 2D:4D) and AUDIT scores and grams of alcohol/week in both sexes. Relationships varied from small (r = −0.29) to large (r = −0.69) and they were stronger in males in comparison to females and for right 2D:4D in comparison to Dr‐l. In males only, there were small (r = 0.21) to moderate (r = 0.31) positive associations with body size (height, weight, and mean right digit length) and alcohol consumption. Multiple regression analyses showed relationships between digit ratios remained significant but those for body size did not.
1147.  
1148.  
1149. Conclusion
1150. Alcohol consumption was negatively related to 2D:4D, suggesting high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal estrogen are linked to its consumption. Correlations varied in strength from small to large with the strongest found for right 2D:4D and for males. Positive relationships between body size and alcohol were small to moderate, confined to males, and were not independent of digit ratios. Prenatal androgenization may influence alcohol drinking patterns in non‐clinical individuals.
1151.  
1152. </dc:description>
1153.         <content:encoded>
1154. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1155. <h2>Introduction</h2>
1156. <p>There is evidence that alcohol consumption is influenced by prenatal sex steroids (as measured by digit ratio [2D:4D]). Here, we clarify the effect size of the relationship in a student (rather than a patient) population.</p>
1157. <h2>Methods</h2>
1158. <p>There were 258 (169 women) participants. Digit length was measured directly with calipers. Alcohol use was evaluated by the Polish version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and operationalized as total AUDIT scores and grams of alcohol/week.</p>
1159. <h2>Results</h2>
1160. <p>Digit ratios were sexually dimorphic (males < females). There were negative correlations between right 2D:4D and Dr-l (right 2D:4D minus left 2D:4D) and AUDIT scores and grams of alcohol/week in both sexes. Relationships varied from small (<i>r</i> = −0.29) to large (<i>r</i> = −0.69) and they were stronger in males in comparison to females and for right 2D:4D in comparison to Dr-l. In males only, there were small (<i>r</i> = 0.21) to moderate (<i>r</i> = 0.31) positive associations with body size (height, weight, and mean right digit length) and alcohol consumption. Multiple regression analyses showed relationships between digit ratios remained significant but those for body size did not.</p>
1161. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
1162. &lt;p&gt;Alcohol consumption was negatively related to 2D:4D, suggesting high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal estrogen are linked to its consumption. Correlations varied in strength from small to large with the strongest found for right 2D:4D and for males. Positive relationships between body size and alcohol were small to moderate, confined to males, and were not independent of digit ratios. Prenatal androgenization may influence alcohol drinking patterns in non-clinical individuals.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1163.         <dc:creator>
1164. Barbara Ślawski,
1165. Anna Kasielska‐Trojan,
1166. John T. Manning,
1167. Bogusław Antoszewski
1168. </dc:creator>
1169.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1170.         <dc:title>Is Alcohol Consumption Pattern Dependent on Prenatal Sex‐Steroids? A Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Study Among University Students</dc:title>
1171.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24187</dc:identifier>
1172.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1173.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24187</prism:doi>
1174.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24187?af=R</prism:url>
1175.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1176.      </item>
1177.      <item>
1178.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24179?af=R</link>
1179.         <pubDate>Thu, 07 Nov 2024 03:09:59 -0800</pubDate>
1180.         <dc:date>2024-11-07T03:09:59-08:00</dc:date>
1181.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1182.         <prism:coverDate/>
1183.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1184.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24179</guid>
1185.         <title>Trajectory Analysis of the Four‐Year Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Characteristics Among Highly Competitive Male University Long‐Distance Runners</title>
1186.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1187.         <dc:description>
1188. ABSTRACT
1189.  
1190. Objectives
1191. This study examined long‐term changes in body composition and bone mineral characteristics among male long‐distance runners from a high‐profile university team, focusing on concerns about impaired musculoskeletal development due to extreme leanness and weight management practices in this population.
1192.  
1193.  
1194. Methods
1195. Trajectory analyses were performed using multilevel modeling of 608 dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry datasets from 109 runners (mean age, height, and weight of 18.0 years, 171.4 cm, and 56.8 kg at baseline, respectively) collected biannually over 4 years.
1196.  
1197.  
1198. Results
1199. Linear increases in total and regional lean mass (LM) were observed on average, with the increase in leg LM being double that of arm LM (0.07 vs. 0.03 kg per occasion, respectively). Similarly, total bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) exhibited linear growth on average, with BMD accrual being greater in the legs than in the arms (0.004 vs. 0.001 g/cm2 per occasion, respectively). However, rib BMD and BMC were predicted to decrease. Individually predicted growth rates in total LM were significantly associated with those in total BMD (r = 0.347, p < 0.001) and BMC (r = 0.424, p < 0.001).
1200.  
1201.  
1202. Conclusions
1203. These results indicate site‐specific musculoskeletal adaptations to intensive long‐distance running training. Moreover, a random slope model accurately captured the trajectories of most dependent variables, highlighting the heterogeneity of training responses. The predictive models developed in this study offer practical strategies for identifying runners at risk of suboptimal physical development, thereby facilitating the development of personalized conditioning programs.
1204.  
1205. </dc:description>
1206.         <content:encoded>
1207. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1208. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1209. <p>This study examined long-term changes in body composition and bone mineral characteristics among male long-distance runners from a high-profile university team, focusing on concerns about impaired musculoskeletal development due to extreme leanness and weight management practices in this population.</p>
1210. <h2>Methods</h2>
1211. <p>Trajectory analyses were performed using multilevel modeling of 608 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry datasets from 109 runners (mean age, height, and weight of 18.0 years, 171.4 cm, and 56.8 kg at baseline, respectively) collected biannually over 4 years.</p>
1212. <h2>Results</h2>
1213. <p>Linear increases in total and regional lean mass (LM) were observed on average, with the increase in leg LM being double that of arm LM (0.07 vs. 0.03 kg per occasion, respectively). Similarly, total bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) exhibited linear growth on average, with BMD accrual being greater in the legs than in the arms (0.004 vs. 0.001 g/cm<sup>2</sup> per occasion, respectively). However, rib BMD and BMC were predicted to decrease. Individually predicted growth rates in total LM were significantly associated with those in total BMD (<i>r</i> = 0.347, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and BMC (<i>r</i> = 0.424, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p>
1214. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1215. &lt;p&gt;These results indicate site-specific musculoskeletal adaptations to intensive long-distance running training. Moreover, a random slope model accurately captured the trajectories of most dependent variables, highlighting the heterogeneity of training responses. The predictive models developed in this study offer practical strategies for identifying runners at risk of suboptimal physical development, thereby facilitating the development of personalized conditioning programs.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1216.         <dc:creator>
1217. Norimitsu Kinoshita,
1218. Masaya Tokita,
1219. Kenta Okuyama
1220. </dc:creator>
1221.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1222.         <dc:title>Trajectory Analysis of the Four‐Year Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Characteristics Among Highly Competitive Male University Long‐Distance Runners</dc:title>
1223.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24179</dc:identifier>
1224.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1225.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24179</prism:doi>
1226.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24179?af=R</prism:url>
1227.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1228.      </item>
1229.      <item>
1230.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24180?af=R</link>
1231.         <pubDate>Wed, 06 Nov 2024 02:31:16 -0800</pubDate>
1232.         <dc:date>2024-11-06T02:31:16-08:00</dc:date>
1233.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1234.         <prism:coverDate/>
1235.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1236.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24180</guid>
1237.         <title>Stationarity of the Special Relationship Between the Geographical Distribution of Body Size and Day Length in Japanese Adolescents: Spatial and Temporal Analysis Using a GTWR Model</title>
1238.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1239.         <dc:description>
1240. ABSTRACT
1241.  
1242. Objectives
1243. Northern Japanese children tend to have larger physiques; however, the underlying cause remains unknown. Previous geographical correlation analyses revealed an unusual trend; effective day length was negatively correlated with height and positively correlated with weight (adjusted for height). This paradoxical relationship suggests a thyroid hormone‐like effect and possible photoperiodic response. This study aimed to determine whether this phenomenon remains consistent over time and across different regions of Japan.
1244.  
1245.  
1246. Methods
1247. We used geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) to examine whether the relationship between height and effective day length, which differs from the relationship between weight and effective day length, varies by location and time. GTWR models each observation point separately, allowing for spatial and temporal variations. The analysis included the average height and weight data of children and adolescents by prefecture from 1989 to 2019, along with effective day length considering illuminance above 5000 lx derived from the agrometeorological grid square data.
1248.  
1249.  
1250. Results
1251. Height was used as the dependent variable, whereas weight and effective day length were used as independent variables. For height estimation, the coefficients of weight and effective day length were consistently positive and negative, respectively, although the regression coefficients showed minor geographical and temporal variations.
1252.  
1253.  
1254. Conclusion
1255. The opposite correlation between height and effective day length and that between weight and effective day length were consistent. This suggests that the phenomenon is more likely driven by environmental factors than by economic or genetic influences.
1256.  
1257. </dc:description>
1258.         <content:encoded>
1259. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1260. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1261. <p>Northern Japanese children tend to have larger physiques; however, the underlying cause remains unknown. Previous geographical correlation analyses revealed an unusual trend; effective day length was negatively correlated with height and positively correlated with weight (adjusted for height). This paradoxical relationship suggests a thyroid hormone-like effect and possible photoperiodic response. This study aimed to determine whether this phenomenon remains consistent over time and across different regions of Japan.</p>
1262. <h2>Methods</h2>
1263. <p>We used geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) to examine whether the relationship between height and effective day length, which differs from the relationship between weight and effective day length, varies by location and time. GTWR models each observation point separately, allowing for spatial and temporal variations. The analysis included the average height and weight data of children and adolescents by prefecture from 1989 to 2019, along with effective day length considering illuminance above 5000 lx derived from the agrometeorological grid square data.</p>
1264. <h2>Results</h2>
1265. <p>Height was used as the dependent variable, whereas weight and effective day length were used as independent variables. For height estimation, the coefficients of weight and effective day length were consistently positive and negative, respectively, although the regression coefficients showed minor geographical and temporal variations.</p>
1266. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
1267. &lt;p&gt;The opposite correlation between height and effective day length and that between weight and effective day length were consistent. This suggests that the phenomenon is more likely driven by environmental factors than by economic or genetic influences.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1268.         <dc:creator>
1269. Masana Yokoya,
1270. Yukito Higuchi
1271. </dc:creator>
1272.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1273.         <dc:title>Stationarity of the Special Relationship Between the Geographical Distribution of Body Size and Day Length in Japanese Adolescents: Spatial and Temporal Analysis Using a GTWR Model</dc:title>
1274.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24180</dc:identifier>
1275.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1276.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24180</prism:doi>
1277.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24180?af=R</prism:url>
1278.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1279.      </item>
1280.      <item>
1281.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24181?af=R</link>
1282.         <pubDate>Tue, 05 Nov 2024 03:08:30 -0800</pubDate>
1283.         <dc:date>2024-11-05T03:08:30-08:00</dc:date>
1284.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1285.         <prism:coverDate/>
1286.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1287.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24181</guid>
1288.         <title>Socioeconomic Status and Age at Menarche in Türkiye</title>
1289.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1290.         <dc:description>
1291. ABSTRACT
1292.  
1293. Objectives
1294. The trend in declining age at menarche (AAM) largely continues while body size increases globally. The aim was to investigate trends in AAM, menstrual characteristics, and post‐menarcheal anthropometric parameters in adolescents living in an urban area in Türkiye between 1999 and 2018.
1295.  
1296.  
1297. Methods
1298. Female adolescent high school students in the Manisa region were asked about menarche and socioeconomic status (SES). There were 1017 girls in the first study (1999–2001) and 1304 (2016–2018) in the second study. Height and weight were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Adolescent girls were grouped into three socioeconomic status (SES) groups based on parental education and occupation, and all parameters were evaluated using SES.
1299.  
1300.  
1301. Results
1302. The mean ± standard deviation for AAM in the first period was 12.82 ± 1.07 years and 12.83 ± 0.9 years in the second. AAM did not differ between the two periods nor between SES groups in either period. Post‐menarcheal height, weight, and BMI increased in the second period compared to the first study and across all SES groups (p < 0.05). The whole group AAM was similar in both periods, only 3 months earlier in the second period than in the first period. However, the AAM in girls with a post‐menarcheal BMI indicating being overweight or obese was significantly earlier than that of those with a normal post‐menarcheal BMI in both periods (p < 0.05).
1303.  
1304.  
1305. Conclusions
1306. Despite changing sociodemographic characteristics and an increasing trend in height, weight, and BMI in all socioeconomic groups, no change was observed in mean AAM in an urban region of Western Türkiye over 18 years. While the inverse relationship between BMI and postmenarcheal BMI continued in both periods, the decline in AAM became more pronounced over the years in the presence of high postmenarcheal BMI.
1307.  
1308. </dc:description>
1309.         <content:encoded>
1310. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1311. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1312. <p>The trend in declining age at menarche (AAM) largely continues while body size increases globally. The aim was to investigate trends in AAM, menstrual characteristics, and post-menarcheal anthropometric parameters in adolescents living in an urban area in Türkiye between 1999 and 2018.</p>
1313. <h2>Methods</h2>
1314. <p>Female adolescent high school students in the Manisa region were asked about menarche and socioeconomic status (SES). There were 1017 girls in the first study (1999–2001) and 1304 (2016–2018) in the second study. Height and weight were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Adolescent girls were grouped into three socioeconomic status (SES) groups based on parental education and occupation, and all parameters were evaluated using SES.</p>
1315. <h2>Results</h2>
1316. <p>The mean ± standard deviation for AAM in the first period was 12.82 ± 1.07 years and 12.83 ± 0.9 years in the second. AAM did not differ between the two periods nor between SES groups in either period. Post-menarcheal height, weight, and BMI increased in the second period compared to the first study and across all SES groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The whole group AAM was similar in both periods, only 3 months earlier in the second period than in the first period. However, the AAM in girls with a post-menarcheal BMI indicating being overweight or obese was significantly earlier than that of those with a normal post-menarcheal BMI in both periods (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p>
1317. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1318. &lt;p&gt;Despite changing sociodemographic characteristics and an increasing trend in height, weight, and BMI in all socioeconomic groups, no change was observed in mean AAM in an urban region of Western Türkiye over 18 years. While the inverse relationship between BMI and postmenarcheal BMI continued in both periods, the decline in AAM became more pronounced over the years in the presence of high postmenarcheal BMI.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1319.         <dc:creator>
1320. Betül Ersoy,
1321. Nurcan Hanedan,
1322. Beyhan Özyurt
1323. </dc:creator>
1324.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1325.         <dc:title>Socioeconomic Status and Age at Menarche in Türkiye</dc:title>
1326.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24181</dc:identifier>
1327.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1328.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24181</prism:doi>
1329.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24181?af=R</prism:url>
1330.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1331.      </item>
1332.      <item>
1333.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24182?af=R</link>
1334.         <pubDate>Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:23:43 -0800</pubDate>
1335.         <dc:date>2024-11-04T12:23:43-08:00</dc:date>
1336.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1337.         <prism:coverDate/>
1338.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1339.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24182</guid>
1340.         <title>The Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Waist and Hip Circumference and Selected Indicators Related to It Among Adolescents From the Kraków (Poland) Population</title>
1341.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1342.         <dc:description>
1343. ABSTRACT
1344.  
1345. Objectives
1346. The aim of the study was to assess changes in waist and hip circumference, as well as the waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) indices among adolescents (11–15‐year‐olds) from the Kraków during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
1347.  
1348.  
1349. Methods
1350. Cross‐sectional studies were conducted in four main districts of the city in the years 2020 and 2022. The study group consisted of 1662 people. Measurements of height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were taken. The collected data were used to calculate the WHR and WHtR indices. Statistical analyses were performed using two‐way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test, as well as the Kruskal–Wallis test, depending on the normality of distribution.
1351.  
1352.  
1353. Results
1354. An increase in hip circumference was observed in most age groups of both sexes. Among 14–15‐year‐old boys, an increase in waist circumference was observed, while among girls, the majority of cohorts showed the opposite trend. Additionally, in most age groups, a decrease in the values of WHR and WHtR indices was observed in both sexes, except for boys aged 14–15.
1355.  
1356.  
1357. Conclusion
1358. The study found that government‐imposed restrictions related to the COVID‐19 pandemic had an impact on waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, and WHtR indicators among adolescents aged 11–15 from Kraków. While some results showed regression, suggesting potential factors such as reduced physical activity or increased screen time contributing to deteriorating outcomes. On the other hand, not all results changed, which may be attributed to the absence of modifications in dietary habits or physical activity as government restrictions ceased.
1359.  
1360. </dc:description>
1361.         <content:encoded>
1362. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1363. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1364. <p>The aim of the study was to assess changes in waist and hip circumference, as well as the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) indices among adolescents (11–15-year-olds) from the Kraków during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
1365. <h2>Methods</h2>
1366. <p>Cross-sectional studies were conducted in four main districts of the city in the years 2020 and 2022. The study group consisted of 1662 people. Measurements of height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were taken. The collected data were used to calculate the WHR and WHtR indices. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test, as well as the Kruskal–Wallis test, depending on the normality of distribution.</p>
1367. <h2>Results</h2>
1368. <p>An increase in hip circumference was observed in most age groups of both sexes. Among 14–15-year-old boys, an increase in waist circumference was observed, while among girls, the majority of cohorts showed the opposite trend. Additionally, in most age groups, a decrease in the values of WHR and WHtR indices was observed in both sexes, except for boys aged 14–15.</p>
1369. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
1370. &lt;p&gt;The study found that government-imposed restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, and WHtR indicators among adolescents aged 11–15 from Kraków. While some results showed regression, suggesting potential factors such as reduced physical activity or increased screen time contributing to deteriorating outcomes. On the other hand, not all results changed, which may be attributed to the absence of modifications in dietary habits or physical activity as government restrictions ceased.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1371.         <dc:creator>
1372. Paulina Artymiak,
1373. Magdalena Żegleń,
1374. Łukasz Kryst
1375. </dc:creator>
1376.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1377.         <dc:title>The Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Waist and Hip Circumference and Selected Indicators Related to It Among Adolescents From the Kraków (Poland) Population</dc:title>
1378.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24182</dc:identifier>
1379.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1380.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24182</prism:doi>
1381.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24182?af=R</prism:url>
1382.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1383.      </item>
1384.      <item>
1385.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24175?af=R</link>
1386.         <pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 03:02:56 -0700</pubDate>
1387.         <dc:date>2024-10-30T03:02:56-07:00</dc:date>
1388.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1389.         <prism:coverDate/>
1390.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1391.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24175</guid>
1392.         <title>The Effects of War‐Related Stress on Human Development: Differences in Body Proportions of Polish Women Born Before and During World War II</title>
1393.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1394.         <dc:description>
1395. ABSTRACT
1396.  
1397. Objectives
1398. This study aims to explore the lasting effects of stress experienced by pregnant women during World War II (WWII) on body and head measurements of their adult daughters.
1399.  
1400.  
1401. Methods
1402. The research sample consists of 336 female university students born in Poland between 1925 and 1951. The data include body measurements and socioeconomic information (parental occupation and number of siblings) acquired from questionnaires collected between the 1950s and 1970s. Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney test and Analysis of Variance were used to analyze differences in body measurements between groups of women born before and during the war, as well as the possible influences of socioeconomic variables.
1403.  
1404.  
1405. Results
1406. The mean measurements of body height, symphysion height, and waist circumference were lower in women conceived and born during the war compared to those born in the pre‐war period. In contrast, the mean measurements of biacromial (shoulder) width, trunk length, and three head dimensions were higher in women conceived and born during the war. Additionally, the number of siblings appeared to be a significant factor that may have influenced the body measurements of women in both groups. For instance, a higher number of living siblings, particularly sisters, was associated with reduced body dimensions, such as body height and waist circumference, while a greater number of deceased siblings was linked to an increase in certain body dimensions.
1407.  
1408.  
1409. Conclusion
1410. The results suggest that war‐related prenatal conditions may have influenced the postnatal growth and development of women conceived and born during the war. Notably, the direction of these changes varied, which indicates that the growth response to the war‐related conditions was a complex adaptation, reflecting both positive and negative changes in different body parts, rather than a uniform pattern of growth suppression.
1411.  
1412. </dc:description>
1413.         <content:encoded>
1414. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1415. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1416. <p>This study aims to explore the lasting effects of stress experienced by pregnant women during World War II (WWII) on body and head measurements of their adult daughters.</p>
1417. <h2>Methods</h2>
1418. <p>The research sample consists of 336 female university students born in Poland between 1925 and 1951. The data include body measurements and socioeconomic information (parental occupation and number of siblings) acquired from questionnaires collected between the 1950s and 1970s. Student's <i>t</i>-test, Mann–Whitney test and Analysis of Variance were used to analyze differences in body measurements between groups of women born before and during the war, as well as the possible influences of socioeconomic variables.</p>
1419. <h2>Results</h2>
1420. <p>The mean measurements of body height, symphysion height, and waist circumference were lower in women conceived and born during the war compared to those born in the pre-war period. In contrast, the mean measurements of biacromial (shoulder) width, trunk length, and three head dimensions were higher in women conceived and born during the war. Additionally, the number of siblings appeared to be a significant factor that may have influenced the body measurements of women in both groups. For instance, a higher number of living siblings, particularly sisters, was associated with reduced body dimensions, such as body height and waist circumference, while a greater number of deceased siblings was linked to an increase in certain body dimensions.</p>
1421. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
1422. &lt;p&gt;The results suggest that war-related prenatal conditions may have influenced the postnatal growth and development of women conceived and born during the war. Notably, the direction of these changes varied, which indicates that the growth response to the war-related conditions was a complex adaptation, reflecting both positive and negative changes in different body parts, rather than a uniform pattern of growth suppression.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1423.         <dc:creator>
1424. Linda Koníková,
1425. Grażyna Liczbińska,
1426. Miroslav Králík
1427. </dc:creator>
1428.         <category>SHORT REPORT</category>
1429.         <dc:title>The Effects of War‐Related Stress on Human Development: Differences in Body Proportions of Polish Women Born Before and During World War II</dc:title>
1430.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24175</dc:identifier>
1431.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1432.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24175</prism:doi>
1433.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24175?af=R</prism:url>
1434.         <prism:section>SHORT REPORT</prism:section>
1435.      </item>
1436.      <item>
1437.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24176?af=R</link>
1438.         <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2024 03:18:16 -0700</pubDate>
1439.         <dc:date>2024-10-29T03:18:16-07:00</dc:date>
1440.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1441.         <prism:coverDate/>
1442.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1443.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24176</guid>
1444.         <title>Diachronic Height Changes in Europe From the Mesolithic to the Present: Exploring Possible Causes and Regional Specificities</title>
1445.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1446.         <dc:description>
1447. ABSTRACT
1448.  
1449. Objectives
1450. A meta‐analysis of diachronic changes in average height across Europe from the Mesolithic to the present, based on a broad range of literature sources.
1451.  
1452.  
1453. Materials and Methods
1454. The analysis of chronological height variability was based on skeletal remains (from the Mesolithic to the 19th century), from which height was reconstructed, and on data from living individuals measured from the late 19th to the early 21st century. In total, data from 73 skeletal series and 342 groups of modern populations, primarily from Eastern Europe, were analyzed. A regression analysis was performed using R to describe the patterns of variability.
1455.  
1456.  
1457. Results
1458. The findings indicate that height decreases during the Neolithic and remains relatively stable until the Medieval period. A decline in average height is observed during the High Medieval period. The Early Modern period marks a transition to the 20th century, during which there is a consistent increase in average height, most pronounced until the 1980s, after which the rate of increase slows slightly into the early 21st century. Temporal height variability in the European part of Russia shows regional differences.
1459.  
1460.  
1461. Conclusions
1462. The results suggest a wave‐like pattern of trans‐epochal changes in the somatic status of populations over an extended period, likely driven by various socioeconomic factors that dominated in different historical periods: the transition to agriculture, urbanization, political systems, industrial revolutions, and significant improvements in quality of life. Diachronic changes in height exhibit regional specificities, reflected in the variability of rates and magnitudes of secular gains across different regions and time periods.
1463.  
1464. </dc:description>
1465.         <content:encoded>
1466. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1467. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1468. <p>A meta-analysis of diachronic changes in average height across Europe from the Mesolithic to the present, based on a broad range of literature sources.</p>
1469. <h2>Materials and Methods</h2>
1470. <p>The analysis of chronological height variability was based on skeletal remains (from the Mesolithic to the 19th century), from which height was reconstructed, and on data from living individuals measured from the late 19th to the early 21st century. In total, data from 73 skeletal series and 342 groups of modern populations, primarily from Eastern Europe, were analyzed. A regression analysis was performed using <i>R</i> to describe the patterns of variability.</p>
1471. <h2>Results</h2>
1472. <p>The findings indicate that height decreases during the Neolithic and remains relatively stable until the Medieval period. A decline in average height is observed during the High Medieval period. The Early Modern period marks a transition to the 20th century, during which there is a consistent increase in average height, most pronounced until the 1980s, after which the rate of increase slows slightly into the early 21st century. Temporal height variability in the European part of Russia shows regional differences.</p>
1473. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1474. &lt;p&gt;The results suggest a wave-like pattern of trans-epochal changes in the somatic status of populations over an extended period, likely driven by various socioeconomic factors that dominated in different historical periods: the transition to agriculture, urbanization, political systems, industrial revolutions, and significant improvements in quality of life. Diachronic changes in height exhibit regional specificities, reflected in the variability of rates and magnitudes of secular gains across different regions and time periods.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1475.         <dc:creator>
1476. Marina A. Negasheva,
1477. Olga A. Fedorchuk,
1478. Ainur A. Khafizova,
1479. Alla A. Movsesian
1480. </dc:creator>
1481.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1482.         <dc:title>Diachronic Height Changes in Europe From the Mesolithic to the Present: Exploring Possible Causes and Regional Specificities</dc:title>
1483.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24176</dc:identifier>
1484.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1485.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24176</prism:doi>
1486.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24176?af=R</prism:url>
1487.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1488.      </item>
1489.      <item>
1490.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24178?af=R</link>
1491.         <pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2024 00:09:55 -0700</pubDate>
1492.         <dc:date>2024-10-28T12:09:55-07:00</dc:date>
1493.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1494.         <prism:coverDate/>
1495.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1496.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24178</guid>
1497.         <title>Contaminant Exposure Profiles Demonstrate Similar Physiological Effects Across Environments Despite Unique Profile Composition in Formosa, Argentina, and Connecticut, USA</title>
1498.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1499.         <dc:description>
1500. ABSTRACT
1501.  
1502. Objective
1503. Exposure to environmental contaminants is globally universal. However, communities vary in the specific combination of contaminants to which they are exposed, potentially contributing to variation in human health and creating “locally situated biologies.” We investigated how environmental exposures differ across environments by comparing exposure profiles between two contexts that differ markedly across political, economic, and sociocultural factors—Namqom, Formosa, Argentina, and New Haven, Connecticut, United States.
1504.  
1505.  
1506. Methods
1507. We collected infant urine, maternal urine, and human milk samples from mother–infant dyads in Formosa (n = 13) and New Haven (n = 21). We used untargeted liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS) to annotate environmental contaminants and endogenous metabolites in these samples, and we analyzed the data using exposome‐wide association studies (EWAS) followed by pathway enrichment.
1508.  
1509.  
1510. Results
1511. We found statistically significant differences between the chemical exposure profiles of the Argentinian and US mothers, mostly involving pesticides; however, we observed similarities in the infant urine and human milk environmental contaminant profiles, suggesting that the maternal body may buffer infant exposure through human milk. We also found that infants and mothers were exposed to contaminants that were associated with alterations in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Infants additionally showed alterations in vitamin metabolism, including vitamins B1, B3, and B6.
1512.  
1513.  
1514. Conclusions
1515. Differences in chemical exposure profiles may be related to structural factors. Despite variation in the composition of exposure profiles between the two study sites, environmental contaminant exposure was associated with similar patterns in human physiology when we considered contaminants comprehensively rather than individually, with implications for metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk as well as infant cognitive development.
1516.  
1517. </dc:description>
1518.         <content:encoded>
1519. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1520. <h2>Objective</h2>
1521. <p>Exposure to environmental contaminants is globally universal. However, communities vary in the specific combination of contaminants to which they are exposed, potentially contributing to variation in human health and creating “locally situated biologies.” We investigated how environmental exposures differ across environments by comparing exposure profiles between two contexts that differ markedly across political, economic, and sociocultural factors—Namqom, Formosa, Argentina, and New Haven, Connecticut, United States.</p>
1522. <h2>Methods</h2>
1523. <p>We collected infant urine, maternal urine, and human milk samples from mother–infant dyads in Formosa (<i>n</i> = 13) and New Haven (<i>n</i> = 21). We used untargeted liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to annotate environmental contaminants and endogenous metabolites in these samples, and we analyzed the data using exposome-wide association studies (EWAS) followed by pathway enrichment.</p>
1524. <h2>Results</h2>
1525. <p>We found statistically significant differences between the chemical exposure profiles of the Argentinian and US mothers, mostly involving pesticides; however, we observed similarities in the infant urine and human milk environmental contaminant profiles, suggesting that the maternal body may buffer infant exposure through human milk. We also found that infants and mothers were exposed to contaminants that were associated with alterations in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Infants additionally showed alterations in vitamin metabolism, including vitamins B1, B3, and B6.</p>
1526. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1527. &lt;p&gt;Differences in chemical exposure profiles may be related to structural factors. Despite variation in the composition of exposure profiles between the two study sites, environmental contaminant exposure was associated with similar patterns in human physiology when we considered contaminants comprehensively rather than individually, with implications for metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk as well as infant cognitive development.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1528.         <dc:creator>
1529. Carlye Chaney,
1530. Lisandra Mansilla,
1531. Marcelina Kubica,
1532. Brismar Pinto‐Pacheco,
1533. Kathryn Dunn,
1534. Victoria Bertacchi,
1535. Douglas I. Walker,
1536. Claudia Valeggia
1537. </dc:creator>
1538.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
1539.         <dc:title>Contaminant Exposure Profiles Demonstrate Similar Physiological Effects Across Environments Despite Unique Profile Composition in Formosa, Argentina, and Connecticut, USA</dc:title>
1540.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24178</dc:identifier>
1541.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1542.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24178</prism:doi>
1543.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24178?af=R</prism:url>
1544.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
1545.      </item>
1546.      <item>
1547.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24174?af=R</link>
1548.         <pubDate>Sun, 27 Oct 2024 23:29:19 -0700</pubDate>
1549.         <dc:date>2024-10-27T11:29:19-07:00</dc:date>
1550.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1551.         <prism:coverDate/>
1552.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1553.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24174</guid>
1554.         <title>Physical Activity and Pregnancy Norms Among Daasanach Semi‐Nomadic Pastoralist Women in Northern Kenya</title>
1555.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1556.         <dc:description>
1557. ABSTRACT
1558.  
1559. Objectives
1560. In subsistence populations, high physical activity is typically maintained throughout pregnancy. Market integration shifts activity patterns to resemble industrialized populations, with more time allocated to sedentary behavior. Daasanach semi‐nomadic pastoralists living in northern Kenya face lifestyle heterogeneity due to the emergence of a market center. We investigate how Daasanach women manage the energetic demands of pregnancy with subsistence labor tasks and how market integration relates to variation in energetic demands, physical activity, and coping strategies.
1561.  
1562.  
1563. Methods
1564. We conducted nine focus group discussions with 72 pregnant women. We also deployed wrist‐worn fitness trackers with 21 pregnant women in two community types: central or peripheral to the market center to capture variation in market integration. Data from focus group discussions were analyzed using thematic analysis. We used multiple linear regression to examine the relationship between gestational age and physical activity.
1565.  
1566.  
1567. Results
1568. We identified themes of increased fatigue, diet restrictions, and assistance with labor tasks during pregnancy. Gestational age negatively predicted mean daily steps, with a decrease of 1160 ± 437 steps per day with each consecutive pregnancy month. Stratified by community type, gestational age only negatively predicted mean daily steps for peripheral communities, with a decrease of 1443 ± 629 steps per day with each consecutive pregnancy month.
1569.  
1570.  
1571. Conclusions
1572. Results suggest that physical activity differs with market integration early, but not late, in pregnancy. Daasanach women cope with the energetic demands of pregnancy by reducing physical activity late in pregnancy and receiving assistance with labor tasks from family and neighbors.
1573.  
1574. </dc:description>
1575.         <content:encoded>
1576. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1577. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1578. <p>In subsistence populations, high physical activity is typically maintained throughout pregnancy. Market integration shifts activity patterns to resemble industrialized populations, with more time allocated to sedentary behavior. Daasanach semi-nomadic pastoralists living in northern Kenya face lifestyle heterogeneity due to the emergence of a market center. We investigate how Daasanach women manage the energetic demands of pregnancy with subsistence labor tasks and how market integration relates to variation in energetic demands, physical activity, and coping strategies.</p>
1579. <h2>Methods</h2>
1580. <p>We conducted nine focus group discussions with 72 pregnant women. We also deployed wrist-worn fitness trackers with 21 pregnant women in two community types: central or peripheral to the market center to capture variation in market integration. Data from focus group discussions were analyzed using thematic analysis. We used multiple linear regression to examine the relationship between gestational age and physical activity.</p>
1581. <h2>Results</h2>
1582. <p>We identified themes of increased fatigue, diet restrictions, and assistance with labor tasks during pregnancy. Gestational age negatively predicted mean daily steps, with a decrease of 1160 ± 437 steps per day with each consecutive pregnancy month. Stratified by community type, gestational age only negatively predicted mean daily steps for peripheral communities, with a decrease of 1443 ± 629 steps per day with each consecutive pregnancy month.</p>
1583. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1584. &lt;p&gt;Results suggest that physical activity differs with market integration early, but not late, in pregnancy. Daasanach women cope with the energetic demands of pregnancy by reducing physical activity late in pregnancy and receiving assistance with labor tasks from family and neighbors.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1585.         <dc:creator>
1586. Srishti Sadhir,
1587. Amanda McGrosky,
1588. Leslie B. Ford,
1589. Rosemary Nzunza,
1590. Sylvia N. Wemanya,
1591. Husna Mashaka,
1592. Rahab N. Kinyanjui,
1593. Emmanuel Ndiema,
1594. David R. Braun,
1595. Asher Y. Rosinger,
1596. Herman Pontzer
1597. </dc:creator>
1598.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1599.         <dc:title>Physical Activity and Pregnancy Norms Among Daasanach Semi‐Nomadic Pastoralist Women in Northern Kenya</dc:title>
1600.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24174</dc:identifier>
1601.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1602.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24174</prism:doi>
1603.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24174?af=R</prism:url>
1604.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1605.      </item>
1606.      <item>
1607.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24177?af=R</link>
1608.         <pubDate>Sun, 27 Oct 2024 23:09:10 -0700</pubDate>
1609.         <dc:date>2024-10-27T11:09:10-07:00</dc:date>
1610.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1611.         <prism:coverDate/>
1612.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1613.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24177</guid>
1614.         <title>Population History and Anthropometric Variation of West Coast Irish Islands</title>
1615.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1616.         <dc:description>
1617. ABSTRACT
1618.  
1619. Objectives
1620. Previous research using anthropometric data from the west coast of Ireland in the late 19th century showed that two island populations, the Aran Islands and Inishbofin, were phenotypically divergent from the mainland and more similar to England, a pattern consistent with historical evidence for English admixture. The present study extends these analyses by including data from two other island populations in the region that do not have a history of English admixture.
1621.  
1622.  
1623. Materials and Methods
1624. Data were taken from published sources for six west coast Irish populations measured in the 1890s: two mainland groups (Connemara and Erris) and four island populations (the Aran Islands, Clare Island, Inishbofin, and the Inishkea Islands). The anthropometric data consist of 13 measures on 317 males. Mahalanobis distances among the six populations were derived as well as distances to a mean based on English anthropometric data.
1625.  
1626.  
1627. Results
1628. The two island populations with a history of likely English admixture following the garrisoning of English soldiers in previous centuries were the most divergent from the Irish mainland and most similar to the English mean. The other two island populations (Clare Island and the Inishkea Islands) did not have a history of English admixture and were most similar to the Irish mainland.
1629.  
1630.  
1631. Discussion
1632. The different patterns of anthropometric similarity among the four island populations show different population histories and support earlier studies suggesting differential English admixture as a factor in the population structure of the region.
1633.  
1634. </dc:description>
1635.         <content:encoded>
1636. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1637. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1638. <p>Previous research using anthropometric data from the west coast of Ireland in the late 19th century showed that two island populations, the Aran Islands and Inishbofin, were phenotypically divergent from the mainland and more similar to England, a pattern consistent with historical evidence for English admixture. The present study extends these analyses by including data from two other island populations in the region that do not have a history of English admixture.</p>
1639. <h2>Materials and Methods</h2>
1640. <p>Data were taken from published sources for six west coast Irish populations measured in the 1890s: two mainland groups (Connemara and Erris) and four island populations (the Aran Islands, Clare Island, Inishbofin, and the Inishkea Islands). The anthropometric data consist of 13 measures on 317 males. Mahalanobis distances among the six populations were derived as well as distances to a mean based on English anthropometric data.</p>
1641. <h2>Results</h2>
1642. <p>The two island populations with a history of likely English admixture following the garrisoning of English soldiers in previous centuries were the most divergent from the Irish mainland and most similar to the English mean. The other two island populations (Clare Island and the Inishkea Islands) did not have a history of English admixture and were most similar to the Irish mainland.</p>
1643. <h2>Discussion</h2>
1644. &lt;p&gt;The different patterns of anthropometric similarity among the four island populations show different population histories and support earlier studies suggesting differential English admixture as a factor in the population structure of the region.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1645.         <dc:creator>
1646. John H. Relethford
1647. </dc:creator>
1648.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1649.         <dc:title>Population History and Anthropometric Variation of West Coast Irish Islands</dc:title>
1650.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24177</dc:identifier>
1651.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1652.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24177</prism:doi>
1653.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24177?af=R</prism:url>
1654.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1655.      </item>
1656.      <item>
1657.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24170?af=R</link>
1658.         <pubDate>Sun, 27 Oct 2024 22:54:55 -0700</pubDate>
1659.         <dc:date>2024-10-27T10:54:55-07:00</dc:date>
1660.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1661.         <prism:coverDate/>
1662.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1663.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24170</guid>
1664.         <title>Conducting Human Biology Research Using Invasive Clinical Samples: Methods, Strengths, and Limitations</title>
1665.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1666.         <dc:description>
1667. ABSTRACT
1668. Invasive biological samples collected during clinical care represent a valuable yet underutilized source of information about human biology. However, the challenges of working with clinical personnel and the invasive nature of sample collection in biomedical studies can hinder the acquisition of sufficiently large sample sizes for robust statistical analyses. In addition, the incorporation of demographic data from participants is crucial for ensuring the inclusiveness of representative populations, identifying at‐risk groups, and addressing healthcare disparities. Drawing on both research experiences and the existing literature, this article provides recommendations for researchers aiming to undertake efficient and impactful projects involving invasive human samples. The suggested strategies include: (1) establishing productive collaborations with clinicians; (2) optimizing sample quality through meticulous collection and handling procedures; and (3) strategically implementing a retrospective model to capitalize on existing invasive sample repositories. When established, cooperative work between clinical health care workers and biological anthropologists can yield insights into human biology that have the potential to improve human health and wellbeing.
1669. </dc:description>
1670.         <content:encoded>
1671. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1672. &lt;p&gt;Invasive biological samples collected during clinical care represent a valuable yet underutilized source of information about human biology. However, the challenges of working with clinical personnel and the invasive nature of sample collection in biomedical studies can hinder the acquisition of sufficiently large sample sizes for robust statistical analyses. In addition, the incorporation of demographic data from participants is crucial for ensuring the inclusiveness of representative populations, identifying at-risk groups, and addressing healthcare disparities. Drawing on both research experiences and the existing literature, this article provides recommendations for researchers aiming to undertake efficient and impactful projects involving invasive human samples. The suggested strategies include: (1) establishing productive collaborations with clinicians; (2) optimizing sample quality through meticulous collection and handling procedures; and (3) strategically implementing a retrospective model to capitalize on existing invasive sample repositories. When established, cooperative work between clinical health care workers and biological anthropologists can yield insights into human biology that have the potential to improve human health and wellbeing.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1673.         <dc:creator>
1674. Volney K. Friedrich,
1675. Morgan K. Hoke,
1676. Thedore G. Schurr
1677. </dc:creator>
1678.         <category>METHODS AND TECHNIQUES</category>
1679.         <dc:title>Conducting Human Biology Research Using Invasive Clinical Samples: Methods, Strengths, and Limitations</dc:title>
1680.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24170</dc:identifier>
1681.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1682.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24170</prism:doi>
1683.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24170?af=R</prism:url>
1684.         <prism:section>METHODS AND TECHNIQUES</prism:section>
1685.      </item>
1686.      <item>
1687.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24173?af=R</link>
1688.         <pubDate>Fri, 25 Oct 2024 02:59:57 -0700</pubDate>
1689.         <dc:date>2024-10-25T02:59:57-07:00</dc:date>
1690.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1691.         <prism:coverDate/>
1692.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1693.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24173</guid>
1694.         <title>The Secondary Sex Ratio and Male Mortality at Pre‐Reproductive Ages: A Test of Selection In Utero</title>
1695.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1696.         <dc:description>
1697. ABSTRACT
1698.  
1699. Objectives
1700. The secondary sex ratio (i.e., the ratio of male to female live births; hereafter referred to as the SSR) falls in populations encountering ambient stressors. Much theory and some empirical work indicates that males born to low SSR cohorts may be “positively selected” in that excess culling in utero may correspond with greater than expected survival among live‐born males in that cohort. We extend prior work by testing, in historical Utah, whether the SSR varies positively with male mortality at pre‐reproductive ages.
1701.  
1702.  
1703. Methods
1704. This study uses detailed records from the Utah Population Database to focus on Utahns born 1850–1940. We use rigorous time‐series methods, which control for strong secular declines in mortality as well as ambient perturbations shared equally among males and females, to investigate the male culling inference.
1705.  
1706.  
1707. Results
1708. We observe a positive relation between the SSR and male mortality during youth (i.e., 5 to < 20 years; p < 0.05) but not in infancy or early childhood.
1709.  
1710.  
1711. Conclusions
1712. In this historical population, the SSR appears to gauge hardiness of surviving male cohorts. However, whether the high fertility and/or family structure context of Latter‐day Saints in historical Utah explains the age‐specific pattern of male mortality warrants further scrutiny.
1713.  
1714. </dc:description>
1715.         <content:encoded>
1716. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1717. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1718. <p>The secondary sex ratio (i.e., the ratio of male to female live births; hereafter referred to as the SSR) falls in populations encountering ambient stressors. Much theory and some empirical work indicates that males born to low SSR cohorts may be “positively selected” in that excess culling in utero may correspond with greater than expected survival among live-born males in that cohort. We extend prior work by testing, in historical Utah, whether the SSR varies positively with male mortality at pre-reproductive ages.</p>
1719. <h2>Methods</h2>
1720. <p>This study uses detailed records from the Utah Population Database to focus on Utahns born 1850–1940. We use rigorous time-series methods, which control for strong secular declines in mortality as well as ambient perturbations shared equally among males and females, to investigate the male culling inference.</p>
1721. <h2>Results</h2>
1722. <p>We observe a positive relation between the SSR and male mortality during youth (i.e., 5 to < 20 years; <i>p</i> < 0.05) but not in infancy or early childhood.</p>
1723. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1724. &lt;p&gt;In this historical population, the SSR appears to gauge hardiness of surviving male cohorts. However, whether the high fertility and/or family structure context of Latter-day Saints in historical Utah explains the age-specific pattern of male mortality warrants further scrutiny.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1725.         <dc:creator>
1726. Jason Bonham,
1727. Ryan Schacht,
1728. Ken Smith,
1729. Tim A. Bruckner
1730. </dc:creator>
1731.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1732.         <dc:title>The Secondary Sex Ratio and Male Mortality at Pre‐Reproductive Ages: A Test of Selection In Utero</dc:title>
1733.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24173</dc:identifier>
1734.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1735.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24173</prism:doi>
1736.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24173?af=R</prism:url>
1737.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1738.      </item>
1739.      <item>
1740.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24171?af=R</link>
1741.         <pubDate>Wed, 23 Oct 2024 02:35:43 -0700</pubDate>
1742.         <dc:date>2024-10-23T02:35:43-07:00</dc:date>
1743.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1744.         <prism:coverDate/>
1745.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1746.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24171</guid>
1747.         <title>In Memoriam: Michael H. Crawford (1939–2024)</title>
1748.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1749.         <dc:description/>
1750.         <content:encoded/>
1751.         <dc:creator>
1752. William R. Leonard,
1753. Dennis H. O'Rourke
1754. </dc:creator>
1755.         <category>IN MEMORIAM</category>
1756.         <dc:title>In Memoriam: Michael H. Crawford (1939–2024)</dc:title>
1757.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24171</dc:identifier>
1758.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1759.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24171</prism:doi>
1760.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24171?af=R</prism:url>
1761.         <prism:section>IN MEMORIAM</prism:section>
1762.      </item>
1763.      <item>
1764.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24172?af=R</link>
1765.         <pubDate>Mon, 21 Oct 2024 03:09:34 -0700</pubDate>
1766.         <dc:date>2024-10-21T03:09:34-07:00</dc:date>
1767.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1768.         <prism:coverDate/>
1769.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1770.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24172</guid>
1771.         <title>Expanding the Scope of Heart Rate Variability in Metabolic Health: A Commentary on Sex‐Specific Associations</title>
1772.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1773.         <dc:description/>
1774.         <content:encoded/>
1775.         <dc:creator>
1776. Li‐Fen Chen,
1777. Lien‐Chung Wei,
1778. Hsien‐Jane Chiu
1779. </dc:creator>
1780.         <category>LETTER TO THE EDITOR</category>
1781.         <dc:title>Expanding the Scope of Heart Rate Variability in Metabolic Health: A Commentary on Sex‐Specific Associations</dc:title>
1782.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24172</dc:identifier>
1783.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1784.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24172</prism:doi>
1785.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24172?af=R</prism:url>
1786.         <prism:section>LETTER TO THE EDITOR</prism:section>
1787.      </item>
1788.      <item>
1789.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24169?af=R</link>
1790.         <pubDate>Sat, 19 Oct 2024 00:58:42 -0700</pubDate>
1791.         <dc:date>2024-10-19T12:58:42-07:00</dc:date>
1792.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1793.         <prism:coverDate/>
1794.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1795.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24169</guid>
1796.         <title>Secular Trends in Physical Growth Among Peruvian Children and Adolescents Living at High Altitudes</title>
1797.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1798.         <dc:description>
1799. ABSTRACT
1800.  
1801. Objective
1802. We aim (1) to examine secular trends in height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) among Peruvian children and adolescents living in the city of Junín and (2) to compare their growth status with the World Health Organization (WHO) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference data.
1803.  
1804.  
1805. Methods
1806. The sample included 2874 Peruvians (n = 1681 in the 2009 cohort and n = 1193 in the 2019 cohort) aged 6–16 years from the district of Junín (4107 m of altitude). Height, weight, and WC were measured using standardized protocols. Within each sex, a two‐way between‐subjects analysis of variance—age, and cohort as main factors and age‐by‐cohort as the interaction—was used to test for differences in height, weight, and WC. STATA 17 software was used in all statistical analyses.
1807.  
1808.  
1809. Results
1810. Height revealed a positive secular trend among girls, aged 6–11 years, and among boys up to 14 years of age. Similar positive secular trends in weight and WC were found across all age groups in both boys and girls. Compared to North American peers, children in the 2009 cohort were shorter, lighter, and had a smaller WC. For weight and WC, the 2019 cohort overlapped the 50th percentile across all age groups (except for 16‐year‐old girls).
1811.  
1812.  
1813. Conclusions
1814. Both boys' and girls' height, weight, and WC showed positive secular trends between 2009 and 2019, with statistically significant differences varying across age groups. Peruvian youth of both sexes were shorter and lighter than their North American peers.
1815.  
1816. </dc:description>
1817.         <content:encoded>
1818. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1819. <h2>Objective</h2>
1820. <p>We aim (1) to examine secular trends in height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) among Peruvian children and adolescents living in the city of Junín and (2) to compare their growth status with the World Health Organization (WHO) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference data.</p>
1821. <h2>Methods</h2>
1822. <p>The sample included 2874 Peruvians (<i>n</i> = 1681 in the 2009 cohort and <i>n</i> = 1193 in the 2019 cohort) aged 6–16 years from the district of Junín (4107 m of altitude). Height, weight, and WC were measured using standardized protocols. Within each sex, a two-way between-subjects analysis of variance—age, and cohort as main factors and age-by-cohort as the interaction—was used to test for differences in height, weight, and WC. STATA 17 software was used in all statistical analyses.</p>
1823. <h2>Results</h2>
1824. <p>Height revealed a positive secular trend among girls, aged 6–11 years, and among boys up to 14 years of age. Similar positive secular trends in weight and WC were found across all age groups in both boys and girls. Compared to North American peers, children in the 2009 cohort were shorter, lighter, and had a smaller WC. For weight and WC, the 2019 cohort overlapped the 50th percentile across all age groups (except for 16-year-old girls).</p>
1825. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
1826. &lt;p&gt;Both boys' and girls' height, weight, and WC showed positive secular trends between 2009 and 2019, with statistically significant differences varying across age groups. Peruvian youth of both sexes were shorter and lighter than their North American peers.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1827.         <dc:creator>
1828. Alcibíades Bustamante,
1829. Carla Santos,
1830. José Maia,
1831. Duarte Freitas,
1832. Rui Garganta,
1833. Peter T. Katzmarzyk,
1834. Sara Pereira
1835. </dc:creator>
1836.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1837.         <dc:title>Secular Trends in Physical Growth Among Peruvian Children and Adolescents Living at High Altitudes</dc:title>
1838.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24169</dc:identifier>
1839.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1840.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24169</prism:doi>
1841.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24169?af=R</prism:url>
1842.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1843.      </item>
1844.      <item>
1845.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24168?af=R</link>
1846.         <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2024 00:13:15 -0700</pubDate>
1847.         <dc:date>2024-10-17T12:13:15-07:00</dc:date>
1848.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1849.         <prism:coverDate/>
1850.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1851.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24168</guid>
1852.         <title>Polygyny, Infant, and Child Mortality in Pakistan: Moderating Effect of Household Wealth Status</title>
1853.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1854.         <dc:description>
1855. ABSTRACT
1856.  
1857. Introduction
1858. The United Nations report in 2021 ranks Pakistan 21st among countries with the highest infant and child mortality rate in the world. It is the fifth most populous country in the world with a growth rate of 2% annually. Therefore, understanding child mortality is crucial to reducing the child mortality burden.
1859.  
1860.  
1861. Method
1862. The research utilized two waves of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), 2012–13 and 2017–18. The data are analyzed using logistic regression with interaction effects of household wealth status and propensity score matching techniques.
1863.  
1864.  
1865. Results
1866. The study reveals a positive link between polygyny and infant and child mortality. The odd ratios higher than “1” indicate increased mortality risk for infants and children belonging to polygynous families taking monogamous families as a reference category. Mortality risk is higher among children (OR 1.50 CI 0.18–12.63) as compared with infants (OR 1.28 CI 0.37–4.45). The main effect of household shows a negative association with infant and child mortality while after interacting with polygyny it turns out to be positive. The mortality risks increase with increasing wealth status. It can be translated as a positive link between household wealth status, and infant and child mortality in the context of polygyny.
1867.  
1868.  
1869. Conclusion
1870. Infants and children belonging to polygynous families experience increased mortality risk as compared with monogamous families. The household wealth status may not help improve child mortality.
1871.  
1872. </dc:description>
1873.         <content:encoded>
1874. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1875. <h2>Introduction</h2>
1876. <p>The United Nations report in 2021 ranks Pakistan 21st among countries with the highest infant and child mortality rate in the world. It is the fifth most populous country in the world with a growth rate of 2% annually. Therefore, understanding child mortality is crucial to reducing the child mortality burden.</p>
1877. <h2>Method</h2>
1878. <p>The research utilized two waves of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), 2012–13 and 2017–18. The data are analyzed using logistic regression with interaction effects of household wealth status and propensity score matching techniques.</p>
1879. <h2>Results</h2>
1880. <p>The study reveals a positive link between polygyny and infant and child mortality. The odd ratios higher than “1” indicate increased mortality risk for infants and children belonging to polygynous families taking monogamous families as a reference category. Mortality risk is higher among children (OR 1.50 CI 0.18–12.63) as compared with infants (OR 1.28 CI 0.37–4.45). The main effect of household shows a negative association with infant and child mortality while after interacting with polygyny it turns out to be positive. The mortality risks increase with increasing wealth status. It can be translated as a positive link between household wealth status, and infant and child mortality in the context of polygyny.</p>
1881. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
1882. &lt;p&gt;Infants and children belonging to polygynous families experience increased mortality risk as compared with monogamous families. The household wealth status may not help improve child mortality.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1883.         <dc:creator>
1884. Athar Ali Shah,
1885. Mukhtiar Hussain Ibupoto,
1886. Rahim Dad Rind,
1887. Ali Nawaz Channa
1888. </dc:creator>
1889.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1890.         <dc:title>Polygyny, Infant, and Child Mortality in Pakistan: Moderating Effect of Household Wealth Status</dc:title>
1891.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24168</dc:identifier>
1892.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1893.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24168</prism:doi>
1894.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24168?af=R</prism:url>
1895.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1896.      </item>
1897.      <item>
1898.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24167?af=R</link>
1899.         <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2024 23:39:48 -0700</pubDate>
1900.         <dc:date>2024-10-15T11:39:48-07:00</dc:date>
1901.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1902.         <prism:coverDate/>
1903.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1904.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24167</guid>
1905.         <title>From Local Farms to Supermarket Foods: The Story of the Homogenization of the Argentine Diet Told by the Isotope Ratios of Modern Teeth</title>
1906.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1907.         <dc:description>
1908. ABSTRACT
1909.  
1910. Objectives
1911. Nutritional changes over the last century, driven by globalization, hypermarketization, and malnutrition, are global in scale. Large countries in the Global South might be resilient to dietary homogenization due to their natural diversity of regions and ecosystems, which might have prevented the adoption of supermarket diets. Argentina has a wide array of ecosystems and historically different subsistence diets dependent on regional characteristics. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of stable isotope values in Argentina using modern teeth to test for regional dietary patterns and its consistence over time.
1912.  
1913.  
1914. Materials and Methods
1915. We collected teeth from voluntary donors born between 1940 and 2010, from 72 locations across Argentina. A total of 119 teeth were analyzed for the markers δ13Cdentine, δ13Cenamel, δ15N, and δ34S. A reconstruction of isotopic niches was performed to estimate dietary patterns across different regions and time periods.
1916.  
1917.  
1918. Results
1919. This study is the first to analyze changes in modern dietary patterns in Argentina using isotopic data measured in contemporary teeth. We showed latitudinal, longitudinal, and temporal differences in isotopic values, reflecting the variation in available resources within the country. Changes in the diet were observed over time, including declining δ15N values, a reduction in δ34S range, and a trend toward homogenization of δ13Cenamel values. Conversely, δ13Cdentine values remained constant over time, maintaining latitudinal patterns and regional differences across regions.
1920.  
1921.  
1922. Discussion
1923. This study increases our understanding of modern population dietary patterns both spatially and over the last 70 years. Our findings suggest that the Argentine population has shifted toward a supermarket diet in recent years.
1924.  
1925. </dc:description>
1926.         <content:encoded>
1927. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1928. <h2>Objectives</h2>
1929. <p>Nutritional changes over the last century, driven by globalization, hypermarketization, and malnutrition, are global in scale. Large countries in the Global South might be resilient to dietary homogenization due to their natural diversity of regions and ecosystems, which might have prevented the adoption of supermarket diets. Argentina has a wide array of ecosystems and historically different subsistence diets dependent on regional characteristics. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of stable isotope values in Argentina using modern teeth to test for regional dietary patterns and its consistence over time.</p>
1930. <h2>Materials and Methods</h2>
1931. <p>We collected teeth from voluntary donors born between 1940 and 2010, from 72 locations across Argentina. A total of 119 teeth were analyzed for the markers <i>δ</i>
1932. <sup>13</sup>C<sub>dentine</sub>, <i>δ</i>
1933. <sup>13</sup>C<sub>enamel</sub>, <i>δ</i>
1934. <sup>15</sup>N, and <i>δ</i>
1935. <sup>34</sup>S. A reconstruction of isotopic niches was performed to estimate dietary patterns across different regions and time periods.</p>
1936. <h2>Results</h2>
1937. <p>This study is the first to analyze changes in modern dietary patterns in Argentina using isotopic data measured in contemporary teeth. We showed latitudinal, longitudinal, and temporal differences in isotopic values, reflecting the variation in available resources within the country. Changes in the diet were observed over time, including declining <i>δ</i>
1938. <sup>15</sup>N values, a reduction in <i>δ</i>
1939. <sup>34</sup>S range, and a trend toward homogenization of <i>δ</i>
1940. <sup>13</sup>C<sub>enamel</sub> values. Conversely, <i>δ</i>
1941. <sup>13</sup>C<sub>dentine</sub> values remained constant over time, maintaining latitudinal patterns and regional differences across regions.</p>
1942. <h2>Discussion</h2>
1943. &lt;p&gt;This study increases our understanding of modern population dietary patterns both spatially and over the last 70 years. Our findings suggest that the Argentine population has shifted toward a supermarket diet in recent years.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1944.         <dc:creator>
1945. Felipe Otero,
1946. Luciano Lautaro Loupias,
1947. Luis Henrique Mancini,
1948. Anelize Manuela Bahniuk R,
1949. Marien Béguelin,
1950. Luciano Oscar Valenzuela
1951. </dc:creator>
1952.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
1953.         <dc:title>From Local Farms to Supermarket Foods: The Story of the Homogenization of the Argentine Diet Told by the Isotope Ratios of Modern Teeth</dc:title>
1954.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24167</dc:identifier>
1955.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
1956.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24167</prism:doi>
1957.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24167?af=R</prism:url>
1958.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
1959.      </item>
1960.      <item>
1961.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24166?af=R</link>
1962.         <pubDate>Mon, 14 Oct 2024 03:19:17 -0700</pubDate>
1963.         <dc:date>2024-10-14T03:19:17-07:00</dc:date>
1964.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
1965.         <prism:coverDate/>
1966.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
1967.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24166</guid>
1968.         <title>Inbreeding Effect on Maternal Mortality and Fertility in the Habsburg Dynasty</title>
1969.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
1970.         <dc:description>
1971. ABSTRACT
1972.  
1973. Objective
1974. We investigated inbreeding effects on longevity and fertility in the House of Habsburg, one of the principal royal dynasties of Europe.
1975.  
1976.  
1977. Methods
1978. A total number of 124 Habsburg marriages, involving 107 men and 124 women, in the period of approximately 1450–1800 were considered for the analysis. Kinship and inbreeding coefficients were computed from genealogical information, which included more than 8000 individuals.
1979.  
1980.  
1981. Results
1982. We found a significant negative association between age of death and inbreeding coefficient (F) in those women who had children (regression coefficient b = −1.06, p = 0.0008). This result led us to investigate possible inbreeding effects on maternal mortality in the period of 4 weeks after the childbirth. A strong inbreeding depression on maternal survival was detected through the Kaplan–Meier curve for groups of women with different level of inbreeding (log‐rank test p = 0.0001) and the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (hazard ratio = 2.36, p = 0.0008). Effect on fertility was also found as more inbred women had longer interbirth intervals (b = 154.66, p = 0.022). Effects of male or female inbreeding on the number of children per woman were not detected through zero‐inflated regression models suggesting that reproductive compensation might be occurring among the more inbred and less‐fecund women.
1983.  
1984.  
1985. Conclusion
1986. The effect of inbreeding in adulthood in the Habsburg lineage was at least as important as that previously reported on prereproductive survival. To our knowledge, our results are the first evidence of an inbreeding effect on maternal mortality in humans.
1987.  
1988. </dc:description>
1989.         <content:encoded>
1990. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
1991. <h2>Objective</h2>
1992. <p>We investigated inbreeding effects on longevity and fertility in the House of Habsburg, one of the principal royal dynasties of Europe.</p>
1993. <h2>Methods</h2>
1994. <p>A total number of 124 Habsburg marriages, involving 107 men and 124 women, in the period of approximately 1450–1800 were considered for the analysis. Kinship and inbreeding coefficients were computed from genealogical information, which included more than 8000 individuals.</p>
1995. <h2>Results</h2>
1996. <p>We found a significant negative association between age of death and inbreeding coefficient (<i>F</i>) in those women who had children (regression coefficient <i>b</i> = −1.06, <i>p</i> = 0.0008). This result led us to investigate possible inbreeding effects on maternal mortality in the period of 4 weeks after the childbirth. A strong inbreeding depression on maternal survival was detected through the Kaplan–Meier curve for groups of women with different level of inbreeding (log-rank test <i>p</i> = 0.0001) and the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (hazard ratio = 2.36, <i>p</i> = 0.0008). Effect on fertility was also found as more inbred women had longer interbirth intervals (<i>b</i> = 154.66, <i>p</i> = 0.022). Effects of male or female inbreeding on the number of children per woman were not detected through zero-inflated regression models suggesting that reproductive compensation might be occurring among the more inbred and less-fecund women.</p>
1997. <h2>Conclusion</h2>
1998. &lt;p&gt;The effect of inbreeding in adulthood in the Habsburg lineage was at least as important as that previously reported on prereproductive survival. To our knowledge, our results are the first evidence of an inbreeding effect on maternal mortality in humans.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
1999.         <dc:creator>
2000. Francisco C. Ceballos,
2001. Román Vilas,
2002. Gonzalo Álvarez
2003. </dc:creator>
2004.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
2005.         <dc:title>Inbreeding Effect on Maternal Mortality and Fertility in the Habsburg Dynasty</dc:title>
2006.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24166</dc:identifier>
2007.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
2008.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24166</prism:doi>
2009.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24166?af=R</prism:url>
2010.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
2011.      </item>
2012.      <item>
2013.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24164?af=R</link>
2014.         <pubDate>Mon, 14 Oct 2024 00:24:19 -0700</pubDate>
2015.         <dc:date>2024-10-14T12:24:19-07:00</dc:date>
2016.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
2017.         <prism:coverDate/>
2018.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
2019.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24164</guid>
2020.         <title>How Does Social Inequality Alter Relationships Between Porous Cranial Lesions and Mortality? Examining the Relationship Between Skeletal Indicators of Stress, Socioeconomic Status, and Survivorship in a Pediatric Autopsy Sample</title>
2021.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
2022.         <dc:description>
2023. ABSTRACT
2024.  
2025. Background
2026. In prior exploration of modern and archeological populations, lower SES has been associated with an increased risk of mortality. However, SES is often difficult to ascertain in archeological populations. Thus, explorations of skeletal lesions and their association with mortality may be subject to confounding factors that alter the strength and/or direction of this association.
2027.  
2028.  
2029. Methods
2030. The present study uses data from a modern, documented coronial pediatric dataset to examine the association between porous cranial lesions (PCLs) (cribra orbitalia [CO] and porotic hyperostosis [PH]) and age at death while controlling for SES, as inferred through housing type, with manufactured or apartment housing identified as reflecting individuals from lower SES backgrounds in this context. We include 887 (535 males, 352 females) individuals aged 0.5–20.9 years from New Mexico who died between 2011 and 2022. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to assess survivorship as related to PCLs and SES.
2031.  
2032.  
2033. Results
2034. Low SES is associated with lower survivorship. CO does not have a significant association with age at death when not controlling for SES; PH alone is associated with older age at death. Disadvantaged individuals with PCLs have significantly reduced survivorship than those with higher SES.
2035.  
2036.  
2037. Discussion and Conclusions
2038. The findings of this study demonstrate that low SES results in reduced survivorship, and those with low SES and PCLs have worse survivorship than less disadvantaged individuals with PCLs. Thus, the strong contribution of SES to mortality necessitates the consideration of the sociocultural context as a confounding factor when examining associations between variables of interest (such as lesions) and mortality in both past and present populations.
2039.  
2040. </dc:description>
2041.         <content:encoded>
2042. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
2043. <h2>Background</h2>
2044. <p>In prior exploration of modern and archeological populations, lower SES has been associated with an increased risk of mortality. However, SES is often difficult to ascertain in archeological populations. Thus, explorations of skeletal lesions and their association with mortality may be subject to confounding factors that alter the strength and/or direction of this association.</p>
2045. <h2>Methods</h2>
2046. <p>The present study uses data from a modern, documented coronial pediatric dataset to examine the association between porous cranial lesions (PCLs) (cribra orbitalia [CO] and porotic hyperostosis [PH]) and age at death while controlling for SES, as inferred through housing type, with manufactured or apartment housing identified as reflecting individuals from lower SES backgrounds in this context. We include 887 (535 males, 352 females) individuals aged 0.5–20.9 years from New Mexico who died between 2011 and 2022. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to assess survivorship as related to PCLs and SES.</p>
2047. <h2>Results</h2>
2048. <p>Low SES is associated with lower survivorship. CO does not have a significant association with age at death when not controlling for SES; PH alone is associated with older age at death. Disadvantaged individuals with PCLs have significantly reduced survivorship than those with higher SES.</p>
2049. <h2>Discussion and Conclusions</h2>
2050. &lt;p&gt;The findings of this study demonstrate that low SES results in reduced survivorship, and those with low SES and PCLs have worse survivorship than less disadvantaged individuals with PCLs. Thus, the strong contribution of SES to mortality necessitates the consideration of the sociocultural context as a confounding factor when examining associations between variables of interest (such as lesions) and mortality in both past and present populations.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
2051.         <dc:creator>
2052. Bronwyn Wyatt,
2053. Lexi O'Donnell
2054. </dc:creator>
2055.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
2056.         <dc:title>How Does Social Inequality Alter Relationships Between Porous Cranial Lesions and Mortality? Examining the Relationship Between Skeletal Indicators of Stress, Socioeconomic Status, and Survivorship in a Pediatric Autopsy Sample</dc:title>
2057.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24164</dc:identifier>
2058.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
2059.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24164</prism:doi>
2060.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24164?af=R</prism:url>
2061.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
2062.      </item>
2063.      <item>
2064.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24156?af=R</link>
2065.         <pubDate>Wed, 18 Sep 2024 00:24:59 -0700</pubDate>
2066.         <dc:date>2024-09-18T12:24:59-07:00</dc:date>
2067.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
2068.         <prism:coverDate/>
2069.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
2070.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24156</guid>
2071.         <title>Recent Research on the Human Biology of Pastoralists</title>
2072.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
2073.         <dc:description>
2074. ABSTRACT
2075. Despite encroachment by agricultural systems and globalization, pastoral nomads maintain a robust presence in terms of numbers and subsistence activity. At the same time, increasing concern about climate change has promoted awareness that increased climatic fluctuation may push pastoral population past their capacity for resilience. The response of pastoralists to climate change has important implications for our evolutionary past and our increasingly problematic future. Yet, pastoralists have received less explicit attention than foragers as populations under consistent selective constraints including limited caloric intake, high levels of habitual activity, and high disease burdens. Additional factors include exposure to cold and high temperatures, as well as high altitude. Over the last 20 or so years, the use of new techniques for measuring energetics, including actigraphs and doubly labeled water have built on existing noninvasive sample collection for hormones, immune markers and genes to provide a more detailed picture of the human biology of pastoral populations. Here I consider recent work on pastoralists from Siberia and northern Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. I survey what is known about maternal milk composition and infant health, childhood growth, lactase persistence, and adult energy expenditure and lactase persistence to build a picture of the pastoralist biological response to environmental conditions, including heat, cold, and high altitude. Where available I include information about population history because of its importance for selection. I end by outlining the impact of milk consumption and climate over the human life cycle and make suggestions for further research.
2076. </dc:description>
2077.         <content:encoded>
2078. <h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
2079. &lt;p&gt;Despite encroachment by agricultural systems and globalization, pastoral nomads maintain a robust presence in terms of numbers and subsistence activity. At the same time, increasing concern about climate change has promoted awareness that increased climatic fluctuation may push pastoral population past their capacity for resilience. The response of pastoralists to climate change has important implications for our evolutionary past and our increasingly problematic future. Yet, pastoralists have received less explicit attention than foragers as populations under consistent selective constraints including limited caloric intake, high levels of habitual activity, and high disease burdens. Additional factors include exposure to cold and high temperatures, as well as high altitude. Over the last 20 or so years, the use of new techniques for measuring energetics, including actigraphs and doubly labeled water have built on existing noninvasive sample collection for hormones, immune markers and genes to provide a more detailed picture of the human biology of pastoral populations. Here I consider recent work on pastoralists from Siberia and northern Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. I survey what is known about maternal milk composition and infant health, childhood growth, lactase persistence, and adult energy expenditure and lactase persistence to build a picture of the pastoralist biological response to environmental conditions, including heat, cold, and high altitude. Where available I include information about population history because of its importance for selection. I end by outlining the impact of milk consumption and climate over the human life cycle and make suggestions for further research.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
2080.         <dc:creator>
2081. Benjamin Campbell
2082. </dc:creator>
2083.         <category>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</category>
2084.         <dc:title>Recent Research on the Human Biology of Pastoralists</dc:title>
2085.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24156</dc:identifier>
2086.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
2087.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24156</prism:doi>
2088.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24156?af=R</prism:url>
2089.         <prism:section>SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE</prism:section>
2090.      </item>
2091.      <item>
2092.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24056?af=R</link>
2093.         <pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2024 05:13:53 -0700</pubDate>
2094.         <dc:date>2024-03-22T05:13:53-07:00</dc:date>
2095.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
2096.         <prism:coverDate/>
2097.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
2098.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.24056</guid>
2099.         <title>Variation in diurnal cortisol patterns among the Indigenous Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador</title>
2100.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
2101.         <dc:description>
2102. Abstract
2103.  
2104. Objectives
2105. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and its primary end product, the glucocorticoid cortisol, are major components of the evolved human stress response. However, most studies have examined these systems among populations in high‐income settings, which differ from the high pathogen and limited resource contexts in which the HPA axis functioned for most of human evolution.
2106.  
2107.  
2108. Methods
2109. We investigated variability in diurnal salivary cortisol patterns among 298 Indigenous Shuar from Amazonian Ecuador (147 males, 151 females; age 2–86 years), focusing on the effects of age, biological sex, and body mass index (BMI) in shaping differences in diurnal cortisol production. Saliva samples were collected three times daily (waking, 30 minutes post‐waking, evening) for three consecutive days to measure key cortisol parameters: levels at waking, the cortisol awakening response, the diurnal slope, and total daily output.
2110.  
2111.  
2112. Results
2113. Age was positively associated with waking levels and total daily output, with Shuar juveniles and adolescents displaying significantly lower levels than adults (p < .05). Sex was not a significant predictor of cortisol levels (p > .05), as Shuar males and females displayed similar patterns of diurnal cortisol production across the life course. Moreover, age, sex, and BMI significantly interacted to moderate the rate of diurnal cortisol decline (p = .027). Overall, Shuar demonstrated relatively lower cortisol concentrations than high‐income populations.
2114.  
2115.  
2116. Conclusions
2117. This study expands the documented range of global variation in HPA axis activity and diurnal cortisol production and provides important insights into the plasticity of human stress physiology across diverse developmental and socioecological settings.
2118.  
2119. </dc:description>
2120.         <content:encoded>
2121. <h2>Abstract</h2>
2122. <h2>Objectives</h2>
2123. <p>The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and its primary end product, the glucocorticoid cortisol, are major components of the evolved human stress response. However, most studies have examined these systems among populations in high-income settings, which differ from the high pathogen and limited resource contexts in which the HPA axis functioned for most of human evolution.</p>
2124. <h2>Methods</h2>
2125. <p>We investigated variability in diurnal salivary cortisol patterns among 298 Indigenous Shuar from Amazonian Ecuador (147 males, 151 females; age 2–86 years), focusing on the effects of age, biological sex, and body mass index (BMI) in shaping differences in diurnal cortisol production. Saliva samples were collected three times daily (waking, 30 minutes post-waking, evening) for three consecutive days to measure key cortisol parameters: levels at waking, the cortisol awakening response, the diurnal slope, and total daily output.</p>
2126. <h2>Results</h2>
2127. <p>Age was positively associated with waking levels and total daily output, with Shuar juveniles and adolescents displaying significantly lower levels than adults (<i>p</i> < .05). Sex was not a significant predictor of cortisol levels (<i>p</i> > .05), as Shuar males and females displayed similar patterns of diurnal cortisol production across the life course. Moreover, age, sex, and BMI significantly interacted to moderate the rate of diurnal cortisol decline (<i>p</i> = .027). Overall, Shuar demonstrated relatively lower cortisol concentrations than high-income populations.</p>
2128. <h2>Conclusions</h2>
2129. &lt;p&gt;This study expands the documented range of global variation in HPA axis activity and diurnal cortisol production and provides important insights into the plasticity of human stress physiology across diverse developmental and socioecological settings.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
2130.         <dc:creator>
2131. Melissa A. Liebert,
2132. Samuel S. Urlacher,
2133. Felicia C. Madimenos,
2134. Theresa E. Gildner,
2135. Tara J. Cepon‐Robins,
2136. Christopher J. Harrington,
2137. Richard G. Bribiescas,
2138. Lawrence S. Sugiyama,
2139. J. Josh Snodgrass
2140. </dc:creator>
2141.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
2142.         <dc:title>Variation in diurnal cortisol patterns among the Indigenous Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador</dc:title>
2143.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.24056</dc:identifier>
2144.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
2145.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.24056</prism:doi>
2146.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.24056?af=R</prism:url>
2147.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
2148.      </item>
2149.      <item>
2150.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23972?af=R</link>
2151.         <pubDate>Sat, 26 Aug 2023 03:19:46 -0700</pubDate>
2152.         <dc:date>2023-08-26T03:19:46-07:00</dc:date>
2153.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15206300?af=R">Wiley: American Journal of Human Biology: Table of Contents</source>
2154.         <prism:coverDate/>
2155.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
2156.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1002/ajhb.23972</guid>
2157.         <title>Interactions with alloparents are associated with the diversity of infant skin and fecal bacterial communities in Chicago, United States</title>
2158.         <description>American Journal of Human Biology, EarlyView. </description>
2159.         <dc:description>
2160. Abstract
2161. Introduction: Social interactions shape the infant microbiome by providing opportunities for caregivers to spread bacteria through physical contact. With most research focused on the impact of maternal–infant contact on the infant gut microbiome, it is unclear how alloparents (i.e., caregivers other than the parents) influence the bacterial communities of infant body sites that are frequently contacted during bouts of caregiving, including the skin.
2162. Methods: To begin to understand how allocare may influence the diversity of the infant microbiome, detailed questionnaire data on infant–alloparent relationships and specific allocare behaviors were coupled with skin and fecal microbiome samples (four body sites) from 48 infants living in Chicago, United States.
2163. Results: Data from 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated that infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity showed strong associations (positive and negative) to having female adult alloparents. Alloparental feeding and co‐sleeping displayed stronger associations to infant bacterial diversity compared to playing or holding. The associations with allocare behaviors differed in magnitude and direction across infant body sites. Bacterial relative abundances varied by infant–alloparent relationship and breastfeeding status.
2164. Conclusion: This study provides some of the first evidence of an association between allocare and infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity. The results suggest that infants' exposure to bacteria from the social environment may vary based on infant–alloparent relationships and allocare behaviors. Since the microbiome influences immune system development, variation in allocare that impacts the diversity of infant bacterial communities may be an underexplored dimension of the social determinants of health in early life.
2165. </dc:description>
2166.         <content:encoded>
2167. <h2>Abstract</h2>
2168. <p>Introduction: Social interactions shape the infant microbiome by providing opportunities for caregivers to spread bacteria through physical contact. With most research focused on the impact of maternal–infant contact on the infant gut microbiome, it is unclear how alloparents (i.e., caregivers other than the parents) influence the bacterial communities of infant body sites that are frequently contacted during bouts of caregiving, including the skin.</p>
2169. <p>Methods: To begin to understand how allocare may influence the diversity of the infant microbiome, detailed questionnaire data on infant–alloparent relationships and specific allocare behaviors were coupled with skin and fecal microbiome samples (four body sites) from 48 infants living in Chicago, United States.</p>
2170. <p>Results: Data from 16S <i>rRNA</i> gene amplicon sequencing indicated that infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity showed strong associations (positive and negative) to having female adult alloparents. Alloparental feeding and co-sleeping displayed stronger associations to infant bacterial diversity compared to playing or holding. The associations with allocare behaviors differed in magnitude and direction across infant body sites. Bacterial relative abundances varied by infant–alloparent relationship and breastfeeding status.</p>
2171. &lt;p&gt;Conclusion: This study provides some of the first evidence of an association between allocare and infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity. The results suggest that infants' exposure to bacteria from the social environment may vary based on infant–alloparent relationships and allocare behaviors. Since the microbiome influences immune system development, variation in allocare that impacts the diversity of infant bacterial communities may be an underexplored dimension of the social determinants of health in early life.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
2172.         <dc:creator>
2173. Melissa B. Manus,
2174. Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro,
2175. Omolola Dada,
2176. Maya I. Davis,
2177. Melissa R. Romoff,
2178. Stephanie G. Torello,
2179. Esther Ubadigbo,
2180. Rebecca C. Wu,
2181. Emily S. Miller,
2182. Katherine R. Amato
2183. </dc:creator>
2184.         <category>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</category>
2185.         <dc:title>Interactions with alloparents are associated with the diversity of infant skin and fecal bacterial communities in Chicago, United States</dc:title>
2186.         <dc:identifier>10.1002/ajhb.23972</dc:identifier>
2187.         <prism:publicationName>American Journal of Human Biology</prism:publicationName>
2188.         <prism:doi>10.1002/ajhb.23972</prism:doi>
2189.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23972?af=R</prism:url>
2190.         <prism:section>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</prism:section>
2191.      </item>
2192.   </channel>
2193. </rss>
2194.  

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