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```
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```

Source: http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042</id><updated>2024-02-20T07:55:31.168-08:00</updated><title type='text'>வையவன் ஹிந்தி</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>16</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-6710884098720223902</id><published>2013-06-02T06:13:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-02T06:13:11.029-07:00</updated><title type='text'>எழுவாய்களுக்கான பயிற்சிகள் </title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
&nbsp;எழுவாய்களுக்கான பயிற்சிகள்&nbsp;&nbsp; 
பசு பால் கொடுக்கிறது காய் தூத் தேதி ஹை गाय ढूढ़ देती&nbsp; है குதிரை புல் சாப்பிடுகிறது கோடா காஸ் காதா ஹை घोड़ा घास काथा काता है நீ பாடம் படிக்கிறாய் தும் பாட் பட்தா ஹை &nbsp; तुम&nbsp; पाट पदता है
ஷேர் ஜங்கல் மே ரஹதா ஹை शेर जंगल में रहता है சிங்கம் காட்டில் வசிக்கிறது தாரே ஆஸ்மான் மே சமகதா ஹை तारे आकाश मै चमक्थाए चमक्थे है 
நட்சத்திரங்கள் ஆகாயத்தில்&nbsp; மின்னுகின்றன மச்லி பானி மே ரஹ்தி ஹை मछली पानी मे&nbsp; रहती है 
மீன் நீரில் வசிக்கிறது மை தஸ் பஜே ஸ்கூல் ஜாதா ஹூம்&nbsp; मै ढस बजे स्कूल जाता हूम 
நான் பத்து மணிக்குப்பள்ளி செல்வேன் குத்தா தேஜ் தௌட்தா ஹை कुथ्था थेज़ धोउद्था है 
நாய் வேகமாக ஓடுகிறது</div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/6710884098720223902/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/6710884098720223902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/6710884098720223902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post.html' title='எழுவாய்களுக்கான பயிற்சிகள் '/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-100267880628810555</id><published>2013-05-29T00:54:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-02T05:12:16.842-07:00</updated><title type='text'>எழுவாய்- செயப்படுபொருள் - வினைச்சொல்[பயனிலை ]</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
ஹிந்தியில் தமிழைப் போல் அல்லாமல் ஒவ்வொரு வாக்கியத்திலும்&nbsp; வினைச் சொல் இருப்பது அவசியம். 
राम रोटी काथा है 
ராம் ரோடி காதா ஹை 
ராமன் ரொட்டி சாப்பிடுகிறான் 
सीता चाय पीती&nbsp; है 
சீதா சாய் பீதி ஹை 
சீதை தேநீர் குடிக்கிறாள் 
लडके पाट पदथे हैं 
பையன்கள் பாடம் படிக்கிறார்கள் 
லட்கே பாட் பட்தே ஹைன் 
गोपाल ढूध&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; खरीद्ता है&nbsp; 
கோபால் பால் வாங்குகிறான் கோபால் தூத் கரீட்தா ஹை 
अनिता कपड़े सीती है&nbsp; 
அனிதா துணி தைக்கிறாள்&nbsp; 
அனிதா கப்டே சீதி&nbsp; ஹை 
 
 
பெரும்பாலும் எல்லா மொழியிலும் ஒவ்வொரு வாக்கியத்திலும் மூன்று பகுதிகள் உண்டு. ஹிந்தியிலும் உண்டு. அவை 
எழுவாய்-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; செயப்படுபொருள் &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; வினைச்சொல்[பயனிலை ] 
करता&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; करमा &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; क्रिया
[ கர்த்தா]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [கர்மா] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [க்ரியா ]
 
 
முன்பு கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள வாக்கியங்களை அவ்வகையாகப் பின்வரும் வரிசையில் பிரிக்கலாம் 
எழுவாய்-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; செயப்படுபொருள் &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; வினைச்சொல்
करता&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; करमा &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; क्रिया
[ கர்த்தா]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [கர்மா] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [க்ரியா ]
 
&nbsp;राम &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; रोटी&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; काथा&nbsp;
सीता &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; चाय&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; पीती&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
लडके &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; पाट&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; पदथे
गोपाल&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ढूध&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; खरीद्ता
[இனி அடுத்த பாடம் பயிற்சிகள் ]&nbsp; </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/100267880628810555/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/blog-post_29.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/100267880628810555'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/100267880628810555'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/blog-post_29.html' title='எழுவாய்- செயப்படுபொருள் - வினைச்சொல்[பயனிலை ]'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-781019587473362284</id><published>2013-05-28T19:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-28T19:50:20.618-07:00</updated><title type='text'> சிறு சிறு வாக்கியங்கள் அமைப்பது, பேசுவது எப்படி?</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
&nbsp;ஹிந்தியில் சிறு சிறு வாக்கியங்கள் அமைப்பது பேசுவது எப்படி என்று காண்போம் 
எழுவாய் இன்றிவாக்கியங்கள் அமையாது 
எது எழுவாய் ? 
ஒரு வாக்கியத்தில்&nbsp; யார், எது, எவை என்பதின் பதில் 
அமைவதே எழுவாய் 
அது எல்லா மொழிகளிலும் உண்டு. 
 
&nbsp;ஆக, எழுவாய் என்பது ஒரு செயலைச் ஒரு செயலைச் செய்பவரைக்&nbsp;&nbsp; குறிப்பது ஆகும்&nbsp; 
ஒரு வாக்கியத்தின் எழுவாயாகப் பயன்படும் சுட்டுப்பெயர்கள் எவை? 
நீ, நான், அவள், அவன், இவன் ,இவள் ,அது, இது என்று சுட்டிக்காட்டும் பெயர்களே சுட்டுப்பெயர்கள் 
இவற்றுக்கு&nbsp; நிகரான ஹிந்தி சொற்கள் எவை? 
 
இது ..यह&nbsp; 
அது.. वह&nbsp; 
நான் .. में நாம் .. हम நாங்கள்..हम நீ.. तू நீங்கள் तूम ,&nbsp; 
தாங்கள் आप&nbsp; 
இவற்றைத் தமிழில் உச்சரிப்பது எப்படி? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; இது ..यह ..ஏ वह&nbsp; வே ..அது..&nbsp; 
&nbsp;&nbsp;में மை நான் .&nbsp; 
. हम ஹம்.. நாம்&nbsp; 
.நாங்கள்..हम.. ஹம் நீ.. तू தூ நீங்கள் तूम , தும் தாங்கள்...आप&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
இருக்கிறேன் 
இருக்கிறோம் 
இருக்கிறாய் 
இருக்கிறீர்கள் 
இருக்கிறான் 
இருக்கிறாள் 
 
சில வாக்கியங்கள் 
நான் இருக்கிறேன் 
में हूम&nbsp; 
&nbsp;மே&nbsp; ஹூம் 
तू हूम 
நீ இருக்கிறாய் 
தூ ஹூம்&nbsp; 
 
நாங்கள் இருக்கிறோம் 
ஹம ஹைன்&nbsp;&nbsp; 
हम हैं 
தாங்கள் இருக்கிறீர்கள் 
आप&nbsp; हैं 
அவள்&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; वह&nbsp; 
அவன்&nbsp;&nbsp; वह&nbsp; 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; சொற்றொடர்களும் வாக்கியமும் ஒரு பையன்----- एक लड़का ஏக்லட்கா ஒரு பெண் ----&nbsp; एक लड़की ஏக்&nbsp;&nbsp; லட்கி ஒரு சிறிய பையன்&nbsp; ----एक छोटा लड़का ஏக் சோடா லட்கா ஒரு சிறிய பெண் --- &nbsp; एक छोटी लड़की ஏக் சோடி&nbsp; லட்கி
இந்த பருத்த மனிதன்---- यह मोटा आधमी ஏ மோடா ஆத்மி 
ஒரு சிறிய பையன்&nbsp; ----एक छोटा लड़का.. ஒரு சிறிய பெண் ---&nbsp;&nbsp; एक छोटी लड़की .. ஏக் சோடி&nbsp; லட்கி </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/781019587473362284/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/blog-post_28.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/781019587473362284'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/781019587473362284'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/blog-post_28.html' title=' சிறு சிறு வாக்கியங்கள் அமைப்பது, பேசுவது எப்படி?'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-1974097010120831601</id><published>2013-05-18T03:36:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:36:20.884-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Devanagari Script - Basics:3 </title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The Devanagari Script - Basics:3&nbsp; 
Half Letter + N:(again: on some
browsers you won't see the proper combinations, but consonant + virama +
n)
 
ब् + न = ब्न ह् + न = ह्न ग् + न = ग्न द् + न =
द्न प् + न = प्न र् + न = र्न&nbsp; * that needs an
extended explanation, see below क् + न = क्न त् + न =
त्न म् + न = म्न व् + न = व्न स् + न = स्न
 
Half Letter + R:
 
ब् + र = ब्र ह् + र = ह्र ग् + र = ग्र द् + र =
द्र ज् + र = ज्र ड् + र = ड्र प् + र = प्र र् + र = र्र * that needs an extended explanation, see below क्
+ र = क्र त् + र = त्र च् + र = च्र ट् + र = ट्र म् + र = न्र न्
+ र = न्र व् + र = व्र ल् + र = ल्र स् + र = स्र य् + र = य्र
 
Note HOW similar the "half letter + N" and "half letter + R" are. There is
only one little difference, something like e little hook on the N version.
 
HALF R + Consonant:
 
The half R, followed of course by consonant, is showed by a mark over the
second consonants. This mark looks the same as the mark which differentiate the
short i detached vowel from the long detached vowel i. Remember if
you see that mark read it as R, but before the consonant it
modifies. Some examples:
 
र्ह, र्स, र्म, र्न, र्ज, र्द, र्ट, र्त
 
That letters should be read, according to their order: RH, RS, RM, RN, RJ,
RD, RT, RT'
 
So, that's it. I told you most of what I know about the Hindi script, and
what's more important, I told you as much as you'll need to know to be able to
read most Hindi texts. For example, you can test yourself by reading (although
not understanding) the Hindi version of the web-site of BBC, there you can find
some names of countries or famous people, written in Devangari. That's what I
did to show you some examples:
 
पाकिस्तान&nbsp; = Pakistan ताजमहल =
Tajmahal केनेडी = Kennedy बग़दाद =
Baghdad क्रिकेट = Cricket वेबगाइड
= Webguide इंटरनेट = Internet माइक्रोसॉफ़्ट = Microsoft इराक़ =
Iraq सद्दाम हुसैन = Saddam Husein ग़ज़ा
= Gaza इसराइल = Izrael इंडोनेशिया
= Indonesia मेडागास्कर = Madagascar श्रीलंका = ShriLanka ईरान = Iran कॉलिन पॉवेल = Colin Powel अल्जीरिया =
Algeriya बुश = Bush (yeah, the ex-president of the
USA) अमरीका = America यूरोप =
Europe तुर्की = Turkey फ़्रेंच =
French मोनिका = Monika यूरो =
Euro कोरिया = Korea </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/1974097010120831601/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-devanagari-script-basics3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/1974097010120831601'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/1974097010120831601'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-devanagari-script-basics3.html' title='The Devanagari Script - Basics:3 '/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-6165810143255047662</id><published>2013-05-18T03:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:34:37.935-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Devanagari Script - Basics -2</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
 
The Devanagari Script - Basics:2
 
To write the Indians use their own script, called DEVANAGARI. Hindi is a very
easy to read language, since all is read as it's written. The script looks very
beautiful and at first maybe strange and kinda unintelligible, since to a
beginner all letters look alike. I'm here to prove the opposite - that Hindi is
even more logical and easy to read than English, let's say. The only
"disadvantage" about the Hindi script is that there exist some letters that a
written before certain character, but read after it..., and that there exist
many letter combination forming for example one letter from two others, that I
unfortunately cannot list all here, for I myself don't know them all! :-)
But..., enough of my involved words. Let's start learning! 
We'll start with a few consonants - ' h, n, d, m, r, k': 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 61px; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center">
ह</div>
</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's the letter for the sound "H" as in "Hindi".
It's easy to pronounce, it sounds just the same as English H in HAND... Here is
the point to say that every Hindi consonant "inherits" the vowel A with
it. So if you see "H" you have to read it "HA"... A better understanding
you'll gain after learning some more letters and see some examples...</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%"><div align="center">
न</div>
</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">The next letter we learn is "N". It's the same as the
English "N". So, having two letter is quite a treasure :) Let us join them
together (by the two only possible ways) and pronounce them!</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">हन</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">At first sight, this looks probably to you like "HN",
and it is, you're right. BUT, however, as I told you - with every consonant
comes the vowel 'a', so we have to read that as "hana". Another BUT comes into
play. In modern Hindi the last a in a word isn't pronounced, so we have to read
this as "HAN". In past times, that is, very long time ago that last "a"
was pronounced. For example the name of Buddha would be pronounce from a
contemporary Hindi speaker as "Siddharth Gautam Buddh", but not as it's known
round the world: Siddharta Gautama Buddha.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">नह</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's would be of course "NAH"</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">द</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's "D" as in "hinDi". There is another D in Hindi,
which mostly is pronounced as R or as a sound between D/R. We'll deal with it
later.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">म</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's the M as in "magnet", so same as English M. If
we join two Ms we'll have a word, which will be pronounced in Hindi exactly the
same way as the English "mom":&nbsp; मम</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">र</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">R as in "roll". No need of further
explanations.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">क</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">K as in "keen", so same as Englis
K.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
You could be wondering at this stage, why I've started with the consonants
and not with the vowels (well, you could be also not wondering...). For those
wondering (and for those - not) I'll gladly explain. In Hindi there exist two
types of vowel letters - detached vowel letters and vowel marks. The latter ones
you can (in my opinion) encounter more often than the detached vowels... There
is one simple rule about where to use the two types of vowels: If you have to
start a word with a vowel OR you have to write a vowel after another vowel OR
you have to write a vowel after the nasal mark (which is a dot over the letter)
you have to use the detached vowels! In all other cases you have to use
the vowel marks. All that will be cleared out after we've learned some
vowels.
 
We'll start with the vowel marks: 
(I hope you
remember, that every consonant comes with an "A")
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 608px; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%"><div align="center">
ा</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%"><div align="center">
A</div>
</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">That's the vowel "A" - a straight vertical line -,
usually pronounced a bit longer - "AA". (the dashed little circle
left of it isn't written at all, nor it is some kind of letter or character,
it's there just to show that this letter cannot stand alone, and left to it
should be another letter)</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">हा</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%"><div align="center">
ि</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%">I</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">That's the short "i", pronounced as the i in
English "hit". The most important thing about it, you should certainly know, is
that it's written before a consonant, but read after it!</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">हि</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%"><div align="center">
ी</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%">I</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">That's the long version of the "i" (ee),
pronounced as the English "ee" in "see". It's written after the consonant.</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">ही</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%"><div align="center">
ो</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%">O</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">O as in "domain". Not the same as the usual English O,
which sounds like "ou".</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">हो</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="68" width="17%"><div align="center">
ौ</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">AU</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">AU (what is actually "O", but spelled like that to
differ from the O, you see above) is pronounced almost liek O, but it's a bit
closed sound and a bit longer...</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हौ</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">ु</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">U</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">That's LONG U, as in "coooool"...</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हु</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">ू</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">U</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">That's the SHORT U as in "look".</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हू</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">े</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">E</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">This E is pronounced as in the English word
"hElm".&nbsp;</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हे</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">ै</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">AI</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">That's also an E. It's related to the E in the same
way as AU is to O. So it's E, but a bit closed sound...</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">है</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
An important thing, before we continue. A dot over a letter nasalizes
it. Let's have a look at that "dot":
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="17%"><div align="center">
ं</div>
</td>
<td width="83%">That letter (a dot) put over a letter nasalizes it (gives it an
-n or -ng sound). For example if we have dot over NO, we'll pronounce that as
"NO~" (non) - exactly the same as the French word for "no". नो
-&gt; नों (no -&gt; no~). In the lessons I note the nasalized letter as
~</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
That were the Vowel Marks, but we won't hurry to learn the other vowels - the
detached ones. First, we'll write some words, using the letters we've learned so
far:
 
हिंदी - At last! We can write "HINDI". Now let's have a
closer look. First we see that the word starts with "i", but since that the
short I, it's read after the next letter, i.e. after
the next consonant. So knowing that we have to look at the next letter. It's
"H". So far we have "HI", next we see the dot, for which I told you that you
should nasalize, so "hi~" (hin). Next too letters: D and the long "i". Now we
can read the wohle word: "HINDI"... (actually "hi~di", i.e. a nasalized 'i', but
in middle of words I don't use the ~ to show nasalization, but a plain N).
 
है - "hai". Means "is".
 
हैं - "hai~" (hain), meaning 'are'.
 
मैं - "mai~" = I
 
I think it's pretty easy. The beauty of the Devanagari script is not only in
its shapes, but also in the easy pronunciation...
 
Next come the Detached forms of the Vowels:
 
First, a word about them. They're used after a vowel or at the beginning of a
word, which starts witha&nbsp; vowel. They have exactly the same pronounciation as
their cousins - the vowel marks:
 
&nbsp;
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">अ</td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center">
A</div>
</td>
<td width="65%">That's the sound, which is equivalent of the "inherited a", I
told you about - which comes after every consonant, if there is not other
vowel...</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">आ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">AA</td>
<td width="65%">Equivalent of ा - pronounce it the same way</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">इ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">I</td>
<td width="65%">Same as the short i vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ई</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">I</td>
<td width="65%">Same as the long i vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ओ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">O</td>
<td width="65%">Same as the O vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">औ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">AU</td>
<td width="65%">Same as AU vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ऊ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">U</td>
<td width="65%">Same as long U vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">उ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">U</td>
<td width="65%">Same as short U vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ए</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">E</td>
<td width="65%">Same as E vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ऐ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">AI</td>
<td width="65%">Same as AI vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As I told you those sounds are pronounced exactly the same way as the vowel
marks, so no need to explain here. I'll just give you some examples:
 
एक - "ek" = one
 
उन्नीस - "unnis" = nineteen
 
आप - "aap" = you
 
उनका - "unka" = Their
 
अब - "ab" = now
 
आंख - "aankh" = eye
 
अच्छ - "accha" = good
 
और - "aur" = and
 
भाई - "bhai" = brother
 
Don't bother about the letters you don't know, we'll learn them in short. The
more important thing is that you should recognize and see the detached vowels.
Now I'll continue with comparatively a full list of Hindi consonants. Learning
them you make you able to read in Hindi. Of course as I said in the beginning
there exist many combinations of letters etc, but howevery they don't appear so
often. For convenience I'll show the consonants in groups.
 
&nbsp;
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 270px; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="24" width="100%">Gutturals (sound is made
from the back of throat)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="57" width="14%">क</td>
<td height="57" width="14%">ख</td>
<td height="57" width="14%">ग</td>
<td height="57" width="14%">घ</td>
<td height="57" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="57" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="57" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="14%">K</td>
<td height="23" width="14%">KH</td>
<td height="23" width="14%">G</td>
<td height="23" width="14%">GH</td>
<td height="23" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="23" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="23" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="24" width="100%">Palatals (sound is made by
the tongue touching the hard palate)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="57" width="14%">च</td>
<td height="57" width="14%">छ</td>
<td height="57" width="14%">ज</td>
<td height="57" width="14%">झ</td>
<td height="57" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="57" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="57" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="24" width="14%">CH</td>
<td height="24" width="14%">CCH</td>
<td height="24" width="14%">J</td>
<td height="24" width="14%">JH</td>
<td height="24" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="24" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="24" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="19" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="19" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="19" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="19" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="19" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="19" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="19" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="21" width="100%">Cerebrals (sound is made by
rolling the tongue)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">ट</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ठ</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ड</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ढ</td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">T</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">TH</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">D</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">DH</td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="21" width="100%">Dentals (sound is made by
the tongue touching the teeth)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">त</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">थ</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">द</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ध</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">न</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">T'</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">TH'</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">D'</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">DH'</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">N</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="21" width="100%">Labials (sound is made with
lips almost closed /or closed - by M/)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">प</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">फ</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ब</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">भ</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">म</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">P</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">F</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">B</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">BH</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">M</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="21" width="100%">Semi Vowels (pronounced
with lips and throat open)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">य</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">र</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ल</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">व</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ज़</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">Y</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">R</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">L</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">V/W</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">Z</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="21" width="100%">Sibliants /
Aspirants</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">श</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ष</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">स</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ह</td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">SH</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">SSH</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">S</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">H</td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="21" width="100%">Compound and
Others</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">क्ष</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">त्र</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ज्ञ</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">श्र</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ऋ</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">KSH</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">T'R</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">GY</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">SHR</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">RI</td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="14%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td>
<td height="21" width="15%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" height="21" width="100%">Double Letters (formed only
from one consonant, but which is doubled..., actually easy to
spot)(* Note that on some browsers you won't see the
letters propertly and instead of seeing one letter under another, you'll see one
letter left to another with the first letter having under it the special mark,
called "viraama" to make it semi-consonant.)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">क्क</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ट्ट</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">ठ्ठ</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">त्त</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">न्न</td>
<td height="21" width="15%">ड्ड</td>
<td height="21" width="15%">द्द</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="14%">KK</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">TT</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">TTH</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">T'T'</td>
<td height="21" width="14%">NN (*Note the
similarity with TR)</td>
<td height="21" width="15%">DD</td>
<td height="21" width="15%">D'D'</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
After&nbsp;learning all that letter you should be able to read Hindi texts! Well,
you could encounter occasionally some compound letters, but that'll be pretty
seldom. Now, just one thing before we end that lesson, and it's very important
thing: THE HALF CONSONANTS:
 
I told you that every consonant comes with the vowel "a" with it. So when you
see "SM" you should read this as "SAM". But what if you want to say something
that begins with "SM", not "SAM". You cannot write such thing in Hindi you may
think, but that's not so. For such occasions, where one want to mute the
inherited A-vowel, there exist a special mark called "virama". It's put
below the letter and if you see a letter with such mark you don't have to
pronounce "A" after it. Let us see how that virama-thing looks like:
 
टम = T + M = TAM 
ट्म = T +
virama + M = TM
 
You see the small mark under the T? I bet you do! Well, that's the virama, it
mutes the A, so we pronounce "TM", not "TAM". However as much as useful it may
be, it's not used that much! Why? Almost all consonants in Hindi have their
"HALF CONSONANT" equivalent, so it's not necessary to write the virama, but
instead of this one has to write the corresponding half consonant.
Half consonant are extremely easy to notice, since they look like the left half
of a consonant. Lemme give you some examples:
 
सस = S + S = SAS 
सक = S + K =
SAK 
स्स = Half S + S = SS 
स्क = Half S + K = SK
 
 
By the way, some half letter do combine with the next consonant and change
shape. I'll give you some of the most used (i.e. those which you may encounter
more often):</div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/6165810143255047662/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/devanagari-script-basics-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/6165810143255047662'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/6165810143255047662'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/devanagari-script-basics-3.html' title='Devanagari Script - Basics -2'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-9034734724331410459</id><published>2013-05-18T03:28:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:28:13.587-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Devanagari Script - Basics1</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="16"> </td>
<td> The Devanagari Script - Basics 1
To write the Indians use their own script, called DEVANAGARI. Hindi is a very
easy to read language, since all is read as it's written. The script looks very
beautiful and at first maybe strange and kinda unintelligible, since to a
beginner all letters look alike. I'm here to prove the opposite - that Hindi is
even more logical and easy to read than English, let's say. The only
"disadvantage" about the Hindi script is that there exist some letters that a
written before certain character, but read after it..., and that there exist
many letter combination forming for example one letter from two others, that I
unfortunately cannot list all here, for I myself don't know them all! :-)
But..., enough of my involved words. Let's start learning! 
We'll start with a few consonants - ' h, n, d, m, r, k': 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 61px; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="17%">
<div align="center">
ह</div>
</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's the letter for the sound "H" as in "Hindi".
It's easy to pronounce, it sounds just the same as English H in HAND... Here is
the point to say that every Hindi consonant "inherits" the vowel A with
it. So if you see "H" you have to read it "HA"... A better understanding
you'll gain after learning some more letters and see some examples...</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">
<div align="center">
न</div>
</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">The next letter we learn is "N". It's the same as the
English "N". So, having two letter is quite a treasure :) Let us join them
together (by the two only possible ways) and pronounce them!</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">हन</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">At first sight, this looks probably to you like "HN",
and it is, you're right. BUT, however, as I told you - with every consonant
comes the vowel 'a', so we have to read that as "hana". Another BUT comes into
play. In modern Hindi the last a in a word isn't pronounced, so we have to read
this as "HAN". In past times, that is, very long time ago that last "a"
was pronounced. For example the name of Buddha would be pronounce from a
contemporary Hindi speaker as "Siddharth Gautam Buddh", but not as it's known
round the world: Siddharta Gautama Buddha.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">नह</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's would be of course "NAH"</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">द</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's "D" as in "hinDi". There is another D in Hindi,
which mostly is pronounced as R or as a sound between D/R. We'll deal with it
later.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">म</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">That's the M as in "magnet", so same as English M. If
we join two Ms we'll have a word, which will be pronounced in Hindi exactly the
same way as the English "mom":&nbsp; मम</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">र</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">R as in "roll". No need of further
explanations.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="61" valign="top" width="17%">क</td>
<td height="61" width="83%">K as in "keen", so same as Englis
K.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
You could be wondering at this stage, why I've started with the consonants
and not with the vowels (well, you could be also not wondering...). For those
wondering (and for those - not) I'll gladly explain. In Hindi there exist two
types of vowel letters - detached vowel letters and vowel marks. The latter ones
you can (in my opinion) encounter more often than the detached vowels... There
is one simple rule about where to use the two types of vowels: If you have to
start a word with a vowel OR you have to write a vowel after another vowel OR
you have to write a vowel after the nasal mark (which is a dot over the letter)
you have to use the detached vowels! In all other cases you have to use
the vowel marks. All that will be cleared out after we've learned some
vowels.
 
We'll start with the vowel marks: (I hope you
remember, that every consonant comes with an "A")
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 608px; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%">
<div align="center">
ा</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%">
<div align="center">
A</div>
</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">That's the vowel "A" - a straight vertical line -,
usually pronounced a bit longer - "AA". (the dashed little circle
left of it isn't written at all, nor it is some kind of letter or character,
it's there just to show that this letter cannot stand alone, and left to it
should be another letter)</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">हा</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%">
<div align="center">
ि</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%">I</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">That's the short "i", pronounced as the i in
English "hit". The most important thing about it, you should certainly know, is
that it's written before a consonant, but read after it!</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">हि</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%">
<div align="center">
ी</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%">I</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">That's the long version of the "i" (ee),
pronounced as the English "ee" in "see". It's written after the consonant.</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">ही</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="67" width="17%">
<div align="center">
ो</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="67" width="6%">O</td>
<td height="67" width="66%">O as in "domain". Not the same as the usual English O,
which sounds like "ou".</td>
<td align="right" height="67" width="11%">हो</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="68" width="17%">
<div align="center">
ौ</div>
</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">AU</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">AU (what is actually "O", but spelled like that to
differ from the O, you see above) is pronounced almost liek O, but it's a bit
closed sound and a bit longer...</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हौ</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">ु</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">U</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">That's LONG U, as in "coooool"...</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हु</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">ू</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">U</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">That's the SHORT U as in "look".</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हू</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">े</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">E</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">This E is pronounced as in the English word
"hElm".&nbsp;</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">हे</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="68" width="17%">ै</td>
<td align="center" height="68" width="6%">AI</td>
<td height="68" width="66%">That's also an E. It's related to the E in the same
way as AU is to O. So it's E, but a bit closed sound...</td>
<td align="right" height="68" width="11%">है</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
An important thing, before we continue. A dot over a letter nasalizes
it. Let's have a look at that "dot":
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="17%">
<div align="center">
ं</div>
</td>
<td width="83%">That letter (a dot) put over a letter nasalizes it (gives it an
-n or -ng sound). For example if we have dot over NO, we'll pronounce that as
"NO~" (non) - exactly the same as the French word for "no". नो
-&gt; नों (no -&gt; no~). In the lessons I note the nasalized letter as
~</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
That were the Vowel Marks, but we won't hurry to learn the other vowels - the
detached ones. First, we'll write some words, using the letters we've learned so
far:
 
हिंदी - At last! We can write "HINDI". Now let's have a
closer look. First we see that the word starts with "i", but since that the
short I, it's read after the next letter, i.e. after
the next consonant. So knowing that we have to look at the next letter. It's
"H". So far we have "HI", next we see the dot, for which I told you that you
should nasalize, so "hi~" (hin). Next too letters: D and the long "i". Now we
can read the wohle word: "HINDI"... (actually "hi~di", i.e. a nasalized 'i', but
in middle of words I don't use the ~ to show nasalization, but a plain N).
 
है - "hai". Means "is".
 
हैं - "hai~" (hain), meaning 'are'.
 
मैं - "mai~" = I
 
I think it's pretty easy. The beauty of the Devanagari script is not only in
its shapes, but also in the easy pronunciation...
 
Next come the Detached forms of the Vowels:
 
First, a word about them. They're used after a vowel or at the beginning of a
word, which starts witha&nbsp; vowel. They have exactly the same pronounciation as
their cousins - the vowel marks:
 
&nbsp;
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">अ</td>
<td width="7%">
<div align="center">
A</div>
</td>
<td width="65%">That's the sound, which is equivalent of the "inherited a", I
told you about - which comes after every consonant, if there is not other
vowel...</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">आ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">AA</td>
<td width="65%">Equivalent of ा - pronounce it the same way</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">इ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">I</td>
<td width="65%">Same as the short i vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ई</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">I</td>
<td width="65%">Same as the long i vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ओ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">O</td>
<td width="65%">Same as the O vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">औ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">AU</td>
<td width="65%">Same as AU vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ऊ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">U</td>
<td width="65%">Same as long U vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">उ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">U</td>
<td width="65%">Same as short U vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ए</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">E</td>
<td width="65%">Same as E vowel mark.</td>
<td width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" width="17%">ऐ</td>
<td align="center" width="7%">AI</td>
<td width="65%">Same as AI vowel mark.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/9034734724331410459/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-devanagari-script-basics1.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/9034734724331410459'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/9034734724331410459'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-devanagari-script-basics1.html' title='The Devanagari Script - Basics1'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-1282719582370935467</id><published>2013-05-18T03:25:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2016-10-13T22:18:05.708-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Numbers up to 20. Wh-questions and other question-words.</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Lesson 9: Numbers up to 20. Wh-questions and other
question-words.
 
Here is a table of the numbers up to 20:
 
&nbsp;
 
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 311px; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="16%">Number</td>
<td height="21" width="16%">Hindi</td>
<td height="21" width="17%">Transliteratoin</td>
<td height="21" width="17%">Number</td>
<td height="21" width="17%">Hindi</td>
<td height="21" width="17%">Transliteration</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">1</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">एक</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">ek</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">11</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">ग्यारह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">gyarah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">2</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">दो</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">do</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">12</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">बारह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">barah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">3</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">तीन</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">thin</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">13</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">तेरह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">terah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">4</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">चार</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">char</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">14</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">चौदह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">chaudah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">5</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">पांच</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">panch</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">15</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">पन्द्रह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">pandrah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">6</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">छः</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">chha (chhe)</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">16</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">सोलह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">solah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">7</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">सात</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">sath</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">17</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">सत्रह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">satrah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">8</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">आठ</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">aath</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">18</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">अठारह</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">athharah</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">9</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">नौ</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">nau</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">19</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">उन्नीस</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">unnis</td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" width="16%">10</td>
<td height="29" width="16%">दस</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">das</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">20</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">बीस</td>
<td height="29" width="17%">bis</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Next come the question words:
 
क्या (kya) = What? 
कौन (kaun) =
Who? 
कहां (kaha~) = Where? 
क्यों
(kyo~) = Why? 
कैसा / कैसे / कैसी
(kaisa/kaise/kaisi) = How? 
कितना / कितने / कितनी
(kitna/kitne/kitni) = How much?, How many?
 
So, basicly, that was the lesson, but I forgot something to tell you about.
It's concerning the numbers. The Devanagari script even possess its own letters
for writing the numbers, but those are not used much in our time. However I'll
give them here too:
 
१ = 1 
२ = 2 
३ = 3 
४ = 4 
५ =
5 
६ = 6 
७ = 7 
८
= 8 
९ = 9 
१० = 10
 
As you can see they resembles the ""arabic"" ciphers we use, and it
should be so, since actually the arabic ciphers are INDIAN ciphers. The
writing system, on base 10, developen in India, where people used to write
numbers with the letters you see above... Later arabs adopted that system and
brought it all over the word, thus it became known as "arabic numbers"... But the year 2003 ,
written in Devanagari, as
२००३...
 
&nbsp; </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/1282719582370935467/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/numbers-up-to-20-wh-questions-and-other.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/1282719582370935467'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/1282719582370935467'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/numbers-up-to-20-wh-questions-and-other.html' title='Numbers up to 20. Wh-questions and other question-words.'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-3111945719725952537</id><published>2013-05-18T03:22:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:22:58.350-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Modal Verbs.</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
 Lesson 8: Modal Verbs.
 
Well, modal verbs are verbs such as "to want", "to can" (to be able to), "to
have to" etc... Actually in this lessons I'm going to explain you how to use
such verbs in Hindi and to be more precise I'll give you in the lesson the use
of exactly those four verbs: to can (be able to), to must (to have to), to need
and to want. So here we go:
 
(1). Can /be able to/ = sakna (सकना) You only have to know that
it's added to the root of the main verb. "I can read hindi" - in that sentence
"the main verb" is "read". So:
 
Verb stem + SAKNA / सकना (sakta/sakte/sakti/sakti~)
+ To be (hona, conjugeted) = Can + Verb
 
Oh, of course you must "conjugate"
the verb sakna as I taught you (i.e. add ta/te/ti/ti~ to it's stem
"sak"). Here are some examples:
 
मैं हिंदी में लिख सकता हुं. (mai~ hindi me~ likh sakta
hu~) = I can write in Hindi. मैं हिंदी कुछ कुछ बोल सकता
हुं. (mai~ hindi kuch kuch bol sakta hu~) = I can speak a very little
Hindi. मैं वह नहीं समझा सकता हुं. (mai~ voh nahi~ samajha
sakta hu~) = I cannot explain that. लडकी अच्छी राटी कर सकती
हैं. (ladki acchi rati kar sakti hai~) = The girl can make tasty bread.
 
(2). Must (to have to)
 
It's build extremely easy! :-) It's used the Dative case. The pronounce
change when used in dative of course, but I didn't explained it to you yet. I
will later. For know I'll say that "mai~" becomes "mujhe" (to me) and "tu"
becomes"tujhe" (to you), as for the plural we use the particle "ko". I hope you
remember it from the previous lesson. So "ham ko" = "to us". Now about the verb
"to have to", the hindus use this "pattern" to express it: "to me ... it is", so
if you want to say "I have to go" in Hindi, you have to say "to me it is to
go". Examples:
 
मुझे जाना हैं. (mujhe jana hai.) = (to me / to go / is) =
I have to go. तुझे खाना हैं. (tujhe khana hai.) = (to you
/ to eat / is) = You have to eat. भरात में हमको हिंदी बोलना
हैं. (bharat me~ hamko hindi bolna hai) = (India in / to us / hindi / to
speak / is) = In India we have to speak Hindi.
 
(3). Need (Chahie - चाहीए)
 
It's used in similar manner as the verb "to have to". Again you have to say
"to me" or "to you" or "to tus", "to the person", i.e. use the Dative case.
Instead of placing the conjugated verb "to be" at the end of the sentence place
"chahie":
 
मुझे जाना चाहीए. (mujhe jana chahie) = I need to go. (Similar to meaning and
construction with "mujhe jana hai"...) मुझे पानी चाहीए. (mujhe pani chahie) =
I need water.
 
(4). Want (chahna = चाहना)Use the same way as "to can":
 
Verb stem + CHAHNA / चाहना
(chahta/chahte/chahti/chahti~) + To be (hona, conjugeted) = Want
to + Verb
 
मैं जाना चाहता हुं. (mai~ jana chahta hu~) = I want to
go. वह खाना चाहता है. (voh khana chahta hai) = He wants
to eat. हम हिंदी सीखना चाहते हैं. (ham hindi sikhna
chahte hai~) = We want to learn Hindi. मैं चाबल चाहता है.
(mai~ chaval chahta hu~) = I want rice.
 
 </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/3111945719725952537/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/modal-verbs.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/3111945719725952537'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/3111945719725952537'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/modal-verbs.html' title='Modal Verbs.'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-1282039618216743647</id><published>2013-05-18T03:19:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:19:49.456-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Cases in Hindi. The Direct and Oblique cases. Plural of Nouns.</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
&nbsp;Lesson 7: Cases in Hindi. The Direct and Oblique cases.
Plural of Nouns.
 
Like the many prepostitions in English (e.g. in, at, on, under, below, of
etc.) in Hindi there exist the so called postpositions, playing the same
role as the English prepostitions, having the same meaning, but with the only
difference that they stay after the noun not before it. For
example in English we say "In London", but in Hindi that would be "London in"
(London men). 
 
In Hindi there are two cases: The Direct case and The Oblique case. When a
word is used with a postposition it is in the Oblique case, in all other
cases it is in the Direct case. The Direct case is kinda the same case as
Nominative in many European languages. Here are some post-positions:
 
में (me~) = In से (se) =
From का (ka) = Of को (ko) = Not
really translatable, used to build Dative and Accusative. I'll explain a little
below.
 
In the previous lessons, I gave many nouns. Their forms are the main forms,
i.e. they're in the Direct case. I explained also that masculine nouns ending in
-a become in the plural the ending -i. That's the general rule.
However there are words, which do not end in -a and I havn't explained the
plural of feminine, so here it goes:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Singular and Plural of Nouns in the Direct Case:
 
Masculine: Ending in -a
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडका (ladka) = boy Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडके (ladke) = boys
 
Masculine: Ending in other vowel (very few):
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; गुरु (guru) = teacher Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; गुरु (guru) = teacher
 
Masculine: Ending in a consonant
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; दोस्त (dost) = friend Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; दोस्त (dost) = friends
 
Feminine: Ending in -i
 
Singluar:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडकी (ladki) = girl Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडकीया (ladkiya) = girls
 
Feminine: Ending in a consonant
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; किताब (kitab) = book Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; किताबें (kitabe~) = books
 
Feminine: Ending in -a or -u
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; आध्यापीका (adhyapika) = female
teacher Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; आध्यापीकाएं (adhyapikae~) = female
teachers
 
All the senteces I gave in past lessons you can easily turn into plural now
or in some cases the sentences are even in plural since some words don't change
in plural. Let me show you some examples:
 
लडकीया अच्छी राटी खातीं हैं. (larkiya acchi rati khati~
hai~). = The girls eat tasty bread. लडके अच्छी रोटी खाते
हैं. (larke acchi roti khate hai~) = The boys eat tasty bread. ये बडे घर हैं. (Ye bare ghar hai~) = These are big
houses. वे सुन्दर लडकीया हैं. (Ve sundar larkiya hai~) =
Those (they) are pretty girls. वे लडकीया सुन्दर हैं. (Ve
larkiya sundar hai~) = Those girls are pretty.
 
Now for the oblique case. Nouns change in singular and plural in the oblique
case as well, here is the explanation (to make it easier for you i'll use the
same words as in the examples of direct case above):
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Singular and Plural of Nouns in the Oblique Case:
 
Masculine: Ending in -a
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडके (ladke) Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडकों (ladko~)
 
Masculine: Ending in other vowel (very few):
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; गुरु (guru) Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; गुरुओं(guruo~) (for "admi" /man/ it'll be "admiyo~" - आदमियों)
 
Masculine: Ending in a consonant
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; दोस्त (dost) Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; दोस्तों (dosto~)
 
Feminine: Ending in -i
 
Singluar:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडकी (ladki) Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; लडकीयों (ladkiyo~)
 
Feminine: Ending in a consonant
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; किताब (kitab) Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; किताबों (kitabo~)
 
Feminine: Ending in -a or -u
 
Singular:&nbsp;&nbsp; आध्यापीका (adhyapika) Plural:&nbsp;&nbsp; आध्यापीकाओं (adhyapikao~)
 
At last you know the cases in Hindi. Now (believe me) you know almost all
grammar in Hindi! Congats! Now we can extend our well-know sentences and make
them look really long. Let's try:
 
सफेद घर में लडकीया अच्छी रोटी खातीं हैं. (safed ghar men
larkiya acchi roti khati~ hai~). = The girls eat tasty bread in the white
house. मैं कमरे नें ठण्डी पानी पी रहा हुं और लडकी अच्छी राटी खा
रही है. (mai~ kamre me~ thandi pani pi raha hu~ aur ladki acchi rati kha
rahi hai). = I'm drinking cold water in the room and the girl is eating tasty
bread. etc... The point is, whenever you wanna say "in", "at", "on", "of" etc
of something, you have to use the oblique case, since you use the word with a
postposition. Note for example how it is: "kamre me~", not "kamra me~",
because we use the postposition "in" (me~).
 
Now I want to explain you the use of the postposition particle "ka", meaning
"of".
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Use of the postposition "का" (ka) = OF
 
1. Since it's a postposition you always have to use the word preceding it in
the Oblique case. 2. Second thing you have to know about it is, that
it could (and should :) change to ke/ki according to the word following it (the
subject).
 
In English we say "the house of the girl". In hindi that should be said as
"the girl of the house". In this case "the girl" should be in oblique
case and house of course (since obviously is the subject) is in the direct case.
Our example will be in Hindi "Ladki ka ghar" (लडकी का
घर). But if we use a feminine word for a subject "ka" changes to "ki" as
in "Ladki ki sari" (लडकी की सरी), meaning "the sari
of the girl" (sari is a traditional indian female clothing). Then if we wanna
say "the houses of the girl" we have to say "ladki ke ghar"
(लडकी के घर). I think you got the idea. Now we can build
even bigger sentences...
 
The last thing I should tell you about in this lesson is the use of the
particle (postposition) "ko". It's could be translated as "to", but in some
cases it shouldn't be translated at all. That's so because actually it's the
accusative or dative marker. If somebody is the receiver of an
action (or the verb) you have to use that particle.
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Use of the postposition "को" (ko)
 
I'll give firstly some examples and then explain you:
 
लडका लडकीयों को पानी देता है. (ladka ladkiyo~ ko pani
deta hai) = The boy gives water to the girls. लडका
लडकीयों को किताबें देता है. (ladka ladkiyo~ ko kitabe~ deta hai) = The
boy gives the books to the girls. मैं लडके को जानता हुं.
(mai~ ladke ko janta hu~) = I know the boy. मैं लडकी को जानता
हुं. (mai~ ladki ko janta hu~) = I know the girl. मैं
लडकों को जानता हुं. (mai~ ladko~ ko janta hu~) = I know the
boys. मैं लडकीयों को जानता हुं. (mai~ ladkiyo~ ko janta
hu~) = I know the girls. Some verbs require the use of dative/accusative
and thus the use of 'ko'. Such verb is "to know - janna" (as spanish "conocer",
italian "conoscere" or german "kennen"), there are of course other verbs of that
sort as for example "to give". "I give the book to the girl" -&gt; To whom do I
give to book? -&gt; to the girl (or even just 'the girl') -&gt; dative, so
"ladki ko"... I'm sure I'll find a better way to explain that, but for now use
that poor explanation. However I think examples do much... </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/1282039618216743647/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/cases-in-hindi-direct-and-oblique-cases.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/1282039618216743647'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/1282039618216743647'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/cases-in-hindi-direct-and-oblique-cases.html' title='Cases in Hindi. The Direct and Oblique cases. Plural of Nouns.'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-2087524617820568979</id><published>2013-05-18T03:17:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:17:36.775-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Adjectives. Colors</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
 Lesson 6: Adjectives. Colors
 
After the long and fatiguing lesson about Hindi tenses, let me explain you
how adjectives act in Hindi in a short and neat lesson :-)
 
What you've learned so far will help you much to understand the adjectives in
Hindi. Actually they act just like nouns or verbs, having the ending -a
for masculine and -i for feminine (generally speaking). The other thing
you have to know about them is that they're declined according to the noun they
modify. Nothing new as I said! Here are some adjectives, which I'll use a little
below in a few examples.
 
Some Adjectives:
 
बडा (bada - some pronounce that 'bara') = Big छोटा (chhota) = Small लम्बा (lamba) =
Long महंगा (mahnga) = Expensive सस्ता(sasta) = Cheap साफ (saf) =
Clean गान्दा(gandha) = Dirty ठण्डा(thanda) = Cold गर्म (garam) = Hot
 
* Note that all adjectives given above are in masculine. To make them
feminine simply change the -a to an -i and of course those not ending in a vowel
do ont decline at all...
 
Now we'll use those to build some senteses you already are familiar with:
 
यह बडा घर है. (Yeh bara ghar hai. ) = This is a big
house.&nbsp; यह घर बडा है. (Yeh ghar bara hai.) = This house
is big. लडकी अच्छी रोटी खाती है. (larki acchi roti khati
hai) = The girl eats a tasty bread. मैं ठण्डी पानी पी रहा
हुं. (mai~ thandi pani pi raha hu~) = I'm drinking cold water.
 
Note how meaning can change depending on the position of the adjective
in the first two sentenses. Actually nothing so different in meaning, but rather
the way of saying that "the house is big" is changed... Now you get the idea,
I hope. Therefore let me show you some colors:
 
रंग (rang) = Color सफेद (safed) =
White काला (kala) = Black नील
(nila) = Blue हरा (hara) = Green पीला (pila) = Yellow लाल (lal) = Red
 
I've mentioned it above, but I'll say it once again. You have to "decline"
the adjective according to the word it modifies. If it's masculine, use the
adjective with the ending -a else i.e. if the word being modified is
feminine change the ending to -i. If a word ends in a consonant however
you don't have to decline it at all! </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/2087524617820568979/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/adjectives-colors.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/2087524617820568979'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/2087524617820568979'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/adjectives-colors.html' title='Adjectives. Colors'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-5787867670183750147</id><published>2013-05-18T03:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:16:01.280-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Hindi Verbs - Part 2.</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
 Lesson 5: Hindi Verbs - Part 2.
 
We continue with some other tenses in Hindi:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Present Continuous Tense:
 
Verb Stem + रहा / रहे / रही
(raha/rahe/rahi) + Present Tense of "Hona" (to be)
 
For those who don't like grammatical terms and don't know for sure what's
"continuous tense", I'll tell that it's the same as the English verbs, ending in
"-ing". So if you want to say that you "read" a book in the moment of
speaking, you have to say "I am reading a book", not
simply "I read a book", because the last could mean that you read a book in
general, i.e. you're not reading it in the moment of speaking. So let's clear
all that out with some examples.
 
<blockquote>
मैं किताब पढ रहा हुं. (mai~ kitab padh raha hu~) = I'm
reading a book. मैं पानी पी रहा हुं.
(mai~ pani pi raha hu~) = I'm drinking
water. मैं रोटी खा रही हुं. (mai~ roti kha rahi hu~) =
I'm eating bread. (a girl speaking!)
</blockquote>
The verbs stem and raha/rahe/rahi are pronounced almost as one (at once),
although they're written separately. Sometimes in colloquial speech all is even
shortened more. The "raha hu~" for example is pronounced "rahu~", "raha hai" as
"rahai", "raha hai~" -&gt; "rahai~"... 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Past Tense: 
Building past is easy. Just take the root of a verb and add -a, -e, or -i,
respectively for Masculine Singular, Masculine Plurar and Feminine both -
Singular and Plurar: 
Verb Stem + ा/े/ी (-A/-E/-I) = Past
Tense 
NB! For verbs, whose stem end in a vowel you have
to add या/ये/यी (ya/ye/yi) E.g. खाना -&gt;
खा -&gt; खाया(Khana -&gt; Kha (stem) -&gt; Khaya) 
Some examples: 
<blockquote>
मैं खाया. (mai~ khaya) = I ate. मैं
पढा. (mai~ padha) = I read. लडका खाया. (larka
khaya) = The boy ate. लडकी खायी. (larki khayi) = The girl
ate. आप पीया. (aap piya) = You ate. (Sg. polite or
Plural) मैं पानी पीया. (mai~ pani piya) = I drank
water. तुम पानी पीये. (tum pani piye) = You drank
water. 
Some Verbs are irregular. I'll show you some of them (A little below you'll
see the past of 'to be', which is needed to build the imperfect past tense,
necessary to be able to say such phrases as "I've used to go ..."): 
Past of जान
(Janaa = to go) 
गाया / गाये / गायी / गायीं (gaya / gaye / gayi /
gayi~) (1: Masc. Sg, 2: Masc. Pl. 3: Fem. Sg, 4: Fem. Pl.)</blockquote>
To build the past imperfect tense, we have first to learn the past tense of
the "main" hindi verb: "to be" (Hona). Past of "hona" is even simplier than the
present form: 
Past of होना (Honaa = To be) 
टा (tha) = was (for Masculine SINGULAR) टे (the) = were (for Masculine PLURAL) टी (thi) = was (for Feminine SINGULAR) टीं
(thi~) = was (for Feminine PLURAL) 
Examples: 
मैं वहां टा. (mai~ vaha~ tha.) = I was
there. आप यहां टे. (aap yaha~ the) = You (polite) was
here. OR You were here. (वहां /vaha~/ = there, यहां /yaha~/ = here, जहां /jaha~/ =
where) Now as you know here/there/where (btw, there exist also another word
for where = kaha~) I'll give you a hindi proverb: 
जहां धुआं है, वहां आग भी है. (jahan dhua~ hai, vaha~ aag
bhi hai) = Where there is a smoke, there is a fire too. 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Past Imperfect Tense:
 
... Verb Stem + ता / ते / ती
(TA/TE/TI) + Past Tense of "Hona" (to be) = Past Imperfect
Tense Stem + ता/ते/ती + टा/टे/टी/टीं = Past Imperfect Tense
 
The past imperfect tense is used to tell about
habitual actions in the past. In English it's best translated with the
pattern "used to + verb":
 
मैं खाता टा. (mai~ khata tha) = I used to eat. लडका खाता टा. (larka khata tha) = The boy used to eat. लडकी खाती टी. (larki khati thi) = The girl used to eat. आप पीते टे. (aap pite the) = You used to eat. (Sg. polite or
Plural) मैं पानी पीता टा. (mai~ pani pita tha) = I used
to drink water. तुम पानी पीते टे. (tum pani pite the) =
You used to drink water.
 
Next comes of course the past continous tense:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Past Continuous Tense:
 
Well, no need to help you much here. It's the same as the present continous
except that it's used the past tense of Hona:
 
Verb Stem + रहा / रहे / रही
(raha/rahe/rahi) + Past Tense of "Hona" (to be)
= Past Continuous Tense
 
<blockquote>
मैं किताब पढ रहा टा. (mai~ kitab padh raha tha) = I'm was
reading a book. मैं पानी पी रहा टा. (mai~ pani pi raha
tha) = I'm was drinking water. मैं रोटी खा रही टी. (mai~
roti kha rahi thi) = I'm was eating bread. (a girl speaking!)</blockquote>
I think you got it, now for the FUTURE: 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Future Tense: 
The Future tense it a bit more complicated than the past for it has more
verb-endings for person than those by the past tense. 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Future Imperfect Tense: 
Let us conjugate a verb in the future tense, then I'll give the endings: 
Future Imperfect of "Pina" (पीना = to
drink) 
मैं पीउंगा (mai~ piunga) = I will drink तु पीएगा (tu piega) = You will drink तुम
पीओगे (tum pioge) = You will drink वह पीएगा
(voh piega) = He/She/It will drink. हम पीएंगे
(ham pienge) = We will drink आप पीएंगे (aap
pienge) = You will drink. वे पीएंगे (ve
pienge) = They will drink. 
For "I" use -unga, for "Tu" use "ega", for "Tum" use "oge", for "voh" use
"ega" and for "ham/aap/ve" the plural form "enge". 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Future Continuous Tense: 
To build that tense use these endings:&nbsp; रहुंगा रहेगा रहेंगे रहोगे (rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge)
similarly as the forms for Future Imperfect together with the "conjugated"
verb. 
Verb Stem + TA / TE / TI&nbsp;+
rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge = Future Continuous Tense 
Let's make the future continuous of the verb "pina" to make things clear:
 
Future Continuous of "Pina" (पीना = to
drink) 
मैं पीता रहुंगा. (mai~ pita rahunga) = I will be
drinking. तु पीता रहेगा. (tu pita rahega) = You will be
drinking. तुम पीते रहोगे. (tum pite rahoge) = You will be
drinking. वह पीता रहेगा. (voh pita rahega) = He/She/It
will be drinking. हम पीते रहेंगे. (ham pite rahenge)
= We will be drinking. आप पीते रहेंगे. (aap pite rahenge)
= You will be drinking. वे पीते रहेंगे. (ve pite rahenge)
= They will be drinking. </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/5787867670183750147/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/hindi-verbs-part-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/5787867670183750147'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/5787867670183750147'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/hindi-verbs-part-2.html' title='Hindi Verbs - Part 2.'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-5066408771614171641</id><published>2013-05-18T03:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:13:13.346-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Genders in Hindi. Hindi Verbs - Part 1</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Lesson 4: Genders in Hindi. Hindi Verbs - Part 1.
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Genders in Hindi:
 
Unlike many European language, that have 3 genders or unlike other (e.g.
English), which don't have any genders, Hindi has just two - masculine and
feminine. There isn't really any reliable rule of what types of words are
masculine and what feminine. However you can easily get the gender of a word by
looking at it's ending. Most hindi words end in a vowel! If a word ends
in a it is masculine. If a word ends in i (actually long i -
ee) it is feminine. There are of course words ending in consonants or
other vowels. They're not much, and their gender cannot unfortunately be
predicted from their endings. So, you have to learn their gender. When we learn
the adjectives, how to conjugate verbs etc, you'll see that those -a and -i
ending are very important! So, please remember that well:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -a (ा)&nbsp;&nbsp; -&nbsp; general mark
of masculine words (singular!) - nouns, adjectives, verbs &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -i (ी)&nbsp;&nbsp; -&nbsp; general mark of feminine
words (even both - singular and plural) - nouns, adjectives, verbs
 
There come even better news. Many Hindi masculine words (ending in -a of
course:) can be easily turned into feminine ones by simply replacing the -a
ending with -i! Let's show you some example to clear all what I said up:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp; लडका (ladka) = boy,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; लडकी
(ladki) = girl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Many hindi speakers would pronounce the 'd' in lardka/ladki
as "R", so don't wonder if you see somebody write in irc-chats "larka" or
"larki"...) &nbsp;&nbsp; बिल्ला (billa) = tomcat,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; बिल्ली (billi) = cat, pussycat
 
Masculine Words, ending in -a:
 
कमरा (kamra) = room केला (kela) =
banana तारा (tara) = star हवा
(hava) = wind Feminine Words ending in -i (-ee):
 
पानी (pani) = water चीनी (chini) =
sugar नकडी (makdi /makri/) = spider पक्षी
(pakshi) = bird
 
Words ending in consonant:
 
डोस्त (dost) = friend (Masculine) किताब
(kitab) = book (Feminine) औरत (aurat) = woman
(Feminine :-)
 
Words ending in a vowel different from -a or -i:
 
गुरु (guru) = teacher 
 
To the general rule of the -a and -i ending there exist some exceptions, that
is, there exist some masculine words, which end in -i. Such word is for example
the word for "man" (and what more masculine than that, lol) - admi:
 
आदमि (aadmi) = man 
 
.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Verbs in Hindi. General Information.
 
Every hindi verb ends in -na! Remember this! That's the main form of
the verb, i.e. the infinitive.
 
-ना (-na) is the verb ending in the
infinitive form of all verbs in Hindi
 
Some verbs:
 
खाना (khana) = to eat पीना (pina)
= to drink जाना (jana) = to go आना
(aana) = to come करना (karna) = to do (remember
that verb, it's used in many other "compound" verb forms...) देना (dena) = to give लेना (lena) = to
take लिखना (likhna) = to write पढना
(padhna) = to read समझना (samajhna) = to
understand समझाना (samjhaana) = to explain (i.e. to make
someone understand) सीखना (sikhna) = to learn 
 
To get the root of the verb you have to remove the -na ending. Once
you've done that, you can conjugate the verbs. You remember the rule about
words ending in -a/-i, right? So here is the moment to talk about plural. In
plurar the masculine -a ending becomes -e and the feminine
-i ending remains -i (or becomes -i~). So here it is once
more, specially for you:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -a (ा)&nbsp;&nbsp; -&nbsp; general mark
of masculine words (singular!) - MASC. SG. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -e
(े)&nbsp;&nbsp; -&nbsp; general mark of masculine words (plural!) - MASC.
PL. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -i (ी)&nbsp;&nbsp; -&nbsp; general
mark of feminine words (even both - singular and plural) - FEM. SG. and
FEM. PL. (sometimes for pl - -in /-i~/ though!)
 
Now back to verbs: &nbsp;Add "ता" (ta) to verb-root for masculine singular and "ते" (te) for masculine plurar. Add "ती" (ti)
for feminine singular and plurar. 
 
Examples:
 
खाता (khata) = eat पीता (pita) =
drink etc... etc...&nbsp; *Note that those are conjugated verbs, but not
ready to use, i.e. you cannot say "Mai~ khata", you need to use
the copula "to be", so please be a bit patient, and wait until i've explained
the most important verb in Hindi, the verb "to be":
 
.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The verb "TO BE" (Hona - होना)
 
मैं हुं (mai~ hu~) = I am तु है
(tu hai) = You (intimate) are तुम हो (tum ho) =
You are वह है (voh hai) = He/She/It/That is हम हैं (ham hai~) = We are आप हैं (aap
hai~) = You are वे हैं (ve hai~) = They are
 
Let's give you a pattern:
 
Verb root + TA / TE / TI&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; +&nbsp;&nbsp; Conjugated corresponding
form of "Hona" (to be)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Present Imperfect Tense
 
Some examples:
 
मैं खाता हुं. (mai~ khata hu~) = I
eat. लडका खाता है. (larka khata hai) = The
(A) boy eats. (Oh, I forgot to mention it anywhere :/ - &nbsp; 
Hindi does not
have articles!) लडकी खाती है. (larki
khati hai) = The (A) girl eats. आप पीते हैं.
(aap pite hai~) = You (polite sg) eat OR You (plural)
eat. मैं पानी पीता हुं. (mai~ pani pita
hu~) = I drink water. तुम पानी पीते हो. (tum pani
pite ho) = You drink water. NB! "TUM", what's the most used word for "you" is actually
in Plural! So whenever you use it conjugate the verb for plural!
 
Here another, a bit "funny" example:
 
मैं सिगरेट पीता हुं. (mai~ sigaret pita hu~). I smoke a
cigarette... The literal meaning of the sentence is "I drink a cigarette.", but
every language has its oddities and peculiarities </div>
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Lesson 1: About Hindi. Linguistic Information.
 
The Republic of India has 18 official or national languages: Assamese,
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya,
Panjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and English. Not all languages
are from the same group, thus an Indian speaker of Hindi would understand a
Tamil speaker so well as for example an Englishman would understand a Chinese!
Hindi as one of the official languages of India (Bharaat) has more than 180 000
000 speakers! It's an Indoeuropean language, descendant of Sanskrit. It uses the
devanagari script to write. Another name for the language Hindi,
is "khadi boli" (khari boli) - that's actually the name of a dialect, spoken
originally in Delhi, from which Hindi developed. Surprisingly, Hindi isn't
spoken only in India and parts of the surrounding countries, but also in...
Africa! Yes, it's true and all Hindi speakers in Africa are more than 2 000 000!
About the half of them live in South Africa (~800 000) and Uganda (~150 000).
 
Urdu, the national language of Pakistan is the same language as Hindi (FYI,
back in history, India was a much bigger country, including the territories of
today's Pakistan and Bangladesh. In that times the language spoken in the
country was called Hindustani...). In some cases it's spoken about Hindi-Urdu
language. However as languages, spoken in different countries, they are in many
aspects different - mostly in vocabulary. Since Urdu is spoken in an islamic
country it had borrowed many words from Arabic and Persian and thus it has an
arabic hue, whereas Hindi would use rather Sanskrit words... Another difference
is the writing system. As said, Hindi uses the devanagari script, but Urdu uses
a modified version of the Arabic script (or rather the script used by Persians).
 
Most of the other official language of India possess their own script.
However some of them use the devanagari script too. Marthi write in devanagari
for example. Gujarati has its own script. Some Panjabi speakers use the
devanagari script as well, but other (the Sikhs) use a special script, called
"Gurumukhi". It's very similar to Hindi though... It's regarded as the script of
the gurus (teachers), so it says its name - guru = teacher, mukh = mouth. On the
other hand, "devanagari" means "the heavenly script" or the script used in the
city of gods (deva = god, nagari = city, town)...
 
To get a simple idea of how Hindi looks like written, see the text below:
</div>
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 Lesson 3: Pronouns.
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; First, a basic table of the Hindi personal pronouns, then let us&nbsp; give
some explanation. 
 
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 173px; width: 95%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="19" width="50%">
<div align="center">
&nbsp;SINGULAR</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" height="19" width="50%">
<div align="center">
PLURAL</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="19" width="25%">(हिंदी) Hindi</td>
<td align="center" height="19" width="25%">English</td>
<td height="19" width="25%">
<div align="center">
(हिंदी) Hindi</div>
</td>
<td height="19" width="25%">
<div align="center">
English</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">मैं(main, mai~)</td>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">I</td>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">हम(ham)</td>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">We</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">तु(tu)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">You (intimate)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">आप(aap)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">You</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">तुम(tum)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">You</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">वे(ve)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">They/These</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">वह(voh/vah)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">He/She/It/That</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%"> </td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%"> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
&nbsp;तु (tu) is used only for very close
person, e.g. your girlfriend/boyfriend. Then तुम (tum) is
probably the most used word for "you" (sg) in Hindi. You can say that to
everybody unless you want to be polite, if so you can use the word "aap" (आप). NB. When using "aap" (आप) or "tum"
(तुम) you have to conjugate the verb for plural, since
they're actually the plural form of "you". Well, you don't know how to conjugate
at this point, but do remember that rule! When meeting for the first time and
when politeness is needed better use 'aap' for 'you'!
 
Now let's have a look at some demonstrative pronouns: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;यह = This ( yeh / yah ) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;वह = That (
woh / wah ) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ये = These ( ye ) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;वे = Those ( ve ) 
Now for the possesive pronouns: 
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 173px; width: 95%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="19" width="50%">
<div align="center">
&nbsp;SINGULAR</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" height="19" width="50%">
<div align="center">
PLURAL</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="19" width="25%">(हिंदी) Hindi</td>
<td align="center" height="19" width="25%">English</td>
<td height="19" width="25%">
<div align="center">
(हिंदी) Hindi</div>
</td>
<td height="19" width="25%">
<div align="center">
English</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">मेरा(mera)</td>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">My</td>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">हमारा(hamara)</td>
<td align="center" height="64" width="25%">Our</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">तेरा (tera - /tu/)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">Your</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">आपका(aapka)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">Your</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">तुम्हारा (tumhara - /tum/)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">Your</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">उनका(unka)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">Their</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">उसका (uska)</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%">His</td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%"> </td>
<td align="center" height="63" width="25%"> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
One can build many sentences with so many pronouns. So, let's say
something in hindi at last! ;-)
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; है = is ( hai /hae/ )
 
&nbsp;&nbsp; सेरा नाम Peter है = My name is Peter. ( Mera naam
Peter hai.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; नाम (naam) means "name" ).
 
NB: The verb in Hindi is placed always at the end of the sentence.
That's a feature which many asian languages share as well. So, Hindi is SOV
language (i.e Subject-Object-Verb). In our case we don't say "My name is Peter",
but "My name Peter is", that's the proper wordorder in Hindi. More
examples:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp; उसका नाम Peter है. = His name is Peter. (Uska naam
Peter hai.) &nbsp;&nbsp; यह पानी है. = This is water. ( Yah pani
hai. ) &nbsp;&nbsp; यह घर है. = This is a house. (Yeh ghar hai. )
</div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/7679175115971616561/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/pronouns.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/7679175115971616561'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/7679175115971616561'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/pronouns.html' title='Pronouns.'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-5017037474974993772</id><published>2013-05-18T03:07:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:07:06.392-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Some Basic Words & Phrases</title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Some Basic Words &amp; Phrases
 
&nbsp;In this lesson we will learn some very basic Hindi phrases. We'll start with
the two little words "yes" and "no". I think they would be useful :-) So here we
are:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;हाँ = YES ( haa~ - note the nasal
"n") &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;नहीं = NO ( nahi~ - note the nasal
"n") 
There is a more polite way of saying "yes" or "no". If you want to sound more
polite you have to use the particle "जी" (JI). Remember it
well! It's very important particle. It's similar to Japanese "さん" (san) or
Korean "씨" (sshi), because it could be glued at the end of a name or title to
make it more polite. If you want for example to say "Hello Mr. X" you can say
"Hello Mr. X-ji" what would sound polite and a Hindi native would appreciate
it... So, let's get back to our "yes-no" thingie and see how to use "ji" there:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;जी हाँ = YES (or "Yes, sir"... Ji
Haa~) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;जी नहीं = NO (or "No, sir"... Ji
Nahi~) &nbsp;&nbsp; * Note that you can place "JI" after "haa~" or
"nahi~" too: 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;हाँ जी = YES (or "Yes, sir"... Haa~
Ji) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;नहीं जी = NO (or "No, sir"...
Nahi~ Ji) 
Here is a good place to say that you can use जी (ji) on
its own. When alone it could mean also "YES", so if you reply to a question just
with "ji" you speak proper Hindi. You can also use that in another way! Isn't
Hindi cool, huh?:-) It could mean "what?; pardon me; yes?" etc...: 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;जी = YES (kinda the English "yeah" or
"yep")&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;जी = Yes? Pardon me?
What? What do you mean? etc... 
Well after you've learned that, it's time to learn how to say
"Hello" and "Goodbye". Here they are: 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;नमस्ते = Hello! OR Goodbye! ( Namaste ) 
As you see "namaste" is universal, just like Italian "Ciao" for example,
which also can be used for both - hello and goodbye. There is another form of
"namaste". It's namaskar, bearing the same meaning; you can use it
instead of "namaste". They're fully interchangable. Of course if you want to be
more polite, you can add the famous "ji" particle :-) 
In India you can almost devide the population in two parts according to their
religion. The first part are hindus and the second one - Muslims. Because of
their religious believes, they sometimes use different words when speaking. For
example a muslim could use the Arabic "assalamu alaikum" (peace be upon you,
salam /selam/ means peace, it's the same as hebrew "shalom") instead of the
hindu "namaste", because muslims use many Arabic words. If somebody greet you
with "assalamu alaikum" you have to answer with "walaikum assalam" (peaca be
upon you too). In Urdu (and thus in Hindi) they say "khuda hafiz" for "goodbye".
If you meet a muslim you can use that for goodbye... 
Next we'll learn two words, designating "thanks" or "thank you": 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;धन्यवाद = Thank you. ( Dhanyavaad, it's the
"native" Hindi word ) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;शुक्रिया = Thank you. (
Shukriyaa, it's a word from arabic origin, coming from the arabic word
"shukran") 
&nbsp;We'll end this lesson with a phrase, meaning "Where are you from". You don't
have to know what the words in there really mean, remember it just as a phrase:
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;आप कहां से हैं? = Where are you from?
( Aap kahaa~ se hain? ) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * Note that ~ is used to show nasal
sound, i.e. nasalied a. I'll use always that, when showing nasalied
sound. 
The transliterated "ai" is pronounced not as "a" + "i", but as
"ae" or "e". It's similar to the sound of "a" in "apple". I don't write
it as "e" to distinguish it from the other 'e'...&nbsp; 
That's all in this lessons. Before you continue be sure to
remembered all well! </div>
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/feeds/5017037474974993772/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/some-basic-words-phrases.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/5017037474974993772'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4845349318902270042/posts/default/5017037474974993772'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vaiyavanhindi.blogspot.com/2013/05/some-basic-words-phrases.html' title='Some Basic Words & Phrases'/><author><name>innaiyaveli.blogspot.in</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11308225971539015252</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845349318902270042.post-685846088818335338</id><published>2013-05-18T03:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T03:01:28.747-07:00</updated><title type='text'>நானும் ஹிந்தியும் </title><content type='html'><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
நானும் ஹிந்தியும்&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
 </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
&nbsp;என் தாய்மொழி &nbsp;தமிழ். நான் அறிந்தவரை&nbsp;தலை&nbsp;தலைமுறையாக நாங்கள் -அதாவது எங்கள் குடும்பத்தினர் &nbsp;பேசி, புழங்கி வருவது தமிழ் தான். இதை நான் ஒரு பெருமையாகக் குறிப்பிடவில்லை. அப்படி நேர்ந்தது. அவ்வளவே&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
நான் முதலில் எழுதவும் வாசிக்கவும்&nbsp;கற்றுக்கொண்ட மொழி ஹிந்தி தான்.நான் பள்ளியில் நான்காம் வகுப்பு படிக்கும்போதே ஹிந்தி கற்றேன். ஐந்துக்கு வருவதற்குள் ஹிந்தி எதிர்ப்புப் போராட்டம் வந்து என்&nbsp;ஹிந்தி&nbsp;படிப்பு தடைப்பட்டது.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
மீண்டும் எஸ்.எஸ்.எல்.சி.முடித்ததும் காங்கிரஸ் சார்பும் தேசீய உணர்வும் கொண்ட காலஞ்சென்ற எனது நண்பன் வா.சீ .வேங்கடாசலம் மூலம் உருது முன்ஷி ஒருவரிடம் பிராத்மிக் டியூஷன் படிக்கச் சென்றேன்.அன்று தொடங்கியது ஹிந்தி மீது எனது காதல்.தணியாத காதல்.மாறாத நேசம்.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
அதன் விளைவாய் நான் கற்றதை,பெற்றதை இங்கே பகிர்ந்து கொள்கிறேன்.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
 </div>
</div>
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