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  8.      <title>Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</title>
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  10.      <description>Table of Contents for The Milbank Quarterly. List of articles from both the latest and EarlyView issues.</description>
  11.      <language>en-US</language>
  12.      <copyright>© Milbank Memorial Fund</copyright>
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  14.      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 07:12:28 +0000</pubDate>
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  31.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12677?af=R</link>
  32.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  33.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  34.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
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  38.         <title>Modeling State Firearm Law Adoption Using Temporal Network Models</title>
  39.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 97-121, March 2024. </description>
  40.         <dc:description>
  41.  
  42.  
  43.  
  44. Policy Points
  45.  
  46. Promoting healthy public policies is a national priority, but state policy adoption is driven by a complex set of internal and external factors.
  47. This study employs new social network methods to identify underlying connections among states and to predict the likelihood of new firearm‐related policy adoption given changes to this interstate network.
  48. This approach could be used to assess the likelihood that a given state will adopt a specific new firearm‐related law and to identify points of influence that could either inhibit or promote wider diffusion of specific laws.
  49.  
  50.  
  51. Context
  52. US states are largely responsible for the regulation of firearms within their borders. Each state has developed a different legal environment with regard to firearms based on different values and beliefs of citizens, legislators, governors, and other stakeholders. Predicting the types of firearm laws that states may adopt is therefore challenging.
  53.  
  54.  
  55. Methods
  56. We propose a parsimonious model for this complex process and provide credible predictions of state firearm laws by estimating the likelihood they will be passed in the future. We employ a temporal exponential‐family random graph model to capture the bipartite state law–state network data over time, allowing for complex interdependencies and their temporal evolution. Using data on all state firearm laws over the period 1979–2020, we estimate these models’ parameters while controlling for factors associated with firearm law adoption, including internal and external state characteristics. Predictions of future firearm law passage are then calculated based on a number of scenarios to assess the effects of a given type of firearm law being passed in the future by a given state.
  57.  
  58.  
  59. Findings
  60. Results show that a set of internal state factors are important predictors of firearm law adoption, but the actions of neighboring states may be just as important. Analysis of scenarios provide insights into the mechanics of how adoption of laws by specific states (or groups of states) may perturb the rest of the network structure and alter the likelihood that new laws would become more (or less) likely to continue to diffuse to other states.
  61.  
  62.  
  63. Conclusions
  64. The methods used here outperform standard approaches for policy diffusion studies and afford predictions that are superior to those of an ensemble of machine learning tools. The proposed framework could have applications for the study of policy diffusion in other domains.
  65.  
  66. </dc:description>
  67.         <content:encoded>
  68. &lt;p&gt;
  69. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  70. &lt;p&gt;
  71. Promoting healthy public policies is a national priority, but state policy adoption is driven by a complex set of internal and external factors.
  72. This study employs new social network methods to identify underlying connections among states and to predict the likelihood of new firearm-related policy adoption given changes to this interstate network.
  73. This approach could be used to assess the likelihood that a given state will adopt a specific new firearm-related law and to identify points of influence that could either inhibit or promote wider diffusion of specific laws.
  74. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  75. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  76. &lt;p&gt;US states are largely responsible for the regulation of firearms within their borders. Each state has developed a different legal environment with regard to firearms based on different values and beliefs of citizens, legislators, governors, and other stakeholders. Predicting the types of firearm laws that states may adopt is therefore challenging.&lt;/p&gt;
  77. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  78. &lt;p&gt;We propose a parsimonious model for this complex process and provide credible predictions of state firearm laws by estimating the likelihood they will be passed in the future. We employ a temporal exponential-family random graph model to capture the bipartite state law–state network data over time, allowing for complex interdependencies and their temporal evolution. Using data on all state firearm laws over the period 1979–2020, we estimate these models’ parameters while controlling for factors associated with firearm law adoption, including internal and external state characteristics. Predictions of future firearm law passage are then calculated based on a number of scenarios to assess the effects of a given type of firearm law being passed in the future by a given state.&lt;/p&gt;
  79. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  80. &lt;p&gt;Results show that a set of internal state factors are important predictors of firearm law adoption, but the actions of neighboring states may be just as important. Analysis of scenarios provide insights into the mechanics of how adoption of laws by specific states (or groups of states) may perturb the rest of the network structure and alter the likelihood that new laws would become more (or less) likely to continue to diffuse to other states.&lt;/p&gt;
  81. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  82. &lt;p&gt;The methods used here outperform standard approaches for policy diffusion studies and afford predictions that are superior to those of an ensemble of machine learning tools. The proposed framework could have applications for the study of policy diffusion in other domains.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  83.         <dc:creator>
  84. DUNCAN A. CLARK,
  85. JAMES MACINKO,
  86. MAURIZIO PORFIRI
  87. </dc:creator>
  88.         <category>Original Scholarship</category>
  89.         <dc:title>Modeling State Firearm Law Adoption Using Temporal Network Models</dc:title>
  90.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12677</dc:identifier>
  91.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  92.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12677</prism:doi>
  93.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12677?af=R</prism:url>
  94.         <prism:section>Original Scholarship</prism:section>
  95.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  96.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  97.      </item>
  98.      <item>
  99.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12682?af=R</link>
  100.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  101.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  102.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  103.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
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  106.         <title>Leveraging Patients’ Creative Ideas for Innovation in Health Care</title>
  107.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 233-269, March 2024. </description>
  108.         <dc:description>
  109.  
  110.  
  111.  
  112. Policy Points
  113.  
  114. Patients’ creative ideas may inform learning and innovation that improve patient‐centered care.
  115. Routinely collected patient experience surveys provide an opportunity to invite patients to share their creative ideas for improvement. We develop and assess a methodological strategy that validates question wording designed to elicit creative ideas from patients.
  116. Health care organizations should consider how to report and use these data in health care delivery and quality improvement, and policymakers should consider promoting the use of narrative feedback to better understand and respond to patients’ experiences.
  117.  
  118.  
  119. Context
  120. Learning health systems (LHSs) have been promoted for a decade to achieve high‐quality, patient‐centered health care. Innovation driven by knowledge generated through day‐to‐day health care delivery, including patient insights, is critical to LHSs. However, the pace of translating patient insights into innovation is slow and effectiveness inadequate. This study aims to evaluate a method for systematically eliciting patients’ creative ideas, examine the value of such ideas as a source of insight, and examine patients’ creative ideas regarding how their experiences could be improved within the context of their own health systems.
  121.  
  122.  
  123. Methods
  124. The first stage of the study developed a survey and tested strategies for elicitation of patients’ creative ideas with 600 patients from New York State. The second stage deployed the survey with the most generative open‐ended question sequence within a health care system and involved analysis of 1,892 patients’ responses, including 2,948 creative ideas.
  125.  
  126.  
  127. Findings
  128. Actionable, creative feedback was fostered by incorporating a request for transformative feedback into a sequence of narrative elicitation questions. Patients generate more actionable and creative ideas when explicitly invited to share such ideas, especially patients with negative health care experiences, those from minority racial/ethnic backgrounds, and those with chronic illness. The most frequently elicited creative ideas focused on solving challenges, proposing interventions, amplifying exceptional practices, and conveying hopes for the future.
  129.  
  130.  
  131. Conclusions
  132. A valid and reliable method for eliciting creative ideas from patients can be deployed as part of routine patient experience surveys that include closed‐ended survey items and open‐ended narrative items in which patients share their experiences in their own words. The elicited creative ideas are promising for patient engagement and innovation efforts. This study highlights the benefits of engaging patients for quality improvement, offers a rigorously tested method for cultivating innovation using patient‐generated knowledge, and outlines how creative ideas can enable organizational learning and innovation.
  133.  
  134. </dc:description>
  135.         <content:encoded>
  136. &lt;p&gt;
  137. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  138. &lt;p&gt;
  139. Patients’ creative ideas may inform learning and innovation that improve patient-centered care.
  140. Routinely collected patient experience surveys provide an opportunity to invite patients to share their creative ideas for improvement. We develop and assess a methodological strategy that validates question wording designed to elicit creative ideas from patients.
  141. Health care organizations should consider how to report and use these data in health care delivery and quality improvement, and policymakers should consider promoting the use of narrative feedback to better understand and respond to patients’ experiences.
  142. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  143. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  144. &lt;p&gt;Learning health systems (LHSs) have been promoted for a decade to achieve high-quality, patient-centered health care. Innovation driven by knowledge generated through day-to-day health care delivery, including patient insights, is critical to LHSs. However, the pace of translating patient insights into innovation is slow and effectiveness inadequate. This study aims to evaluate a method for systematically eliciting patients’ creative ideas, examine the value of such ideas as a source of insight, and examine patients’ creative ideas regarding how their experiences could be improved within the context of their own health systems.&lt;/p&gt;
  145. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  146. &lt;p&gt;The first stage of the study developed a survey and tested strategies for elicitation of patients’ creative ideas with 600 patients from New York State. The second stage deployed the survey with the most generative open-ended question sequence within a health care system and involved analysis of 1,892 patients’ responses, including 2,948 creative ideas.&lt;/p&gt;
  147. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  148. &lt;p&gt;Actionable, creative feedback was fostered by incorporating a request for transformative feedback into a sequence of narrative elicitation questions. Patients generate more actionable and creative ideas when explicitly invited to share such ideas, especially patients with negative health care experiences, those from minority racial/ethnic backgrounds, and those with chronic illness. The most frequently elicited creative ideas focused on solving challenges, proposing interventions, amplifying exceptional practices, and conveying hopes for the future.&lt;/p&gt;
  149. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  150. &lt;p&gt;A valid and reliable method for eliciting creative ideas from patients can be deployed as part of routine patient experience surveys that include closed-ended survey items and open-ended narrative items in which patients share their experiences in their own words. The elicited creative ideas are promising for patient engagement and innovation efforts. This study highlights the benefits of engaging patients for quality improvement, offers a rigorously tested method for cultivating innovation using patient-generated knowledge, and outlines how creative ideas can enable organizational learning and innovation.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  151.         <dc:creator>
  152. YUNA S. H. LEE,
  153. RACHEL GROB,
  154. INGRID NEMBHARD,
  155. DALE SHALLER,
  156. MARK SCHLESINGER
  157. </dc:creator>
  158.         <category>Original Scholarship</category>
  159.         <dc:title>Leveraging Patients’ Creative Ideas for Innovation in Health Care</dc:title>
  160.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12682</dc:identifier>
  161.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  162.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12682</prism:doi>
  163.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12682?af=R</prism:url>
  164.         <prism:section>Original Scholarship</prism:section>
  165.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  166.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  167.      </item>
  168.      <item>
  169.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12686?af=R</link>
  170.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  171.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  172.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  173.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  174.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  175.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12686</guid>
  176.         <title>Mapping the Lobbying Footprint of Harmful Industries: 23 Years of Data From OpenSecrets</title>
  177.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 212-232, March 2024. </description>
  178.         <dc:description>
  179.  
  180.  
  181.  
  182. Policy Points
  183.  
  184. Our research reveals the similarities and differences among the lobbying activities of tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and ultraprocessed food industries, which are often a barrier to the implementation of public health policies.
  185. Over 23 years, we found that just six organizations dominated lobbying expenses in the tobacco and alcohol sectors, whereas the gambling sector outsourced most of their lobbying to professional firms.
  186. Databases like OpenSecrets are a useful resource to monitor the commercial determinants of health.
  187.  
  188.  
  189.  
  190.  
  191. Context
  192. Commercial lobbying is often a barrier to the development and implementation of public health policies. Yet, little is known about the similarities and differences in the lobbying practices of different industry sectors or types of commercial actors. This study compares the lobbying practices of four industry sectors that have been the focus of much public health research and advocacy: tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and ultraprocessed foods.
  193.  
  194.  
  195. Methods
  196. Data on lobbying expenditures and lobbyist backgrounds were sourced from the OpenSecrets database, which monitors lobbying in the United States. Lobbying expenditure data were analyzed for the 1998–2020 period. We classified commercial actors as companies or trade associations. We used Power BI software to link, analyze, and visualize data sets.
  197.  
  198.  
  199. Findings
  200. We found that the ultraprocessed food industry spent the most on lobbying ($1.15 billion), followed by gambling ($817 million), tobacco ($755 million), and alcohol ($541 million). Overall, companies were more active than trade associations, with associations being least active in the tobacco industry. Spending was often highly concentrated, with two organizations accounting for almost 60% of tobacco spending and four organizations accounting for more than half of alcohol spending. Lobbyists that had formerly worked in government were mainly employed by third‐party lobby firms.
  201.  
  202.  
  203. Conclusions
  204. Our study shows how comparing the lobbying practices of different industry sectors offers a deeper appreciation of the diversity and similarities of commercial actors. Understanding these patterns can help public health actors to develop effective counterstrategies.
  205.  
  206. </dc:description>
  207.         <content:encoded>
  208. &lt;p&gt;
  209. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  210. &lt;p&gt;
  211. Our research reveals the similarities and differences among the lobbying activities of tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and ultraprocessed food industries, which are often a barrier to the implementation of public health policies.
  212. Over 23 years, we found that just six organizations dominated lobbying expenses in the tobacco and alcohol sectors, whereas the gambling sector outsourced most of their lobbying to professional firms.
  213. Databases like OpenSecrets are a useful resource to monitor the commercial determinants of health.
  214. &lt;/p&gt;
  215. &lt;/p&gt;
  216. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  217. &lt;p&gt;Commercial lobbying is often a barrier to the development and implementation of public health policies. Yet, little is known about the similarities and differences in the lobbying practices of different industry sectors or types of commercial actors. This study compares the lobbying practices of four industry sectors that have been the focus of much public health research and advocacy: tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and ultraprocessed foods.&lt;/p&gt;
  218. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  219. &lt;p&gt;Data on lobbying expenditures and lobbyist backgrounds were sourced from the OpenSecrets database, which monitors lobbying in the United States. Lobbying expenditure data were analyzed for the 1998–2020 period. We classified commercial actors as companies or trade associations. We used Power BI software to link, analyze, and visualize data sets.&lt;/p&gt;
  220. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  221. &lt;p&gt;We found that the ultraprocessed food industry spent the most on lobbying ($1.15 billion), followed by gambling ($817 million), tobacco ($755 million), and alcohol ($541 million). Overall, companies were more active than trade associations, with associations being least active in the tobacco industry. Spending was often highly concentrated, with two organizations accounting for almost 60% of tobacco spending and four organizations accounting for more than half of alcohol spending. Lobbyists that had formerly worked in government were mainly employed by third-party lobby firms.&lt;/p&gt;
  222. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  223. &lt;p&gt;Our study shows how comparing the lobbying practices of different industry sectors offers a deeper appreciation of the diversity and similarities of commercial actors. Understanding these patterns can help public health actors to develop effective counterstrategies.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  224.         <dc:creator>
  225. HOLLY CHUNG,
  226. KATHERINE CULLERTON,
  227. JENNIFER LACY‐NICHOLS
  228. </dc:creator>
  229.         <category>Original Scholarship</category>
  230.         <dc:title>Mapping the Lobbying Footprint of Harmful Industries: 23 Years of Data From OpenSecrets</dc:title>
  231.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12686</dc:identifier>
  232.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  233.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12686</prism:doi>
  234.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12686?af=R</prism:url>
  235.         <prism:section>Original Scholarship</prism:section>
  236.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  237.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  238.      </item>
  239.      <item>
  240.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12675?af=R</link>
  241.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  242.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  243.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  244.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  245.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  246.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12675</guid>
  247.         <title>The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Physical and Mental health—Results from the Atlanta Paycheck Plus Experiment</title>
  248.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 122-140, March 2024. </description>
  249.         <dc:description>
  250.  
  251.  
  252.  
  253. Policy Points
  254.  
  255. The Paycheck Plus randomized controlled trial tested a fourfold increase in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for single adults without dependent children over 3 years in New York and Atlanta.
  256. In New York, the intervention improved economic, mental, and physical health outcomes. In Atlanta, it had no economic benefit or impact on physical health and may have worsened mental health.
  257. In Atlanta, tax filing and bonus receipt were lower than in the New York arm of the trial, which may explain the lack of economic benefits. Lower mental health scores in the treatment group were driven by disadvantaged men, and the study sample was in good mental health.
  258.  
  259.  
  260. Context
  261. The Paycheck Plus experiment examined the effects of an enhanced Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for single adults on economic and health outcomes in Atlanta, GA and New York City (NYC). The NYC study was completed two years prior to the Atlanta study and found mental and physical benefits for the subgroups that responded best to the economic incentives provided. In this article, we present the findings from the Atlanta study, in which the uptake of the treatment (tax filings and EITC bonus) were lower and economic and health benefits were not observed.
  262.  
  263.  
  264. Methods
  265. Paycheck Plus Atlanta was an unblinded randomized controlled trial that assigned n = 3,971 participants to either the standard federal EITC (control group) or an EITC supplement of up to $2,000 (treatment group) for three tax years (2017–2019). Administrative data on employment and earnings were obtained from the Georgia Department of Labor and survey data were used to examine validated measures of health and well‐being.
  266.  
  267.  
  268. Findings
  269. In Atlanta, the treatment group had significantly higher earnings in the first project year but did not have significantly higher cumulative earnings than the control group overall (mean difference = $1,812, 95% CI = −150, 3,774, p = 0.07). The treatment group also had significantly lower scores on two measures of mental health after the intervention was complete: the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 (mean difference = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.32, p = 0.005) and the Kessler 6 (mean difference = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.27, p = 0.012). Secondary analyses suggested these results were driven by disadvantaged men, but the study sample was in good mental health.
  270.  
  271.  
  272. Conclusions
  273. The EITC experiment in Atlanta was not associated with gains in earnings or improvements in physical or mental health.
  274.  
  275. </dc:description>
  276.         <content:encoded>
  277. &lt;p&gt;
  278. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  279. &lt;p&gt;
  280. The Paycheck Plus randomized controlled trial tested a fourfold increase in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for single adults without dependent children over 3 years in New York and Atlanta.
  281. In New York, the intervention improved economic, mental, and physical health outcomes. In Atlanta, it had no economic benefit or impact on physical health and may have worsened mental health.
  282. In Atlanta, tax filing and bonus receipt were lower than in the New York arm of the trial, which may explain the lack of economic benefits. Lower mental health scores in the treatment group were driven by disadvantaged men, and the study sample was in good mental health.
  283. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  284. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  285. &lt;p&gt;The Paycheck Plus experiment examined the effects of an enhanced Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for single adults on economic and health outcomes in Atlanta, GA and New York City (NYC). The NYC study was completed two years prior to the Atlanta study and found mental and physical benefits for the subgroups that responded best to the economic incentives provided. In this article, we present the findings from the Atlanta study, in which the uptake of the treatment (tax filings and EITC bonus) were lower and economic and health benefits were not observed.&lt;/p&gt;
  286. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  287. &lt;p&gt;Paycheck Plus Atlanta was an unblinded randomized controlled trial that assigned &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3,971 participants to either the standard federal EITC (control group) or an EITC supplement of up to $2,000 (treatment group) for three tax years (2017–2019). Administrative data on employment and earnings were obtained from the Georgia Department of Labor and survey data were used to examine validated measures of health and well-being.&lt;/p&gt;
  288. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  289. &lt;p&gt;In Atlanta, the treatment group had significantly higher earnings in the first project year but did not have significantly higher cumulative earnings than the control group overall (mean difference = $1,812, 95% CI = −150, 3,774, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.07). The treatment group also had significantly lower scores on two measures of mental health after the intervention was complete: the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 (mean difference = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.32, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.005) and the Kessler 6 (mean difference = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.27, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.012). Secondary analyses suggested these results were driven by disadvantaged men, but the study sample was in good mental health.&lt;/p&gt;
  290. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  291. &lt;p&gt;The EITC experiment in Atlanta was not associated with gains in earnings or improvements in physical or mental health.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  292.         <dc:creator>
  293. PETER MUENNIG,
  294. DANIEL W. BELSKY,
  295. DANIEL MALINSKY,
  296. KIEU‐GIANG NGUYEN,
  297. ZOHN ROSEN,
  298. HEIDI ALLEN
  299. </dc:creator>
  300.         <category>Original Scholarship</category>
  301.         <dc:title>The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Physical and Mental health—Results from the Atlanta Paycheck Plus Experiment</dc:title>
  302.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12675</dc:identifier>
  303.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  304.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12675</prism:doi>
  305.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12675?af=R</prism:url>
  306.         <prism:section>Original Scholarship</prism:section>
  307.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  308.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  309.      </item>
  310.      <item>
  311.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12684?af=R</link>
  312.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  313.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  314.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  315.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  316.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  317.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12684</guid>
  318.         <title>Four System Enablers of Large‐System Transformation in Health Care: A Mixed Methods Realist Evaluation</title>
  319.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 183-211, March 2024. </description>
  320.         <dc:description>
  321.  
  322.  
  323.  
  324. Policy Points
  325.  
  326. The implementation of large‐scale health care interventions relies on a shared vision, commitment to change, coordination across sites, and a spanning of siloed knowledge.
  327. Enablers of the system should include building an authorizing environment; providing relevant, meaningful, transparent, and timely data; designating and distributing leadership and decision making; and fostering the emergence of a learning culture.
  328. Attention to these four enablers can set up a positive feedback loop to foster positive change that can protect against the loss of key staff, the presence of lone disruptors, and the enervating effects of uncertainty.
  329.  
  330.  
  331.  
  332.  
  333. Context
  334. Large‐scale transformative initiatives have the potential to improve the quality, efficiency, and safety of health care. However, change is expensive, complex, and difficult to implement and sustain. This paper advances system enablers, which will help to guide large‐scale transformation in health care systems.
  335.  
  336.  
  337. Methods
  338. A realist study of the implementation of a value‐based health care program between 2017 and 2021 was undertaken in every public hospital (n = 221) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Four data sources were used to elucidate initial program theories beginning with a set of literature reviews, a program document review, and informal discussions with key stakeholders. Semistructured interviews were then conducted with 56 stakeholders to confirm, refute, or refine the theories. A retroductive analysis produced a series of context‐mechanism‐outcome (CMO) statements. Next, the CMOs were validated with three health care quality expert panels (n = 51). Synthesized data were interrogated to distill the overarching system enablers.
  339.  
  340.  
  341. Findings
  342. Forty‐two CMO statements from the eight initial program theory areas were developed, refined, and validated. Four system enablers were identified: (1) build an authorizing environment; (2) provide relevant, authentic, timely, and meaningful data; (3) designate and distribute leadership and decision making; and (4) support the emergence of a learning culture. The system enablers provide a nuanced understanding of large‐system transformation that illustrates when, for whom, and in what circumstances large‐system transformation worked well or worked poorly.
  343.  
  344.  
  345. Conclusions
  346. System enablers offer nuanced guidance for the implementation of large‐scale health care interventions. The four enablers may be portable to similar contexts and provide the empirical basis for an implementation model of large‐system value‐based health care initiatives. With concerted application, these findings can pave the way not just for a better understanding of greater or lesser success in intervening in health care settings but ultimately to contribute higher quality, higher value, and safer care.
  347.  
  348. </dc:description>
  349.         <content:encoded>
  350. &lt;p&gt;
  351. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  352. &lt;p&gt;
  353. The implementation of large-scale health care interventions relies on a shared vision, commitment to change, coordination across sites, and a spanning of siloed knowledge.
  354. Enablers of the system should include building an authorizing environment; providing relevant, meaningful, transparent, and timely data; designating and distributing leadership and decision making; and fostering the emergence of a learning culture.
  355. Attention to these four enablers can set up a positive feedback loop to foster positive change that can protect against the loss of key staff, the presence of lone disruptors, and the enervating effects of uncertainty.
  356. &lt;/p&gt;
  357. &lt;/p&gt;
  358. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  359. &lt;p&gt;Large-scale transformative initiatives have the potential to improve the quality, efficiency, and safety of health care. However, change is expensive, complex, and difficult to implement and sustain. This paper advances system enablers, which will help to guide large-scale transformation in health care systems.&lt;/p&gt;
  360. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  361. &lt;p&gt;A realist study of the implementation of a value-based health care program between 2017 and 2021 was undertaken in every public hospital (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 221) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Four data sources were used to elucidate initial program theories beginning with a set of literature reviews, a program document review, and informal discussions with key stakeholders. Semistructured interviews were then conducted with 56 stakeholders to confirm, refute, or refine the theories. A retroductive analysis produced a series of context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) statements. Next, the CMOs were validated with three health care quality expert panels (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 51). Synthesized data were interrogated to distill the overarching system enablers.&lt;/p&gt;
  362. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  363. &lt;p&gt;Forty-two CMO statements from the eight initial program theory areas were developed, refined, and validated. Four system enablers were identified: (1) build an authorizing environment; (2) provide relevant, authentic, timely, and meaningful data; (3) designate and distribute leadership and decision making; and (4) support the emergence of a learning culture. The system enablers provide a nuanced understanding of large-system transformation that illustrates when, for whom, and in what circumstances large-system transformation worked well or worked poorly.&lt;/p&gt;
  364. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  365. &lt;p&gt;System enablers offer nuanced guidance for the implementation of large-scale health care interventions. The four enablers may be portable to similar contexts and provide the empirical basis for an implementation model of large-system value-based health care initiatives. With concerted application, these findings can pave the way not just for a better understanding of greater or lesser success in intervening in health care settings but ultimately to contribute higher quality, higher value, and safer care.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  366.         <dc:creator>
  367. EMILIE FRANCIS‐AUTON,
  368. JANET C. LONG,
  369. MITCHELL SARKIES,
  370. NATALIE ROBERTS,
  371. JOHANNA WESTBROOK,
  372. JEAN‐FREDERIC LEVESQUE,
  373. DIANE E. WATSON,
  374. REBECCA HARDWICK,
  375. PETER HIBBERT,
  376. CHIARA POMARE,
  377. JEFFREY BRAITHWAITE
  378. </dc:creator>
  379.         <category>Original Scholarship</category>
  380.         <dc:title>Four System Enablers of Large‐System Transformation in Health Care: A Mixed Methods Realist Evaluation</dc:title>
  381.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12684</dc:identifier>
  382.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  383.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12684</prism:doi>
  384.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12684?af=R</prism:url>
  385.         <prism:section>Original Scholarship</prism:section>
  386.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  387.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  388.      </item>
  389.      <item>
  390.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12689?af=R</link>
  391.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  392.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  393.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  394.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  395.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  396.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12689</guid>
  397.         <title>Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self‐Rated Health and All‐Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis</title>
  398.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 141-182, March 2024. </description>
  399.         <dc:description>
  400.  
  401.  
  402.  
  403. Policy Points
  404.  
  405. Income is thought to impact a broad range of health outcomes. However, whether income inequality (how unequal the distribution of income is in a population) has an additional impact on health is extensively debated.
  406. Studies that use multilevel data, which have recently increased in popularity, are necessary to separate the contextual effects of income inequality on health from the effects of individual income on health.
  407. Our systematic review found only small associations between income inequality and poor self‐rated health and all‐cause mortality. The available evidence does not suggest causality, although it remains methodologically flawed and limited, with very few studies using natural experimental approaches or examining income inequality at the national level.
  408.  
  409.  
  410. Context
  411. Whether income inequality has a direct effect on health or is only associated because of the effect of individual income has long been debated. We aimed to understand the association between income inequality and self‐rated health (SRH) and all‐cause mortality (mortality) and assess if these relationships are likely to be causal.
  412.  
  413. Methods
  414. We searched Medline, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and EconLit (PROSPERO: CRD42021252791) for studies considering income inequality and SRH or mortality using multilevel data and adjusting for individual‐level socioeconomic position. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) for poor SRH and relative risk ratios (RRs) for mortality from random‐effects meta‐analyses. We critically appraised included studies using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies – of Interventions tool. We assessed certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework and causality using Bradford Hill (BH) viewpoints.
  415.  
  416. Findings
  417. The primary meta‐analyses included 2,916,576 participants in 38 cross‐sectional studies assessing SRH and 10,727,470 participants in 14 cohort studies of mortality. Per 0.05‐unit increase in the Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, the ORs and RRs (95% confidence intervals) for SRH and mortality were 1.06 (1.03‐1.08) and 1.02 (1.00‐1.04), respectively. A total of 63.2% of SRH and 50.0% of mortality studies were at serious risk of bias (RoB), resulting in very low and low certainty ratings, respectively. For SRH and mortality, we did not identify relevant evidence to assess the specificity or, for SRH only, the experiment BH viewpoints; evidence for strength of association and dose–response gradient was inconclusive because of the high RoB; we found evidence in support of temporality and plausibility.
  418.  
  419. Conclusions
  420. Increased income inequality is only marginally associated with SRH and mortality, but the current evidence base is too methodologically limited to support a causal relationship. To address the gaps we identified, future research should focus on income inequality measured at the national level and addressing confounding with natural experiment approaches.
  421. </dc:description>
  422.         <content:encoded>
  423. &lt;p&gt;
  424. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  425. &lt;p&gt;
  426. Income is thought to impact a broad range of health outcomes. However, whether income inequality (how unequal the distribution of income is in a population) has an additional impact on health is extensively debated.
  427. Studies that use multilevel data, which have recently increased in popularity, are necessary to separate the contextual effects of income inequality on health from the effects of individual income on health.
  428. Our systematic review found only small associations between income inequality and poor self-rated health and all-cause mortality. The available evidence does not suggest causality, although it remains methodologically flawed and limited, with very few studies using natural experimental approaches or examining income inequality at the national level.
  429. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  430. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  431. &lt;p&gt;Whether income inequality has a direct effect on health or is only associated because of the effect of individual income has long been debated. We aimed to understand the association between income inequality and self-rated health (SRH) and all-cause mortality (mortality) and assess if these relationships are likely to be causal.&lt;/p&gt;
  432. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  433. &lt;p&gt;We searched Medline, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and EconLit (PROSPERO: CRD42021252791) for studies considering income inequality and SRH or mortality using multilevel data and adjusting for individual-level socioeconomic position. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) for poor SRH and relative risk ratios (RRs) for mortality from random-effects meta-analyses. We critically appraised included studies using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies – of Interventions tool. We assessed certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework and causality using Bradford Hill (BH) viewpoints.&lt;/p&gt;
  434. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  435. &lt;p&gt;The primary meta-analyses included 2,916,576 participants in 38 cross-sectional studies assessing SRH and 10,727,470 participants in 14 cohort studies of mortality. Per 0.05-unit increase in the Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, the ORs and RRs (95% confidence intervals) for SRH and mortality were 1.06 (1.03-1.08) and 1.02 (1.00-1.04), respectively. A total of 63.2% of SRH and 50.0% of mortality studies were at serious risk of bias (RoB), resulting in very low and low certainty ratings, respectively. For SRH and mortality, we did not identify relevant evidence to assess the specificity or, for SRH only, the experiment BH viewpoints; evidence for strength of association and dose–response gradient was inconclusive because of the high RoB; we found evidence in support of temporality and plausibility.&lt;/p&gt;
  436. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  437. &lt;p&gt;Increased income inequality is only marginally associated with SRH and mortality, but the current evidence base is too methodologically limited to support a causal relationship. To address the gaps we identified, future research should focus on income inequality measured at the national level and addressing confounding with natural experiment approaches.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  438.         <dc:creator>
  439. MICHAL SHIMONOVICH,
  440. MHAIRI CAMPBELL,
  441. RACHEL M. THOMSON,
  442. PHILIP BROADBENT,
  443. VALERIE WELLS,
  444. DANIEL KOPASKER,
  445. GERRY McCARTNEY,
  446. HILARY THOMSON,
  447. ANNA PEARCE,
  448. S. VITTAL KATIKIREDDI
  449. </dc:creator>
  450.         <category>Original Scholarship</category>
  451.         <dc:title>Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self‐Rated Health and All‐Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis</dc:title>
  452.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12689</dc:identifier>
  453.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  454.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12689</prism:doi>
  455.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12689?af=R</prism:url>
  456.         <prism:section>Original Scholarship</prism:section>
  457.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  458.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  459.      </item>
  460.      <item>
  461.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12697?af=R</link>
  462.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  463.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  464.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  465.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  466.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  467.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12697</guid>
  468.         <title>In the March 2024 Issue of the Quarterly</title>
  469.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 5-10, March 2024. </description>
  470.         <dc:description/>
  471.         <content:encoded/>
  472.         <dc:creator>
  473. ALAN B. COHEN
  474. </dc:creator>
  475.         <category>From the Editor</category>
  476.         <dc:title>In the March 2024 Issue of the Quarterly</dc:title>
  477.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12697</dc:identifier>
  478.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  479.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12697</prism:doi>
  480.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12697?af=R</prism:url>
  481.         <prism:section>From the Editor</prism:section>
  482.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  483.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  484.      </item>
  485.      <item>
  486.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12698?af=R</link>
  487.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  488.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  489.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  490.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  491.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  492.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12698</guid>
  493.         <title>Issue Information</title>
  494.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 1-4, March 2024. </description>
  495.         <dc:description/>
  496.         <content:encoded/>
  497.         <dc:creator/>
  498.         <category>Issue Information</category>
  499.         <dc:title>Issue Information</dc:title>
  500.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12698</dc:identifier>
  501.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  502.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12698</prism:doi>
  503.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12698?af=R</prism:url>
  504.         <prism:section>Issue Information</prism:section>
  505.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  506.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  507.      </item>
  508.      <item>
  509.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12676?af=R</link>
  510.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  511.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  512.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  513.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  514.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  515.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12676</guid>
  516.         <title>Transportation Justice and Health</title>
  517.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 11-27, March 2024. </description>
  518.         <dc:description>
  519.  
  520.  
  521.  
  522. Policy Points
  523.  
  524. The health care sector is increasingly investing in social conditions, including availability of safe, reliable, and adequate transportation, that contribute to improving health.
  525. In this paper, we suggest ways to advance the impact of transportation interventions and highlight the limitations of how health services researchers and practitioners currently conceptualize and use transportation.
  526. Incorporating a transportation justice framework offers an opportunity to address transportation and mobility needs more comprehensively and equitably within health care research, delivery, and policy.
  527.  
  528. </dc:description>
  529.         <content:encoded>
  530. &lt;p&gt;
  531. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  532. &lt;p&gt;
  533. The health care sector is increasingly investing in social conditions, including availability of safe, reliable, and adequate transportation, that contribute to improving health.
  534. In this paper, we suggest ways to advance the impact of transportation interventions and highlight the limitations of how health services researchers and practitioners currently conceptualize and use transportation.
  535. Incorporating a transportation justice framework offers an opportunity to address transportation and mobility needs more comprehensively and equitably within health care research, delivery, and policy.
  536. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  537.         <dc:creator>
  538. KELLIA J. HANSMANN,
  539. NA'AMAH RAZON
  540. </dc:creator>
  541.         <category>Perspective</category>
  542.         <dc:title>Transportation Justice and Health</dc:title>
  543.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12676</dc:identifier>
  544.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  545.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12676</prism:doi>
  546.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12676?af=R</prism:url>
  547.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  548.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  549.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  550.      </item>
  551.      <item>
  552.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12678?af=R</link>
  553.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  554.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  555.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  556.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  557.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  558.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12678</guid>
  559.         <title>The Pitfalls of Ascribing Moral Agency to Corporations: Public Obligation and Political and Social Contexts in the Commercial Determinants of Health</title>
  560.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 28-42, March 2024. </description>
  561.         <dc:description>
  562.  
  563.  
  564.  
  565. Policy Points
  566.  
  567. Government and civil society should be held more accountable for creating food and beverage regulatory policies rather than assigning moral agency to the food and beverage industry.
  568. Nutrition policymaking institutions should ensure civil society's ability to design regulatory policy.
  569. Government policymaking institutions should be isolated from industry interference.
  570.  
  571. </dc:description>
  572.         <content:encoded>
  573. &lt;p&gt;
  574. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  575. &lt;p&gt;
  576. Government and civil society should be held more accountable for creating food and beverage regulatory policies rather than assigning moral agency to the food and beverage industry.
  577. Nutrition policymaking institutions should ensure civil society's ability to design regulatory policy.
  578. Government policymaking institutions should be isolated from industry interference.
  579. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  580.         <dc:creator>
  581. EDUARDO J. GÓMEZ,
  582. NASON MAANI,
  583. SANDRO GALEA
  584. </dc:creator>
  585.         <category>Perspective</category>
  586.         <dc:title>The Pitfalls of Ascribing Moral Agency to Corporations: Public Obligation and Political and Social Contexts in the Commercial Determinants of Health</dc:title>
  587.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12678</dc:identifier>
  588.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  589.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12678</prism:doi>
  590.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12678?af=R</prism:url>
  591.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  592.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  593.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  594.      </item>
  595.      <item>
  596.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12679?af=R</link>
  597.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  598.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  599.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  600.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  601.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  602.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12679</guid>
  603.         <title>Prescription for Cash? Cash Support to Low‐Income Families in Maternal and Pediatric Health Care Settings</title>
  604.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 64-82, March 2024. </description>
  605.         <dc:description>
  606.  
  607.  
  608.  
  609. Policy Points
  610.  
  611. Pregnancy and childhood are periods of heightened economic vulnerability, but current policies for addressing health‐related social needs, including screening and referral programs, may be insufficient because of persistent gaps, incomplete follow‐up, administrative burden, and limited take‐up.
  612. To bridge gaps in the social safety net, direct provision of cash transfers to low‐income families experiencing health challenges during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood could provide families with the flexibility and support to enable caregiving, increase access to health care, and improve health outcomes.
  613.  
  614. </dc:description>
  615.         <content:encoded>
  616. &lt;p&gt;
  617. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  618. &lt;p&gt;
  619. Pregnancy and childhood are periods of heightened economic vulnerability, but current policies for addressing health-related social needs, including screening and referral programs, may be insufficient because of persistent gaps, incomplete follow-up, administrative burden, and limited take-up.
  620. To bridge gaps in the social safety net, direct provision of cash transfers to low-income families experiencing health challenges during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood could provide families with the flexibility and support to enable caregiving, increase access to health care, and improve health outcomes.
  621. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  622.         <dc:creator>
  623. MARGARET MCCONNELL,
  624. SUMIT AGARWAL,
  625. ERIKA HANSON,
  626. ERIN MCCRADY,
  627. MARGARET G. PARKER,
  628. KIRA BONA
  629. </dc:creator>
  630.         <category>Perspective</category>
  631.         <dc:title>Prescription for Cash? Cash Support to Low‐Income Families in Maternal and Pediatric Health Care Settings</dc:title>
  632.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12679</dc:identifier>
  633.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  634.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12679</prism:doi>
  635.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12679?af=R</prism:url>
  636.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  637.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  638.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  639.      </item>
  640.      <item>
  641.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12680?af=R</link>
  642.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  643.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  644.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  645.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  646.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  647.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12680</guid>
  648.         <title>The Orphan Drug Act at 40: Legislative Triumph and the Challenges of Success</title>
  649.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 83-96, March 2024. </description>
  650.         <dc:description>
  651.  
  652.  
  653.  
  654. Policy Points
  655.  
  656. The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) was the result of patient advocacy and by many measures has been strikingly successful. However, approximately 95% of the more than 7,000 known rare diseases still have no US Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment.
  657. The ODA's success led to sustained criticism of high drug prices, often for products that have orphan drug indications. Critics misconstrue the ODA's intent and propose reducing its incentives instead of pursuing policies focused on addressing broader prescription drug price challenges that exist in both the orphan and nonorphan drug market.
  658. Patients and their families will continue to defend the purpose and integrity of the ODA and to drive investments into rare disease research and clinical development.
  659.  
  660. </dc:description>
  661.         <content:encoded>
  662. &lt;p&gt;
  663. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  664. &lt;p&gt;
  665. The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) was the result of patient advocacy and by many measures has been strikingly successful. However, approximately 95% of the more than 7,000 known rare diseases still have no US Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment.
  666. The ODA's success led to sustained criticism of high drug prices, often for products that have orphan drug indications. Critics misconstrue the ODA's intent and propose reducing its incentives instead of pursuing policies focused on addressing broader prescription drug price challenges that exist in both the orphan and nonorphan drug market.
  667. Patients and their families will continue to defend the purpose and integrity of the ODA and to drive investments into rare disease research and clinical development.
  668. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  669.         <dc:creator>
  670. PETER SALTONSTALL,
  671. HEIDI ROSS,
  672. PAUL T. KIM
  673. </dc:creator>
  674.         <category>Perspective</category>
  675.         <dc:title>The Orphan Drug Act at 40: Legislative Triumph and the Challenges of Success</dc:title>
  676.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12680</dc:identifier>
  677.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  678.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12680</prism:doi>
  679.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12680?af=R</prism:url>
  680.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  681.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  682.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  683.      </item>
  684.      <item>
  685.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12683?af=R</link>
  686.         <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:20:14 -0700</pubDate>
  687.         <dc:date>2024-03-14T06:20:14-07:00</dc:date>
  688.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  689.         <prism:coverDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDate>
  690.         <prism:coverDisplayDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 -0800</prism:coverDisplayDate>
  691.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12683</guid>
  692.         <title>Stopping the Vicious Cycle: Equitable Enforcement Strategies to Achieve Safe, Stable, and Accessible Housing for People with Disabilities</title>
  693.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, Volume 102, Issue 1, Page 43-63, March 2024. </description>
  694.         <dc:description>
  695.  
  696.  
  697.  
  698. Policy Points
  699.  
  700. People with disabilities experience a vicious cycle of poverty, poor health, and marginalization partly because of the inequitable implementation and enforcement of laws, including underenforcement of civil rights and housing laws and overenforcement of punitive nuisance and criminal laws.
  701. Inequitable enforcement reflects policy choices that prioritize powerful entities (e.g., landlords, developers) to the detriment of people who experience intersectional structural discrimination based on, for example, race, disability, and income.
  702. Equitable enforcement, a process of ensuring compliance with the law while considering and minimizing harms to marginalized people, can promote health and disability justice by increasing access to safe, stable, and accessible housing.
  703.  
  704. </dc:description>
  705.         <content:encoded>
  706. &lt;p&gt;
  707. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  708. &lt;p&gt;
  709. People with disabilities experience a vicious cycle of poverty, poor health, and marginalization partly because of the inequitable implementation and enforcement of laws, including &lt;i&gt;underenforcement&lt;/i&gt; of civil rights and housing laws and &lt;i&gt;overenforcement&lt;/i&gt; of punitive nuisance and criminal laws.
  710. Inequitable enforcement reflects policy choices that prioritize powerful entities (e.g., landlords, developers) to the detriment of people who experience intersectional structural discrimination based on, for example, race, disability, and income.
  711. Equitable enforcement, a process of ensuring compliance with the law while considering and minimizing harms to marginalized people, can promote health and disability justice by increasing access to safe, stable, and accessible housing.
  712. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  713.         <dc:creator>
  714. KATIE HANNON MICHEL,
  715. MAYA HAZARIKA WATTS,
  716. JESSICA BRESLIN,
  717. ELIZABETH TOBIN‐TYLER
  718. </dc:creator>
  719.         <category>Perspective</category>
  720.         <dc:title>Stopping the Vicious Cycle: Equitable Enforcement Strategies to Achieve Safe, Stable, and Accessible Housing for People with Disabilities</dc:title>
  721.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12683</dc:identifier>
  722.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  723.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12683</prism:doi>
  724.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12683?af=R</prism:url>
  725.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  726.         <prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
  727.         <prism:number>1</prism:number>
  728.      </item>
  729.      <item>
  730.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12696?af=R</link>
  731.         <pubDate>Thu, 29 Feb 2024 20:08:46 -0800</pubDate>
  732.         <dc:date>2024-02-29T08:08:46-08:00</dc:date>
  733.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  734.         <prism:coverDate/>
  735.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  736.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12696</guid>
  737.         <title>Asking MultiCrit Questions: A Reflexive and Critical Framework to Promote Health Data Equity for the Multiracial Population</title>
  738.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  739.         <dc:description>
  740.  
  741.  
  742.  
  743. Policy Points
  744.  
  745. Health equity work primarily centers monoracial populations; however, the rapid growth of the Multiracial population and increasingly clear health disparities affecting the people in that population complicate our understanding of racial health equity.
  746. Limited resources exist for health researchers and professionals grappling with this complexity, likely contributing to the relative dearth of health literature describing the Multiracial population.
  747. We introduce a question‐based framework built on core principles from Critical Multiracial Theory (MultiCrit) and Critical Race Public Health Praxis, designed for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to encourage health data equity for the Multiracial population.
  748.  
  749. </dc:description>
  750.         <content:encoded>
  751. &lt;p&gt;
  752. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  753. &lt;p&gt;
  754. Health equity work primarily centers monoracial populations; however, the rapid growth of the Multiracial population and increasingly clear health disparities affecting the people in that population complicate our understanding of racial health equity.
  755. Limited resources exist for health researchers and professionals grappling with this complexity, likely contributing to the relative dearth of health literature describing the Multiracial population.
  756. We introduce a question-based framework built on core principles from Critical Multiracial Theory (MultiCrit) and Critical Race Public Health Praxis, designed for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to encourage health data equity for the Multiracial population.
  757. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  758.         <dc:creator>
  759. TRACY LAM‐HINE,
  760. SARAH FORTHAL,
  761. CANDICE Y. JOHNSON,
  762. HELEN B. CHIN
  763. </dc:creator>
  764.         <category>Perspective</category>
  765.         <dc:title>Asking MultiCrit Questions: A Reflexive and Critical Framework to Promote Health Data Equity for the Multiracial Population</dc:title>
  766.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12696</dc:identifier>
  767.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  768.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12696</prism:doi>
  769.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12696?af=R</prism:url>
  770.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  771.      </item>
  772.      <item>
  773.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12695?af=R</link>
  774.         <pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2024 11:03:49 -0800</pubDate>
  775.         <dc:date>2024-02-16T11:03:49-08:00</dc:date>
  776.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  777.         <prism:coverDate/>
  778.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  779.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12695</guid>
  780.         <title>Keeping It Political and Powerful: Defining the Structural Determinants of Health</title>
  781.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  782.         <dc:description>
  783.  
  784.  
  785.  
  786. Policy Points
  787.  
  788. The structural determinants of health are 1) the written and unwritten rules that create, maintain, or eliminate durable and hierarchical patterns of advantage among socially constructed groups in the conditions that affect health, and 2) the manifestation of power relations in that people and groups with more power based on current social structures work—implicitly and explicitly—to maintain their advantage by reinforcing or modifying these rules.
  789. This theoretically grounded definition of structural determinants can support a shared analysis of the root causes of health inequities and an embrace of public health's role in shifting power relations and engaging politically, especially in its policy work.
  790. Shifting the balance of power relations between socially constructed groups differentiates interventions in the structural determinants of health from those in the social determinants of health.
  791.  
  792.  
  793. </dc:description>
  794.         <content:encoded>
  795. &lt;p&gt;
  796. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  797. &lt;p&gt;
  798. The structural determinants of health are 1) the written and unwritten rules that create, maintain, or eliminate durable and hierarchical patterns of advantage among socially constructed groups in the conditions that affect health, and 2) the manifestation of power relations in that people and groups with more power based on current social structures work—implicitly and explicitly—to maintain their advantage by reinforcing or modifying these rules.
  799. This theoretically grounded definition of structural determinants can support a shared analysis of the root causes of health inequities and an embrace of public health's role in shifting power relations and engaging politically, especially in its policy work.
  800. Shifting the balance of power relations between socially constructed groups differentiates interventions in the structural determinants of health from those in the social determinants of health.
  801. &lt;/p&gt;
  802. &lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  803.         <dc:creator>
  804. JONATHAN C. HELLER,
  805. MARJORY L. GIVENS,
  806. SHERI P. JOHNSON,
  807. DAVID A. KINDIG
  808. </dc:creator>
  809.         <category>Perspective</category>
  810.         <dc:title>Keeping It Political and Powerful: Defining the Structural Determinants of Health</dc:title>
  811.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12695</dc:identifier>
  812.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  813.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12695</prism:doi>
  814.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12695?af=R</prism:url>
  815.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  816.      </item>
  817.      <item>
  818.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12694?af=R</link>
  819.         <pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2024 10:57:54 -0800</pubDate>
  820.         <dc:date>2024-02-16T10:57:54-08:00</dc:date>
  821.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  822.         <prism:coverDate/>
  823.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  824.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12694</guid>
  825.         <title>Overcoming Common Anxieties in Knowledge Translation: Advice for Scholarly Issue Advocates</title>
  826.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  827.         <dc:description>
  828.  
  829.  
  830.  
  831. Policy Points
  832.  
  833. Faced with urgent threats to human health and well‐being such as climate change, calls among the academic community are getting louder to contribute more effectively to the implementation of the evidence generated by our research into public policy.
  834. As interest in knowledge translation (KT) surges, so have a number of anxieties about the field's shortcomings. Our paper is motivated by a call in the literature to render useful advice for those beginning in KT on how to advance impact at a policy level.
  835. By integrating knowledge from fields such as political science, moral psychology, and marketing, we suggest that thinking and acting like marketers, lobbyists, movements, and political scientists would help us advance on the quest to bridge the chasm between evidence and policy.
  836.  
  837. </dc:description>
  838.         <content:encoded>
  839. &lt;p&gt;
  840. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  841. &lt;p&gt;
  842. Faced with urgent threats to human health and well-being such as climate change, calls among the academic community are getting louder to contribute more effectively to the implementation of the evidence generated by our research into public policy.
  843. As interest in knowledge translation (KT) surges, so have a number of anxieties about the field's shortcomings. Our paper is motivated by a call in the literature to render useful advice for those beginning in KT on how to advance impact at a policy level.
  844. By integrating knowledge from fields such as political science, moral psychology, and marketing, we suggest that thinking and acting like marketers, lobbyists, movements, and political scientists would help us advance on the quest to bridge the chasm between evidence and policy.
  845. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  846.         <dc:creator>
  847. PAUL KERSHAW,
  848. VERENA ROSSA‐ROCCOR
  849. </dc:creator>
  850.         <category>Perspective</category>
  851.         <dc:title>Overcoming Common Anxieties in Knowledge Translation: Advice for Scholarly Issue Advocates</dc:title>
  852.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12694</dc:identifier>
  853.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  854.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12694</prism:doi>
  855.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12694?af=R</prism:url>
  856.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  857.      </item>
  858.      <item>
  859.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12693?af=R</link>
  860.         <pubDate>Thu, 08 Feb 2024 23:24:38 -0800</pubDate>
  861.         <dc:date>2024-02-08T11:24:38-08:00</dc:date>
  862.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  863.         <prism:coverDate/>
  864.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  865.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12693</guid>
  866.         <title>Policy Interventions to Enhance Medical Care for People With Obesity in the United States—Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions</title>
  867.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  868.         <dc:description>
  869.  
  870.  
  871.  
  872. Policy Points
  873.  
  874. Health policymakers have insufficiently addressed care for people with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) in the United States. Current federal policies targeting obesity medications reflect this unfortunate reality.
  875. We argue for a novel policy framework to increase access to effective obesity therapeutics and care, recognizing that, though prevention is critical, the epidemic proportions of obesity in the United States warrant immediate interventions to augment care.
  876. Reducing barriers to and improving the quality of existing anti‐obesity medications, intensive behavioral therapy, weight management nutrition and dietary counseling, and bariatric surgery are critical. Moreover, to ensure continuity of care and patient–clinician trust, combating physician and broader weight stigma must represent a central component of any viable obesity care agenda.
  877.  
  878.  
  879. </dc:description>
  880.         <content:encoded>
  881. &lt;p&gt;
  882. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  883. &lt;p&gt;
  884. Health policymakers have insufficiently addressed care for people with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) in the United States. Current federal policies targeting obesity medications reflect this unfortunate reality.
  885. We argue for a novel policy framework to increase access to effective obesity therapeutics and care, recognizing that, though prevention is critical, the epidemic proportions of obesity in the United States warrant immediate interventions to augment care.
  886. Reducing barriers to and improving the quality of existing anti-obesity medications, intensive behavioral therapy, weight management nutrition and dietary counseling, and bariatric surgery are critical. Moreover, to ensure continuity of care and patient–clinician trust, combating physician and broader weight stigma must represent a central component of any viable obesity care agenda.
  887. &lt;/p&gt;
  888. &lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  889.         <dc:creator>
  890. JAMES RENÉ JOLIN,
  891. MINSOO KWON,
  892. ELIZABETH BROCK,
  893. JONATHAN CHEN,
  894. AISHA KOKAN,
  895. RYAN MURDOCK,
  896. FATIMA CODY STANFORD
  897. </dc:creator>
  898.         <category>Perspective</category>
  899.         <dc:title>Policy Interventions to Enhance Medical Care for People With Obesity in the United States—Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions</dc:title>
  900.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12693</dc:identifier>
  901.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  902.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12693</prism:doi>
  903.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12693?af=R</prism:url>
  904.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  905.      </item>
  906.      <item>
  907.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12691?af=R</link>
  908.         <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jan 2024 23:03:40 -0800</pubDate>
  909.         <dc:date>2024-01-28T11:03:40-08:00</dc:date>
  910.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  911.         <prism:coverDate/>
  912.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  913.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12691</guid>
  914.         <title>Assessing the Impact of the 340B Drug Pricing Program: A Scoping Review of the Empirical, Peer‐Reviewed Literature</title>
  915.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  916.         <dc:description>
  917.  
  918.  
  919.  
  920. Policy Points
  921.  
  922. The 340B Drug Pricing Program accounts for roughly 1 out of every 100 dollars spent in the $4.3 trillion US health care industry. Decisions affecting the program will have wide‐ranging consequences throughout the US safety net.
  923.  
  924. Our scoping review provides a roadmap of the questions being asked about the 340B program and an initial synthesis of the answers. The highest‐quality evidence indicates that nonprofit, disproportionate share hospitals may be using the 340B program in margin‐motivated ways, with inconsistent evidence for increased safety net engagement; however, this finding is not consistent across other hospital types and public health clinics, which face different incentive structures and reporting requirements.
  925.  
  926.  
  927.  
  928.  
  929. Context
  930. Despite remarkable growth and relevance of the 340B Drug Pricing Program to current health care practice and policy debate, academic literature examining 340B has lagged. The objectives of this scoping review were to summarize i) common research questions published about 340B, ii) what is empirically known about 340B and its implications, and iii) remaining knowledge gaps, all organized in a way that is informative to practitioners, researchers, and decision makers.
  931.  
  932.  
  933. Methods
  934. We conducted a scoping review of the peer‐reviewed, empirical 340B literature (database inception to March 2023). We categorized studies by suitability of their design for internal validity, type of covered entity studied, and motivation‐by‐scope category.
  935.  
  936.  
  937. Findings
  938. The final yield included 44 peer‐reviewed, empirical studies published between 2003 and 2023. We identified 15 frequently asked research questions in the literature, across 6 categories of inquiry—motivation (margin or mission) and scope (external, covered entity, and care delivery interface). Literature with greatest internal validity leaned toward evidence of margin‐motivated behavior at the external environment and covered entity levels, with inconsistent findings supporting mission‐motivated behavior at these levels; this was particularly the case among participating disproportionate share hospitals (DSHs). However, included case studies were unanimous in demonstrating positive effects of the 340B program for carrying out a provider's safety net mission.
  939.  
  940.  
  941. Conclusions
  942. In our scoping review of the 340B program, the highest‐quality evidence indicates nonprofit, DSHs may be using the 340B program in margin‐motivated ways, with inconsistent evidence for increased safety net engagement; however, this finding is not consistent across other hospital types and public health clinics, which face different incentive structures and reporting requirements. Future studies should examine heterogeneity by covered entity types (i.e., hospitals vs. public health clinics), characteristics, and time period of 340B enrollment. Our findings provide additional context to current health policy discussion regarding the 340B program.
  943.  
  944. </dc:description>
  945.         <content:encoded>
  946. &lt;p&gt;
  947. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  948. &lt;p&gt;
  949. The 340B Drug Pricing Program accounts for roughly 1 out of every 100 dollars spent in the $4.3 trillion US health care industry. Decisions affecting the program will have wide-ranging consequences throughout the US safety net.
  950. Our scoping review provides a roadmap of the questions being asked about the 340B program and an initial synthesis of the answers. The highest-quality evidence indicates that nonprofit, disproportionate share hospitals may be using the 340B program in margin-motivated ways, with inconsistent evidence for increased safety net engagement; however, this finding is not consistent across other hospital types and public health clinics, which face different incentive structures and reporting requirements.
  951. &lt;/p&gt;
  952. &lt;/p&gt;
  953. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  954. &lt;p&gt;Despite remarkable growth and relevance of the 340B Drug Pricing Program to current health care practice and policy debate, academic literature examining 340B has lagged. The objectives of this scoping review were to summarize i) common research questions published about 340B, ii) what is empirically known about 340B and its implications, and iii) remaining knowledge gaps, all organized in a way that is informative to practitioners, researchers, and decision makers.&lt;/p&gt;
  955. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  956. &lt;p&gt;We conducted a scoping review of the peer-reviewed, empirical 340B literature (database inception to March 2023). We categorized studies by suitability of their design for internal validity, type of covered entity studied, and motivation-by-scope category.&lt;/p&gt;
  957. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  958. &lt;p&gt;The final yield included 44 peer-reviewed, empirical studies published between 2003 and 2023. We identified 15 frequently asked research questions in the literature, across 6 categories of inquiry—motivation (margin or mission) and scope (external, covered entity, and care delivery interface). Literature with greatest internal validity leaned toward evidence of margin-motivated behavior at the external environment and covered entity levels, with inconsistent findings supporting mission-motivated behavior at these levels; this was particularly the case among participating disproportionate share hospitals (DSHs). However, included case studies were unanimous in demonstrating positive effects of the 340B program for carrying out a provider's safety net mission.&lt;/p&gt;
  959. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  960. &lt;p&gt;In our scoping review of the 340B program, the highest-quality evidence indicates nonprofit, DSHs may be using the 340B program in margin-motivated ways, with inconsistent evidence for increased safety net engagement; however, this finding is not consistent across other hospital types and public health clinics, which face different incentive structures and reporting requirements. Future studies should examine heterogeneity by covered entity types (i.e., hospitals vs. public health clinics), characteristics, and time period of 340B enrollment. Our findings provide additional context to current health policy discussion regarding the 340B program.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  961.         <dc:creator>
  962. TIMOTHY W. LEVENGOOD,
  963. RENA M. CONTI,
  964. SEAN CAHILL,
  965. MEGAN B. COLE
  966. </dc:creator>
  967.         <category>Original Scholarship</category>
  968.         <dc:title>Assessing the Impact of the 340B Drug Pricing Program: A Scoping Review of the Empirical, Peer‐Reviewed Literature</dc:title>
  969.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12691</dc:identifier>
  970.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  971.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12691</prism:doi>
  972.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12691?af=R</prism:url>
  973.         <prism:section>Original Scholarship</prism:section>
  974.      </item>
  975.      <item>
  976.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12690?af=R</link>
  977.         <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2024 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
  978.         <dc:date>2024-01-25T12:00:00-08:00</dc:date>
  979.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  980.         <prism:coverDate/>
  981.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  982.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12690</guid>
  983.         <title>Revising the Logic Model Behind Health Care's Social Care Investments</title>
  984.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  985.         <dc:description>
  986.  
  987.  
  988.  
  989. Policy Points
  990.  
  991. This article summarizes recent evidence on how increased awareness of patients’ social conditions in the health care sector may influence health and health care utilization outcomes.
  992. Using this evidence, we propose a more expansive logic model to explain the impacts of social care programs and inform future social care program investments and evaluations.
  993.  
  994. </dc:description>
  995.         <content:encoded>
  996. &lt;p&gt;
  997. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  998. &lt;p&gt;
  999. This article summarizes recent evidence on how increased awareness of patients’ social conditions in the health care sector may influence health and health care utilization outcomes.
  1000. Using this evidence, we propose a more expansive logic model to explain the impacts of social care programs and inform future social care program investments and evaluations.
  1001. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  1002.         <dc:creator>
  1003. LAURA M. GOTTLIEB,
  1004. DANIELLE HESSLER,
  1005. HOLLY WING,
  1006. ALEJANDRA GONZALEZ‐ROCHA,
  1007. YURI CARTIER,
  1008. CAROLINE FICHTENBERG
  1009. </dc:creator>
  1010.         <category>Perspective</category>
  1011.         <dc:title>Revising the Logic Model Behind Health Care's Social Care Investments</dc:title>
  1012.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12690</dc:identifier>
  1013.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  1014.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12690</prism:doi>
  1015.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12690?af=R</prism:url>
  1016.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  1017.      </item>
  1018.      <item>
  1019.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12692?af=R</link>
  1020.         <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jan 2024 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
  1021.         <dc:date>2024-01-22T12:00:00-08:00</dc:date>
  1022.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  1023.         <prism:coverDate/>
  1024.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  1025.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12692</guid>
  1026.         <title>Integrated Devices: A New Regulatory Pathway to Promote Revolutionary Innovation</title>
  1027.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  1028.         <dc:description>
  1029.  
  1030.  
  1031.  
  1032. Policy Points
  1033.  
  1034. Current medical device regulatory frameworks date back half a century and are ill suited for the next generation of medical devices that involve a significant software component.
  1035. Existing Food and Drug Administration efforts are insufficient because of a lack of statutory authority, whereas international examples offer lessons for improving and harmonizing domestic medical device regulatory policy.
  1036. A voluntary alternative pathway built upon two‐stage review with individual component review followed by holistic review for integrated devices would provide regulators with new tools to address a changing medical device marketplace
  1037.  
  1038. </dc:description>
  1039.         <content:encoded>
  1040. &lt;p&gt;
  1041. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  1042. &lt;p&gt;
  1043. Current medical device regulatory frameworks date back half a century and are ill suited for the next generation of medical devices that involve a significant software component.
  1044. Existing Food and Drug Administration efforts are insufficient because of a lack of statutory authority, whereas international examples offer lessons for improving and harmonizing domestic medical device regulatory policy.
  1045. A voluntary alternative pathway built upon two-stage review with individual component review followed by holistic review for integrated devices would provide regulators with new tools to address a changing medical device marketplace
  1046. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  1047.         <dc:creator>
  1048. TED CHO,
  1049. VRUSHAB GOWDA,
  1050. HENNING SCHULZRINNE,
  1051. BRIAN J. MILLER
  1052. </dc:creator>
  1053.         <category>Perspective</category>
  1054.         <dc:title>Integrated Devices: A New Regulatory Pathway to Promote Revolutionary Innovation</dc:title>
  1055.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12692</dc:identifier>
  1056.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  1057.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12692</prism:doi>
  1058.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12692?af=R</prism:url>
  1059.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  1060.      </item>
  1061.      <item>
  1062.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12688?af=R</link>
  1063.         <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jan 2024 03:58:08 -0800</pubDate>
  1064.         <dc:date>2024-01-19T03:58:08-08:00</dc:date>
  1065.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  1066.         <prism:coverDate/>
  1067.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  1068.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12688</guid>
  1069.         <title>Is White Evangelical Antistructural Theology Related to Poor Health Outcomes?</title>
  1070.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  1071.         <dc:description>
  1072.  
  1073.  
  1074.  
  1075. Policy Points
  1076.  
  1077. White evangelical theology has an “antistructural” component.
  1078. Counties with a high percentage of White evangelicals have higher mortality rates and more persons with fair/poor health. The potential influence of antistructural components in evangelical theology on decision making and resource allocation and, ultimately, the length and quality of life of community members presents a point of intervention for religious leaders and policymakers to improve population health.
  1079.  
  1080.  
  1081.  
  1082.  
  1083. Context
  1084. Structural factors are important determinants of health. Because antistructuralism has been identified as a tenet of White evangelical theology, we explored if there is an association of the percentage of White evangelicals in a US county with two county health outcomes: premature mortality and percentage of fair/poor health.
  1085.  
  1086. Methods
  1087. Regression analysis was performed with data from 2022 County Health Rankings and the American Value Atlas from the Public Religion Research Institute.
  1088.  
  1089. Findings
  1090. Every percent of evangelicals in a county is associated with 4.01 more premature deaths per 100,000 population and 0.13% fair/poor health. After controlling for income, education, political ideology, and county school funding adequacy (a proxy for antistructuralism), the associations remain positive and significant.
  1091.  
  1092. Conclusions
  1093. We hope these findings could inform dialogue and critical analysis among individuals of evangelical faith, particularly fundamental and Pentecostal subsets, regarding a belief system that is inclusive of individual dimensions and health‐promoting structural policies like school funding, Medicaid expansion, and antipoverty programs. These findings also demonstrate the importance of considering cultural factors like religion and political ideology in population health outcomes research.
  1094. </dc:description>
  1095.         <content:encoded>
  1096. &lt;p&gt;
  1097. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  1098. &lt;p&gt;
  1099. White evangelical theology has an “antistructural” component.
  1100. Counties with a high percentage of White evangelicals have higher mortality rates and more persons with fair/poor health. The potential influence of antistructural components in evangelical theology on decision making and resource allocation and, ultimately, the length and quality of life of community members presents a point of intervention for religious leaders and policymakers to improve population health.
  1101. &lt;/p&gt;
  1102. &lt;/p&gt;
  1103. &lt;h2&gt;Context&lt;/h2&gt;
  1104. &lt;p&gt;Structural factors are important determinants of health. Because antistructuralism has been identified as a tenet of White evangelical theology, we explored if there is an association of the percentage of White evangelicals in a US county with two county health outcomes: premature mortality and percentage of fair/poor health.&lt;/p&gt;
  1105. &lt;h2&gt;Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
  1106. &lt;p&gt;Regression analysis was performed with data from 2022 County Health Rankings and the American Value Atlas from the Public Religion Research Institute.&lt;/p&gt;
  1107. &lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;
  1108. &lt;p&gt;Every percent of evangelicals in a county is associated with 4.01 more premature deaths per 100,000 population and 0.13% fair/poor health. After controlling for income, education, political ideology, and county school funding adequacy (a proxy for antistructuralism), the associations remain positive and significant.&lt;/p&gt;
  1109. &lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
  1110. &lt;p&gt;We hope these findings could inform dialogue and critical analysis among individuals of evangelical faith, particularly fundamental and Pentecostal subsets, regarding a belief system that is inclusive of individual dimensions and health-promoting structural policies like school funding, Medicaid expansion, and antipoverty programs. These findings also demonstrate the importance of considering cultural factors like religion and political ideology in population health outcomes research.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  1111.         <dc:creator>
  1112. DAVID A. KINDIG,
  1113. YASMIN MOHD ARIFFIN,
  1114. HANNAH OLSON‐WILLIAMS
  1115. </dc:creator>
  1116.         <category>Original Research</category>
  1117.         <dc:title>Is White Evangelical Antistructural Theology Related to Poor Health Outcomes?</dc:title>
  1118.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12688</dc:identifier>
  1119.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  1120.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12688</prism:doi>
  1121.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12688?af=R</prism:url>
  1122.         <prism:section>Original Research</prism:section>
  1123.      </item>
  1124.      <item>
  1125.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12687?af=R</link>
  1126.         <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2024 19:58:11 -0800</pubDate>
  1127.         <dc:date>2024-01-16T07:58:11-08:00</dc:date>
  1128.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  1129.         <prism:coverDate/>
  1130.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  1131.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12687</guid>
  1132.         <title>Toward a Climate‐Ready Health Care System: Institutional Motivators and Workforce Engagement</title>
  1133.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  1134.         <dc:description>
  1135.  
  1136.  
  1137.  
  1138. Policy Points
  1139.  
  1140. The US health care system faces mounting pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change; motivated institutions and an engaged health care workforce are essential to the development, implementation, and maintenance of a climate‐ready US health care system.
  1141. Health care workers have numerous profession‐specific and role‐specific opportunities to address the causes and impacts of climate change.
  1142. Policies must address institutional barriers to change and create incentives aligned with climate readiness goals.
  1143. Institutions and individuals can support climate readiness by integrating content on the health care implications of climate change into educational curricula.
  1144.  
  1145. </dc:description>
  1146.         <content:encoded>
  1147. &lt;p&gt;
  1148. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  1149. &lt;p&gt;
  1150. The US health care system faces mounting pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change; motivated institutions and an engaged health care workforce are essential to the development, implementation, and maintenance of a climate-ready US health care system.
  1151. Health care workers have numerous profession-specific and role-specific opportunities to address the causes and impacts of climate change.
  1152. Policies must address institutional barriers to change and create incentives aligned with climate readiness goals.
  1153. Institutions and individuals can support climate readiness by integrating content on the health care implications of climate change into educational curricula.
  1154. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  1155.         <dc:creator>
  1156. CALEB DRESSER,
  1157. ZACHARY JOHNS,
  1158. AVERY PALARDY,
  1159. SARAH McKINNON,
  1160. SUELLEN BREAKEY,
  1161. ANA M. VIAMONTE ROS,
  1162. PATRICE K NICHOLAS
  1163. </dc:creator>
  1164.         <category>Perspective</category>
  1165.         <dc:title>Toward a Climate‐Ready Health Care System: Institutional Motivators and Workforce Engagement</dc:title>
  1166.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12687</dc:identifier>
  1167.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  1168.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12687</prism:doi>
  1169.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12687?af=R</prism:url>
  1170.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
  1171.      </item>
  1172.      <item>
  1173.         <link>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12685?af=R</link>
  1174.         <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 04:44:40 -0800</pubDate>
  1175.         <dc:date>2023-12-29T04:44:40-08:00</dc:date>
  1176.         <source url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14680009?af=R">Wiley: The Milbank Quarterly: Table of Contents</source>
  1177.         <prism:coverDate/>
  1178.         <prism:coverDisplayDate/>
  1179.         <guid isPermaLink="false">10.1111/1468-0009.12685</guid>
  1180.         <title>Multisector Collaboration vs. Social Democracy for Addressing Social Determinants of Health</title>
  1181.         <description>The Milbank Quarterly, EarlyView. </description>
  1182.         <dc:description>
  1183.  
  1184.  
  1185.  
  1186. Policy Points
  1187.  
  1188. Multisector collaboration, the dominant approach for responding to health harms created by adverse social conditions, involves collaboration among health care insurers, health care systems, and social services organizations.
  1189. Social democracy, an underused alternative, seeks to use government policy to shape the civil (e.g., civil rights), political (e.g., voting rights), and economic (e.g., labor market institutions, property rights, and the tax‐and‐transfer system) institutions that produce health.
  1190. Multisector collaboration may not achieve its goals, both because the collaborations are difficult to accomplish and because it does not seek to transform social conditions, only to mitigate their harms. Social democracy requires political contestation but has greater potential to improve population health and health equity.
  1191.  
  1192. </dc:description>
  1193.         <content:encoded>
  1194. &lt;p&gt;
  1195. &lt;h2&gt;Policy Points&lt;/h2&gt;
  1196. &lt;p&gt;
  1197. Multisector collaboration, the dominant approach for responding to health harms created by adverse social conditions, involves collaboration among health care insurers, health care systems, and social services organizations.
  1198. Social democracy, an underused alternative, seeks to use government policy to shape the civil (e.g., civil rights), political (e.g., voting rights), and economic (e.g., labor market institutions, property rights, and the tax-and-transfer system) institutions that produce health.
  1199. Multisector collaboration may not achieve its goals, both because the collaborations are difficult to accomplish and because it does not seek to transform social conditions, only to mitigate their harms. Social democracy requires political contestation but has greater potential to improve population health and health equity.
  1200. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
  1201.         <dc:creator>
  1202. SETH A. BERKOWITZ
  1203. </dc:creator>
  1204.         <category>Perspective</category>
  1205.         <dc:title>Multisector Collaboration vs. Social Democracy for Addressing Social Determinants of Health</dc:title>
  1206.         <dc:identifier>10.1111/1468-0009.12685</dc:identifier>
  1207.         <prism:publicationName>The Milbank Quarterly</prism:publicationName>
  1208.         <prism:doi>10.1111/1468-0009.12685</prism:doi>
  1209.         <prism:url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12685?af=R</prism:url>
  1210.         <prism:section>Perspective</prism:section>
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  1214.  

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