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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/feed/

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23. <title>NASA to Provide Coverage as Dragon Departs Station with Science</title>
24. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-to-provide-coverage-as-dragon-departs-station-with-science-3/</link>
26. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Abbey A. Donaldson]]></dc:creator>
27. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 19:52:19 +0000</pubDate>
28. <category><![CDATA[International Space Station (ISS)]]></category>
29. <category><![CDATA[ISS Research]]></category>
30. <category><![CDATA[Missions]]></category>
31. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?post_type=press-release&#038;p=654180</guid>
32.  
33. <description><![CDATA[NASA and its international partners are set to receive scientific research samples and hardware as a SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft departs the International Space Station on Sunday, April 28 weather permitting. The agency will provide coverage of undocking and departure beginning at 12:45 p.m. EDT on NASA+, NASA Television, the NASA app, YouTube, and the [&#8230;]]]></description>
34. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1365" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/51231541422-c6a4663ee7-k.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" loading="eager" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The SpaceX Cargo Dragon resupply ship is pictured approaching the International Space Station carrying over 7,300 pounds of new science, supplies and solar arrays to replenish the Expedition 65 crew. The Cargo Dragon&#8217;s nose cone is open revealing its hatch and forward docking cone.</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
35.  
36.  
37. <p>NASA and its international partners are set to receive scientific research samples and hardware as a SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft departs the International Space Station on Sunday, April 28 weather permitting.</p>
38.  
39.  
40.  
41. <p>The agency will provide coverage of undocking and departure beginning at 12:45 p.m. EDT on <a href="https://plus.nasa.gov/scheduled-video/nasas-spacex-30th-commercial-resupply-services-undocking/" rel="noopener">NASA+</a>, NASA Television, the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/apps/">NASA app</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@NASA" rel="noopener">YouTube</a>, and the agency’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">website</a>. Learn how to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/general/how-to-stream-nasa-tv/">stream NASA TV</a> through a variety of platforms including social media.</p>
42.  
43.  
44.  
45. <p>Dragon will undock from the station’s zenith port of the Harmony module at 1:05 p.m. and fire its thrusters to move a safe distance away from the station after receiving a command from ground controllers at SpaceX in Hawthorne, California.</p>
46.  
47.  
48.  
49. <p>The spacecraft arrived at the station March 23 and delivered more than 6,000 pounds of research investigations, crew supplies, and station hardware after it <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-hardware-aboard-spacexs-30th-resupply-launch-to-station/#:~:text=NASA&#039;s%20SpaceX%2030th%20commercial%20resupply,Space%20Force%20Station%20in%20Florida.">launched</a> March 21 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA Kennedy.</p>
50.  
51.  
52.  
53. <p>After re-entering Earth’s atmosphere, the spacecraft will splash down off the coast of Florida. NASA will not broadcast the splashdown, but updates will be posted on the agency’s <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/" rel="noopener">space station</a> blog.</p>
54.  
55.  
56.  
57. <p>Dragon will carry back to Earth more than 4,100 pounds of supplies and scientific experiments designed to take advantage of the space station’s microgravity environment. Splashing down off the coast of Florida enables quick transportation of the experiments to NASA’s Space Systems Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, allowing researchers to collect data with minimal sample exposure to Earth’s gravity.</p>
58.  
59.  
60.  
61. <p>Scientific hardware and samples returning to Earth include <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=8850">Flawless Space Fibers-1</a>, which produced more than seven miles of optical fiber aboard the space station. The investigation tests new hardware and processes for producing high-quality optical fibers in space and drew more than half a mile of fiber in one day, surpassing the previous record of 82 feet for the longest fiber manufactured in space.</p>
62.  
63.  
64.  
65. <p>Other studies include <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=9026">GEARS</a> (Genomic Enumeration of Antibiotic Resistance in Space), which surveys the space station for antibiotic-resistant organisms. Genetic analysis could show how these bacteria adapt to space, providing knowledge that informs measures designed to protect astronauts on future long-duration missions.</p>
66.  
67.  
68.  
69. <p>Also returning on Dragon is <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=9019">MISSE-18</a><strong> (</strong>Materials International Space Station Experiment-18-NASA), which analyzes how exposure to space affects the performance and durability of specific materials and components. MISSE-18 includes coatings, quantum dots, a lunar regolith simulant composite, and other materials. The samples returning home were exposed to the harsh environment of space for six months.</p>
70.  
71.  
72.  
73. <p>Additionally, samples from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=8362">Immune Cell Activation</a> will return to Earth for analysis. The ESA (European Space Agency) sponsored experiment seeks to understand whether microgravity influences the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles into immune and melanoma cells. In this experiment, immune cells were modified with nano-vectors that are intended to carry therapeutic agents specifically to their target cells. Results could help develop novel therapeutics&nbsp; targeting central nervous system diseases and skin cancers such as melanoma.</p>
74.  
75.  
76.  
77. <p>These are just a few of the hundreds of investigations currently being conducted aboard the orbiting laboratory in the areas of biology and biotechnology, physical sciences, and Earth and space science. Advances in these areas will help keep astronauts healthy during long-duration space travel and demonstrate technologies for future human and robotic exploration beyond low Earth orbit to the Moon and Mars through NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/">Artemis</a> campaign.</p>
78.  
79.  
80.  
81. <p>Get breaking news, images and features from the space station on <a href="https://instagram.com/iss" rel="noopener">Instagram</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/iss" rel="noopener">Facebook</a>, and <a href="https://twitter.com/space_station" rel="noopener">X</a>.</p>
82.  
83.  
84.  
85. <p>Learn more about the International Space Station at:</p>
86.  
87.  
88.  
89. <p class="has-text-align-center"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/"><strong>https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/</strong></a></p>
90.  
91.  
92.  
93. <p class="has-text-align-center">-end-</p>
94.  
95.  
96.  
97. <p>Josh Finch / Claire O’Shea<br>Headquarters, Washington<br>202-358-1100<br><a href="mailto:joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov">joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov</a> / <a href="mailto:claire.a.o%E2%80%99shea@nasa.gov">claire.a.o’shea@nasa.gov</a></p>
98.  
99.  
100.  
101. <p>Sandra Jones<br>Johnson Space Center, Houston<br>281-483-5111<br><a href="mailto:sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov">sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov</a></p>
102.  
103.  
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147. <div class="grid-col-8">Apr 26, 2024</div>
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151. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/">International Space Station (ISS)</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/">ISS Research</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-missions/">Missions</a></li></ul></div></div>
152. </div>
153. </section>
154. </div>]]></content:encoded>
158. </item>
159. <item>
160. <title>Site-Wide Environmental Assessment for Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama</title>
161. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/site-wide-environmental-assessment-for-marshall-space-flight-center-alabama/</link>
163. <dc:creator><![CDATA[John R. Tapp]]></dc:creator>
164. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 19:45:00 +0000</pubDate>
165. <category><![CDATA[Marshall Space Flight Center]]></category>
166. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?post_type=press-release&#038;p=579709</guid>
167.  
168. <description><![CDATA[The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has prepared a Draft Environmental Assessment (EA) that analyzes the environmental impacts of implementing continuing and future mission support activities at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. The EA evaluated the potential environmental effects associated with air quality; climate change and greenhouse gases; land use; [&#8230;]]]></description>
169. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">2 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)</h1></div></div></div>
170.  
171. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1280&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1920" height="1280" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Marshall Space Flight Center Propulsion Lab" style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=512&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=683&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=1024&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=267&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/MSFC-202100208/MSFC-202100208~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Pictured at sunset is Marshall Space Flight Center’s Propulsion R&amp;D Lab, Building 4205.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Charles Beason</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
172.  
173.  
174. <p>The <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</a> has prepared a Draft Environmental Assessment (EA) that analyzes the environmental impacts of implementing continuing and future mission support activities at the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/home/index.html">Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)</a> in Huntsville, Alabama.</p>
175.  
176.  
177.  
178. <p>The EA evaluated the potential environmental effects associated with air quality; climate change and greenhouse gases; land use; water resources; biological resources; geology and soils; noise; traffic and transportation; socioeconomics; children’s environmental health and safety; environmental justice and equity; hazardous materials and wastes, solid waste, and pollution prevention; public and occupational health and safety; utilities and infrastructure; cultural resources; and airspace. The EA found that the Proposed Action would not result in, or contribute to, significant impacts to any of these resources.</p>
179.  
180.  
181.  
182. <p>Public comments will be accepted through March 4, 2024 and can be submitted to <a href="mailto:msfc-environmental@mail.nasa.gov">msfc-environmental@mail.nasa.gov</a> or the mailing address below. Copies of the Draft EA are available at the following library locations: <a href="https://hmcpl.org/" rel="noopener">Huntsville-Madison County Public Library&nbsp; </a>&nbsp;(915 Monroe Street SW, Huntsville, AL) and the <a href="https://hmcpl.org/madison" rel="noopener">Madison Public Library </a>&nbsp;(142 Plaza Boulevard, Madison, AL). The EA will also be posted on the <a href="https://nasa.gov/news-release/site-wide-environmental-assessment-for-marshall-space-flight-center-alabama/" rel="noopener">NASA NEPA Public Reviews webpage</a> (https://nasa.gov/news-release/site-wide-environmental-assessment-for-marshall-space-flight-center-alabama/).</p>
183.  
184.  
185.  
186. <p>To request additional information or submit written comments, please contact:</p>
187.  
188.  
189.  
190. <p>Hannah McCarty</p>
191.  
192.  
193.  
194. <p>Marshall Space Flight Center</p>
195.  
196.  
197.  
198. <p>Building 4249/Mail Code AS10</p>
199.  
200.  
201.  
202. <p>Huntsville, AL 35812</p>
203.  
204.  
205. <div id="" class="hds-featured-file-list bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-file-list"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block padding-0">
206. <div class="grid-row width-full margin-bottom-4">
207. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
208. <h2 role="textbox" class="heading-22">
209. Downloads </h2>
210. </div>
211. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6">
212. <div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end">
213. </div>
214. </div>
215. </div>
216.  
217. <div class="hds-list-row hds-file-list-row">
218. <div class="hds-list-thumbnail hds-file-list-thumbnail">
219. <div class="hds-list-thumbnail-inner-default"><svg width="18" height="20" viewBox="0 0 18 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12 0H0V20H18V6H12V0ZM14 8H4V10H14V8ZM4 4H10V6H4V4ZM14 12H4V14H14V12ZM4 16H14V18H4V16Z" fill="#58585B"/><path d="M18 5L13 0V5H18Z" fill="#58585B"/></svg></div> </div>
220. <div class="hds-list-details">
221. <div class="hds-list-name hds-file-list-name">
222. <h2 class="heading-22">Draft Site-Wide Environmental Assessment for Marshall Space Flight Center</h2>
223. </div>
224. <div class="hds-list-meta">
225. <div class="hds-list-meta-item hds-list-date hds-file-list-date">
226. <p class="p-sm">Feb 1, 2024</p>
227. </div>
228. <div class="hds-list-meta-item hds-file-list-filetype">
229. <p class="p-sm">PDF (22.84 MB)</p>
230. </div>
231. </div>
232. </div>
233. <div class="hds-list-cta hds-file-list-download">
234. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/jac068-msfc-site-wideea-draft-public.pdf?emrc=662d155fae01c" target="_blank" download>
235. <svg width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="16" cy="16.0001" r="16" fill="#1C67E3"/><path d="M15.2357 8.00007L15.2357 16.4829L11.9504 13.4078L10.8801 14.4094L16.0001 19.2001L21.1201 14.4094L20.0499 13.4078L16.7645 16.4829L16.7645 8.00007L15.2357 8.00007Z" fill="white"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.6 20.8001V18.4001H8V22.4001H24V18.4001H22.4V20.8001H9.6Z" fill="white"/></svg>
236. </a>
237. </div>
238. </div>
239. <div class="hds-list-row hds-file-list-row">
240. <div class="hds-list-thumbnail hds-file-list-thumbnail">
241. <div class="hds-list-thumbnail-inner-default"><svg width="18" height="20" viewBox="0 0 18 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12 0H0V20H18V6H12V0ZM14 8H4V10H14V8ZM4 4H10V6H4V4ZM14 12H4V14H14V12ZM4 16H14V18H4V16Z" fill="#58585B"/><path d="M18 5L13 0V5H18Z" fill="#58585B"/></svg></div> </div>
242. <div class="hds-list-details">
243. <div class="hds-list-name hds-file-list-name">
244. <h2 class="heading-22">Comment Matrix</h2>
245. </div>
246. <div class="hds-list-meta">
247. <div class="hds-list-meta-item hds-list-date hds-file-list-date">
248. <p class="p-sm">Feb 5, 2024</p>
249. </div>
250. <div class="hds-list-meta-item hds-file-list-filetype">
251. <p class="p-sm">VND.OPENXMLFORMATS-OFFICEDOCUMENT.SPREADSHEETML.SHEET (24.23 KB)</p>
252. </div>
253. </div>
254. </div>
255. <div class="hds-list-cta hds-file-list-download">
256. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/msfc-draft-ea-comment-matrix.xlsx?emrc=662d155fae226" target="_blank" download>
257. <svg width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="16" cy="16.0001" r="16" fill="#1C67E3"/><path d="M15.2357 8.00007L15.2357 16.4829L11.9504 13.4078L10.8801 14.4094L16.0001 19.2001L21.1201 14.4094L20.0499 13.4078L16.7645 16.4829L16.7645 8.00007L15.2357 8.00007Z" fill="white"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.6 20.8001V18.4001H8V22.4001H24V18.4001H22.4V20.8001H9.6Z" fill="white"/></svg>
258. </a>
259. </div>
260. </div>
261. <div class="hds-list-row hds-file-list-row">
262. <div class="hds-list-thumbnail hds-file-list-thumbnail">
263. <div class="hds-list-thumbnail-inner-default"><svg width="18" height="20" viewBox="0 0 18 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12 0H0V20H18V6H12V0ZM14 8H4V10H14V8ZM4 4H10V6H4V4ZM14 12H4V14H14V12ZM4 16H14V18H4V16Z" fill="#58585B"/><path d="M18 5L13 0V5H18Z" fill="#58585B"/></svg></div> </div>
264. <div class="hds-list-details">
265. <div class="hds-list-name hds-file-list-name">
266. <h2 class="heading-22">Final Site-Wide Environmental Assessment for Marshall Space Flight Center</h2>
267. </div>
268. <div class="hds-list-meta">
269. <div class="hds-list-meta-item hds-list-date hds-file-list-date">
270. <p class="p-sm">Apr 26, 2024</p>
271. </div>
272. <div class="hds-list-meta-item hds-file-list-filetype">
273. <p class="p-sm">PDF (23.29 MB)</p>
274. </div>
275. </div>
276. </div>
277. <div class="hds-list-cta hds-file-list-download">
278. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/jac068-msfc-site-wideea-final.pdf?emrc=662d155fae42e" target="_blank" download>
279. <svg width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="16" cy="16.0001" r="16" fill="#1C67E3"/><path d="M15.2357 8.00007L15.2357 16.4829L11.9504 13.4078L10.8801 14.4094L16.0001 19.2001L21.1201 14.4094L20.0499 13.4078L16.7645 16.4829L16.7645 8.00007L15.2357 8.00007Z" fill="white"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.6 20.8001V18.4001H8V22.4001H24V18.4001H22.4V20.8001H9.6Z" fill="white"/></svg>
280. </a>
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283. </div>
284.  
285. </div>
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293. <h2 class="heading-14">Share</h2>
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319. </div>
320. </div>
321. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
322. <div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black">
323. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
324. <h2 class="heading-14">Details</h2>
325. </div>
326. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3">
327. <div class="grid-col-4">
328. <div class="subheading">Last Updated</div>
329. </div>
330. <div class="grid-col-8">Apr 26, 2024</div>
331. </div>
332. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Editor</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">MSFC Environmental Engineering and Occupational Health Office</div></div><div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Contact</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><div class="margin-bottom-3"><div>Hannah McCarty</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="grid-row"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Location</div></div><div class="grid-col-8"><a class="hds-location-tag-name" href="/marshall/"><span class="hds-meta-heading">Marshall Space Flight Center</span></a></div></div> </div>
333. </div>
334. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/marshall-space-flight-center/">Marshall Space Flight Center</a></li></ul></div></div>
335. </div>
336. </section>
337. </div>
338.  
339. <div id="" class="nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles"> <section class="hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9">
340. <div class="w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left">
341. <div class="margin-bottom-4"><h2 style="max-width: 100%;" class="width-full w-full maxw-full">Explore More</h2></div>
342. </div>
343. <div class="grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0">
344. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
345. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/psyche-mission/nasas-optical-comms-demo-transmits-data-over-140-million-miles/" class="color-carbon-black">
346. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
347. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
348. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="300" height="169" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?w=300" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg 1723w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=600,337 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-pia25664-psyche-dsoc.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> </div>
349. </div>
350. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
351. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">6 min read</div>
352. <div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title">NASA’s Optical Comms Demo Transmits Data Over 140 Million Miles</h3></div>
353. <div class="display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60">
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365. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/the-marshall-star-for-april-24-2024/" class="color-carbon-black">
366. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
367. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
368. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" width="300" height="225" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?w=300" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg 1598w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/herc2024.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> </div>
369. </div>
370. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
371. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">29 min read</div>
372. <div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title">The Marshall Star for April 24, 2024</h3></div>
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391. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">4 min read</div>
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399. 3 days ago </span>
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419. <div>
420. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
421. <span>Missions</span>
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439. </a>
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443. <div>
444. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
445. <span>Climate Change</span>
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447. </p>
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451. </a>
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455. <div>
456. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
457. <span>Solar System</span>
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530. </item>
531. <item>
532. <title>NASA-Led Study Provides New Global Accounting of Earth’s Rivers</title>
533. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/missions/swot/nasa-led-study-provides-new-global-accounting-of-earths-rivers/</link>
535. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Anthony Greicius]]></dc:creator>
536. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 17:13:44 +0000</pubDate>
537. <category><![CDATA[SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography)]]></category>
538. <category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
539. <category><![CDATA[Earth Science]]></category>
540. <category><![CDATA[Earth Science Division]]></category>
541. <category><![CDATA[Water on Earth]]></category>
542. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=654066</guid>
543.  
544. <description><![CDATA[The novel approach to estimating river water storage and discharge also identifies regions marked by ‘fingerprints’ of intense water use. A study led by NASA researchers provides new estimates of how much water courses through Earth’s rivers, the rates at which it’s flowing into the ocean, and how much both of those figures have fluctuated [&#8230;]]]></description>
545. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">5 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)</h1></div></div></div>
546.  
547. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1365" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Colorado River" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg 5011w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-colorado-river.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The Colorado River supplies water to more than 40 million people as it snakes through seven U.S. states, including the part of southeastern Utah seen in this photo snapped by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station. The Colorado basin was identified in a NASA-led study as a region experiencing intense human water use.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
548.  
549.  
550. <p><em>The novel approach to estimating river water storage and discharge also identifies regions marked by ‘fingerprints’ of intense water use.</em></p>
551.  
552.  
553.  
554. <p>A study led by NASA researchers provides new estimates of how much water courses through Earth’s rivers, the rates at which it’s flowing into the ocean, and how much both of those figures have fluctuated over time — crucial information for understanding the planet’s water cycle and managing its freshwater supplies. The results also highlight regions depleted by heavy water use, including the Colorado River basin in the United States, the Amazon basin in South America, and the Orange River basin in southern Africa.</p>
555.  
556.  
557.  
558. <p>For the study, which was recently published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01421-5" rel="noopener">Nature Geoscience</a>, researchers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California used a novel methodology that combines stream-gauge measurements with computer models of about 3 million river segments around the world.</p>
559.  
560.  
561. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1440" height="810" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?w=1440" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Computer models of 3 million river segments" style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg 1440w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?resize=600,338 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-pia26119-river-storage.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">A NASA-led study combined stream-gauge measurements with computer models of 3 million river segments to create a global picture of how much water Earth’s rivers hold. It estimated that the Amazon basin contains about 38% of the world’s river water, the most of any hydrological region evaluated. </div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
562.  
563.  
564. <p>The scientists estimate that the total volume of water in Earth’s rivers on average from 1980 to 2009 was 539 cubic miles (2,246 cubic kilometers). That’s equivalent to half of Lake Michigan’s water and about 0.006% of all fresh water, which itself is 2.5% of the global volume. Despite their small proportion of all the planet’s water, rivers have been vital to humans since the earliest civilizations.</p>
565.  
566.  
567.  
568. <p>Although researchers have made numerous estimates over the years of how much water flows from rivers into the ocean, estimates of the volume of water rivers collectively hold — known as storage — have been few and more uncertain, said JPL’s Cédric David, a co-author of the study.</p>
569.  
570.  
571.  
572. <p>He likened the situation to spending from a checking account without knowing the balance. “We don&#8217;t know how much water is in the account, and population growth and climate change are further complicating matters,” David said. “There are many things we can do to manage how we’re using it and make sure there is enough water for everyone, but the first question is: How much water is there? That’s fundamental to everything else.”</p>
573.  
574.  
575. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1440" height="810" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?w=1440" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Computer models of 3 million river segments" style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg 1440w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?resize=600,338 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-pia26119-fig-a.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The NASA-led study estimated flow through 3 million river segments, identifying locations around the world marked by intense human water use, including parts of the Colorado, Amazon, Orange, and Murray-Darling river basins, shown as gray here. </div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
576.  
577.  
578. <p>Estimates in the paper could eventually be compared with data from the international Surface Water and Ocean Topography (<a href="https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov" rel="noopener">SWOT</a>) satellite to improve measurements of human impacts on Earth’s water cycle. Launched in December 2022, SWOT is mapping the elevation of water around the globe, and changes in river height offer a way to quantify storage and discharge.</p>
579.  
580.  
581.  
582. <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>‘Fingerprints’ of Water Use</strong></h3>
583.  
584.  
585.  
586. <p>The study identified the Amazon basin as the region with the most river storage, holding about 204 cubic miles (850 cubic kilometers) of water — roughly 38% of the global estimate. The same basin also discharges the most water to the ocean: 1,629 cubic miles (6,789 cubic kilometers) per year. That’s 18% of the global discharge to the ocean, which averaged 8,975 cubic miles (37,411 cubic kilometers) per year from 1980 to 2009.</p>
587.  
588.  
589.  
590. <p>Although it’s not possible for a river to have negative discharge — the study’s approach doesn’t allow for upstream flow — for the sake of accounting, it is possible for less water to come out of some river segments than went in. That’s what the researchers found for parts of the Colorado, Amazon, and Orange river basins, as well as the Murray-Darling basin in southeastern Australia. These negative flows mostly indicate intense human water use.</p>
591.  
592.  
593.  
594. <p>“These are locations where we’re seeing fingerprints of water management,” said lead author Elyssa Collins, who conducted the analysis as a JPL intern and doctoral student at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.</p>
595.  
596.  
597.  
598. <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>A New Way to Quantify Rivers</strong></h3>
599.  
600.  
601.  
602. <p>For decades, most estimates of Earth’s total river water were refinements of a 1974 United Nations figure, and no study has illustrated how the amount has varied with time. Better estimates have been hard to come by, David said, due to a lack of observations of the world’s rivers, particularly those far from human populations.</p>
603.  
604.  
605.  
606. <p>Another issue has been that there are many more stream gauges monitoring the levels and flow of large rivers than there are of small ones. There’s also broad uncertainty in estimates of land runoff — the rainwater and snowmelt that flow into rivers.</p>
607.  
608.  
609.  
610. <p>The new study started from the premise that runoff flowing into and through a river system should roughly equal the amount that gauges measure downstream. Where the researchers found inconsistencies between simulated runoff from three land surface models and gauge measurements taken from approximately 1,000 locations, they used the gauge measurements to correct the simulated runoff numbers.</p>
611.  
612.  
613.  
614. <p>Then they modeled the runoff through rivers on a high-resolution global map developed using land-elevation data and imagery from space, including from <a href="https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/sensors/srtm" rel="noopener">NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a>. This approach yielded discharge rates, which were used to estimate average and monthly storage for individual rivers and the planet’s rivers in total.&nbsp;</p>
615.  
616.  
617.  
618. <p>Using a consistent methodology enables comparisons in flow and human drawdown between different regions.&nbsp;</p>
619.  
620.  
621.  
622. <p>“That way we can see where in the world the most amount of river water is stored, or where the most amount of water is being emptied into oceans from rivers,” said Collins, now a postdoctoral researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</p>
623.  
624.  
625.  
626. <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>News Media Contacts</strong></h3>
627.  
628.  
629.  
630. <p>Andrew Wang / Jane J. Lee<br>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.<br>626-379-6874 / 818-354-0307<br><a href="mailto:andrew.wang@jpl.nasa.gov">andrew.wang@jpl.nasa.gov</a> / <a href="mailto:jane.j.lee@jpl.nasa.gov">jane.j.lee@jpl.nasa.gov</a></p>
631.  
632.  
633.  
634. <p>2024-051</p>
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680. <div class="grid-col-8">Apr 26, 2024</div>
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744. <span class="display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2">
745. <svg version="1.1" class="square-2 margin-right-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><path d="M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z"/><path d="M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z"/></g></g></svg>
746. <span>Article</span>
747. </span>
748. <span class="">
749. 1 week ago </span>
750. </div>
751. </div>
752. </a>
753. </div>
754. </div>
755. </section>
756. </div>
757.  
758. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
759. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
760. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
761. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
762. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover Related Topics</h2>
763. </div>
764. </div>
765. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
766. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
767. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
768. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
769. <div>
770. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
771. <span>Missions</span>
772. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
773. </p>
774. </div>
775. </div>
776. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-1.jpg" ></figure> </div>
777. </a>
778. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
779. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
780. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
781. <div>
782. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
783. <span>Humans in Space</span>
784. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
785. </p>
786. </div>
787. </div>
788. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-2.jpg" ></figure> </div>
789. </a>
790. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
791. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
792. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
793. <div>
794. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
795. <span>Climate Change</span>
796. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
797. </p>
798. </div>
799. </div>
800. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-3.jpg" ></figure> </div>
801. </a>
802. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
803. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
804. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
805. <div>
806. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
807. <span>Solar System</span>
808. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
809. </p>
810. </div>
811. </div>
812. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-4.jpg" ></figure> </div>
813. </a>
814. </div>
815. </div>
816. </div>]]></content:encoded>
820. </item>
821. <item>
822. <title>Hubble Spots a Magnificent Barred Galaxy</title>
823. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/hubble-spots-a-magnificent-barred-galaxy/</link>
825. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Monika Luabeya]]></dc:creator>
826. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 16:57:50 +0000</pubDate>
827. <category><![CDATA[Galaxies]]></category>
828. <category><![CDATA[Galaxies, Stars, & Black Holes]]></category>
829. <category><![CDATA[Hubble Space Telescope]]></category>
830. <category><![CDATA[Spiral Galaxies]]></category>
831. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?post_type=image-article&#038;p=654069</guid>
832.  
833. <description><![CDATA[The magnificent central bar of NGC 2217 (also known as AM 0619-271) shines bright in the constellation of&#160;Canis Major&#160;(The Greater Dog), in this image taken by the&#160;NASA/ESA&#160;Hubble Space Telescope. Roughly 65 million light-years from Earth, this&#160;barred spiral galaxy&#160;is a similar size to our Milky Way at 100,000 light-years across. Many stars are concentrated in its [&#8230;]]]></description>
834. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2033" height="2048" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?w=2033" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="A bright, white galactic core shines near the center of the image with a faint bar of stars extending from it, diagonally to the right. Faint, hazy spiral arms encircle the core, with several distant stars and bright blue foreground stars with diffraction spikes scattered throughout the image, all against black space." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg 3977w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=298,300 298w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=768,774 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1016,1024 1016w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1525,1536 1525w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=2033,2048 2033w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=397,400 397w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=596,600 596w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=893,900 893w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1191,1200 1191w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hubble-ngc2217-potw2052a.jpg?resize=1985,2000 1985w" sizes="(max-width: 2033px) 100vw, 2033px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope images showcases the galaxy NGC 2217.</div><div class="hds-credits">ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA, J. Dalcanton; Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt (Geckzilla)</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
835.  
836.  
837. <p>The magnificent central bar of NGC 2217 (also known as AM 0619-271) shines bright in the constellation of&nbsp;Canis Major&nbsp;(The Greater Dog), in this image taken by the&nbsp;NASA/ESA&nbsp;<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" rel="noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. Roughly 65 million light-years from Earth, this&nbsp;barred spiral galaxy&nbsp;is a similar size to our Milky Way at 100,000 light-years across. Many stars are concentrated in its central region forming the luminous bar, surrounded by a set of tightly wound spiral arms.</p>
838.  
839.  
840.  
841. <p>The central bar in these types of galaxies plays an important role in their evolution, helping to funnel gas from the disk into the middle of the galaxy. The transported gas and dust are then either formed into new stars or fed to the supermassive black hole at the galaxy&#8217;s center. Weighing from a few hundred to over a billion times the mass of our Sun, supermassive black holes are present in almost all large galaxies.</p>
842.  
843.  
844.  
845. <p>This image was colorized with data from the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS).</p>
846.  
847.  
848.  
849. <p><strong>Text credit: European Space Agency (ESA)</strong></p>
850.  
851.  
852.  
853. <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">Media Contact:</span></strong></p>
854.  
855.  
856.  
857. <p><strong>Claire Andreoli</strong><br><strong>NASA&#8217;s&nbsp;</strong><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/goddard"><strong>Goddard Space Flight Center</strong></a>,&nbsp;<strong>Greenbelt, MD</strong><br><a href="mailto:claire.andreoli@nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>claire.andreoli@nasa.gov</strong></a></p>
858. ]]></content:encoded>
862. </item>
863. <item>
864. <title>Identification of Noise Sources During Launch Using Phased Array Microphone Systems</title>
865. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/nesc/identification-of-noise-sources-during-launch-using-phased-array-microphone-systems/</link>
867. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Meagan Chappell]]></dc:creator>
868. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 16:02:48 +0000</pubDate>
869. <category><![CDATA[NASA Engineering and Safety Center]]></category>
870. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=654036</guid>
871.  
872. <description><![CDATA[Identification of Noise Sources During Launch Using Phased Array Microphone Systems  Every part of a launch vehicle, launch pad, and ground operation equipment is subjected to the high acoustic load generated during lift-off [1]. Therefore, many extreme measures are taken to try to suppress this acoustic environment by damping with a water deluge system and [&#8230;]]]></description>
873. <content:encoded><![CDATA[
874. <p></p>
875.  
876.  
877.  
878. <p><strong>Identification of Noise Sources During Launch Using Phased Array Microphone Systems</strong> </p>
879.  
880.  
881.  
882. <p></p>
883.  
884.  
885.  
886. <p>Every part of a launch vehicle, launch pad, and ground operation equipment is subjected to the high acoustic load generated during lift-off [1]. Therefore, many extreme measures are taken to try to suppress this acoustic environment by damping with a water deluge system and diverting engine plumes away from the vehicle via flame trenches. Even single decibel reductions of the acoustic levels can translate into a sizable reduction of acoustic loadings, certification needs, operational costs, and even vehicle weight. Therefore, lowering the acoustic level via various mitigation schemes is an important aspect of a launch pad design.   </p>
887.  
888.  
889.  
890. <p></p>
891.  
892.  
893.  
894. <p>In 2011 and 2012, the NESC sponsored research into the effectiveness of a microphone phased array (MPA) to identify noise sources and tested the array during an Antares launch from the Wallops Flight Facility [2]. This simple prototype array was able to identify impingement-related noise sources during the launch.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
895.  
896.  
897.  
898. <p></p>
899.  
900.  
901.  
902. <p>Today, building on this previous work, a new open-space truss MPA architecture is in development and test for use during the Artemis II launch. This truss structure consists of an aluminum tubular frame holding 70 microphones mounted in optimized positions over a dome-shaped surface (Figure 1). The center canister structure holds visible and infrared cameras as well as the amplifier electronics that transfer and relay microphone signals out to data cables that send information to the ground-mounted data acquisition system. The collected data are postprocessed using a functional-orthogonal beamforming routine that minimizes the effects of side lobes and reflections on the acoustic signal [3]. This produces a much cleaner image of primary noise impingement sources emanating from the vehicle and launch pad structures. </p>
903.  
904.  
905. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1014" height="761" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png?w=1014" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png 1014w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png?resize=300,225 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png?resize=768,576 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png?resize=400,300 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png?resize=600,450 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art1.png?resize=900,675 900w" sizes="(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 1. Overall view of the MPA, cable bundle, and data acquisition cabinet.  </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
906.  
907.  
908. <p></p>
909.  
910.  
911.  
912. <p>The NESC activity is performing verification and validation tests to determine the MPA’s environmental survivability and validate the beamforming capability. This is being done using a phased testing approach. Phase 1 testing performed at ARC elevated the MPA (Figure 2) and used horns and speakers of known intensity to ensure its ability to identify and separate noise sources (Figure 3). </p>
913.  
914.  
915. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="862" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 59% 43%; object-position: 59% 43%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png 2674w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=300,126 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=768,323 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=1024,431 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=1536,647 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=2048,862 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=400,168 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=600,253 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=900,379 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=1200,505 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art2.png?resize=2000,842 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 2. Setup for the outdoor test using a train horn and a long-range acoustic device (LRAD) speaker. The MPA was raised to test heights by a Telehandler. </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
916.  
917. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1934" height="1330" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?w=1934" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png 1934w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=300,206 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=768,528 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=1024,704 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=1536,1056 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=400,275 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=600,413 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=900,619 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art3.png?resize=1200,825 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1934px) 100vw, 1934px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 3. Comparison between different beamform schemes at a fixed f=1338 Hz with array center 100 ft. horizontal and 10 ft. above LRAD speaker. </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
918.  
919.  
920. <p>In phase 2, the system was subjected to an actual engine noise environment during a static fire test at SSC. The MPA viewed the A-1 engine test stand during an RS-25 engine test from 460 feet, a similar distance from KSC Pad 39B to the lightning tower, where the MPA will be mounted for Artemis II (Figure 4). Results successfully identified and pinpointed the transient engine acoustic sources during the test (Figure 5). </p>
921.  
922.  
923. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1822" height="956" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?w=1822" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png 1822w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=300,157 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=768,403 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=1024,537 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=1536,806 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=400,210 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=600,315 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=900,472 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art4.png?resize=1200,630 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1822px) 100vw, 1822px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 4. Scaffold system used to mount MPA and location of the array with respect to the SSC A-1 test stand. Right Image Credit: Google Maps </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
924.  
925. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2034" height="1314" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?w=2034" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png 2034w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=300,194 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=768,496 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=1024,662 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=1536,992 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=400,258 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=600,388 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=900,581 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=1200,775 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art5.png?resize=2000,1292 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2034px) 100vw, 2034px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Noise sources identified at the indicated third-octave center frequencies using functional-orthogonal beamform.</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
926.  
927.  
928. <p>The final test occurred during the NG-19 Antares launch from the Wallops Flight Facility in July 2023. The MPA tracked the plume and acoustic environment during the launch, showing transition from initial engine thrust to the overpressure environment flowing from the flame trench as the vehicle lifted off (Figure 6). The array was able to collect meaningful data while mounted outside, under acoustic conditions similar to those expected during the Artemis II launch and also subjected to heat, humidity, salt air, and extreme weather. </p>
929.  
930.  
931. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1048" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png 2450w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=300,154 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=768,393 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=1024,524 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=1536,786 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=2048,1048 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=400,205 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=600,307 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=900,461 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=1200,614 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/techup2023-pg62-63-art6.png?resize=2000,1024 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 6. Time evolution of noise source generation during the NG-19 launch. The acoustic intensity of the redirected flow from the flame trench opening evolves to become a much stronger noise source, while acoustics from the plume are effectively mitigated by the sound suppression on the launch pad surface.  </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
932.  
933.  
934. <p></p>
935.  
936.  
937.  
938. <p>Next, the MPA will be deployed at KSC for the Artemis II launch to measure the acoustic impingement and identify critical noise sources during that event. The data collected will help further refine and optimize the sound suppression systems for Artemis III and future launches. </p>
939.  
940.  
941.  
942. <p></p>
943.  
944.  
945.  
946. <p><strong>References:</strong>&nbsp;</p>
947.  
948.  
949.  
950. <ol start="1">
951. <li>Eldred, K. M. &amp; Jones, G. W., Jr., “Acoustic load generated by the propulsion system,” NASA SP-8072, 1971.&nbsp;</li>
952. </ol>
953.  
954.  
955.  
956. <ol start="2">
957. <li>Panda, J., Mosher, R. N. &amp; Porter, B. J., “Noise Source Identification During Rocket Engine Test Firings and a Rocket Launch,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,&nbsp;&nbsp; Vol. 51, No. 4, July-Aug 2014. DOI: 10.2514/1.A32863&nbsp;</li>
958. </ol>
959.  
960.  
961.  
962. <ol start="3">
963. <li>Dougherty, R.P., “Functional Beamforming for Aeroacoustic Source Distributions,” 20th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, 10.2514/6.2014-3066, 2014. </li>
964. </ol>
965.  
966.  
967.  
968. <p></p>
969.  
970.  
971.  
972. <p>For more information, contact:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
973.  
974.  
975.  
976. <p>Dr. Jayanta Panda jayanta.panda-1@nasa.gov&nbsp;</p>
977.  
978.  
979.  
980. <p>Kenneth R. Hamm, Jr. kenneth.r.hamm@nasa.gov&nbsp;</p>
981.  
982.  
983.  
984. <p>Joel W. Sills <a href="mailto:joel.w.sills@nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">joel.w.sills@nasa.gov</a>&nbsp;</p>
985. ]]></content:encoded>
989. </item>
990. <item>
991. <title>NASA Grant Brings Students at Underserved Institutions to the Stars</title>
992. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/astrobiology/nasa-grant-brings-students-at-underserved-institutions-to-the-stars/</link>
994. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Anthony Greicius]]></dc:creator>
995. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 15:45:00 +0000</pubDate>
996. <category><![CDATA[Astrobiology]]></category>
997. <category><![CDATA[Internships]]></category>
998. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=652491</guid>
999.  
1000. <description><![CDATA[At the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, interns from Cal State LA are learning key skills studying the origins of life. What does wastewater management in Los Angeles have to do with the search for life on Mars? Eduardo Martinez certainly didn’t make the connection when he was pursuing a master’s in civil engineering. Not at [&#8230;]]]></description>
1001. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">5 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)</h1></div></div></div>
1002.  
1003. <div id="" class="hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel"> <div class="hds-carousel-wrapper">
1004. <div class="image-carousel-slider margin-0" id="image-carousel-slider">
1005. <div class="display-block width-full">
1006. <figure class="margin-0">
1007. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
1008. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="427" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Julia Chavez" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 5% 9%; object-position: 5% 9%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg 2000w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1-julia-chavez-conducting-an-experiment.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Julia Chavez examines an experiment within an oxygen-free chamber at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in March. Chavez is one of several students from California State University, Los Angeles who are interning at JPL’s Origins and Habitability Lab.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/JPL-Caltech</div></figcaption></div> </div>
1009. </figure>
1010. </div>
1011. <div class="display-block width-full">
1012. <figure class="margin-0">
1013. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2">
1014. <div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="427" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Cathy Trejo" style="transform: scale(1.02); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg 2000w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-cathy-trejo-shows-off-a-martian-simulant.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Cathy Trejo (right) shows off a tube filled with pebbles designed to mimic Martian regolith. During experiments, fluid is flushed through the tube many times, giving JPL astrobiology interns like Trejo and Julia Chaves (left) the chance to study how chemicals may have interacted with water on Mars billions of years ago.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/JPL-Caltech</div></figcaption></div> </div>
1015. </figure>
1016. </div>
1017. </div>
1018. <div class="hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0">
1019. <button class="hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev">
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1024. </button>
1025. </div>
1026. </div>
1027. </div>
1028.  
1029.  
1030. <p><em>At the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, interns from Cal State LA are learning key skills studying the origins of life.</em></p>
1031.  
1032.  
1033.  
1034. <p>What does wastewater management in Los Angeles have to do with the search for life on Mars? Eduardo Martinez certainly didn’t make the connection when he was pursuing a master’s in civil engineering. Not at first. Then his professor pointed him toward an internship opportunity at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory for astrobiology, the study of life’s origins and the possibility of life beyond Earth.</p>
1035.  
1036.  
1037.  
1038. <p>That professor, Arezoo Khodayari of California State University, Los Angeles, helped Martinez understand the chemistry common to both fields. Soon, Martinez saw that just as phosphorous, nitrogen, and other chemicals in wastewater can fuel algal blooms in the ocean, they can potentially provide energy for microbial life on other planets.</p>
1039.  
1040.  
1041. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1797" height="1161" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?w=1797" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Interns working in JPL’s Origins and Habitability Lab" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg 1797w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=300,194 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=768,496 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=1024,662 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=1536,992 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=400,258 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=600,388 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=900,581 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e1-a-lab-grown-chimney.jpg?resize=1200,775 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1797px) 100vw, 1797px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Interns working in JPL’s Origins and Habitability Lab grow fingerlike mineral structures like the one shown here to simulate oceans on early Earth — and possibly other planets. By studying how these structures form in the lab, scientists hope to learn more about potential life-creating chemical reactions. </div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/JPL-Caltech</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1042.  
1043.  
1044. <p>“Once I got a taste of planetary science, I knew I needed more,” said Martinez, who did the internship while finishing his degree at Cal State LA, where more than 70% of students are Latino and few have historically participated in NASA research. “If not for JPL, I would have stopped with my master’s.” Now he’s pursuing a doctorate in geosciences at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.</p>
1045.  
1046.  
1047.  
1048. <p>The inspiration that connects both fields lies at the core of a new NASA grant. Khodayari and Laurie Barge, who runs JPL’s <a href="https://origins-habitability.jpl.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener">Origins and Habitability Laboratory</a>, have received funding for up to six paid JPL internships over two years. The intent is to help develop the next generation of space-minded scientists from the students at Cal State LA.</p>
1049.  
1050.  
1051.  
1052. <p>The grant — <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-awards-inaugural-grants-to-support-emerging-research-institutions" rel="noopener">one of 11</a> recently awarded to emerging research universities by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate Bridge Program — helps underrepresented students learn more about astrobiology and perform NASA-sponsored research.</p>
1053.  
1054.  
1055.  
1056. <p>“As a large employer in Southern California, we have a duty to invest in our local communities,” Barge said of JPL’s role in the effort. “It makes NASA and its science more accessible to everyone.”</p>
1057.  
1058.  
1059. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2000" height="1333" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?w=2000" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="JPL’s Laurie Barge" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg 2000w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/e2-laurie-barge-and-arezoo-khodayari-and-jessica-weber.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">JPL’s Laurie Barge (far right) and California State University, Los Angeles’ Arezoo Khodayari (second from left) have collaborated for 10 years to bring interns to Barge’s astrobiology lab. JPL’s Jessica Weber (second from right) is also an astrobiologist in the lab; Julia Chavez (far left) and Cathy Trejo (center) are interns.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/JPL-Caltech</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1060.  
1061.  
1062. <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Building Community</strong></h3>
1063.  
1064.  
1065.  
1066. <p>Barge and Khodayari have been informally collaborating for 10 years, designing experiments to try to answer questions in their respective fields. Of the four Cal State LA interns Barge has hosted so far, two — <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00218" rel="noopener">including Martinez</a> — have been lead authors on published research papers.</p>
1067.  
1068.  
1069.  
1070. <p>“It is a great accomplishment to publish in a prestigious, peer-reviewed journal, especially as the first author,” Khodayari said. “It’s inspiring to see students from Cal State LA, which is primarily a teaching institution, provided research opportunities that result in these kinds of journal publications.”</p>
1071.  
1072.  
1073.  
1074. <p>She notes that many of her students work multiple jobs, so a paid internship means they can focus entirely on their studies without sacrificing essential income. And, Khodayari added, “they get exposure to a field far from their reality.”</p>
1075.  
1076.  
1077.  
1078. <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Tools and Skills</strong></h3>
1079.  
1080.  
1081.  
1082. <p>In Barge’s lab, dark, fingerlike mineral structures grow in beakers of cloudy liquid meant to simulate oceans on early Earth — and possibly on other planets. By studying how these structures form in the lab, scientists like Barge hope to learn more about the potential life-creating chemical reactions that take place around similar structures, called chimneys, that develop on the ocean floor around <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/simulating-early-ocean-vents-shows-lifes-building-blocks-form-under-pressure" rel="noopener">hydrothermal vents</a>.</p>
1083.  
1084.  
1085.  
1086. <p>“We learned so much in Laurie’s lab,” said Erika Flores, Barge’s first Cal State LA intern. “Not only are you working independently on your own projects, you’re collaborating with other interns and even other divisions at JPL.”</p>
1087.  
1088.  
1089.  
1090. <p>The middle of five children, Flores was the first in her family to graduate from high school. She initially attended University of California, Berkeley but felt isolated. After returning home, she earned her bachelor’s degree and began studying with Khodayari at Cal State LA.</p>
1091.  
1092.  
1093.  
1094. <p>Although she decided not to become a planetary scientist – “I considered it, but I didn’t want to spend another five years on a Ph.D.; I was ready to get a job” – Flores credits the JPL internship with helping her overcome a case of impostor syndrome. Equipped with a master’s that she completed during her internship, she now works for the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, overseeing 13 pumping plants that route wastewater to treatment plants.</p>
1095.  
1096.  
1097.  
1098. <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Interplanetary Connections</strong></h3>
1099.  
1100.  
1101.  
1102. <p>Like Flores, current Cal State LA intern Cathy Trejo wants to improve the world through clean water. She’s studying to be an environmental engineer, with a focus beyond wastewater.</p>
1103.  
1104.  
1105.  
1106. <p>But she was excited to see the parallels between Earth-bound science and planetary science during her internship. Learning to use mass spectrometers has even inspired her. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/msl-curiosity/" rel="noopener">NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover</a> has a mass spectrometer, the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/msl-curiosity/science-instruments/#h-sample-analysis-at-mars-sam-instrument-suite" rel="noopener">Sample Analysis at Mars</a> instrument, that measures the composition of different gases.</p>
1107.  
1108.  
1109.  
1110. <p>“Understanding the instruments we use on Mars has helped me better understand how we study chemistry here on Earth,” Trejo said.</p>
1111.  
1112.  
1113.  
1114. <p>She is fascinated that cumbersome lab instruments can be miniaturized to be taken to other planets, and that scientists are beginning to miniaturize similar instruments that could identify pollutants at Superfund sites.</p>
1115.  
1116.  
1117.  
1118. <p>Barge isn’t giving up hope that Trejo will stick with planetary science, but she’s just happy to help a budding scientist develop. “I hope these student research opportunities offer an appreciation for planetary exploration and how our work at NASA relates to important questions in other fields,” she said.</p>
1119.  
1120.  
1121.  
1122. <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>News Media Contacts</strong></h3>
1123.  
1124.  
1125.  
1126. <p>Andrew Good<br>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.<br>818-393-2433<br><a href="mailto:andrew.c.good@jpl.nasa.gov">andrew.c.good@jpl.nasa.gov</a></p>
1127.  
1128.  
1129.  
1130. <p>Karen Fox / Alise Fisher<br>NASA Headquarters, Washington<br>301-286-6284 / 202 358-2546<br><a href="mailto:karen.c.fox@nasa.gov">karen.c.fox@nasa.gov</a> / <a href="mailto:alise.m.fisher@nasa.gov">alise.m.fisher@nasa.gov</a></p>
1131.  
1132.  
1133.  
1134. <p>2024-050      </p>
1135.  
1136.  
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1180. <div class="grid-col-8">Apr 26, 2024</div>
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1184. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/science-research/planetary-science/astrobiology/">Astrobiology</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-internship-programs/">Internships</a></li></ul></div></div>
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1188.  
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1261. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
1262. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1263. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
1264. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover Related Topics</h2>
1265. </div>
1266. </div>
1267. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
1268. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1269. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1270. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1271. <div>
1272. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1273. <span>Missions</span>
1274. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1275. </p>
1276. </div>
1277. </div>
1278. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-1.jpg" ></figure> </div>
1279. </a>
1280. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1281. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1282. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1283. <div>
1284. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1285. <span>Humans in Space</span>
1286. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1287. </p>
1288. </div>
1289. </div>
1290. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-2.jpg" ></figure> </div>
1291. </a>
1292. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1293. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1294. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1295. <div>
1296. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1297. <span>Climate Change</span>
1298. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1299. </p>
1300. </div>
1301. </div>
1302. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-3.jpg" ></figure> </div>
1303. </a>
1304. <a href="#" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1305. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1306. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1307. <div>
1308. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1309. <span>Solar System</span>
1310. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1311. </p>
1312. </div>
1313. </div>
1314. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/topic-cards/topic-card-sample-4.jpg" ></figure> </div>
1315. </a>
1316. </div>
1317. </div>
1318. </div>]]></content:encoded>
1322. </item>
1323. <item>
1324. <title>Trajectory Reverse Engineering </title>
1325. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/nesc/trajectory-reverse-engineering/</link>
1327. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Meagan Chappell]]></dc:creator>
1328. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 15:16:41 +0000</pubDate>
1329. <category><![CDATA[NASA Engineering and Safety Center]]></category>
1330. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=620122</guid>
1331.  
1332. <description><![CDATA[A strategy for transferring spacecraft trajectories between flight mechanics tools, called Trajectory Reverse Engineering (TRE), has been developed[1]. This innovative technique has been designed to be generic, enabling its application between any pair of tools, and to be resilient to the differences found in the dynamical and numerical models unique to each tool. The TRE [&#8230;]]]></description>
1333. <content:encoded><![CDATA[
1334. <p></p>
1335.  
1336.  
1337.  
1338. <p>A strategy for transferring spacecraft trajectories between flight mechanics tools, called Trajectory Reverse Engineering (TRE), has been developed[1]. This innovative technique has been designed to be generic, enabling its application between any pair of tools, and to be resilient to the differences found in the dynamical and numerical models unique to each tool. The TRE technique was developed as part of the NESC study, Flight Mechanics Analysis Tools Interoperability and Component Sharing, to develop interfaces to support interoperability between several of NASA&#8217;s institutional flight mechanics tools.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
1339.  
1340.  
1341.  
1342. <p></p>
1343.  
1344.  
1345.  
1346. <p>The development of space missions involves multiple design tools, requiring the transfer of trajectories between them—a task that demands a large amount of trajectory data such as frames, states, state and time parametrizations, and dynamical and numerical models. This is a tedious and time-consuming task that is not always effective, particularly on complex dynamics where small variations in the models can cause trajectories to diverge in the reconstruction process.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
1347.  
1348.  
1349.  
1350. <p></p>
1351.  
1352.  
1353.  
1354. <p>The TRE strategy is a trajectory-sharing process that is agnostic to the models used and performed through a common object: the spacecraft and planet kernels (SPK), developed at JPL Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility. The use of this common object aims to lay the groundwork for a global flight mechanics tool interoperability system (Figure 1).&nbsp;</p>
1355.  
1356.  
1357. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="756" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 49% 15%; object-position: 49% 15%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png 2304w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=300,111 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=768,283 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=1024,378 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=1536,567 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=2048,756 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=400,148 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=600,221 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=900,332 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=1200,443 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art1-1.png?resize=2000,738 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 1. A) Interoperability between flight mechanics tools using standardized trajectory structures. B) Traditional specific tool-to-tool interface design.  </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1358.  
1359.  
1360. <p>An SPK file serves as a container object, representing a trajectory as a 6D invariant structure in phase-space, agnostic to gravitational environments, fidelity models, or numerical representation of the system. A judicious kernel scan is used to recover the trajectory in any new tool, with the minimum (or no) information from the generating source. Impulsive maneuvers can be extracted in the form of velocity discontinuities, finite burns can be detected as variations on the energy of the system, and natural bodies conforming the trajectory universe can be directly read from the kernel.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
1361.  
1362.  
1363.  
1364. <p>States or control points are found at predetermined time intervals or strategic points along the trajectory (e.g., periapsis, apoapsis, flybys closest approach), which are then used to reconstruct the trajectory timeline. The trajectory can be propagated forward in time using the selected set of control points. Due to the discrepancy between tool models, small or large discontinuities might appear between the integrated legs, which can be smoothed by the implementation of a multiple-shooting algorithm (Figure 2).&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
1365.  
1366.  
1367. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="756" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png 2302w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=300,111 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=768,284 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=1024,378 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=1536,567 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=2048,756 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=400,148 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=600,222 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=900,332 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=1200,443 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art2.png?resize=2000,738 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 2. Multiple-shooting algorithm, utilizing strategic control points and a forward-backward propagation scheme. </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1368.  
1369.  
1370. <p>The TRE strategy was successfully implemented for Monte and Copernicus in the form of Python scripts (examples of reconstructed trajectories from SPK for each of these tools are shown in Figure 3). Through an optional user input file, a user can configure their specific problem. User-defined constraints are also possible, but their implementation would depend on the specific tool. The benefits of this effort include cost reduction through the sharing of capabilities, acceleration of the turnaround process involving various analysis tools at different stages of mission development, improved design solutions through multi-tool mission designs, and a reduction in development redundancy.&nbsp;</p>
1371.  
1372.  
1373.  
1374. <p><strong>Reference:</strong>&nbsp;</p>
1375.  
1376.  
1377.  
1378. <ol start="1">
1379. <li>Restrepo, R. L., “Trajectory Reverse Engineering: A General Strategy for Transferring Trajectories Between Flight Mechanics Tools” AAS 23-312, January 2023.&nbsp;</li>
1380. </ol>
1381.  
1382.  
1383. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1566" height="1552" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?w=1566" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png 1566w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=150,150 150w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=300,297 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=768,761 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=1024,1015 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=1536,1522 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=50,50 50w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=100,100 100w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=400,396 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=600,595 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=900,892 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/techup2023-pg65-art3.png?resize=1200,1189 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1566px) 100vw, 1566px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Figure 3. Future and flown missions reconstructions using Copernicus (Europa Clipper, Cassini) and Monte (HLS, Voyager 2) from SPK obtained from the Horizons System database at https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/. </div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1384.  
1385.  
1386. <p>For information, contact Heather Koehler heather.koehler@nasa.gov and Ricardo L. Restrepo ricardo.l.restrepo@jpl.nasa.gov.&nbsp;</p>
1387.  
1388.  
1389.  
1390. <p></p>
1391. ]]></content:encoded>
1395. </item>
1396. <item>
1397. <title>NASA’s Hubble Pauses Science Due to Gyro Issue</title>
1398. <link>https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-pauses-science-due-to-gyro-issue/</link>
1400. <dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
1401. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 14:12:40 +0000</pubDate>
1402. <category><![CDATA[Astrophysics]]></category>
1403. <category><![CDATA[Astrophysics Division]]></category>
1404. <category><![CDATA[Goddard Space Flight Center]]></category>
1405. <category><![CDATA[Hubble Space Telescope]]></category>
1406. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-pauses-science-due-to-gyro-issue/</guid>
1407.  
1408. <description><![CDATA[NASA is working to resume science operations of the agency’s Hubble Space Telescope after it entered safe mode April 23 due to an ongoing gyroscope (gyro) issue. Hubble’s instruments are stable, and the telescope is in good health. The telescope automatically entered safe mode when one of its three gyroscopes gave faulty readings. The gyros […]]]></description>
1409. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="" class="padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro"><div class="width-full maxw-full article-header"><div class="margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full"><p class="label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0">2 min read</p><h1 class="display-48 margin-bottom-2">NASA’s Hubble Pauses Science Due to Gyro Issue</h1></div></div></div>
1410.  
1411. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1351" height="893" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?w=1351" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="hubble-telescope.jpg" style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 72% 22%; object-position: 72% 22%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp 1351w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?resize=300,198 300w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?resize=768,508 768w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?resize=1024,677 1024w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?resize=400,264 400w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?resize=600,397 600w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?resize=900,595 900w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hubble-telescope_0-jpg.webp?resize=1200,793 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1351px) 100vw, 1351px" loading="eager" /></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">The Hubble Space Telescope as seen from the space shuttle Atlantis (STS-125) in May 2009, during the fifth and final servicing of the orbiting observatory.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1412.  
1413.  
1414. <p>NASA is working to resume science operations of the agency’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" rel="noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a> after it entered safe mode April 23 due to an ongoing gyroscope (gyro) issue. Hubble’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/observatory/design/instruments/" rel="noopener">instruments</a> are stable, and the telescope is in good health.</p>
1415.  
1416.  
1417.  
1418. <p>The telescope automatically entered safe mode when one of its three gyroscopes gave faulty readings. The gyros measure the telescope’s turn rates and are part of the system that determines which <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/observatory/design/pointing-control/" rel="noopener">direction the telescope is pointed</a>. While in safe mode, science operations are suspended, and the telescope waits for new directions from the ground.</p>
1419.  
1420.  
1421.  
1422. <p>This particular gyro caused Hubble to enter safe mode in <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-space-telescope-pauses-science-due-to-gyro-issue/" rel="noopener">November</a> after returning similar faulty readings. The team is currently working to identify potential solutions. If necessary, the spacecraft can be re-configured to <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/observatory/design/hubble-one-gyro-mode/" rel="noopener">operate with only one gyro</a>, with the other remaining gyro placed in reserve . The spacecraft had six new gyros installed during the fifth and final space shuttle <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/observatory/missions-to-hubble/servicing-mission-4/" rel="noopener">servicing mission in 2009</a>. To date, three of those gyros remain operational, including the gyro currently experiencing fluctuations. Hubble uses three gyros to maximize efficiency, but could continue to make science observations with only one gyro if required.</p>
1423.  
1424.  
1425.  
1426. <p>NASA anticipates Hubble will continue making groundbreaking discoveries, working with other observatories, such as the agency’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" rel="noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, throughout this decade and possibly into the next.</p>
1427.  
1428.  
1429.  
1430. <p>Launched in 1990, Hubble has been observing the universe for more than three decades and recently celebrated its <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-celebrates-34th-anniversary-with-little-dumbbell-nebula/" rel="noopener">34th anniversary</a>. Read more about some of Hubble’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/science-highlights/" rel="noopener">greatest scientific discoveries</a> and visit <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" rel="noopener">nasa.gov/hubble</a> for updates.</p>
1431.  
1432.  
1433.  
1434. <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">Media Contact</span>:</strong></p>
1435.  
1436.  
1437.  
1438. <p><strong>Claire Andreoli</strong><br><strong>NASA’s </strong><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/goddard"><strong>Goddard Space Flight Center</strong></a>, <strong>Greenbelt, MD</strong><br><a href="mailto:claire.andreoli@nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>claire.andreoli@nasa.gov</strong></a></p>
1439.  
1440.  
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1447. <h2 class="heading-14">Share</h2>
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1471. </ul>
1472. </div>
1473. </div>
1474. </div>
1475. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1476. <div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black">
1477. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
1478. <h2 class="heading-14">Details</h2>
1479. </div>
1480. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3">
1481. <div class="grid-col-4">
1482. <div class="subheading">Last Updated</div>
1483. </div>
1484. <div class="grid-col-8">Apr 26, 2024</div>
1485. </div>
1486. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Editor</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Andrea Gianopoulos</div></div><div class="grid-row"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Location</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Goddard Space Flight Center</div></div> </div>
1487. </div>
1488. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/" rel="noopener">Astrophysics</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/" rel="noopener">Astrophysics Division</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble" rel="noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li></ul></div></div>
1489. </div>
1490. </section>
1491. </div>
1492.  
1493. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
1494. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
1495. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1496. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
1497. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover More Topics From NASA</h2>
1498. </div>
1499. </div>
1500. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
1501. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/hubble/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
1502. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1503. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1504. <div>
1505. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1506. <span>Hubble Space Telescope</span>
1507. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1508. </h3>
1509. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">Since its 1990 launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has changed our fundamental understanding of the universe.</p>
1510. </div>
1511. </div>
1512. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1512" height="1536" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?w=1512" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg 4031w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=295,300 295w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=768,780 768w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1008,1024 1008w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1512,1536 1512w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=2016,2048 2016w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=394,400 394w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=591,600 591w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=886,900 886w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1181,1200 1181w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/hubble-space-telescope-hst-6.jpg?resize=1969,2000 1969w" sizes="(max-width: 1512px) 100vw, 1512px" /></figure> </div>
1513. </a>
1514. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/juno/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
1515. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1516. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1517. <div>
1518. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1519. <span>Juno</span>
1520. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1521. </h3>
1522. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">NASA’s Juno spacecraft entered orbit around Jupiter in 2016, the first explorer to peer below the planet&#8217;s dense clouds to…</p>
1523. </div>
1524. </div>
1525. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1187" height="1536" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?w=1187" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp 1600w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=232,300 232w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=768,994 768w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=791,1024 791w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=1187,1536 1187w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=1583,2048 1583w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=309,400 309w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=464,600 464w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=696,900 696w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=928,1200 928w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/jpegpia21771.width-1600-jpg.webp?resize=1546,2000 1546w" sizes="(max-width: 1187px) 100vw, 1187px" /></figure> </div>
1526. </a>
1527. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
1528. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1529. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1530. <div>
1531. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1532. <span>Science News</span>
1533. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1534. </p>
1535. </div>
1536. </div>
1537. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="1438" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png 2000w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=300,281 300w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=768,719 768w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=1024,959 1024w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=1536,1438 1536w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=400,375 400w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=600,562 600w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=900,843 900w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stsci-01h44ay5ztcv1npb227b2p650j-temp.png?resize=1200,1124 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
1538. </a>
1539. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/james-webb-space-telescope/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0" rel="noopener">
1540. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1541. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1542. <div>
1543. <h3 class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1544. <span>James Webb Space Telescope</span>
1545. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1546. </h3>
1547. <p class="margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important">Webb is the premier observatory of the next decade, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide. It studies every phase in the…</p>
1548. </div>
1549. </div>
1550. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="890" src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp 3600w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=300,174 300w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=768,445 768w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1024,593 1024w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1536,890 1536w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=2048,1186 2048w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=400,232 400w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=600,348 600w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=900,521 900w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1200,695 1200w, https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=2000,1158 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
1551. </a>
1552. </div>
1553. </div>
1554. </div>]]></content:encoded>
1558. </item>
1559. <item>
1560. <title>NASA’s Commercial Partners Deliver Cargo, Crew for Station Science</title>
1561. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/iss-research/nasas-commercial-partners-deliver-cargo-crew-for-station-science/</link>
1563. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Ana Guzman]]></dc:creator>
1564. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 14:10:43 +0000</pubDate>
1565. <category><![CDATA[ISS Research]]></category>
1566. <category><![CDATA[Commercial Crew]]></category>
1567. <category><![CDATA[Commercial Resupply]]></category>
1568. <category><![CDATA[Commercial Space]]></category>
1569. <category><![CDATA[Humans in Space]]></category>
1570. <category><![CDATA[International Space Station (ISS)]]></category>
1571. <category><![CDATA[Johnson Space Center]]></category>
1572. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=652991</guid>
1573.  
1574. <description><![CDATA[NASA partners with commercial companies to provide safe, reliable, and cost-effective transportation of cargo and crew members to and from the International Space Station. A platform for long-duration research in microgravity, the station has operated continuously for more than 23 years, its crew members conducting a broad range of technology demonstrations and thousands of experiments [&#8230;]]]></description>
1575. <content:encoded><![CDATA[
1576. <p>NASA partners with commercial companies to provide safe, reliable, and cost-effective transportation of cargo and crew members to and from the International Space Station. A platform for long-duration research in microgravity, the station has operated continuously for more than 23 years, its crew members conducting a broad range of technology demonstrations and thousands of experiments in many scientific fields.</p>
1577.  
1578.  
1579.  
1580. <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Human Transportation</strong></h2>
1581.  
1582.  
1583.  
1584. <p>NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/commercial-crew-program/">Commercial Crew Program</a> provides systems capable of carrying astronauts to low Earth orbit and the space station through industry partners who design, build, test, and operate these systems. Crew members providing hands-on operation of scientific research is one of the unique advantages of the orbiting laboratory. Human operators monitor events on Earth in real time, swap out experiment samples, observe results firsthand, assess when conditions are favorable for data collection, and troubleshoot and otherwise manage and maintain scientific activities. Crew members also pack experiment samples to return to the ground for detailed analysis.</p>
1585.  
1586.  
1587.  
1588. <p>NASA commercial partner Boeing is launching NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams on a Crew Flight Test of its Starliner spacecraft in May 2024. The spacecraft launches to the space station on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida. This mission paves the way for NASA to certify the Starliner spacecraft for long-duration rotation missions to the space station.</p>
1589.  
1590.  
1591. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1365" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="Williams, seated in the foreground, and Wilmore, seated next to her, wear blue spacesuits, gloves, and headsets as they study a monitor in front of them. Williams is holding a sheaf of papers in her right hand." style="transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 41% 2%; object-position: 41% 2%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/53567594826-e21046f7be-k.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Crew members Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams in the Boeing Starliner simulator at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Robert Markowitz</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1592.  
1593.  
1594. <p>SpaceX, another commercial partner, conducted an uncrewed Demo-1 flight in March 2019, and in May 2020, the Demo-2 flight carried NASA astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley to the space station. The first operational mission, Crew-1, launched in November 2020. Since then, SpaceX has regularly sent crews to the orbiting laboratory for scientific missions. The Dragon spacecraft launches on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.</p>
1595.  
1596.  
1597. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=949&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="949" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=949&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="In the center of the image, a rocket lifts into a dark night sky above a column of bright fire and smoke billows out to the left. The launch tower is visible to the right of the fire column." style="transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=949&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=148&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=380&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=506&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=759&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=198&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=297&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=445&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202011150032/NHQ202011150032~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=593&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Crew-1 launches to the International Space Station in a Dragon spacecraft on Sunday, Nov. 15, 2020.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Joel Kowsky</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1598.  
1599.  
1600. <p>NASA’s commercial crew flights have significantly increased the amount of crew time available for research and expanded the potential for commercial use of the orbiting laboratory. More crew members mean more time for scientific research and technology demonstrations, and ultimately, more scientific results. To date, results generated by space station research range from improvements in the development of pharmaceuticals to better disaster response, improved materials manufacturing, advances in robotics, bioprinting human tissue, and more.</p>
1601.  
1602.  
1603. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=1920&#038;h=1280&#038;fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1920" height="1280" src="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=clip&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="McArthur, in the foreground wearing a short-sleeved blue shirt, khaki pants, and a headset, has her arms inside a large, clear experiment box that has multiple sample bags attached to its side. Hoshide, wearing a red sleeveless shirt, is giving two thumbs-up in the background. There is a large, circular hatch between them and a storage bag with an “ISS 20” patch on it and a string of flags from international partners across it." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 9% 11%; object-position: 9% 11%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=1920&amp;h=1280&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=300&amp;h=200&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=768&amp;h=512&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=1024&amp;h=683&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=1536&amp;h=1024&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=400&amp;h=267&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=900&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss065e242460/iss065e242460~large.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA astronaut Megan McArthur works with experiment samples with JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1604.  
1605.  
1606. <p>By enabling regular rotation of crew members, commercial crew flights also contribute to research on how long-duration missions affect human health, helping to prepare for exploration missions to the Moon and Mars.</p>
1607.  
1608.  
1609.  
1610. <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cargo Resupply</strong></h2>
1611.  
1612.  
1613.  
1614. <p>Through NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/commercial-resupply/">Commercial Resupply Services</a> program, partners SpaceX and Northrop Grumman fly cargo to the space station on rockets and spacecraft the companies developed.</p>
1615.  
1616.  
1617.  
1618. <p>Northrop Grumman transports scientific investigations and cargo on its Cygnus spacecraft. The company’s first resupply mission launched in 2013 and it had reached 20 missions by January 2024. When a Cygnus departs from the space station, it disposes of several thousand pounds of waste that burn up during re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere.</p>
1619.  
1620.  
1621. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1365" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="The silver, cylindrical spacecraft is labelled “Cygnus” in red letters and “Northrop Grumman” in blue letters. It has exposed machinery on one end and two solar panels extending like arms on either side of that. In the background is the pale blue Pacific Ocean on Earth below." style="transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 17% 0%; object-position: 17% 0%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg 5568w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/iss070e085663.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">A Northrop Grumman Cygnus approaches the International Space Station as they orbit above the south Pacific Ocean.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1622.  
1623.  
1624. <p>Departing Cygnus spacecraft also provide safe platforms to perform research that could create hazards if conducted on the space station, such as the Spacecraft Fire Safety Experiments (<strong>Saffire</strong>). This eight-year <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/glenn/flame-burns-out-on-nasas-long-running-spacecraft-fire-experiment/">series of investigations</a> studied flame growth and material flammability in space. The experiments were ignited in the cargo vehicles after their departure from the station and before re-entry to Earth, avoiding potential risk to the space station and its crew.</p>
1625.  
1626.  
1627.  
1628. <p>SpaceX launched its first Dragon cargo mission in October 2012 and by March 2024, had sent 30 commercial resupply services missions to the space station. Dragon is a reusable spacecraft that also returns samples from scientific investigations conducted on the space station. Beginning in 2021, these return flights started splashing down near Kennedy rather than in the Pacific Ocean. This capability allows scientists quick access to samples to make additional observations and analyses before the effects of gravity fully kick back in. Many researchers also conduct more in-depth analysis later in their home labs.</p>
1629.  
1630.  
1631. <div id="" class="width-full maxw-full margin-left-auto margin-right-auto hds-media-align-inline hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-video"><div class="hds-cover-wrapper width-full maxw-full flex-column"><div class="hds-video-container width-full embed-container"><video title="ksc-20220820-mh-mtd01-0001-spacex-crs-25-splashdown-3312296-trim" id="nasa-plus-FtpO2" class="video-js video-player vjs-fluid width-full" data-setup='{"controls":true,"preload":"auto","plugins":{"mux":{"debug":false,"data":{"env_key":"91nns8oppqdfqc44lgo4b1gni","player_name":"www.nasa.gov Player","video_name":"ksc-20220820-mh-mtd01-0001-spacex-crs-25-splashdown-3312296-trim"}}}}'  ><source src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ksc-20220820-mh-mtd01-0001-spacex-crs-25-splashdown-3312296-trim.mp4" type="video/mp4"><p class="vjs-no-js">To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that
1632. <a href="https://videojs.com/html5-video-support/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">supports HTML5 video</a></p></video></div></div><div class="hds-media-caption hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0"><div>A SpaceX Dragon splashes down in the Atlantic Ocean off the Florida coast. Credit: NASA</div></div></div></div>
1633.  
1634.  
1635. <p>NASA also is working with Sierra Space to develop the Dream Chaser spacecraft to transport cargo to and from the space station. The reusable, winged spacecraft is designed to use commercial runways and its cargo is subject to reduced gravitational forces on the return flight. Sierra Space conducted an autonomous atmospheric test flight in 2017.</p>
1636.  
1637.  
1638.  
1639. <p>These commercial partnerships build a strong American commercial space industry, as NASA focuses on developing the next generation of rockets and spacecraft for deep space missions and to put the first woman and first person of color on the Moon.</p>
1640.  
1641.  
1642.  
1643. <p><strong><em>Melissa Gaskill<br>International Space Station Research Communications Team<br>NASA’s Johnson Space Center</em></strong></p>
1644.  
1645.  
1646.  
1647. <p>Search <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/"><strong>this database</strong></a> of scientific experiments to learn more about those mentioned above.</p>
1648.  
1649.  
1650. <div id="" class="hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards"> <div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0">
1651. <div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3">
1652. <div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1653. <div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div>
1654. <h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm">Discover More Topics</h2>
1655. </div>
1656. </div>
1657. <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper">
1658. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/latest-news-from-space-station-research/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1659. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1660. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1661. <div>
1662. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1663. <span>Latest News from Space Station Research</span>
1664. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1665. </p>
1666. </div>
1667. </div>
1668. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1536" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?w=1024" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=683,1024 683w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/edu_iss066e135704_orig.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> </div>
1669. </a>
1670. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/commercial-crew-program/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1671. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1672. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1673. <div>
1674. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1675. <span>Commercial Crew Program</span>
1676. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1677. </p>
1678. </div>
1679. </div>
1680. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="863" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg 4928w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=768,431 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=1024,575 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=1536,863 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=2048,1150 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=600,337 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=1200,674 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Crew-2-Dragon.jpg?resize=2000,1123 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
1681. </a>
1682. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/commercial-resupply/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1683. <div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black">
1684. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1685. <div>
1686. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1687. <span>Commercial Resupply</span>
1688. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1689. </p>
1690. </div>
1691. </div>
1692. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1536" height="1024" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?w=1536" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/50675633317_375d38230a_k.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></figure> </div>
1693. </a>
1694. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/low-earth-orbit-economy/" class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
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1696. <div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200">
1697. <div>
1698. <p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1">
1699. <span>Low Earth Orbit Economy</span>
1700. <svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg>
1701. </p>
1702. </div>
1703. </div>
1704. <figure class="hds-media-background  "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1041" height="693" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg?w=1041" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536" alt="" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg 1041w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg?resize=400,266 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg?resize=600,399 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/iss044e054270.jpg?resize=900,599 900w" sizes="(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px" /></figure> </div>
1705. </a>
1706. </div>
1707. </div>
1708. </div>]]></content:encoded>
1712. <media:content url="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ksc-20220820-mh-mtd01-0001-spacex-crs-25-splashdown-3312296-trim.mp4" medium="video" width="1920" height="1012">
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1714. <media:title type="plain">NASA’s Commercial Partners Deliver Cargo, Crew for Station Science - NASA</media:title>
1715. <media:description type="html"><![CDATA[NASA partners with commercial companies to provide safe, reliable, and cost-effective transportation of cargo and crew members to and from the International Space Station. A platform for long-duration research in microgravity, the station has operated continuously for more than 23 years, its crew members conducting a broad range of technology demonstrations and thousands of experiments in many scientific fields.]]></media:description>
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1718. </media:content>
1719. </item>
1720. <item>
1721. <title>NASA’s ORCA, AirHARP Projects Paved Way for PACE to Reach Space</title>
1722. <link>https://www.nasa.gov/missions/pace/nasas-orca-airharp-projects-paved-way-for-pace-to-reach-space/</link>
1724. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Rob Garner]]></dc:creator>
1725. <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 12:25:34 +0000</pubDate>
1726. <category><![CDATA[PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem)]]></category>
1727. <category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
1728. <category><![CDATA[Earth Science Division]]></category>
1729. <category><![CDATA[Earth Science Technology Office]]></category>
1730. <category><![CDATA[Goddard Space Flight Center]]></category>
1731. <category><![CDATA[Goddard Technology]]></category>
1732. <category><![CDATA[Science Mission Directorate]]></category>
1733. <category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>
1734. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nasa.gov/?p=653862</guid>
1735.  
1736. <description><![CDATA[It took the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission just 13 minutes to reach low-Earth orbit from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in February 2024. It took a network of scientists at NASA and research institutions around the world more than 20 years to carefully craft and test the novel instruments that allow PACE [&#8230;]]]></description>
1737. <content:encoded><![CDATA[
1738. <p>It took the <a href="https://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener">Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE)</a> mission just 13 minutes to reach low-Earth orbit from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in February 2024. It took a network of scientists at NASA and research institutions around the world more than 20 years to carefully craft and test the novel instruments that allow PACE to study the ocean and atmosphere with unprecedented clarity.</p>
1739.  
1740.  
1741.  
1742. <p>In the early 2000s, a team of scientists at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in Greenbelt, Maryland, prototyped the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology/orca-prototype-ready-for-the-open-ocean/">Ocean Radiometer for Carbon Assessment (ORCA)</a> instrument, which ultimately became PACE’s primary research tool: the <a href="https://pace.oceansciences.org/oci.htm" rel="noopener">Ocean Color instrument (OCI).</a> Then, in the 2010s, a team from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), worked with NASA to prototype the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/science-enabling-technology/technology-highlights/new-cubesats-first-light-shows-clouds-and-aerosols/" rel="noopener">Hyper Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP),</a> a shoebox-sized instrument that will collect groundbreaking measurements of atmospheric aerosols.</p>
1743.  
1744.  
1745.  
1746. <p>Neither PACE&#8217;s OCI nor <a href="https://pace.oceansciences.org/harp2.htm" rel="noopener">HARP2</a> — a nearly exact copy of the HARP prototype — would exist were it not for NASA’s early investments in novel technologies for Earth observation through competitive grants distributed by the agency’s <a href="http://esto.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener">Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO).</a> Over the last 25 years, ESTO has managed the development of more than 1,100 new technologies for gathering science measurements.</p>
1747.  
1748.  
1749.  
1750. <p>“All of this investment in the tech development early on basically made it much, much easier for us to build the observatory into what it is today,” said Jeremy Werdell, an oceanographer at NASA Goddard and project scientist for PACE.</p>
1751.  
1752.  
1753.  
1754. <p>Charles “Chuck” McClain, who led the ORCA research team until his retirement in 2013, said NASA’s commitment to technology development is a cornerstone of PACE’s success. “Without ESTO, it wouldn’t have happened. It was a long and winding road, getting to where we are today.”</p>
1755.  
1756.  
1757. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1583" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?w=2048" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="three men standing beside a small, black piece of space satellite hardware" style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp 3300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=300,232 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=768,593 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=1024,791 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=1536,1187 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=2048,1583 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=400,309 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=600,464 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=900,695 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=1200,927 1200w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/orca-team.webp?resize=2000,1545 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">Left to right: Gerhard Meister, Bryan Monosmith, and Chuck McClain are shown here at NASA&#8217;s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., in 2015 with the Ocean Radiometer for Carbon Assessment (ORCA) prototype that led to the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) aboard NASA’s Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Bill Hrybyk</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1758.  
1759.  
1760. <p>It was ORCA that first demonstrated a telescope rotating at a speed of six revolutions per second could synchronize perfectly with an array of charge-coupled devices — microchips that transform telescopic projections into digital images. This innovation made it possible for OCI to observe hyperspectral shades of ocean color previously unobtainable using space-based sensors.</p>
1761.  
1762.  
1763.  
1764. <p>But what made ORCA especially appealing to PACE was its pedigree of thorough testing. “One really important consideration was technology readiness,&#8221; said Gerhard Meister, who took over ORCA after McClain retired and serves as OCI instrument scientist. Compared to other ocean radiometer designs that were considered for PACE, &#8220;we had this instrument that was ready, and we had shown that it would work.”</p>
1765.  
1766.  
1767.  
1768. <p>Technology readiness also made HARP an appealing solution to PACE’s <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14454" rel="noopener">polarimeter</a> challenge. Mission engineers needed an instrument powerful enough to ensure PACE’s ocean color measurements weren’t jeopardized by atmospheric interference, but compact enough to fly on the PACE observatory platform.</p>
1769.  
1770.  
1771.  
1772. <p>By the time Vanderlei Martins, an atmospheric scientist at UMBC, first spoke to Werdell about incorporating a version of HARP into PACE in 2016, he had proven the technology with <a href="https://impact.earthdata.nasa.gov/casei/instrument/AirHARP" rel="noopener">AirHARP,</a> an airplane-mounted version of HARP, and was using an ESTO award to prepare <a href="https://esto.nasa.gov/25years/harp/" rel="noopener">HARP CubeSat</a> for space.</p>
1773.  
1774.  
1775.  
1776. <p>HARP2 relies on the same optical system developed through AirHARP and HARP CubeSat. A wide-angle lens observes Earth’s surface from up to 60 different viewing angles with a spatial resolution of 1.62 miles (2.6kilometers) per pixel, all without any moving parts. This gives researchers a global view of aerosols from a tiny instrument that consumes very little energy.</p>
1777.  
1778.  
1779. <div id="" class="hds-media hds-module wp-block-image"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover "><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2000" height="1333" src="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?w=2000" class="attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048" alt="A small piece of spaceflight hardware in a dark room, exposed to a bright red light for calibration testing prior to launch" style="transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 45% 100%; object-position: 45% 100%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg 2000w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/gsfc-20221004-pace-074274-2000w.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">HARP2, short for Hyper Angular Rainbow Polarimeter 2, undergoes calibration testing prior to launch aboard PACE.</div><div class="hds-credits">NASA/Denny Henry</div></figcaption></div></div></div>
1780.  
1781.  
1782. <p>Were it not for NASA’s early support of AirHARP and HARP CubeSat, said Martins, “I don’t think we would have HARP2 today.” He added: “We achieved every single goal, every single element, and that was because ESTO stayed with us.”</p>
1783.  
1784.  
1785.  
1786. <p>That support continues making a difference to researchers like <a href="https://pace.oceansciences.org/people_ea.htm?id=107" rel="noopener">Jessie Turner,</a> an oceanographer at the University of Connecticut who will use PACE to study algal blooms and water clarity in the Chesapeake Bay.</p>
1787.  
1788.  
1789.  
1790. <p>“For my application that I’m building for early adopters of PACE data, I actually think that polarimeters are going to be really useful because that’s something we haven’t fully done before for the ocean,” Turner said. “Polarimetric data can actually help us see what kind of particles are in the water.”</p>
1791.  
1792.  
1793.  
1794. <p>Without the early development and test-drives of the instruments from McClain’s and Martins’ teams, PACE as we know it wouldn’t exist.</p>
1795.  
1796.  
1797.  
1798. <p>“It all kind of fell in place in a timely manner that allowed us to mature the instruments, along with the science, just in time for PACE,” said McClain.</p>
1799.  
1800.  
1801.  
1802. <p>To explore current opportunities to collaborate with NASA on new technologies for studying Earth, visit ESTO’s open solicitations page <a href="https://esto.nasa.gov/funding-process/" rel="noopener">here.</a></p>
1803.  
1804.  
1805.  
1806. <p><strong>By <a href="mailto:gage.taylor@nasa.gov">Gage Taylor</a></strong><br><strong><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, Greenbelt, Md.</strong></p>
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1860. </div>
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1863. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0">
1864. <div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black">
1865. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
1866. <h2 class="heading-14">Details</h2>
1867. </div>
1868. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3">
1869. <div class="grid-col-4">
1870. <div class="subheading">Last Updated</div>
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1872. <div class="grid-col-8">Apr 26, 2024</div>
1873. </div>
1874. <div class="grid-row margin-bottom-3"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Editor</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Rob Garner</div></div><div class="grid-row"><div class="grid-col-4"><div class="subheading">Location</div></div><div class="grid-col-8">Goddard Space Flight Center</div></div> </div>
1875. </div>
1876. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black "><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h2 class="heading-14">Related Terms</h2></div><ul class="article-tags"><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pace" rel="noopener">PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem)</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/" rel="noopener">Earth</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/" rel="noopener">Earth Science Division</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://esto.nasa.gov" rel="noopener">Earth Science Technology Office</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/technology/">Goddard Technology</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/about-us/" rel="noopener">Science Mission Directorate</a></li><li class="article-tag"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology/">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div>
1877. </div>
1878. </section>
1879. </div>
1880.  
1881. <div id="" class="nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles"> <section class="hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9">
1882. <div class="w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left">
1883. <div class="margin-bottom-4"><h2 style="max-width: 100%;" class="width-full w-full maxw-full">Explore More</h2></div>
1884. </div>
1885. <div class="grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0">
1886. <div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3">
1887. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/earth/nasas-pace-data-on-ocean-atmosphere-climate-now-available/" class="color-carbon-black">
1888. <div class="margin-bottom-2">
1889. <div class="hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile">
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1892. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
1893. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">4 min read</div>
1894. <div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="related-article-title">NASA’s PACE Data on Ocean, Atmosphere, Climate Now Available</h3></div>
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1898. <span>Article</span>
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1901. 2 weeks ago </span>
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1913. <div class="subheading margin-bottom-1">5 min read</div>
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1918. <span>Article</span>
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1920. <span class="">
1921. 5 months ago </span>
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1924. </a>
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1932. <div class="padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10">
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1938. <span>Article</span>
1939. </span>
1940. <span class="">
1941. 9 years ago </span>
1942. </div>
1943. </div>
1944. </a>
1945. </div>
1946. </div>
1947. </section>
1948. </div>]]></content:encoded>
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