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  1. <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887</id><updated>2024-03-14T14:56:42.251+07:00</updated><category term="Adventure"/><category term="Tips Blogger"/><category term="Forecast"/><category term="Game"/><category term="Menu"/><category term="Al-Quran"/><category term="Contact Me"/><category term="Friends"/><category term="Maps"/><category term="Meta Tags"/><category term="Radio"/><category term="TV Online"/><title type='text'>Exploration</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>882</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-8069583493862966908</id><published>2011-09-18T13:39:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.823+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Svaneti</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2aNIPAOOJXnQNoc3z3cyqJHWvLMXkVuYcjLJAZYADwiQOCSj4iPDswrbU7ziR9WfmUejf3VOHYuouWEjSb5JnP5WOGrrXIhyr9ru3NVSqSGmfw6TbsBHmhSTp2elB2UR42kNQpb8tPQ/s1600/site_0709_0001-469-0-20070814153826.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2aNIPAOOJXnQNoc3z3cyqJHWvLMXkVuYcjLJAZYADwiQOCSj4iPDswrbU7ziR9WfmUejf3VOHYuouWEjSb5JnP5WOGrrXIhyr9ru3NVSqSGmfw6TbsBHmhSTp2elB2UR42kNQpb8tPQ/s400/site_0709_0001-469-0-20070814153826.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  2. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  3. Svaneti (Suania in ancient sources) (Georgian: სვანეთი Svaneti) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of the country. It is inhabited by the Svans, a geographic subgroup of the Georgians.&lt;br /&gt;
  4. &lt;br /&gt;
  5. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  6. &lt;br /&gt;
  7. Surrounded by 3,000–5,000 meter peaks, Svaneti is the highest inhabited area in the Caucasus. Four of the 10 highest peaks of the Caucasus are located in the region. The highest mountain in Georgia, Mount Shkhara at 5,201 meters (17,059 feet), is located in the province. Prominent peaks include Tetnuldi (4,974m./16,319ft.), Shota Rustaveli (4,960m./16,273ft.), Mt. Ushba (4,710m./15,453ft.), Ailama (4,525m./14,842ft.), as well as Lalveri, Latsga and others.&lt;br /&gt;
  8. &lt;br /&gt;
  9. Situated on the southern slopes of the central Greater Caucasus, Svaneti extends over the upper valleys of the Rioni, Enguri and Tskhenistskali. Geographically and historically, the province has been divided into two parts - Upper Svaneti (Zemo Svaneti; the present day Mestia Raioni) and Lower Svaneti (Kvemo Svaneti; the present day Lentekhi Raioni) - centering on the valleys of the upper reaches of the two rivers Enguri and Cxenis-c’q’ali, respectively. They are distributed between the present-day regions of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti and Racha - Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti respectively. Historical Svaneti also included the Kodori Gorge in the adjoining rebel province of Abkhazia, and part of the adjacent river valleys of Kuban and Baksan of Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
  10. &lt;br /&gt;
  11. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Landscape&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  12. &lt;br /&gt;
  13. The landscape of Svaneti is dominated by mountains that are separated by deep gorges. Most of the region which lies below 1,800 meters (5,904ft.) above sea level is covered by mixed and coniferous forests. The forest zone is made up of tree species such as spruce, fir, beech, oak, and hornbeam. Other species that are less common but may still be found in some areas include chestnut, birch, maple, pine and box. The zone which extends from 1,800 meters to roughly about 3,000 meters (5,904–9,840ft.) above sea level consists of alpine meadows and grasslands. Eternal snows and glaciers take over in areas that are over 3,000 meters above sea level. The region is notable for its glaciers and picturesque summits. Svaneti&#39;s signature peak is probably Mt. Ushba which towers over the Inguri Gorge and can be seen from many parts of the region.&lt;br /&gt;
  14. &lt;br /&gt;
  15. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Climate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  16. &lt;br /&gt;
  17. The climate of Svaneti is humid and is influenced by the air masses coming in from the Black Sea throughout the year. Average temperatures and precipitation vary considerably with elevation. Annual precipitation ranges between 1000 and 3200mm (39 and 126 inches). The highest amount of precipitation falls on the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The region is characterized by very heavy snowfall in the winter and avalanches are a frequent occurrence. Snow cover may reach 5 meters (16.4 feet) in some areas. In general, the lowest regions of Svaneti (800–1200 meters/2624–3936 feet above sea level) are characterized by long, warm summers and relatively cold and snowy winters. Middle altitudes (1200-1800 meters above sea level) experience relatively warm summers and cold winters. Areas above 2000 meters above sea level lie within a zone that experiences short, cool summers (less than 3 months) and long and cold winters. Large parts of Svaneti lie above 3000 meters (9840 feet) above sea level, a zone which does not have a real summer. Due to Svaneti&#39;s close proximity to the Black Sea, the region is spared from the extremely cold winter temperatures that are characteristic of high mountains.&lt;br /&gt;
  18. &lt;br /&gt;
  19. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  20. &lt;br /&gt;
  21. The Svans are usually identified with the Soanes mentioned by Greek geographer Strabo, who placed them more or less in the area still occupied by the modern-day Svans. The province had been a dependency of Colchis, and of its successor kingdom of Lazica (Egrisi) until AD 552, when the Svans took advantage of the Lazic War, repudiated this connexion and went over to the Persians. The Byzantines wanted the region, for if they secured its passes, they could prevent Persian raids on the border areas of Lazica. With the end of the war (562), Svanetia again became part of Lazica. Then, the province joined the Kingdom of Abkhazia to form a unified monarchy which was incorporated into the Kingdom of Georgia in the early 11th century. Svanetia became a duchy (saeristavo) within it, governed by a duke (eristavi). The province’s Orthodox culture flourished particularly during the Georgian “golden age” under Queen Tamar (r. 1184-1213), who was respected almost as goddess by the Svanetians. The legend has it that the duchy was annually visited by Tamar. The Svans had been known as fierce warriors for centuries. Their inflatable war banner was named Lemi (Lion) because of its shape.&lt;br /&gt;
  22. &lt;br /&gt;
  23. The marauding Mongols never reached Svanetia and, for a time, the region became a cultural safe house. Following the final disintegration of the Kingdom of Georgia in the 1460s, fighting broke out for controlling the province. Part of Upper Svanetia formed an independent principality under the Princes Dadeshkeliani, a branch of the Gelovani family, while Lower Svanetia, originally ruled by the Princes Gelovani, was temporarily usurped and subdued by the Mingrelian princes Dadiani. Facing serious internal conflict, Prince Tsioq’ Dadeshkeliani of Svanetia signed a treaty of protectorate with the Russian Empire on November 26, 1833. Difficult to access, the region retained significant autonomy until 1857, when Russia took advantage of the dynastic feud in Svanetia and effectively abolished the principality’s autonomy. In 1875, the Russians toughened their rule by imposing additional taxes. Protests ensued, and Russia deployed troops against the province. Despite having suffered heavy losses, the Russian army units eventually crushed the rebels burning their stronghold Khalde to the ground in 1876.&lt;br /&gt;
  24. &lt;br /&gt;
  25. Part of the Russian governorate of Kutais, Svanetia was divided into two raions (districts) – Mestia (former Sethi) and Lentekhi – under the Soviet rule. The unsuccessful anti-Soviet Svanetian Uprising took place in the region in 1921.&lt;br /&gt;
  26. &lt;br /&gt;
  27. In 1987, avalanches destroyed several homes and killed seventy, mostly school children. In the aftermath the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union passed a decree to resettle some 2,500 families to districts of eastern Georgia (eco-migration to Marneuli, Tetritskaro, Bolnisi, Sagarejo, Gardabani, Dmanisi, Kaspi,Tskaltubo, Khoni, Ozurgeti, and Lanchkhuti rayons). Collapse of the Soviet Union, and subsequent Georgian Civil War created severe socioeconomic problems in the region. While the Svanetian population resisted the unpleasant conditions of the high mountain environment they lived in for centuries, the increasing economic difficulties of the last two decades and frequent natural disasters – floods and landslides as of April 2005&amp;nbsp; have brought about a strong tendency towards migration. The province became a safe haven for criminals threatening local residents and tourists. Large-scale anti-criminal operations carried out by the Georgian Special Forces as of March 2004&amp;nbsp; resulted in significant improvement of the situation.&lt;br /&gt;
  28. &lt;br /&gt;
  29. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Population&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  30. &lt;br /&gt;
  31. The Svans, the indigenous population of Svanetia, are ethnic subgroup of the Georgians. Until the 1930s, Mingrelians and Svans had their own census grouping, but were classified under the broader category of Georgian thereafter. They are Georgian Orthodox Christians, and were Christianized in the 4th-6th centuries. However, some remnants of old paganism have been maintained. Saint George (known as Jgëræg to the locals), a patron saint of Georgia, is the most respected saint. The Svans have retained many of their old traditions, including blood revenge. Their families are small, and the husband is the head of his family. The Svan really respect the older women in families.&lt;br /&gt;
  32. &lt;br /&gt;
  33. Typically bilingual, they use both Georgian and their own, unwritten Svan language, which together with the Georgian, Mingrelian, and Laz languages constitute the South Caucasian or Kartvelian language family. The Svan language is being largely replaced by the Georgian proper.&lt;br /&gt;
  34. &lt;br /&gt;
  35. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Culture and tourism&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  36. &lt;br /&gt;
  37. Svanetia is known for their architectural treasures and picturesque landscapes. The Botany of Svanetia is legendary among travelers. The famous Svanetian towers erected mainly in the 9th-12th centuries, make the region’s villages more attractive. In the province are dozens of Georgian Orthodox churches and various fortified buildings. Architectural monuments of Upper Svanetia are included in a list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.&lt;br /&gt;
  38. &lt;br /&gt;
  39. Svan culture survives most wonderfully in its songs and dances. Svanetia boasts the most complex form of Georgian polyphonic singing, traditional to Georgian vocal music.&lt;br /&gt;
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  48. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_84_W8ltehuMwFa4NeK2rAjmqNSy0_4KQEs8lkoWnhAI3Wn0yxuGnomx-yqAzAkFf6DglcqMe4ttkU5EZI9q3gHBWeq1X5NmwPh8sOND4zQs7p_Q79QVVA9TGL9-vccTewaiR-p6hHE/s1600/site_0709_0010-500-375-20070814155249.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_84_W8ltehuMwFa4NeK2rAjmqNSy0_4KQEs8lkoWnhAI3Wn0yxuGnomx-yqAzAkFf6DglcqMe4ttkU5EZI9q3gHBWeq1X5NmwPh8sOND4zQs7p_Q79QVVA9TGL9-vccTewaiR-p6hHE/s400/site_0709_0010-500-375-20070814155249.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/8069583493862966908/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/svaneti.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/8069583493862966908'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/8069583493862966908'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/svaneti.html' title='Svaneti'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2aNIPAOOJXnQNoc3z3cyqJHWvLMXkVuYcjLJAZYADwiQOCSj4iPDswrbU7ziR9WfmUejf3VOHYuouWEjSb5JnP5WOGrrXIhyr9ru3NVSqSGmfw6TbsBHmhSTp2elB2UR42kNQpb8tPQ/s72-c/site_0709_0001-469-0-20070814153826.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-9022980596709862976</id><published>2011-09-18T13:28:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.824+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Mtskheta</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTdtwWFL6FDWHBX6p_dX1QaHYsStI8LHP7wBPsU-x0qvHPLihY6cuDxZ31DgZJyCLKWiLufsW9Fx-WfxtN2IEz70vteSNtqIhzLn9jV4147FhM6EYPh8L4yA9XUxHhyphenhyphenrhd-KWJ0y197o/s1600/800px-JvariAugust2008.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTdtwWFL6FDWHBX6p_dX1QaHYsStI8LHP7wBPsU-x0qvHPLihY6cuDxZ31DgZJyCLKWiLufsW9Fx-WfxtN2IEz70vteSNtqIhzLn9jV4147FhM6EYPh8L4yA9XUxHhyphenhyphenrhd-KWJ0y197o/s400/800px-JvariAugust2008.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  49. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  50. Mtskheta (Georgian: მცხეთა), one of the oldest cities of the country of Georgia (in Kartli province of Eastern Georgia), is located approximately 20 kilometers north of Tbilisi at the confluence of the Aragvi and Kura rivers. The city (population 19,423 as of January 1, 2008) is now the administrative centre of the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region. Due to its historical significance and numerous ancient monuments, the &quot;Historical Monuments of Mtskheta&quot; became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994.&lt;br /&gt;
  51. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  52. History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  53. &lt;br /&gt;
  54. Remains of towns at this location have been dated to earlier than the year 1000 BC, and Mtskheta was capital of the early Georgian Kingdom of Iberia during the 3rd century BC – 5th century AD. It was the site of early Christian activity, and the location where Christianity was proclaimed the state religion of Georgia in 337. Mtskheta still remains the headquarters of the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church.&lt;br /&gt;
  55. &lt;br /&gt;
  56. King Dachi I Ujarmeli (beginning of the 6th century AD), who was the successor of Vakhtang I Gorgasali, moved the capital from Mtskheta to the more easily defensible Tbilisi according to the will left by his father. However, Mtskheta continued to serve as the coronation and burial place for most kings of Georgia until the end of the kingdom in the 19th century.&lt;br /&gt;
  57. &lt;br /&gt;
  58. The old city lies at the confluence of the rivers Mtkvari and Aragvi. The rare blend of cultural values had ruled in this part of the world since the Bronze Age until prosperous Christian era over the unique eclectic lifestyle creating the mood of the town which is as old as the history of Georgia. Mtskheta is the most religious city of Georgia as it has been the shrine of pagan idols since times immemorial and it is where Christianity in Georgia takes its origin.&lt;br /&gt;
  59. &lt;br /&gt;
  60. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Monuments&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  61. &lt;br /&gt;
  62. Svetitskhoveli Cathedral (11th century, see photo) and Jvari Monastery (6th century) in Mtskheta are amongst the most significant monuments of Georgian Christian architecture, and are historically significant in the development of medieval architecture throughout the Caucasus. Of special significance are early inscriptions, which form a valuable reference in the study of the origins of the early Georgian alphabet.&lt;br /&gt;
  63. &lt;br /&gt;
  64. In the outskirts of Mtskheta are the ruins of Armaztsikhe fortress (3rd century BC), the Armaztsikhe acropolis (dating to the late 1st millennium BC), remains of a &quot;Pompey&#39;s bridge&quot; (according to legends built by Roman legionnaires of Pompey the Great in 1st century BC), the fragmentary remains of a royal palace (1st–3rd century AD), a nearby tomb of the 1st century AD, a small church of the 4th century, the Samtavro Monastery (11th century), and the fortress of Bebris Tsikhe (14th century). The Institute of Archaeology, and the garden of Mikheil Mamulashvili are also worthy of note.&lt;br /&gt;
  65. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  66. Threats&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  67. The Historical Monuments of Mtskheta were recently placed on UNESCO&#39;s List of World Heritage in Danger, citing &quot;serious deterioration of the stonework and frescoes&quot; as the main threat to the site&#39;s long-term preservation.&lt;br /&gt;
  68. &lt;br /&gt;
  69. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkZfenAQBOifPvK_3KbqJal4lbxG3oc34sjb2FbzFDDqEsa_mKWxedUkagqXomcAGUB7m4x3Xuii9I96CtQZPWCUy35enlSHOtN9oNnalNkJ8_fOoaqhwiLs6nDUyUkC40-UCAbmLvOCg/s1600/Mtskheta%252C_Svetitskhoveli.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkZfenAQBOifPvK_3KbqJal4lbxG3oc34sjb2FbzFDDqEsa_mKWxedUkagqXomcAGUB7m4x3Xuii9I96CtQZPWCUy35enlSHOtN9oNnalNkJ8_fOoaqhwiLs6nDUyUkC40-UCAbmLvOCg/s400/Mtskheta%252C_Svetitskhoveli.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  70. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-cIeCboo3bPbD6t_iauSQ0z6wNRx9CyP0HsxCy0JzAqJKTCBe0newrxkoB3l9nRUvE5jZJbpEuQkx6rTkbxNzmbfBA4_JMfkRZ3vg6RPH8h8mKtBUZBYYLFgQ1ib3M5cooEgCFhEVuqc/s1600/800px-MtskhetaMtkvariAragvi.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;237&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-cIeCboo3bPbD6t_iauSQ0z6wNRx9CyP0HsxCy0JzAqJKTCBe0newrxkoB3l9nRUvE5jZJbpEuQkx6rTkbxNzmbfBA4_JMfkRZ3vg6RPH8h8mKtBUZBYYLFgQ1ib3M5cooEgCFhEVuqc/s400/800px-MtskhetaMtkvariAragvi.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  71. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0k2PW1O-BpaF3JbZvGV5dsnxWtE7NdZ3MOFNYiFTzR2VFY8wy2C-HffLy0bH47oh7_0o8rf2rgCRf3OKcy5Q7PfbfTlEzqRW13_INk0K6_McjLEVsoKYyIV8hRDfn08WyRDJDmQ7abAY/s1600/800px-Pompeybridge1.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0k2PW1O-BpaF3JbZvGV5dsnxWtE7NdZ3MOFNYiFTzR2VFY8wy2C-HffLy0bH47oh7_0o8rf2rgCRf3OKcy5Q7PfbfTlEzqRW13_INk0K6_McjLEVsoKYyIV8hRDfn08WyRDJDmQ7abAY/s400/800px-Pompeybridge1.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/9022980596709862976/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/mtskheta.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/9022980596709862976'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/9022980596709862976'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/mtskheta.html' title='Mtskheta'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTdtwWFL6FDWHBX6p_dX1QaHYsStI8LHP7wBPsU-x0qvHPLihY6cuDxZ31DgZJyCLKWiLufsW9Fx-WfxtN2IEz70vteSNtqIhzLn9jV4147FhM6EYPh8L4yA9XUxHhyphenhyphenrhd-KWJ0y197o/s72-c/800px-JvariAugust2008.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-110459771618663731</id><published>2011-09-18T13:23:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.824+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Bagrati Cathedral</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH5ryXyxVpq5AgwtMhJdfm71VMDfPx9lLil_0Q_90Jtiq8iOv1zVrh-rXyrTNcoC1cxkgmsJxskW7Y0aiU1OcOD7xm3GTktxjUHyhjftkpZ44tBPPhVsUgOuS0SWJ9kSEoZrFBNQPPFPk/s1600/Bagrati_cathedral%252C_georgia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH5ryXyxVpq5AgwtMhJdfm71VMDfPx9lLil_0Q_90Jtiq8iOv1zVrh-rXyrTNcoC1cxkgmsJxskW7Y0aiU1OcOD7xm3GTktxjUHyhjftkpZ44tBPPhVsUgOuS0SWJ9kSEoZrFBNQPPFPk/s400/Bagrati_cathedral%252C_georgia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  72. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  73. The Cathedral of the Dormition, or the Kutaisi Cathedral, more commonly known as Bagrati Cathedral (Georgian: ბაგრატი; ბაგრატის ტაძარი, or Bagratis tadzari), is the 11th-century cathedral church in the city of Kutaisi, the region of Imereti, Georgia. The cathedral, now in ruins, is regarded as a masterpiece in the history of medieval Georgian architecture.&lt;br /&gt;
  74. &lt;br /&gt;
  75. A distinct landmark in the scenery of central Kutaisi, the cathedral rests upon the top of Uk’imerioni Hill. It was built in the early years of the 11th century, during the reign of King Bagrat III due to which it was called &quot;Bagrati&quot; Cathedral, i.e., Bagrat’s cathedral. An inscription on the north wall reveals that the floor was laid in &quot;chronicon 223&quot;, i.e., 1003. In 1692, it was devastated in an explosion by the Ottoman troops, which had invaded the Kingdom of Imereti. The incident caused the cupola and ceiling to collapse leaving the cathedral in its present state.&lt;br /&gt;
  76. &lt;br /&gt;
  77. The conservation and restoration works, as well as archaeological studies, which began in 1952, are still underway. In 1994, the Bagrati Cathedral, together with the Gelati Monastery, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list as a single entity. In 2001, the cathedral was restored to the Georgian Orthodox Church. It is now of limited use for worship services, but attracts many pilgrims and tourists. It is also frequently used as a symbol of the whole city of Kutaisi, being one of its main tourist attractions.&lt;br /&gt;
  78. &lt;br /&gt;
  79. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Threats to Bagrati Cathedral&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  80. &lt;br /&gt;
  81. Improper reconstruction to return the structure back to its original use as a religious space, as ICOMOS reports it should be left as a ruin.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/110459771618663731/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/bagrati-cathedral.html#comment-form' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/110459771618663731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/110459771618663731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/bagrati-cathedral.html' title='Bagrati Cathedral'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH5ryXyxVpq5AgwtMhJdfm71VMDfPx9lLil_0Q_90Jtiq8iOv1zVrh-rXyrTNcoC1cxkgmsJxskW7Y0aiU1OcOD7xm3GTktxjUHyhjftkpZ44tBPPhVsUgOuS0SWJ9kSEoZrFBNQPPFPk/s72-c/Bagrati_cathedral%252C_georgia.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-2169078271862059447</id><published>2011-09-18T13:22:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.827+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Gelati Monastery</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GTDNnCGJzBRLVVR_56YipUxzQPjw1opDBmbN4865XRePAWot66r7gCdjToYEQi3-kte0tdVzOD9Q2tU3_Pm5oGPDA_A4Rb2NTRUuaMcf4hLSXyDQjEW9-b5oxrlAzcL7a4chHyoNdns/s1600/800px-Gelati_%25282%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GTDNnCGJzBRLVVR_56YipUxzQPjw1opDBmbN4865XRePAWot66r7gCdjToYEQi3-kte0tdVzOD9Q2tU3_Pm5oGPDA_A4Rb2NTRUuaMcf4hLSXyDQjEW9-b5oxrlAzcL7a4chHyoNdns/s400/800px-Gelati_%25282%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  82. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  83. The Monastery of Gelati is a monastic complex near Kutaisi, Imereti, western Georgia. It contains the Church of the Virgin founded by the King of Georgia David the Builder in 1106, and the 13th-century churches of St George and St Nicholas.&lt;br /&gt;
  84. &lt;br /&gt;
  85. The Gelati Monastery for a long time was one of the main cultural and intellectual centers in Georgia. It had an Academy which employed some of the most celebrated Georgian scientists, theologians and philosophers, many of whom had previously been active at various orthodox monasteries abroad or at the Mangan Academy in Constantinople. Among the scientists were such celebrated scholars as Ioane Petritsi and Arsen Ikaltoeli.&lt;br /&gt;
  86. &lt;br /&gt;
  87. Due to the extensive work carried out by the Gelati Academy, people of the time called it &quot;a new Hellas&quot; and &quot;a second Athos&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  88. &lt;br /&gt;
  89. The Gelati Monastery has preserved a great number of murals and manuscripts dating back to the 12th-17th centuries. The Khakhuli triptych had also been enshrined at Gelati until being stolen in 1859.&lt;br /&gt;
  90. &lt;br /&gt;
  91. In Gelati is buried one of the greatest Georgian kings, David the Builder. Near his grave are the gates of Ganja, which were taken as trophies by king Demetrius I in 1139.&lt;br /&gt;
  92. &lt;br /&gt;
  93. In 1994, Gelati Monastery was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The site was included in the 2008 World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites by the World Monuments Fund to draw attention to deterioration caused by prolonged neglect.&lt;br /&gt;
  94. &lt;br /&gt;
  95. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQGyZRyrmk44oaUYX17FxguiCm8c7FCgp4Z4jp9Wp8sH5o3WtGQrcxbGydbtbP_vlgmy4zMxB6nCTcqK71UaMP0NMMkUl3Al6aqps1sCPK9BZ5bLUDJ3fJMlgFNNGPPT6sqp8vPFSzZUE/s1600/800px-Gelati_%25284%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQGyZRyrmk44oaUYX17FxguiCm8c7FCgp4Z4jp9Wp8sH5o3WtGQrcxbGydbtbP_vlgmy4zMxB6nCTcqK71UaMP0NMMkUl3Al6aqps1sCPK9BZ5bLUDJ3fJMlgFNNGPPT6sqp8vPFSzZUE/s400/800px-Gelati_%25284%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  96. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsJpu3HokDe5hrVG3DbOuod2-GMIIU4HT5zHuIihNAwJwOqXmyo-fS1HziXe4GiSPA4P44pORnC3RJdAiWW1ajBDWIgShAmj0898IroUBsAq8W-0Ws_j_cdbi_CyKEQnFNDHH-2h43zuo/s1600/800px-Gelati_%25288%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsJpu3HokDe5hrVG3DbOuod2-GMIIU4HT5zHuIihNAwJwOqXmyo-fS1HziXe4GiSPA4P44pORnC3RJdAiWW1ajBDWIgShAmj0898IroUBsAq8W-0Ws_j_cdbi_CyKEQnFNDHH-2h43zuo/s400/800px-Gelati_%25288%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  97. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRNsv3BypTUg-vMpo5w1DheC0UVH_EllwfUmdn9ZEmrjIFV0aETc09LbKw8ZO2Q1ZZey5oVb-csWgLEW5YY591Jwv6ZJMz5enxzGFyQgZNO6VW3LZ7QuvqFipMD0jyzs-eqmmTYvJ_pzk/s1600/Gelati_monastery_%25283%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRNsv3BypTUg-vMpo5w1DheC0UVH_EllwfUmdn9ZEmrjIFV0aETc09LbKw8ZO2Q1ZZey5oVb-csWgLEW5YY591Jwv6ZJMz5enxzGFyQgZNO6VW3LZ7QuvqFipMD0jyzs-eqmmTYvJ_pzk/s400/Gelati_monastery_%25283%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  98. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq6iw-g_gGGISJx1bKc-60jOjkrbdjEdat4u5iEoDtpaBR0jabUHg08rObwhMC8PRLE4biOPOh9dKCQ75RUZ-tK_bgH8-EAHq3EVp-ip6So9wPw5CR_JS_JXEMU5GPs7WiQH0DOW5dy7Q/s1600/Gelati_monastery_%25284%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq6iw-g_gGGISJx1bKc-60jOjkrbdjEdat4u5iEoDtpaBR0jabUHg08rObwhMC8PRLE4biOPOh9dKCQ75RUZ-tK_bgH8-EAHq3EVp-ip6So9wPw5CR_JS_JXEMU5GPs7WiQH0DOW5dy7Q/s400/Gelati_monastery_%25284%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  99. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUGjXdQo9S7sm8rP4zPbcBw6g8L2WP_aTSKJKkDxzDZGJrTGxHAm0-WnB8o0IPh7t4HRjBjjn3Hg_9ryf2QJNHzA4Nmy7gPkax5BVG7BHAvvCFF3o7E9OYbXm-H0euXXnlWAgpQa7eoRE/s1600/Kutaisi_gelati.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;288&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUGjXdQo9S7sm8rP4zPbcBw6g8L2WP_aTSKJKkDxzDZGJrTGxHAm0-WnB8o0IPh7t4HRjBjjn3Hg_9ryf2QJNHzA4Nmy7gPkax5BVG7BHAvvCFF3o7E9OYbXm-H0euXXnlWAgpQa7eoRE/s400/Kutaisi_gelati.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  100. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJH5uPGZxUNn9AdxpefMt5vFQKF5WQLAdrbAh0k8PwGSBa1R3_KbYjVFuiWc58wqRlIVonpsZmsblunnQOEWjRtvVDujJMkGvRdYYwZST_pNE24VRD2aBzCDtJPGNGY8wdIEwE-5vb5o/s1600/site_0710_0002-500-332-20080618122332.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJH5uPGZxUNn9AdxpefMt5vFQKF5WQLAdrbAh0k8PwGSBa1R3_KbYjVFuiWc58wqRlIVonpsZmsblunnQOEWjRtvVDujJMkGvRdYYwZST_pNE24VRD2aBzCDtJPGNGY8wdIEwE-5vb5o/s400/site_0710_0002-500-332-20080618122332.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/2169078271862059447/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/gelati-monastery.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/2169078271862059447'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/2169078271862059447'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/gelati-monastery.html' title='Gelati Monastery'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GTDNnCGJzBRLVVR_56YipUxzQPjw1opDBmbN4865XRePAWot66r7gCdjToYEQi3-kte0tdVzOD9Q2tU3_Pm5oGPDA_A4Rb2NTRUuaMcf4hLSXyDQjEW9-b5oxrlAzcL7a4chHyoNdns/s72-c/800px-Gelati_%25282%2529.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-5187401203681818483</id><published>2011-09-18T13:20:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.828+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Senegambian stone circles</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXT3nxbQ6SOCvUYmyZEoOfBSCC89TjX4a2MLutkX8D1k-fLy_GgjCrDMhQofxJfAQYaegYAYv636Bi5QG0kbznq_KF_DcMIs1Pi8iVJ142pstb1rbjlGApM0CFs5CKCWhD7iS0cZq_ig/s1600/300px-Wassu2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXT3nxbQ6SOCvUYmyZEoOfBSCC89TjX4a2MLutkX8D1k-fLy_GgjCrDMhQofxJfAQYaegYAYv636Bi5QG0kbznq_KF_DcMIs1Pi8iVJ142pstb1rbjlGApM0CFs5CKCWhD7iS0cZq_ig/s400/300px-Wassu2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  101. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  102. The Senegambian stone circles lie in Gambia north of Janjanbureh and in central Senegal. Coordinates: 13° 41 N – 15° 31 W. Approximate area: 15,000 square miles (39,000 km²). They are sometimes divided into the Wassu (Gambian) and Sine-Saloum (Senegalese) circles, but this is purely a national division.&lt;br /&gt;
  103. &lt;br /&gt;
  104. The stones were erected around the eighth century on top of earlier graves. The ten to twenty-four stones in each circle vary in size up to ten-ton stones, from 1 to 2.5 metres high and are generally of laterite. The stones mark burials and were erected before the twelfth century. There are around 1,000 stone circles, the biggest concentration being more than 1,000 stones in fifty-two circles at Djalloumbéré and those around the village of Wassu, which has a museum devoted to them. One notable circle is actually a V formation. Traditionally, for unknown reasons, people leave small rocks on the stones. The use to which the stones were put is not clear but recent excavation work (2006), reported by the National Geographic Society, suggests a funerary purpose given the large number of human remains found at the sites. Archaeologists at the site are pursuing the theory that different parts of a body were buried at different sites and at different times. &lt;br /&gt;
  105. &lt;br /&gt;
  106. On 21 July 2006, the stone circles were added to the World Heritage List. They are described by UNESCO as&lt;br /&gt;
  107. &lt;br /&gt;
  108. &lt;i&gt;“ &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; consisting of four large groups of stone circles that represent an extraordinary concentration of over 1,000 monuments in a band 100 km wide along some 350 km of the River Gambia. The four groups, Sine Ngayène, Wanar, Wassu and Kerbatch cover 93 stone circles and numerous tumuli, burial mounds, some of which have been excavated to reveal material that suggest dates between 3rd century BC and 16th century AD.&lt;br /&gt;
  109. &lt;br /&gt;
  110. Together the stone circles of laterite pillars and their associated burial mounds present a vast sacred landscape created over more than 1,500 years. It reflects a prosperous, highly organized and lasting society. The stones were quarried with iron tools and skillfully shaped into almost identical cylindrical or polygonal seven-ton pillars, on average about two metres high. Each circle contains between 8 and 14 pillars and is 4 to 6 metres across. All are located near the burial mounds. This outstanding site is representative of a much wider megalithic zone in the region, which in terms of size, consistency, and complexity appears to be unrivalled anywhere in the world. The finely worked individual stones display precise and skillful working practices and contribute to the imposing order and grandeur of the overall complexes.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  111. &lt;br /&gt;
  112. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfXR5_YFSxC_QaOFiELFQn4MS5UTzRgwZjIOqn567GC7wLxqmE3EXL2J_OjYqBJrILtYUyhjAxSwPCGwm3uoZbCKe5V2tziyixd9G-E1nD258KvGFxe-eq1rvrHrTsOa34zNe9exSIpOc/s1600/site_1226_0001-469-0-20090923154919.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfXR5_YFSxC_QaOFiELFQn4MS5UTzRgwZjIOqn567GC7wLxqmE3EXL2J_OjYqBJrILtYUyhjAxSwPCGwm3uoZbCKe5V2tziyixd9G-E1nD258KvGFxe-eq1rvrHrTsOa34zNe9exSIpOc/s400/site_1226_0001-469-0-20090923154919.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/5187401203681818483/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/senegambian-stone-circles.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/5187401203681818483'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/5187401203681818483'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/senegambian-stone-circles.html' title='Senegambian stone circles'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXT3nxbQ6SOCvUYmyZEoOfBSCC89TjX4a2MLutkX8D1k-fLy_GgjCrDMhQofxJfAQYaegYAYv636Bi5QG0kbznq_KF_DcMIs1Pi8iVJ142pstb1rbjlGApM0CFs5CKCWhD7iS0cZq_ig/s72-c/300px-Wassu2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-7117791658567032670</id><published>2011-09-18T13:11:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.828+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Kunta Kinteh Island</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Tlm3r7XZXz9gM4kazwkAGBH85cH12oPTijp-HUe-3-Y5GAX06k2WTgD3W1mkcPEc7FU2_PJG-hKum0c4LLO_MOpXPD402IlDGs6V51NFfBB9dUMVrbmGl5mYdbAJekiK36iVYE-tZDo/s1600/River_gambia_galleryfull.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Tlm3r7XZXz9gM4kazwkAGBH85cH12oPTijp-HUe-3-Y5GAX06k2WTgD3W1mkcPEc7FU2_PJG-hKum0c4LLO_MOpXPD402IlDGs6V51NFfBB9dUMVrbmGl5mYdbAJekiK36iVYE-tZDo/s400/River_gambia_galleryfull.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  113. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  114. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOcRtQFMH0SENpyZEf9INcxfhhnbuH7AN34gOv-xIAAvlpmESNxWdJV6hkIWuza5XeiCXvfg36_VpvXNIWa_enMPJq9jGHg8VH4ZShKq5GqG4CW7zvJH8lqQ-cetOQfGGbtpirvNbHPc/s1600/site_0761_0001-469-0-20090911155903.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;210&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOcRtQFMH0SENpyZEf9INcxfhhnbuH7AN34gOv-xIAAvlpmESNxWdJV6hkIWuza5XeiCXvfg36_VpvXNIWa_enMPJq9jGHg8VH4ZShKq5GqG4CW7zvJH8lqQ-cetOQfGGbtpirvNbHPc/s400/site_0761_0001-469-0-20090911155903.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  115. James Island is an island in the Gambia River, 30 km from the river mouth and near Juffureh in the country of The Gambia. On 6 February 2011 it was renamed Kunta Kinteh Island to give the Island a Gambian name. Fort James is located on the island. It is less than two miles from Albreda on the river&#39;s northern bank that served a similar purpose for the French.&lt;br /&gt;
  116. &lt;br /&gt;
  117. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  118. &lt;br /&gt;
  119. The first European settlers on the island were Baltic Germans from the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, who also had other colonial possessions in the area. They called it St. Andrews Island, though the English Crown had previously granted the island to two separate companies in 1588 and 1618. In 1651, the settlers built a fort that they named Jacob Fort after Jacob Kettler, the Duke of Courland, and used it as a trade base. The Dutch briefly held the fort from 1659 until the English captured it in 1661; the Dutch formally ceded the fort to the English in 1664.&lt;br /&gt;
  120. &lt;br /&gt;
  121. The English renamed the island James Island and the fort Fort James after James, the Duke of York, later King James II of England. The chartered Royal Adventurers in Africa Company administered the territory, which initially used it for the gold and ivory trade, and later in the slave trade. On 1 August 1669, the Company sublet the administration to Gambia Adventurers. In 1684, the Royal African Company took over Gambia&#39;s administration.&lt;br /&gt;
  122. &lt;br /&gt;
  123. In 1695, the French captured Fort James after a battle with English sailors. They returned it in 1697 but then captured it again in 1702. The fort was destroyed and rebuilt several times in this period, both in conflicts between the English and French and by pirates. On 13 June 1750 the Company of Merchants Trading in Africa assumed the administration of The Gambia. Between 25 May 1765 - 11 February 1779, The Gambia was part of British Senegambia&lt;br /&gt;
  124. &lt;br /&gt;
  125. The Six-Gun Battery (1816) and Fort Bullen (1826), now included in the James Island UNESCO World Heritage Site and located on both sides of the mouth of the River Gambia, were built with the specific intent of thwarting the slave trade once it had become illegal in the British Empire after the passing of the Slave Trade Act in 1807. These sites along with the island itself were abandoned in 1870.&lt;br /&gt;
  126. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  127. Legacy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  128. &lt;br /&gt;
  129. As an important historical site in the West African slave trade, it is now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, together with related sites including Albreda, Juffureh and Fort Bullen. James Island is suffering heavy erosion, and is now approximately 1/6 of its size during the times of the fort. Ruins of several of the British administrative buildings (including a single cell, apparently used to house the most troublesome captives), a small jetty and a number of skeletal baobab trees remain. The ruins have been stabilised, and protected by a capping. Due to the low land of the island, some structures are at times beaten by the waves during high tide and storms.&lt;br /&gt;
  130. &lt;br /&gt;
  131. Kunta Kinte, author Alex Haley&#39;s Mandingo ancestor, described in the book and TV series Roots, was probably shipped through James Island.&lt;br /&gt;
  132. &lt;br /&gt;
  133. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zriUZOmo4aJyNPQmJ-U8i7MExIl8EZ1mOhfOWmRaTtZSWOWFv41UIp-YuRIQoD1ETxKyj_dryKCjW_y71QA05NU07NGuJS574zMdzupV2kcWBYUX40lVBEr41-cbFeX7ikChApRIDpg/s1600/800px-James_Island_and_Fort_Gambia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;261&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zriUZOmo4aJyNPQmJ-U8i7MExIl8EZ1mOhfOWmRaTtZSWOWFv41UIp-YuRIQoD1ETxKyj_dryKCjW_y71QA05NU07NGuJS574zMdzupV2kcWBYUX40lVBEr41-cbFeX7ikChApRIDpg/s400/800px-James_Island_and_Fort_Gambia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRHA6r3iB431vHtoKzqqfYbqGPRANAahqZgr_JczbUFphHTiqIBDyq8nN_LPc143YHCljjlPXt6TEmfAuY2iBRfgkRsAy_ncV1x0iJd5G4egwDQwXpTPTObLFQGSXUTrrp_f3AVD9HLyA/s1600/site_0761_0001-500-263-20090911155903.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/7117791658567032670/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/kunta-kinteh-island.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7117791658567032670'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7117791658567032670'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/kunta-kinteh-island.html' title='Kunta Kinteh Island'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Tlm3r7XZXz9gM4kazwkAGBH85cH12oPTijp-HUe-3-Y5GAX06k2WTgD3W1mkcPEc7FU2_PJG-hKum0c4LLO_MOpXPD402IlDGs6V51NFfBB9dUMVrbmGl5mYdbAJekiK36iVYE-tZDo/s72-c/River_gambia_galleryfull.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-7761537864904435662</id><published>2011-09-18T13:09:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.829+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Lopé National Park</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5DyWryyaDKu21KRcTsLEts0ZAaauR-uLLLpfIS6KwB4IsvGWqNNe5hXbl3KdZMglQhbQXBR48TgnOFH4ogXDXnjxO6NEpDzImwUvQTbSBcPy0bS9JEOzdUZ-XA6JtoLflbq76dN7kYM/s1600/site_1147_0001-500-332-20100301164701.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5DyWryyaDKu21KRcTsLEts0ZAaauR-uLLLpfIS6KwB4IsvGWqNNe5hXbl3KdZMglQhbQXBR48TgnOFH4ogXDXnjxO6NEpDzImwUvQTbSBcPy0bS9JEOzdUZ-XA6JtoLflbq76dN7kYM/s400/site_1147_0001-500-332-20100301164701.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  134. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  135. Lopé National Park is a national park in central Gabon. Although the terrain is mostly rain forest, in the north the park contains the last remnants of grass savannas created in Central Africa during the last Ice Age, 15,000 years ago. It was the first protected area in Gabon when the Lopé-Okanda Wildlife Reserve was created in 1946. In 2007, the Lopé-Okanda landscape was added to the World Heritage List by UNESCO.&lt;br /&gt;
  136. &lt;br /&gt;
  137. The park contains a small research station, named as Mikongo and run by the Zoological Society London, based in the village known as Mikongo, from which it gets its name. There exists infrastructure to cater for tourists at the base, including several chalets and a large open air dining room, from which the rainforest is a mere five meters away.&lt;br /&gt;
  138. &lt;br /&gt;
  139. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIzKU7TWNYXq_BeOxcSNYn92DxZoT_MIV8pPE8C-i79Vi_BGOPalFtA69I_8mePhHQ9KZLrTfUl91H-zZwndZkJRjoDBql78LN2k_EI8rJxkGT6gF1XJGLZ7Ha3FqEZzkLBpJoKoyNqCQ/s1600/site_1147_0002-500-333-20110708151432.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIzKU7TWNYXq_BeOxcSNYn92DxZoT_MIV8pPE8C-i79Vi_BGOPalFtA69I_8mePhHQ9KZLrTfUl91H-zZwndZkJRjoDBql78LN2k_EI8rJxkGT6gF1XJGLZ7Ha3FqEZzkLBpJoKoyNqCQ/s400/site_1147_0002-500-333-20110708151432.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  140. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwgnCmmAK8FYQX0YUObzKrJBYNlNgTLTUzaUSBnUox08KbE6lW7hvSkeYRhTpaHg4UdQ5Hqkx3J5QZdu0cpKsVB6o1oBKuCYZf-2fTwhMblB9xcEDf4Nc667QKgS5krx-Q9r-b6GIfHJA/s1600/site_1147_0004-500-333-20110708151612.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwgnCmmAK8FYQX0YUObzKrJBYNlNgTLTUzaUSBnUox08KbE6lW7hvSkeYRhTpaHg4UdQ5Hqkx3J5QZdu0cpKsVB6o1oBKuCYZf-2fTwhMblB9xcEDf4Nc667QKgS5krx-Q9r-b6GIfHJA/s400/site_1147_0004-500-333-20110708151612.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  141. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglI99vvJSWxs9eLrhC0pcLLAB9PKGH_-I_RwIw6kCSlyy2LvityTnkJrMrmRfkCA9owymeHcguZxwObNvx8ePbR24kGMI90lsDoJ3bYq41xfPEn-_u9lrp3Pb2jAIaPmFpyMEMzBFN6LE/s1600/site_1147_0005-500-333-20110708152215.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglI99vvJSWxs9eLrhC0pcLLAB9PKGH_-I_RwIw6kCSlyy2LvityTnkJrMrmRfkCA9owymeHcguZxwObNvx8ePbR24kGMI90lsDoJ3bYq41xfPEn-_u9lrp3Pb2jAIaPmFpyMEMzBFN6LE/s400/site_1147_0005-500-333-20110708152215.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/7761537864904435662/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/lope-national-park.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7761537864904435662'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7761537864904435662'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/lope-national-park.html' title='Lopé National Park'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5DyWryyaDKu21KRcTsLEts0ZAaauR-uLLLpfIS6KwB4IsvGWqNNe5hXbl3KdZMglQhbQXBR48TgnOFH4ogXDXnjxO6NEpDzImwUvQTbSBcPy0bS9JEOzdUZ-XA6JtoLflbq76dN7kYM/s72-c/site_1147_0001-500-332-20100301164701.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-719022687723984429</id><published>2011-09-18T13:04:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.830+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtxbBgx4K8pcR50TyCYMo1F38Jxnoy7e1-B5OWaNR527Jh6tfnc4hjFLA-svtwJ5JR6sDc6__I6XPLcTFPX6u4lAurncP7jOahJFcAqV5n4YXhCZY0zLqEZmq75RGBcWqSvWsuX8MfCRo/s1600/site_1153_0002-500-335-20110630112036.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;267&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtxbBgx4K8pcR50TyCYMo1F38Jxnoy7e1-B5OWaNR527Jh6tfnc4hjFLA-svtwJ5JR6sDc6__I6XPLcTFPX6u4lAurncP7jOahJFcAqV5n4YXhCZY0zLqEZmq75RGBcWqSvWsuX8MfCRo/s400/site_1153_0002-500-335-20110630112036.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  142. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  143. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GAYBVPaTYtZcgFIvGBNdnKcu46YNlGXuD6u_72FBPFXHKwmwuJAnrefe3IDxivXZEGu8Q72KR-prsD5JcFL7ZyBaqReLoYAGeAzuasJVsS4AWpCn0P8fNPq3V54HYGjuBr5leouitQM/s1600/site_1153_0003-469-0-20110630162423.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GAYBVPaTYtZcgFIvGBNdnKcu46YNlGXuD6u_72FBPFXHKwmwuJAnrefe3IDxivXZEGu8Q72KR-prsD5JcFL7ZyBaqReLoYAGeAzuasJVsS4AWpCn0P8fNPq3V54HYGjuBr5leouitQM/s400/site_1153_0003-469-0-20110630162423.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  144. The 302,319 hectare property, in the southern part of central France, is a mountain landscape interspersed by deep valleys that is representative of the relationship between agro-pastoral systems and their biophysical environment, notably through drailles or drove roads. Villages and substantial stone farmhouses on deep terraces of the Causses reflect the organization of large abbeys from the 11th century. Mont Lozère, inside the property, is one of the last places where summer transhumance is still practiced.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/719022687723984429/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/causses-and-cevennes-mediterranean-agro.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/719022687723984429'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/719022687723984429'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/causses-and-cevennes-mediterranean-agro.html' title='The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtxbBgx4K8pcR50TyCYMo1F38Jxnoy7e1-B5OWaNR527Jh6tfnc4hjFLA-svtwJ5JR6sDc6__I6XPLcTFPX6u4lAurncP7jOahJFcAqV5n4YXhCZY0zLqEZmq75RGBcWqSvWsuX8MfCRo/s72-c/site_1153_0002-500-335-20110630112036.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-6744884654930800117</id><published>2011-09-18T13:00:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.830+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQC6e46ko0UCjNEURahkweC-X6Wt33mj0yct36lSwUTNz519nsi5C71kuhTWldBAYOrfBFpF3bHn6UK82G6rli2I2R5FRsbnPFKPvOgXt04zJfXiKPzBq14IW7TIRoJYLYk1scnQTpbm4/s1600/site_1363_0001-443-500-20110524153819.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQC6e46ko0UCjNEURahkweC-X6Wt33mj0yct36lSwUTNz519nsi5C71kuhTWldBAYOrfBFpF3bHn6UK82G6rli2I2R5FRsbnPFKPvOgXt04zJfXiKPzBq14IW7TIRoJYLYk1scnQTpbm4/s400/site_1363_0001-443-500-20110524153819.jpg&quot; width=&quot;353&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  145. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  146. Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps is a series of prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements in and around the Alps built from around 5000 to 500 B.C. on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands. 111 sites, located in Austria (5 sites), France (11), Germany (18), Italy (19), Slovenia (2), and Switzerland (56), were added to UNESCO World Heritage Site list in 2011.&lt;br /&gt;
  147. &lt;br /&gt;
  148. Excavations, only conducted in some of the sites, have yielded evidence that provides insight into life in prehistoric times during the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Alpine Europe and the way communities interacted with their environment. As the nomination stated, the settlements are a unique group of exceptionally well-preserved and culturally rich archaeological sites, which constitute one of the most important sources for the study of early agrarian societies in the region.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/6744884654930800117/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/prehistoric-pile-dwellings-around-alps.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/6744884654930800117'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/6744884654930800117'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/prehistoric-pile-dwellings-around-alps.html' title='Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQC6e46ko0UCjNEURahkweC-X6Wt33mj0yct36lSwUTNz519nsi5C71kuhTWldBAYOrfBFpF3bHn6UK82G6rli2I2R5FRsbnPFKPvOgXt04zJfXiKPzBq14IW7TIRoJYLYk1scnQTpbm4/s72-c/site_1363_0001-443-500-20110524153819.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-7500705015632337061</id><published>2011-09-18T12:58:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.831+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Réunion</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYTXm2FeNMxw5Rtg9PgVVbIWRk8Xg9x486IQWuc0TTWKFzSvxyDOwpUAeXR8UXMAcuhBSYqPUPSxBx3dCUUmN_69v1-TyYT6ZT1f2HaA-n6vrroR_Tc9cN97iHeAfEkEAC_4cRuX8sbuw/s1600/800px-L%2527Ermitage_beach%252C_R%25C3%25A9union.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYTXm2FeNMxw5Rtg9PgVVbIWRk8Xg9x486IQWuc0TTWKFzSvxyDOwpUAeXR8UXMAcuhBSYqPUPSxBx3dCUUmN_69v1-TyYT6ZT1f2HaA-n6vrroR_Tc9cN97iHeAfEkEAC_4cRuX8sbuw/s400/800px-L%2527Ermitage_beach%252C_R%25C3%25A9union.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  149. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  150. la Réunion&amp;nbsp; is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.&lt;br /&gt;
  151. &lt;br /&gt;
  152. Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas départements of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.&lt;br /&gt;
  153. &lt;br /&gt;
  154. Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.&lt;br /&gt;
  155. &lt;br /&gt;
  156. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  157. &lt;br /&gt;
  158. Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion&#39;s recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin, and it was most likely visited by Swahili sailors. The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by the Portuguese explorer Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint.&lt;br /&gt;
  159. &lt;br /&gt;
  160. Over a century later, nominal Portuguese rule had left Santa Apolonia virtually untouched. The island was then occupied by France and administered from Port Louis, Mauritius. Although the French flag was hoisted by François Cauche in 1638, Santa Apolonia was officially claimed by Jacques Pronis of France in 1642, when he deported a dozen French mutineers to the island from Madagascar. The convicts were returned to France several years later, and in 1649, the island was named Île Bourbon after the royal house. Colonization started in 1665, when the French East India Company sent the first 20 settlers.&lt;br /&gt;
  161. &lt;br /&gt;
  162. “Réunion” was the name given to the island in 1793 by a decree of the Convention with the fall of the House of Bourbon in France, and the name commemorates the union of revolutionaries from Marseille with the National Guard in Paris, which took place on 10 August 1792. In 1801, the island was renamed &quot;Île Bonaparte,&quot; after Napoleon Bonaparte. The island was invaded by a Royal Navy squadron led by Commodore Josias Rowley in 1810, who used the old name of “Bourbon”. When it was restored to France by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the island retained the name of &quot;Bourbon&quot; until the fall of the restored Bourbons during the French Revolution of 1848, when the island was once again given the name “Réunion”.&lt;br /&gt;
  163. &lt;br /&gt;
  164. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Indians gave the island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 reduced the importance of the island as a stopover on the East Indies trade route.&lt;br /&gt;
  165. &lt;br /&gt;
  166. During the Second World War, Réunion was under the authority of the Vichy Regime until 30 November 1942, when the island was liberated by the destroyer Léopard.&lt;br /&gt;
  167. &lt;br /&gt;
  168. Réunion became a département d&#39;outre-mer (overseas départment) of France on 19 March 1946. Its département code is 974.&lt;br /&gt;
  169. &lt;br /&gt;
  170. Between 15 and 16 March 1952, Cilaos at the centre of Réunion received 1,869.9 millimetres (73.62 in) of rainfall. This is the greatest 24-hour precipitation total ever recorded on earth. The island also holds the record for most rainfall in 72 hours, 3,929 millimetres (154.7 in) at Commerson&#39;s Crater in March 2007 from Cyclone Gamede.&lt;br /&gt;
  171. &lt;br /&gt;
  172. In 2005 and 2006, Réunion was hit by a crippling epidemic of chikungunya, a disease spread by mosquitoes. According to the BBC News, 255,000 people on Réunion had contracted the disease as of 26 April 2006. Madagascar had also been hit by this disease during the same year. A few cases also appeared in mainland France through airline travel. Then French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin sent an emergency aid package worth 36 million Euro ($57.6M U.S. dollars) and deployed approximately five hundred French troops in an effort to eradicate mosquitoes.&lt;br /&gt;
  173. &lt;br /&gt;
  174. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Politics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  175. &lt;br /&gt;
  176. Réunion sends five deputies to the French National Assembly and three senators to the Senate.&lt;br /&gt;
  177. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  178. Arrondissements, cantons, and communes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  179. &lt;br /&gt;
  180. Administratively, Réunion is divided into 4 arrondissements, 24 cantons, and 24 communes. It is a French overseas département as well as a French region. The low number of communes, compared to French metropolitan departments of similar size and population, is unique; most Réunionnaises communes encompass several localities, sometimes separated by significant distances. Réunion is part of the Indian Ocean Commission.&lt;br /&gt;
  181. &lt;br /&gt;
  182. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  183. The island is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long; 45 kilometres (28 mi) wide; and covers 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi). It is similar to the island Hawaii insofar as both are located above hotspots in the Earth&#39;s crust.&lt;br /&gt;
  184. &lt;br /&gt;
  185. The Piton de la Fournaise, a shield volcano on the eastern end of Réunion Island, rises more than 2,631 metres (8,632 ft) above sea level and is sometimes called a sister to Hawaiian volcanoes because of the similarity of climate and volcanic nature. It has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring. It most recently erupted on 2 January 2010. Before that, the most noticeable was during April 2007, when the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) per day. The Piton de la Fournaise is created by a hotspot volcano, which also created the Piton des Neiges and the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues.&lt;br /&gt;
  186. &lt;br /&gt;
  187. The Piton des Neiges volcano, the highest point on the island at 3,070 metres (10,070 ft) above sea level, is north west of the Piton de la Fournaise. Collapsed calderas and canyons are south west of the mountain. Like Kohala on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Piton des Neiges is extinct. Despite its name, snow (French: neige) practically never falls on the summit.&lt;br /&gt;
  188. &lt;br /&gt;
  189. The slopes of both volcanoes are heavily forested. Cultivated land and cities like the capital city of Saint-Denis are concentrated on the surrounding coastal lowlands.&lt;br /&gt;
  190. &lt;br /&gt;
  191. Réunion also has three calderas: the Cirque de Salazie, the Cirque de Cilaos and the Cirque de Mafate. The last is accessible only by foot or helicopter.&lt;br /&gt;
  192. &lt;br /&gt;
  193. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Economy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  194. &lt;br /&gt;
  195. Sugar was traditionally the chief agricultural product and export. Tourism is now an important source of income. In 2007 the GDP of Réunion was 18.7 billion US dollars at market exchange rates. The GDP per capita was 23,501 US dollars in 2007 (at market exchange rates, not at PPP), the highest in Africa.&lt;br /&gt;
  196. &lt;br /&gt;
  197. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Demographics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  198. &lt;br /&gt;
  199. Ethnic groups present include people of European, African, Malagasy, Indians and Chinese origin as well as many of mixed race. Local names for these are used: Yabs, Cafres, Malbars and Zarabes (both ethnic groups of Indian origin) and Chinois (Réunion).&lt;br /&gt;
  200. &lt;br /&gt;
  201. It is not known exactly how many people there are of each ethnicity since there is a ban on ethnic censuses in France, which applies in Réunion because it is a part of the 1958 constitution. According to estimates, Europeans make up approximately one-quarter of the population, Indians make up roughly a quarter, and people of Chinese ancestry form roughly 3%. The percentages for mixed race people and those of Afro-Malagasy origins vary widely in estimates. There are also some people of Vietnamese ancestry on the island, though they are very few in number.&lt;br /&gt;
  202. &lt;br /&gt;
  203. People of Tamil and Gujarati origin make up the majority of the Réunionnais of Indian origin; Bihari and other origins form the remainder of the population. The island&#39;s community of Muslims from North Western India, particularly Gujarat, and elsewhere is commonly referred to as Zarab.&lt;br /&gt;
  204. &lt;br /&gt;
  205. Creoles (a name given to those born on the island, of various ethnic origins), make up the majority of the population. Groups that are not creole include people from Metropolitan France (known as zoreils) and those from Mayotte and the Comoros.&lt;br /&gt;
  206. &lt;br /&gt;
  207. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Religion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  208. &lt;br /&gt;
  209. The predominant religion is Roman Catholicism with Hinduism, Islam, Chinese folk religion and Buddhism also represented, among others.&lt;br /&gt;
  210. &lt;b style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  211. Language&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  212. &lt;br /&gt;
  213. French is the only official language of Réunion. Although not official, Réunion Creole is also spoken. One can hear it in any administration or office, but education is only in French.&lt;br /&gt;
  214. &lt;br /&gt;
  215. Due to the diverse population, other languages such as Mandarin, Hakka and Cantonese are also spoken by members of the Chinese community, but fewer people speak these languages as younger generations start to converse in French. The number of speakers of Indian languages (mostly Urdu and Gujarati) is also dropping sharply. Arabic is taught in mosques and spoken by a small community of Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
  216. &lt;br /&gt;
  217. For languages taught as second langauges, English is most common. Tamil is also taught as optional language in some schools.&lt;br /&gt;
  218. &lt;b style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  219. Public health&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  220. &lt;br /&gt;
  221. In 2005/2006, Réunion experienced an epidemic of Chikungunya, a viral disease similar to dengue fever, which infected almost a third of the population. See the History section for more details.&lt;br /&gt;
  222. &lt;br /&gt;
  223. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Culture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  224. &lt;br /&gt;
  225. Réunionese culture is a blend (métissage) of European, African, Indian, Chinese and insular traditions.&lt;br /&gt;
  226. &lt;br /&gt;
  227. The most widely spoken language, Réunion Creole, derives from French. However, an official orthography has yet to be agreed upon.&lt;br /&gt;
  228. &lt;br /&gt;
  229. Local food and music blend influences from Africa, India, China and Europe, resulting in a unique, diverse culture.&lt;br /&gt;
  230. &lt;br /&gt;
  231. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Environment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  232. &lt;br /&gt;
  233. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Wildlife&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  234. &lt;br /&gt;
  235. Réunion is home to a variety of birds such as the White-tailed Tropicbird (French: paille en queue. Its largest land animal is the Panther chameleon, Furcifer pardalis. Much of the West coast is ringed by coral reef which harbours, amongst other animals, sea urchins, conger eels and parrot fish. Sea turtles also visit the coastal waters.&lt;br /&gt;
  236. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  237. Transportation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  238. Roland Garros Airport, handling flights to Madagascar, Mauritius, Africa, Australia and Europe serves the island. Pierrefonds Airport, a smaller airport, has some flights to Mauritius and Madagascar.&lt;br /&gt;
  239. &lt;br /&gt;
  240. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDCzfSM15KDMHPT4_n0wBI6AjjQg2HSlh5EieHcMAGasl52Gq-9ZIb_EEchADNwqlX1Mog8qquhJsOtG3l6nNc_VpttRhwW9YF-blB_gGiZU3ZGhAsrKqjdjqSQLSWmAjrA9JzrvWRBw/s1600/800px-Manapany.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDCzfSM15KDMHPT4_n0wBI6AjjQg2HSlh5EieHcMAGasl52Gq-9ZIb_EEchADNwqlX1Mog8qquhJsOtG3l6nNc_VpttRhwW9YF-blB_gGiZU3ZGhAsrKqjdjqSQLSWmAjrA9JzrvWRBw/s400/800px-Manapany.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  241. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzHcSIHs6c9jNZr8BuBx53-o8uyc9oB9ZV7ylx1xokgDnDrVfEzYvsXvE5L2yvsS_ar2OHC3awzLjfnvWBC5no07aW8dGr8L61cnRTKdsRJD-bSOgjA8khTGHkpkEO8SAcdv0ywsS3jw8/s1600/800px-Ppalmistes2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzHcSIHs6c9jNZr8BuBx53-o8uyc9oB9ZV7ylx1xokgDnDrVfEzYvsXvE5L2yvsS_ar2OHC3awzLjfnvWBC5no07aW8dGr8L61cnRTKdsRJD-bSOgjA8khTGHkpkEO8SAcdv0ywsS3jw8/s400/800px-Ppalmistes2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  242. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEDjTDMKyqANm8ld8UKcA3Ef4Tpbep03SFx7VWhTp3NhD976v7QgmWEIsl-Ab_CHB6-P_7ghyrSQ0HeqzvYF5al0MjHImw0kEpBp_jgoDI7drBYOdQQyZ9H0pqagkSKHGuwz-RkuPv5Ak/s1600/Volcanreunion.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEDjTDMKyqANm8ld8UKcA3Ef4Tpbep03SFx7VWhTp3NhD976v7QgmWEIsl-Ab_CHB6-P_7ghyrSQ0HeqzvYF5al0MjHImw0kEpBp_jgoDI7drBYOdQQyZ9H0pqagkSKHGuwz-RkuPv5Ak/s400/Volcanreunion.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/7500705015632337061/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/reunion.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7500705015632337061'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7500705015632337061'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/reunion.html' title='Réunion'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYTXm2FeNMxw5Rtg9PgVVbIWRk8Xg9x486IQWuc0TTWKFzSvxyDOwpUAeXR8UXMAcuhBSYqPUPSxBx3dCUUmN_69v1-TyYT6ZT1f2HaA-n6vrroR_Tc9cN97iHeAfEkEAC_4cRuX8sbuw/s72-c/800px-L%2527Ermitage_beach%252C_R%25C3%25A9union.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-1152127967280650434</id><published>2011-09-18T12:39:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.831+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Pitons</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifDVuvMWSJdd65OsrGV_vmk6_Mbwe-hpE7Vc_1xtyY1B-W29Juk97LmU12nnW7xC2yBe94P7_MMOsYuDoa4uDrTTzJGGdialyUKJ2KlK2k6iKEOBCZ-SIvPvV8LQY7D1bqzQdh9iPdVL4/s1600/778px-PetitPiton.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;307&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifDVuvMWSJdd65OsrGV_vmk6_Mbwe-hpE7Vc_1xtyY1B-W29Juk97LmU12nnW7xC2yBe94P7_MMOsYuDoa4uDrTTzJGGdialyUKJ2KlK2k6iKEOBCZ-SIvPvV8LQY7D1bqzQdh9iPdVL4/s400/778px-PetitPiton.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  243. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  244. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlZ1Zv0ORSbGJx5PaHbhzbZjcqIxl6G2GrIBDPCgXOfDrEdZukXhVYIwHXCcunI_yIUjztwYNqwDQdBr2n2vWPp4Z_AjYhEd06Ii88zfHUoMMruUOSbH0pgMPBedr7kAHckoCgcBYXd8/s1600/800px-GrosPiton.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlZ1Zv0ORSbGJx5PaHbhzbZjcqIxl6G2GrIBDPCgXOfDrEdZukXhVYIwHXCcunI_yIUjztwYNqwDQdBr2n2vWPp4Z_AjYhEd06Ii88zfHUoMMruUOSbH0pgMPBedr7kAHckoCgcBYXd8/s400/800px-GrosPiton.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  245. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiusL-uw2i4LV-7hseUzu5E4vLbco0RM990n9qTibmZEhUnKAsc070iEPE9lYed60PY4M4_fc-g5UMQZ2j3PSRgA6lrZUGItkVQMIsI792xgMZOmfT-Y707GSk1ChymBPOWPh-CPy7TqA/s1600/800px-Pitonpair.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiusL-uw2i4LV-7hseUzu5E4vLbco0RM990n9qTibmZEhUnKAsc070iEPE9lYed60PY4M4_fc-g5UMQZ2j3PSRgA6lrZUGItkVQMIsI792xgMZOmfT-Y707GSk1ChymBPOWPh-CPy7TqA/s400/800px-Pitonpair.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  246. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP6I0RX6vbHdYyyiYVlJH3ghzsNzNWu7PkWi13fJhx_sWq0TqWsI3NzoBlCyybbMbI0guUDz-f7FDWwf8sKD7P-IBfNK1wLNfq1G5ypZr2-nsblP06ILCpOF9139iD9XQ1K7IESINEzUg/s1600/800px-The_Pitons_at_Soufriere_Saint_Lucia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP6I0RX6vbHdYyyiYVlJH3ghzsNzNWu7PkWi13fJhx_sWq0TqWsI3NzoBlCyybbMbI0guUDz-f7FDWwf8sKD7P-IBfNK1wLNfq1G5ypZr2-nsblP06ILCpOF9139iD9XQ1K7IESINEzUg/s400/800px-The_Pitons_at_Soufriere_Saint_Lucia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  247. The Pitons are two volcanic plugs in a World Heritage Site in Saint Lucia. The Gros Piton is 771 m, and the Petit Piton is 743 m high; they are linked by the Piton Mitan ridge.&lt;br /&gt;
  248. &lt;br /&gt;
  249. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  250. &lt;br /&gt;
  251. The Pitons are located near the towns of Soufrière and Choiseul on the southwestern coast of the island.&lt;br /&gt;
  252. &lt;br /&gt;
  253. Situated at the top the Piton Mitan ridge is the Ladera Hotel, offering a view over Piton bay.&lt;br /&gt;
  254. &lt;br /&gt;
  255. Saint Lucia&#39;s local brand of beer is named after these two mountains.&lt;br /&gt;
  256. &lt;br /&gt;
  257. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  258. &lt;br /&gt;
  259. The Pitons are volcanic plugs. There are still sulfur springs and hot mud pools in the nearby Soufrière caldera, visible remnants of former volcanic activity in the area.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/1152127967280650434/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/pitons.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/1152127967280650434'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/1152127967280650434'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/pitons.html' title='Pitons'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifDVuvMWSJdd65OsrGV_vmk6_Mbwe-hpE7Vc_1xtyY1B-W29Juk97LmU12nnW7xC2yBe94P7_MMOsYuDoa4uDrTTzJGGdialyUKJ2KlK2k6iKEOBCZ-SIvPvV8LQY7D1bqzQdh9iPdVL4/s72-c/778px-PetitPiton.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-7620172053275534549</id><published>2011-09-18T12:32:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.832+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Albi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOXB2AZv9B3sZzw7xjkBNJG_xFAz3WGuuMzuW-FVryvmfh0_pEEVbEqSluiT-4bCvifwMPM_vo2X4mJ5U5mKSQTBSWA2RaqQ7vejVTorLsWWztVBBv-yF6McdBS2ZY83fns3P8t5NC5S0/s1600/785px-Albi--Sainte-C%25C3%25A9cile.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;305&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOXB2AZv9B3sZzw7xjkBNJG_xFAz3WGuuMzuW-FVryvmfh0_pEEVbEqSluiT-4bCvifwMPM_vo2X4mJ5U5mKSQTBSWA2RaqQ7vejVTorLsWWztVBBv-yF6McdBS2ZY83fns3P8t5NC5S0/s400/785px-Albi--Sainte-C%25C3%25A9cile.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  260. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  261. Albi&amp;nbsp; is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department. It is located on the River Tarn, c. 85 km northeast of Toulouse. Its inhabitants are called Albigensians (French: Albigeois, Albigeoise(s), Occitan: albigés -esa(s)). It was the seat of the Archbishop of Albi and is the seat of the Diocese of Albi. The episcopal city, situated in the center of the actual city, around the cathedral, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
  262. &lt;br /&gt;
  263. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Administration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  264. &lt;br /&gt;
  265. Albi is the seat of 6 cantons, covering 18 communes, with a total population of 67,729.&lt;br /&gt;
  266. &lt;br /&gt;
  267. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  268. &lt;br /&gt;
  269. The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became Civitas Albigensium, the territory of the Albigeois, Albiga. Archaeological digs have not revealed any traces of Roman buildings, which seems to indicate that Albi was a modest Roman settlement.&lt;br /&gt;
  270. &lt;br /&gt;
  271. In 1040, Albi expanded and constructed the Pont Vieux (Old Bridge). New quarters were built, indicative of considerable urban growth. The city grew rich at this time, thanks to trade and commercial exchanges, and also to the tolls charged to travelers for using the Pont Vieux.&lt;br /&gt;
  272. &lt;br /&gt;
  273. In 1208, the Pope and the French king joined forces to combat the Cathars, who had developed their own version of Christianity (a heresy considered dangerous by the dominant Catholic Church). Repression was severe, and many Cathars were burnt at the stake throughout the region. The area, until then virtually independent, was reduced to such a condition that it was subsequently annexed by the French Crown.&lt;br /&gt;
  274. &lt;br /&gt;
  275. After the upheaval of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, the bishop Bernard de Castanet, in the late 13th century, completed work on the Palais de la Berbie, a Bishops&#39; Palace with the look of a fortress. He ordered the building of the cathedral of Sainte-Cécile starting in 1282. The town enjoyed a period of commercial prosperity largely due to the cultivation of Isatis Tinctoria, commonly known as woad. The fine houses built during the Renaissance bear witness to the vast fortunes amassed by the pastel merchants.&lt;br /&gt;
  276. &lt;br /&gt;
  277. Albi has conserved its rich architectural heritage which encapsulates the various brilliant periods of its history. Considerable improvement and restoration work has been done, to embellish the old quarters and to give them a new look, in which brick reigns supreme.&lt;br /&gt;
  278. &lt;br /&gt;
  279. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Main sights&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  280. &lt;br /&gt;
  281. Albi was built around the original cathedral and episcopal group of buildings. This historic area covers 63 hectares. Red brick and tiles are the main feature of most of the edifices. Along with Toulouse and Montauban, Albi is one of the main cities built in Languedoc-style red brick.&lt;br /&gt;
  282. &lt;br /&gt;
  283. Among the buildings of the town is the Sainte Cécile cathedral, a masterpiece of the Southern Gothic style, built between the 13th and 15th centuries. It is characterised by a strong contrast between its austere, defensive exterior and its sumptuous interior decoration. Built as a statement of the Christian faith after the upheavals of the Cathar heresy, this gigantic brick structure was embellished over the centuries: the Dominique de Florence Doorway, the 78 m high bell tower, the Baldaquin over the entrance (1515–1540). The rood screen is a filigree work in stone in the Flamboyant Gothic style. It is decorated with a magnificent group of polychrome statuary carved by artists from the Burgundian workshops of Cluny and comprising over 200 statues, which have retained their original colours.&lt;br /&gt;
  284. &lt;br /&gt;
  285. Older than the Palais des Papes in Avignon, the Palais de la Berbie, formerly the Bishops&#39; Palace of Albi, now the Toulouse-Lautrec Museum, is one of the oldest and best-preserved castles in France. This imposing fortress was completed at the end of the 13th century. Its name comes from the Occitan word Bisbia, meaning Bishops&#39; Palace.&lt;br /&gt;
  286. &lt;br /&gt;
  287. The Old Bridge (Pont Vieux) is still in use after almost a millennium. Originally built in stone (in 1035), then clad with brick, it rests on eight arches and is 151m long. In the 14th century, it was fortified and reinforced with a drawbridge, and houses were built on the piers.&lt;br /&gt;
  288. &lt;br /&gt;
  289. Albi is a city known for its elite Lycée Lapérouse, a high school with 500 students situated inside an old monastery. It has several advanced literature classes. Furthermore, it is one of the few holding a full-scale music section with special high-tech rooms for this section.&lt;br /&gt;
  290. &lt;br /&gt;
  291. Albi is the home of the Toulouse-Lautrec Museum . More than 1000 works, including the 31 famous posters, are held here. This body of work forms the largest public collection in the world devoted to Toulouse-Lautrec.&lt;br /&gt;
  292. &lt;br /&gt;
  293. &lt;br /&gt;
  294. &lt;br /&gt;
  295. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivlFd755RXe_tROCx7kwChlKiVo9iG0cJypPISRXEQZudl4HRD4Dt3CY5UIS5JYnWiUAjtp821p1aT0oSy02cOMG6brMHlG-8_TDA00ZX_a24lzDHjAUmUi_RfuXtHpIWmtxNiTMCEPak/s1600/800px-Albi01.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;272&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivlFd755RXe_tROCx7kwChlKiVo9iG0cJypPISRXEQZudl4HRD4Dt3CY5UIS5JYnWiUAjtp821p1aT0oSy02cOMG6brMHlG-8_TDA00ZX_a24lzDHjAUmUi_RfuXtHpIWmtxNiTMCEPak/s400/800px-Albi01.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  296. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSxwNHfs5-OuRBjpuCslqIuZSU8GWPlyJ63hukYsylGF5_F7Tg4sZS365m3m5z7_shb9ECL64FX2FL85Pd0GTRAt52c6fP6-piUy_5AGfaSsBIEkEX0DUfi9zZ-lLvjNTq5fomkHZiSuU/s1600/800px-Albi2007a.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSxwNHfs5-OuRBjpuCslqIuZSU8GWPlyJ63hukYsylGF5_F7Tg4sZS365m3m5z7_shb9ECL64FX2FL85Pd0GTRAt52c6fP6-piUy_5AGfaSsBIEkEX0DUfi9zZ-lLvjNTq5fomkHZiSuU/s400/800px-Albi2007a.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  297. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaPYm8-_vQ5TpjZ4kFiSB8OWI99SxoLnwrbrahiaeZ9dT91cA2Na_hpst2iQOKuXHMWMDluBokohQHCjUDDpfEkRcV4-0ypKNS9i07uItCNhaX4ASqCj7AvEHc1ULOtj9G6Qf6HgJmvEs/s1600/800px-Albi_palais_berbie.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaPYm8-_vQ5TpjZ4kFiSB8OWI99SxoLnwrbrahiaeZ9dT91cA2Na_hpst2iQOKuXHMWMDluBokohQHCjUDDpfEkRcV4-0ypKNS9i07uItCNhaX4ASqCj7AvEHc1ULOtj9G6Qf6HgJmvEs/s400/800px-Albi_palais_berbie.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  298. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeIuxGbEwauP0uk0Q4-Mj2fhG_c2cYbPjIwsECytDf6SDixvMSAt3fuZsiHyP9hQ0QSUgU0JVdT-4o29lIMLKTyitzPJj8UKGSYWCo4C3PU7f3TrPxnR5JvAplQMWsYhmaxR3h68WkRm8/s1600/800px-%25C3%2589glise_Sainte-Madeleine_d%2527Albi%252C_Tarn%252C_France.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeIuxGbEwauP0uk0Q4-Mj2fhG_c2cYbPjIwsECytDf6SDixvMSAt3fuZsiHyP9hQ0QSUgU0JVdT-4o29lIMLKTyitzPJj8UKGSYWCo4C3PU7f3TrPxnR5JvAplQMWsYhmaxR3h68WkRm8/s400/800px-%25C3%2589glise_Sainte-Madeleine_d%2527Albi%252C_Tarn%252C_France.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/7620172053275534549/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/albi.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7620172053275534549'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7620172053275534549'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/albi.html' title='Albi'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOXB2AZv9B3sZzw7xjkBNJG_xFAz3WGuuMzuW-FVryvmfh0_pEEVbEqSluiT-4bCvifwMPM_vo2X4mJ5U5mKSQTBSWA2RaqQ7vejVTorLsWWztVBBv-yF6McdBS2ZY83fns3P8t5NC5S0/s72-c/785px-Albi--Sainte-C%25C3%25A9cile.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-4432195415871595278</id><published>2011-09-18T12:19:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.833+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Fortifications of Vauban</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid4XPBUjbwUUEok9KwdcIS1xq9E9sjOQXT8YUclBo0kXu4fHzP8yd2S3H5MJXMmDWwF1HFf4CgHmvF5KMUdStrPwH5Y0jAK35J62BlwVGUvo8Y_agrYK2fe93bnV1DSA-oqeOrN9HKyAo/s1600/799px-Porte_de_France_en_automne.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid4XPBUjbwUUEok9KwdcIS1xq9E9sjOQXT8YUclBo0kXu4fHzP8yd2S3H5MJXMmDWwF1HFf4CgHmvF5KMUdStrPwH5Y0jAK35J62BlwVGUvo8Y_agrYK2fe93bnV1DSA-oqeOrN9HKyAo/s400/799px-Porte_de_France_en_automne.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  299. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  300. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeEZmlPPZ-K01WScc4fKlHeGzbQC8tWaVE1ld3fffPJnUw9Eq9-xlPYvWj9e3y0VzzWMnsbo-NFNwV_3DqCacBAqQuzxCCws9yrfLJO5hLRzXeFYs9O4duwb8Mv7EDJKeRHEus4MXimz8/s1600/800px-Citadelle_Besan%25C3%25A7on.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeEZmlPPZ-K01WScc4fKlHeGzbQC8tWaVE1ld3fffPJnUw9Eq9-xlPYvWj9e3y0VzzWMnsbo-NFNwV_3DqCacBAqQuzxCCws9yrfLJO5hLRzXeFYs9O4duwb8Mv7EDJKeRHEus4MXimz8/s400/800px-Citadelle_Besan%25C3%25A7on.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  301. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIanG_mpUqSK2w4lr4yuLqCOr8ciZwfzUVvnh9bqGkInARFamCtK50H_o0fzMia1o4OIo3sZbs4sIwDhJbkqmxUBuAczblTElkLhiFnLuChFZrTjGGHNaLlMyqBPynVEf2KpMk2uhjvEI/s1600/800px-Neuf-Brisach_007_850.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIanG_mpUqSK2w4lr4yuLqCOr8ciZwfzUVvnh9bqGkInARFamCtK50H_o0fzMia1o4OIo3sZbs4sIwDhJbkqmxUBuAczblTElkLhiFnLuChFZrTjGGHNaLlMyqBPynVEf2KpMk2uhjvEI/s400/800px-Neuf-Brisach_007_850.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  302. Fortifications of Vauban consists of 12 groups of fortified buildings and sites along the western, northern and eastern borders of France. They were designed by Vauban (1633–1707), and were added in 2008 to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/4432195415871595278/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/fortifications-of-vauban.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4432195415871595278'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4432195415871595278'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/fortifications-of-vauban.html' title='Fortifications of Vauban'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid4XPBUjbwUUEok9KwdcIS1xq9E9sjOQXT8YUclBo0kXu4fHzP8yd2S3H5MJXMmDWwF1HFf4CgHmvF5KMUdStrPwH5Y0jAK35J62BlwVGUvo8Y_agrYK2fe93bnV1DSA-oqeOrN9HKyAo/s72-c/799px-Porte_de_France_en_automne.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-5723399226149494127</id><published>2011-09-18T12:15:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.833+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Bordeaux</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh8wB7JRN6t-yst4Rqp5deAoiapxYOzDzNao9eX-HikKN9wByY35SWB1Uyp2gmYZAFTXZj_aYI6Oue0rNqqUuHQ5tFsDnevqpdPK68Mlk5aQGk39rLDTr0UKRvR5ELOJpoWreDCc_-1R8/s1600/439px-Montage_Bordeaux_1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh8wB7JRN6t-yst4Rqp5deAoiapxYOzDzNao9eX-HikKN9wByY35SWB1Uyp2gmYZAFTXZj_aYI6Oue0rNqqUuHQ5tFsDnevqpdPK68Mlk5aQGk39rLDTr0UKRvR5ELOJpoWreDCc_-1R8/s400/439px-Montage_Bordeaux_1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;292&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  303. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  304. Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in southwest France, with an estimated (2008) population of 250,082. The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.&lt;br /&gt;
  305. &lt;br /&gt;
  306. Bordeaux is the world&#39;s major wine industry capital. It is home to the world&#39;s main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as &quot;an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble&quot; of the 18th century.&lt;br /&gt;
  307. &lt;br /&gt;
  308. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  309. &lt;br /&gt;
  310. Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.&lt;br /&gt;
  311. &lt;br /&gt;
  312. The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of tin and lead towards Rome. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty (third century). In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals. Further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city.&lt;br /&gt;
  313. &lt;br /&gt;
  314. In the late 6th century, the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban centre on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia.&lt;br /&gt;
  315. &lt;br /&gt;
  316. The city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732, after he had defeated Duke Eudes in the Battle of the River Garonne near Bordeaux and before the former was killed during the Battle of Tours on 10 October. After Duke Eudes&#39;s defeat, Aquitaine pledged allegiance formally to the new rising Carolingian dinasty, but still remained out of Frankish central rule until 768 (Duke Waifer defeated). There are no bishops mentioned during the whole 8th century in Bordeaux.&lt;br /&gt;
  317. &lt;br /&gt;
  318. Under the Carolingians were appointed a series of Counts of Bordeaux who held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia (Duke Seguin deposed in 816 for failing to suppress or sympathise with a Basque rebellion). They were meant to keep in check the Basques and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when the latter appeared c. 844 in the region of Bordeaux. In Autumn 845, count Seguin II marched on the Vikings assaulting Bordeaux and Saintes but was captured and put to death.&lt;br /&gt;
  319. &lt;br /&gt;
  320. From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux regained importance following the marriage of Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine with the French-speaking Count Henri Plantagenet, born in Le Mans, who became, within months of their wedding, King Henry II of England. The city flourished, primarily due to wine trade, and the cathedral of St. André was built. It was also the capital of an independent state under Edward, the Black Prince (1362–1372), but in the end, after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it was annexed by France which extended its territory. The Château Trompette (Trumpet Castle) and the Fort du Hâ, built by Charles VII of France, were the symbols of the new domination, which however deprived the city of its richness by halting the wine commerce with England.&lt;br /&gt;
  321. &lt;br /&gt;
  322. In 1462, Bordeaux obtained a parliament, but regained importance only in the 16th century when it became the center of the distribution of sugar and slaves from the West Indies along with the traditional wine.&lt;br /&gt;
  323. &lt;br /&gt;
  324. Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde, being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.&lt;br /&gt;
  325. &lt;br /&gt;
  326. The 18th century was the golden age of Bordeaux. Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period. Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he once said: &quot;take Versailles, add Antwerp, and you have Bordeaux&quot;. Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux&#39;s 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a &quot;modern&quot; capital that would make France proud.&lt;br /&gt;
  327. &lt;br /&gt;
  328. The French government relocated from Paris to Bordeaux very briefly during World War II, when it became apparent that Paris would soon fall into German hands (as in 1870 during war against Prussia and at the beginning of World War I). The French capital was soon moved again to Vichy.&lt;br /&gt;
  329. &lt;br /&gt;
  330. From 1940 to 1943, the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina Italiana) established BETASOM, a submarine base at Bordeaux. Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic from this base which was also a major base for German U-boats as headquarters of 12th U-boat Flotilla. The massive, reinforced concrete U-boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as a cultural centre for exhibitions.&lt;br /&gt;
  331. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  332. Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  333. &lt;br /&gt;
  334. Bordeaux is located close to the European Atlantic coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. It is around 500 km (310 mi) southwest of Paris. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne, and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the east and left bank in the west. Historically, the left bank is more developed. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to ocean liners. The left bank of the Garonne is a low-lying, often marshy plain.&lt;br /&gt;
  335. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  336. Climate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  337. &lt;br /&gt;
  338. Bordeaux&#39;s climate is usually classified as an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb); however, the summers tend to be warmer and the winters milder than most areas of similar classification. Substantial summer rainfall prevents its climate from being classified as Mediterranean.&lt;br /&gt;
  339. &lt;br /&gt;
  340. Winters are mild because of the prevalence of westerly winds from the Atlantic. Summers are warm and long due to the influence from the Bay of Biscay (surface temperature reaches 21 to 22 °C (70 to 72 °F). The average seasonal winter temperature is 6.53 °C (43.75 °F), but recent winters have been warmer than this. The average summer seasonal temperature is 19.51 °C (67.12 °F), but every summer in the decade beginning 2001 has exceeded this average. The summer of 2003 set a record with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F).&lt;br /&gt;
  341. &lt;br /&gt;
  342. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Economy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  343. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Wine&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  344. &lt;br /&gt;
  345. Bordeaux has about 116,160 hectares (287,000 acres) of vineyards, 57 appellations, 10,000 wine-producing châteaux and 13,000 grape growers. With an annual production of approximately 960 million bottles, Bordeaux produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area&#39;s five premier cru (first growth) red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855: The first growths are:&lt;br /&gt;
  346. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Château Lafite-Rothschild&lt;/li&gt;
  347. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Château Margaux&lt;/li&gt;
  348. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Château Latour&lt;/li&gt;
  349. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Château Haut-Brion&lt;/li&gt;
  350. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Château Mouton-Rothschild*&lt;/li&gt;
  351. &lt;/ul&gt;*In 1855 Mouton-Rothschild was ranked a Second Growth. In 1973, it was elevated to First Growth status.&lt;br /&gt;
  352. &lt;br /&gt;
  353. Both red and white wines are made in Bordeaux. Red Bordeaux is called claret in the United Kingdom. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit verdot, Malbec, and, less commonly in recent years, Carménère. White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, and Muscadelle. Sauternes is a subregion of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wines such as Château d&#39;Yquem.&lt;br /&gt;
  354. &lt;br /&gt;
  355. Because of a wine glut (wine lake) in the generic production, the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes, the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly. In the meanwhile however, the global demand for the first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed.&lt;br /&gt;
  356. &lt;br /&gt;
  357. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Others&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  358. &lt;br /&gt;
  359. The Laser Mégajoule will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the laser and plasma technologies. This project, carried by the French Ministry of Defence, involves an investment of 2 billion euros. In 2009, the 600 experiments programmed each year with the Laser Mégajoule will begin. The &quot;Road of the lasers&quot;, a major project of regional planning, promotes regional investment in optical and laser related industries leading to the Bordeaux area having the most important concentration of optical and laser expertise in Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
  360. &lt;br /&gt;
  361. 20,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux. The city has some of the biggest companies including Dassault, EADS Sogerma, Snecma, Thales, SNPE, and others. The Dassault Falcon private jets are built there as well as the military aircraft Rafale and Mirage 2000, the Airbus A380 cockpit, the boosters of Ariane 5, and the M51 SLBM missile.&lt;br /&gt;
  362. &lt;br /&gt;
  363. Tourism is a major industry, especially concerning wine-making.&lt;br /&gt;
  364. &lt;br /&gt;
  365. Access to the port from the Atlantic ocean is via the Gironde estuary. Almost 9 million tons of goods arrive and leave each year.&lt;br /&gt;
  366. &lt;br /&gt;
  367. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Major companies&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  368. &lt;br /&gt;
  369. This list includes both companies based in Bordeaux and outside companies with major operations in the city.&lt;br /&gt;
  370. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Arena&lt;/li&gt;
  371. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; CDiscount&lt;/li&gt;
  372. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dassault&lt;/li&gt;
  373. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; EADS composites&lt;/li&gt;
  374. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; EADS Sogerma&lt;/li&gt;
  375. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; EADS Space Transportation&lt;/li&gt;
  376. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lectra&lt;/li&gt;
  377. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; LU&lt;/li&gt;
  378. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Marie Brizard&lt;/li&gt;
  379. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; McKesson Corporation&lt;/li&gt;
  380. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Oxbow&lt;/li&gt;
  381. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ricard&lt;/li&gt;
  382. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sanofi Aventis&lt;/li&gt;
  383. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; SMURFIT&lt;/li&gt;
  384. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; SNECMA&lt;/li&gt;
  385. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; SNPE&lt;/li&gt;
  386. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Solectron&lt;/li&gt;
  387. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Thales Group&lt;/li&gt;
  388. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; William Pitters&lt;/li&gt;
  389. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Education&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  390. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;University&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  391. &lt;br /&gt;
  392. The university was created by the archbishop Pey Berland in 1441 and was abolished in 1793, during the French Revolution, before reappearing in 1808 with Napoleon I. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235 ha). The University of Bordeaux is divided into four:&lt;br /&gt;
  393. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The University Bordeaux 1 (Physical sciences and Technologies), 10,693 students in 2002&lt;/li&gt;
  394. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The University Bordeaux 2 (Medicine and Life sciences), 15,038 students in 2002&lt;/li&gt;
  395. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The University Bordeaux 3 (Liberal Arts, Humanities, Languages, History), 14,785 students in 2002&lt;/li&gt;
  396. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The University Bordeaux 4 (Law, Economy and Management). 12,556 students in 2002&lt;/li&gt;
  397. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Schools&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  398. &lt;br /&gt;
  399. Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.&lt;br /&gt;
  400. &lt;br /&gt;
  401. Engineering schools:&lt;br /&gt;
  402. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École nationale supérieure d&#39;arts et métiers&lt;/li&gt;
  403. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École d&#39;ingénieurs en modélisation mathématique et mécanique&lt;/li&gt;
  404. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École nationale supérieure d&#39;électronique, informatique, radiocommunications de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  405. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École supérieure de technologie des biomolécules de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  406. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École nationale d&#39;ingénieurs des travaux agricoles de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  407. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  408. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  409. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Institut de cognitique&lt;/li&gt;
  410. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École supérieure d&#39;informatique&lt;/li&gt;
  411. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École privée des sciences informatiques&lt;/li&gt;
  412. &lt;/ul&gt;Business and management schools:&lt;br /&gt;
  413. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; IUT Techniques de Commercialisation of Bordeaux (Business School)&lt;/li&gt;
  414. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Bordeaux école de management (Bordeaux Management School)&lt;/li&gt;
  415. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; EBP International&lt;/li&gt;
  416. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales (INSEEC)&lt;/li&gt;
  417. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École de commerce européenne&lt;/li&gt;
  418. &lt;/ul&gt;Other:&lt;br /&gt;
  419. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Institut d&#39;études politiques de Bordeaux (Institute of political sciences)&lt;/li&gt;
  420. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École nationale de la magistrature (National school for Magistrate)&lt;/li&gt;
  421. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École du service de santé des armées&lt;/li&gt;
  422. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École d&#39;architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  423. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  424. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; École française des attachés de presse et des professionels de la communication (EFAP)&lt;/li&gt;
  425. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d&#39;Aquitaine (CNAM)&lt;/li&gt;
  426. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Main sights&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  427. Bordeaux is classified &quot;City of Art and History&quot;. The city has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as &quot;an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  428. &lt;br /&gt;
  429. Bordeaux is home to one of Europe&#39;s biggest 18th century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after Nancy, to have entered an era of urbanism and metropolitan big scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King Louis XV, under the supervision of two intendants (Governors), first Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur then the Marquis (Marquess) de Tourny.&lt;br /&gt;
  430. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  431. Buildings&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  432. &lt;br /&gt;
  433. Main sights include:&lt;br /&gt;
  434. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Esplanade des Quinconces, one of the largest squares in France.&lt;/li&gt;
  435. &lt;li&gt;Colonnes des Girondins&lt;/li&gt;
  436. &lt;li&gt;Grand Théâtre, a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century.&lt;/li&gt;
  437. &lt;li&gt;Allées de Tourny&lt;/li&gt;
  438. &lt;li&gt;Cours de l&#39;Intendance&lt;/li&gt;
  439. &lt;li&gt;Place du Chapelet&lt;/li&gt;
  440. &lt;li&gt;Pont de pierre&lt;/li&gt;
  441. &lt;li&gt;Saint-André Cathedral, consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096. Of the Original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remain. The Royal Gate is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th–15th centuries.&lt;/li&gt;
  442. &lt;li&gt;Tour Pey Berland (1440–1450), a massive, quadrangular tower annexed to the cathedral.&lt;/li&gt;
  443. &lt;li&gt;Église Sainte-Croix (Church of the Holy Cross). It lies on the site of a 7th century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. It is annexed to a Benedictine abbey founded in the 7th century, and was built in the late 11th-early 12th centuries. The façade is in Romanesque style&lt;/li&gt;
  444. &lt;li&gt;The gothic Basilica of Saint Michael, constructed in the late 14th–15th centuries.&lt;/li&gt;
  445. &lt;li&gt;Basilica of Saint-Seurin, the most ancient church in Bordeaux. It was built in the early 6th century on the site of a palaeochristian necropolis. It has an 11th century portico, while the apse and transept are from the following century. The 13th century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses sepulchres of the Merovingian family.&lt;/li&gt;
  446. &lt;li&gt;Palais Rohan (Exterior:)&lt;/li&gt;
  447. &lt;li&gt;Palais Gallien, the remains of a late second century Roman amphitheatre&lt;/li&gt;
  448. &lt;li&gt;Porte Cailhau, a gate of the old city walls.&lt;/li&gt;
  449. &lt;li&gt;La Grosse Cloche (15th century) is the second remaining gate of the Medieval walls. It was the belfry of the old Town Hall. It consists of two 40 m-high circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell weighing 7,800 kilograms (17,000 lb). The watch is from 1759.&lt;/li&gt;
  450. &lt;li&gt;Église Saint-Éloi&lt;/li&gt;
  451. &lt;li&gt;Place de la Bourse(1730–1775), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Ange Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV.&lt;/li&gt;
  452. &lt;li&gt;Place du Parlement&lt;/li&gt;
  453. &lt;li&gt;Place Saint-Pierre&lt;/li&gt;
  454. &lt;li&gt;Rue Sainte-Catherine, the longest and busiest street in the old town of Bordeaux.&lt;/li&gt;
  455. &lt;li&gt;The Betasom submarine base&lt;/li&gt;
  456. &lt;/ul&gt;Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.&lt;br /&gt;
  457. &lt;br /&gt;
  458. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contemporary architecture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  459. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Fire Station, la Benauge, Claude Ferret/Adrien Courtois/Yves Salier, 1951–1954&lt;/li&gt;
  460. &lt;li&gt;Court of first instance, Richard Rogers, 1998&lt;/li&gt;
  461. &lt;li&gt;CTBA, wood and furniture research centre, A. Loisier, 1998&lt;/li&gt;
  462. &lt;li&gt;Hangar 14 on the Quai des Chartrons, 1999&lt;/li&gt;
  463. &lt;li&gt;The Management Science faculty on the Bastide, Anne Lacaton/Jean-Philippe Vassal, 2006&lt;/li&gt;
  464. &lt;li&gt;The Jardin botanique de la Bastide, Catherine Mosbach/Françoise Hélène Jourda/Pascal Convert, 2007&lt;/li&gt;
  465. &lt;li&gt;The Nuyens School complex on the Bastide, Yves Ballot/Nathalie Franck, 2007&lt;/li&gt;
  466. &lt;li&gt;Seeko&#39;o Hotel on the Quai des Chartrons, King Kong architects, 2007&lt;/li&gt;
  467. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Museums&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  468. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Musée des Beaux Arts (Fine arts museum), one of the finest painting galleries in France&lt;/li&gt;
  469. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Musée d&#39;Aquitaine&lt;/li&gt;
  470. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Musée du Vin et du Négoce&lt;/li&gt;
  471. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Musée des Arts Décoratifs&lt;/li&gt;
  472. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Musée d&#39;Histoire Naturelle&lt;/li&gt;
  473. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; CAPC&lt;/li&gt;
  474. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Musée National des Doines&lt;/li&gt;
  475. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Vinorama&lt;/li&gt;
  476. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Musée Goupil&lt;/li&gt;
  477. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Casa de Goya&lt;/li&gt;
  478. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cap Sciences&lt;/li&gt;
  479. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Centre Jean Moulin&lt;/li&gt;
  480. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Parks and gardens&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  481. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jardin botanique de Bordeaux&lt;/li&gt;
  482. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jardin botanique de la Bastide&lt;/li&gt;
  483. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; La Maison des Chameaux (Camel Park)&lt;/li&gt;
  484. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shopping&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  485. &lt;br /&gt;
  486. Bordeaux has many shopping options. In the heart of Bordeaux is Rue Sainte-Catherine. This pedestrian only shopping street has 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) of shops, restaurants and cafés; it is also one of the longest shopping streets in Europe. Rue Sainte-Catherine starts at Place de la Victoire and ends at Place de la Comédie by the Grand Théâtre. The shops become progressively more upmarket as one moves towards Place de la Comédie and the nearby Cours de l&#39;Intendance is where one finds the more exclusive shops and boutiques.&lt;br /&gt;
  487. &lt;br /&gt;
  488. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Culture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  489. &lt;br /&gt;
  490. Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research centre, Arc en rêve, still the most prestigious in France besides Paris IFA. Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas, theatres and is the home of the Opéra national de Bordeaux. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year.&lt;br /&gt;
  491. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  492. Transport&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  493. Road&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  494. &lt;br /&gt;
  495. Bordeaux is an important road and motorway junction. The city is connected to Paris by the A10 motorway, with Lyon by the A89, with Toulouse by the A62, and with Spain by the A63. There is a 45 km (28 mi) ring road called the &quot;Rocade&quot; which is often very busy. The building of another ring road is under consideration.&lt;br /&gt;
  496. &lt;br /&gt;
  497. Bordeaux has four road bridges that cross the Garonne, the Pont de pierre built in the 1820s and three modern bridges built after 1960: the Pont Saint Jean, just south of the Pont de pierre (both located downtown), the Pont d&#39;Aquitaine, a suspended bridge downstream from downtown, and the Pont François Mitterrand, located upstream of downtown. These two bridges are part of the ring road around Bordeaux. There is also a railway bridge, completed in 2008(??).&lt;br /&gt;
  498. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  499. Rail&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  500. &lt;br /&gt;
  501. The main railway station, Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean, near the centre of the city, has 4 million passengers a year. It is served by the French national (SNCF) railway&#39;s high speed train, the TGV, that gets to Paris in three hours, with connections to major European centres such as Lille, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne, Geneva and London. The TGV also serves Toulouse and Irun from Bordeaux. A regular train service is provided to Nantes, Nice, Marseille and Lyon. The Gare Saint-Jean is the major hub for regional trains (TER) operated by the SNCF to Arcachon, Limoges, Agen, Périgueux, Pau and Bayonne.&lt;br /&gt;
  502. &lt;br /&gt;
  503. Historically the train line used to terminate at a station on the right bank of the river Garonne near the Pont de Pierre, and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city. Subsequently a single track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s, by Gustave Eiffel, to bring trains across the river direct into Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean. The old station was later converted and in 2010 comprised a cinema and restaurants.&lt;br /&gt;
  504. &lt;br /&gt;
  505. The single track Eiffel bridge became a bottleneck and a new bridge was built, opening in 2008(??). During the planning there was much lobbying by the Eiffel family and other supporters to preserve the old bridge as a footbridge across the Garonne, with possibly a museum to document the history of the bridge and Gustav Eiffel&#39;s contribution. The decision was taken to save the bridge, but by early 2010 no plans had been announced as to its future use. The bridge remains intact, but unused and without any means of access.&lt;br /&gt;
  506. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  507. Air&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  508. &lt;br /&gt;
  509. Bordeaux is served by an international airport, Aéroport de Bordeaux Mérignac, located 8 km (5.0 mi) from the city centre in the suburban city of Mérignac.&lt;br /&gt;
  510. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  511. Trams, buses and boats&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  512. &lt;br /&gt;
  513. Bordeaux has an important public transport system called Tram et Bus de la CUB (TBC). This company is run by the Keolis group. The network consists of:&lt;br /&gt;
  514. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 3 tram lines (A, B and C)&lt;/li&gt;
  515. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 75 bus routes, all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)&lt;/li&gt;
  516. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 13 night bus routes (from 1 to 16)&lt;/li&gt;
  517. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; An electric bus shuttle in the city centre&lt;/li&gt;
  518. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A boat shuttle on the Garonne river&lt;/li&gt;
  519. &lt;/ul&gt;This network is operated from 5 am to 1 am.&lt;br /&gt;
  520. &lt;br /&gt;
  521. There had been several plans for a subway network to be set up, but they stalled for both geological and financial reasons. Work on the Tramway de Bordeaux system was started in the autumn of 2000, and services started in December 2003 connecting Bordeaux with its suburban areas. The tram system uses ground-level power supply technology (APS), a new cable-free technology developed by French company Alstom and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment by eliminating overhead cables in the historic city. Conventional overhead cables are used outside the city. The system was controversial for its considerable cost of installation, maintenance and also for the numerous initial technical problems that paralysed the network. Many streets and squares along the tramway route became pedestrian areas, with limited access for cars.&lt;br /&gt;
  522. &lt;br /&gt;
  523. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Taxi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  524. &lt;br /&gt;
  525. There are more than 400 taxicabs in Bordeaux.&lt;br /&gt;
  526. &lt;br /&gt;
  527. &lt;br /&gt;
  528. &lt;br /&gt;
  529. &lt;br /&gt;
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  543. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQzNgt7O3WFWb2WBxdhNXcR_Zl754e-yowWMgZTlef7BV-6bVzEvVWldp9Iv4du5CSsaGSVmJp0CQ8kk8RHDyDmgnll99dB6QhyXGtx03W7k8aUBzwpWemXFXMJwBfm6YNq-wmvZdgwE/s1600/site_1256_0015-500-334-20090423153611.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQzNgt7O3WFWb2WBxdhNXcR_Zl754e-yowWMgZTlef7BV-6bVzEvVWldp9Iv4du5CSsaGSVmJp0CQ8kk8RHDyDmgnll99dB6QhyXGtx03W7k8aUBzwpWemXFXMJwBfm6YNq-wmvZdgwE/s400/site_1256_0015-500-334-20090423153611.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/5723399226149494127/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/bordeaux.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/5723399226149494127'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/5723399226149494127'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/bordeaux.html' title='Bordeaux'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh8wB7JRN6t-yst4Rqp5deAoiapxYOzDzNao9eX-HikKN9wByY35SWB1Uyp2gmYZAFTXZj_aYI6Oue0rNqqUuHQ5tFsDnevqpdPK68Mlk5aQGk39rLDTr0UKRvR5ELOJpoWreDCc_-1R8/s72-c/439px-Montage_Bordeaux_1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-2802689349025577674</id><published>2011-09-18T11:50:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.834+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Le Havre</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2wvgUjzchY5xNQKw-JiNN2aV5ZfhYniHHeL6DV4rt-ZJEfnwSDYgxcW85uDWKeaPbbUG7DkvarrH3i7lm4UeAB1LH1LWrhLS8Jn9v6Hs-Ll63ibQHY6d3gLWNoApljyM9ZJhfqsX9kA/s1600/800px-Le_Havre_Vue_Plage_14_07_2005.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2wvgUjzchY5xNQKw-JiNN2aV5ZfhYniHHeL6DV4rt-ZJEfnwSDYgxcW85uDWKeaPbbUG7DkvarrH3i7lm4UeAB1LH1LWrhLS8Jn9v6Hs-Ll63ibQHY6d3gLWNoApljyM9ZJhfqsX9kA/s400/800px-Le_Havre_Vue_Plage_14_07_2005.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  544. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  545. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3zfJKq5bTbK4wNdKsFthbb8Tb-8_h1fuYjB-Sf7D7d4wtQqIEJPPj3AcPxm5ssuLU7sON-5lhrS_djTssy07PTuMoOg4T0Jm_lSTyAkBceV9TjhB2ALg8ywIoKvZV_KYXu8XFMHMJtrw/s1600/Prieur%25C3%25A9_de_graville1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3zfJKq5bTbK4wNdKsFthbb8Tb-8_h1fuYjB-Sf7D7d4wtQqIEJPPj3AcPxm5ssuLU7sON-5lhrS_djTssy07PTuMoOg4T0Jm_lSTyAkBceV9TjhB2ALg8ywIoKvZV_KYXu8XFMHMJtrw/s400/Prieur%25C3%25A9_de_graville1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  546. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje17wHNPZKBiu05YUbOdJATvno_zUl6vmOc2iytJvumvFGc5nl1SunkD4WrHdVlKl54zwgkBWyycaSszYCa_HGVktpwOx_qmX0LUbZ20u94BZI_kfhoQ75zq4W7nVEuRiDGf6Cx515NdA/s1600/Vieuxhavre1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje17wHNPZKBiu05YUbOdJATvno_zUl6vmOc2iytJvumvFGc5nl1SunkD4WrHdVlKl54zwgkBWyycaSszYCa_HGVktpwOx_qmX0LUbZ20u94BZI_kfhoQ75zq4W7nVEuRiDGf6Cx515NdA/s400/Vieuxhavre1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  547. Le Havre&amp;nbsp; is a city in the Seine-Maritime department of the Haute-Normandie region in France. It is situated in north-western France, on the right bank of the mouth of the river Seine on the English Channel. Le Havre is the most populous commune in the Haute-Normandie region, although the total population of the greater Le Havre conurbation is smaller than that of Rouen. It is also the second largest subprefecture in France (after Reims). Its port is the second busiest in France (after that of Marseille). Since 1974 it has been the see of the diocese of Le Havre.&lt;br /&gt;
  548. &lt;br /&gt;
  549. Le Havre was originally named Franciscopolis after King Francis I, who founded the city in 1517. A chapel known as Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (&quot;Our Lady of Grace&quot;) existed at the site before the city was established, and the denomination lent its name to the port, to be called Le Havre (or Le Hable) de Grâce (&quot;the harbor of grace&quot;). The shortened name Le Havre, as used in modern times, simply translates as &quot;the port&quot; or &quot;the harbor&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  550. &lt;br /&gt;
  551. While under German occupation, the city was devastated in 1944 during the Battle of Normandy in World War II; 5,000 people were killed and 12,000 homes destroyed, mainly by Allied air attacks. After the war, the center was rebuilt in the modernist style by Auguste Perret. Le Havre was honored with the Legion of Honor award on 18 July 1949. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.&lt;br /&gt;
  552. &lt;br /&gt;
  553. Le Havre was once synonymous with urban gloom and greyness. The city&#39;s inhabitants have done much to change this; as a result of substantial improvements, Le Havre is now spoken of as the Brasilia of France.&lt;br /&gt;
  554. &lt;br /&gt;
  555. Le Havre&#39;s home port code is LH.&lt;br /&gt;
  556. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  557. History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  558. &lt;br /&gt;
  559. The name Le Havre simply means the harbour or the port. Le Havre was founded as a new port by royal command, partly to replace the historic harbors of Harfleur and Honfleur which had become increasingly impractical due to silting-up. The city was founded in 1517, when it was named Franciscopolis after Francis I of France, and subsequently named Le Havre-de-Grâce (&quot;Harbor of Grace&quot;) after an existing chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (&quot;our Lady of grace&quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
  560. &lt;br /&gt;
  561. In the 18th century, Le Havre began to grow, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of France and Europe. In 1759 the city was the staging point for a planned French invasion of Britain - thousands of troops, horses and ships being assembled there - only for many of the barges to be destroyed in the Raid on Le Havre and the invasion to be abandoned following the naval defeat at Quiberon.&lt;br /&gt;
  562. &lt;br /&gt;
  563. On 19 November 1793, the city changed its name to Hâvre de Marat and later Hâvre-Marat in honor of the recently deceased Jean-Paul Marat, who was seen as a martyr of the French Revolution. By early 1795, however, Marat&#39;s memory had become somewhat tarnished, and on January 13, 1795, the town&#39;s name became simply Le Havre.&lt;br /&gt;
  564. &lt;br /&gt;
  565. During the 19th century, it became an industrial centre.&lt;br /&gt;
  566. &lt;br /&gt;
  567. The German-occupied city was devastated during the Battle of Normandy in World War II: 5,000 people were killed and 12,000 homes were totally destroyed, mainly by Allied air attacks. Despite this, Le Havre became the location of one of the biggest Replacement Depots, or &quot;Repple Depples&quot; in the European Theatre of operations in WWII. Thousands of American replacement troops poured through the city before being deployed to combat operations. After the war, the centre was rebuilt in modernist style by Auguste Perret. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. UNESCO declared the city center of Le Havre a World Heritage Site on 15 July 2005, in honoring the &quot;innovative utilization of concrete&#39;s potential.&quot; The 133-hectare space that represents, according to UNESCO, &quot;an exceptional example of architecture and town planning of the post-war era,&quot; is one of the rare contemporary World Heritage Sites in Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
  568. &lt;br /&gt;
  569. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reconstruction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  570. &lt;br /&gt;
  571. The port city of Le Havre suffered catastrophic damage during the Second World War. Like many French coastal towns, the port fell under German-occupation in the early 1940s. Thousands of residents evacuated to refugee camps in the British zoned areas or further afield to neighbouring towns and makeshift shelters during this period. Le Havre continued to operate through the messiness of war. Much of the population opting to evacuate at dusk by foot, bicycle or wagon, only to return during daylight hours after the Allied Forces air bombardments (Dombrowski-Risser 2009, p. 63). Le Havre’s destruction culminated during the Battle of Normandy in the summer of 1944. During the 5th and 6th days of September that year, Allied forces began their assault to liberate the city from German occupation. The majority of the 132 bombs to hit the city over the war period were employed in the days of this campaign, often described as the “storm of iron and fire” (Clout 1999, p. 187). The city was finally liberated from German-occupation on 12 September 1944.&lt;br /&gt;
  572. &lt;br /&gt;
  573. Le Havre, France’s second largest port experienced the worst damage of any city in the country. Over 90% of the city was left in rubble; all major public buildings in the administrative centre including the stock exchange, city hall, and post office were destroyed, as well churches, the two hospitals, schools, shops and housing (Arnaud 2009). The port was rendered unusable due to the scattered wrecks blocking the channels and access docks. Major urban fires broke out in the city in the following days, destroying what little remnants left of historical significance. The city’s water mains had been obliterated by the RAF bombings, making the task of putting out the fires next to impossible (Fowle 1992). By the end of the war, a total of 5,000 civilians had been killed, 12,500 buildings destroyed and 80,000 people left homeless (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2005). Much of the earth was heavily mined and shelled; the original road grid erased from physical memory. The majority of the housing stock in the north-eastern suburbs of Aplemont and Graville had been entirely flattened. The task of recovery and reconstruction would require immense planning; both locally and from Paris. It was now up to the planners and policy makers to restore Le Havre with a new identity of historical strength and modern character.&lt;br /&gt;
  574. &lt;br /&gt;
  575. Structured urban planning ideas and preparations had been in the works for Le Havre long before World War Two. The French Government drew up a law in 1919, specifying that any city with a population greater than 10,000 required a “plan for urban improvement, development and beautification” (UNESCO 2005, p. 4). The port struggled with the depravities of many European cities at the time. After the booming period of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, the city’s population growth spiralled out of control with no structured urban planning to speak of. Appalling standards of sanitation and living conditions led the way for cramped and gloomy courtyards, polluted air and flooded basements in the residential neighbourhoods. Planning based on property speculation resulted in low quality construction of buildings and roads (Clout 1999, p. 189). Little development took place between the wars, even with the proposal of sanitation plans provided by private companies. The wartime Vichy government enacted a master plan for redevelopment in 1941 under the CRI agency for reconstruction, led by appointed urban planner Felix Brunau. Following the height of destruction, plans were shelved until 16 November 1944, when the French government formed the Ministry of Reconstruction and Urbanism (MRU) to resurrect damaged cities (Muller 2006). Many of the problems surrounding the erection of temporary housing on private land would be ironed out beneath this administration, at the expense of the state under expropriation.&lt;br /&gt;
  576. &lt;br /&gt;
  577. Auguste Perret (1874–1954), a formative architect-turned-town planner was commissioned to oversee the reconstruction of the city centre and town plan in January 1945 by Raoul Dautry of the MRU (Kuhl, Lowis &amp;amp; Thiel-Siling 2008, p. 61). The city council requested Brunau form part of the planning team, but subsequently left a short time later due to creative conflicts with Perret (UNESCO 2005, p. 5). Traditionally built on the moist soil of marshlands, Perret envisioned the new grid of Le Havre to be elevated by 3.5 metres of concrete (Collins 2004, p. 273). Though this plan was unsuccessful due to costs and shortage of materials, debris was used to raise the level of the town centre. The use of reinforced concrete throughout the city’s buildings came to impose strength of character and dominance of the port. With relatively free access to land and space, Perret and his team of 60 architects and planners had the ability to interpret the spatiality of the city as required.&lt;br /&gt;
  578. &lt;br /&gt;
  579. The triangular axis of the Boulevard Francois I, the Avenue Foch and Rue de Paris led the traveller north, south, east and west of the town centre. The pre-war shopping precinct of Rue de Paris was redesigned with wide footpaths. A surrounding gridiron street system allowed for opened shopping areas, far from the dense and overcrowded crannies of the old (Frampton 1995, p. 145). The Place de l’Hotel de Ville; the central square, was lined with 330 apartments around the edge in varying size and permitted a 1000 person occupancy. State funds also allowed for the build of high rise apartments over six blocks leading into the residential areas. These new apartments possessed the latest innovations including central heating (Clout 1999, p. 199). The Avenue Foch stretched 80 metres wide, a little more than the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The finest apartments were built here facing the northern sunlight. Beyond the concrete formations of the inner township stretched the Saint-Francois neighbourhood, made up of red bricked residences and slate rooflines. Aplemont’s three square kilometre rebuild consisted of detached housing, double story terraces and small apartment blocks. A church, community centre and shops also defined the new features.&lt;br /&gt;
  580. &lt;br /&gt;
  581. Major public buildings designed by Perret himself include the Hotel de Ville, the Bourse du Commerce, and the churches of Saint Michel and Saint Joseph. Saint Joseph’s and its 110 metre tall spire holds significant value for the city as it is a built remembrance for Le Havre residents who lost their lives during the war. The inclusion of 7.7 square kilometres of green spaces with parks, gardens and woodlands added to the port’s urban renewal. This equates to an average of 41 square metres of green space per inhabitant, exceptional for any European city of its time. Le Havre’s historical significance in urban planning and revolutionary architecture culminated in the site’s addition to the World Heritage list under the UNESCO in 2005 (Global Compact Cities Program 2007).&lt;br /&gt;
  582. &lt;br /&gt;
  583. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  584. &lt;br /&gt;
  585. Le Havre is the second largest subprefecture in France, and the administrative center of the district bordering the Sainte-Adresse commune.&lt;br /&gt;
  586. &lt;br /&gt;
  587. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Location&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  588. &lt;br /&gt;
  589. Le Havre is situated in the southwest of the Pays de Caux region. The city is bordered by the seashore of the English Channel to the west, the mouth of the Seine to the south, and the coast to the north. Historically, the Seine marked a natural boundary between Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie; the city of Honfleur has often been referred to by the Havrais as being &quot;on the other coast.&quot; As a port city on an exposed marshy coast, Le Havre has long suffered from poor land links. New road connections have been built since; among the most notable is the Pont de Normandie, which connects the two banks of the Seine and reduces traveling time between Honfleur and Le Havre to less than 15 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;
  590. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  591. Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  592. Le Havre is naturally separated into two areas by a cliff.&lt;br /&gt;
  593. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The ville basse, or lower city, comprises the port, the city center, and the peripheral regions. It was constructed on the ancient marshlands which were drained in the 16th century. The soil is composed of alluvium deposited by the river Seine. The city center, reconstructed after World War II, stands on approximately a meter (3.3 ft) of flattened rubble.&lt;/li&gt;
  594. &lt;li&gt;The ville haute, or upper city, is composed of &quot;sensitive urban areas&quot; or ZUS (Mont-Gaillard, Caucriauville, and Mare-Rouge). The wealthy north-west region of the upper city (Sainte-Adresse and Dollemard) is the highest in altitude (between 90 and 115 meters.)&lt;/li&gt;
  595. &lt;/ul&gt;A road tunnel and funicular railway ease transport between the lower and upper cities.&lt;br /&gt;
  596. &lt;br /&gt;
  597. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Demographics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  598. &lt;br /&gt;
  599. The population of the Le Havre area was about 191,000 in 1999, which makes it the 12th most populous city in France and the most populous in Haute-Normandie (although the total population of the greater Le Havre conurbation is smaller than that of Rouen&#39;s). It has seen a drop in population, particularly from 1975 to 1982; during these years of industrial decline the population fell by 18,000. During the 1980s the population continued to decrease, though less rapidly. Le Havre&#39;s city limit had a population of around 249,000 in 1999 (25th in France) and the urban area had a population of 297,000. With 20% of the population less than 20 years old, the city of Le Havre is relatively young, the population is also shrinking. The foreign-born population is estimated at 8,200, 4% of the population. Due to the economic changes that have affected the city, the CSP greatly evolved in the 1980s; between 1982 and 1999, the number of blue-collar workers decreased by a third (11,000). At the same time, the number of office workers and professionals increased by 25%, which partly explains the creation and development of the University of Le Havre.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/2802689349025577674/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/le-havre.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/2802689349025577674'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/2802689349025577674'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/le-havre.html' title='Le Havre'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2wvgUjzchY5xNQKw-JiNN2aV5ZfhYniHHeL6DV4rt-ZJEfnwSDYgxcW85uDWKeaPbbUG7DkvarrH3i7lm4UeAB1LH1LWrhLS8Jn9v6Hs-Ll63ibQHY6d3gLWNoApljyM9ZJhfqsX9kA/s72-c/800px-Le_Havre_Vue_Plage_14_07_2005.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-5772467611904009884</id><published>2011-09-18T11:39:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.835+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Provins</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZGVU3mWZoQFBz9M65WMLDJsOkjbbOAmGlcmc0Y14MrijimtOTC16PBSikLipM8VMtLy_Cqf88WMb-fk0bh65QomN94FD_HRDj1UaW9aAdRCx7wpYbCAPIph4zmZk-IFJJ5RSNR-jNCKY/s1600/site_0873_0005-500-334-20090506104025.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZGVU3mWZoQFBz9M65WMLDJsOkjbbOAmGlcmc0Y14MrijimtOTC16PBSikLipM8VMtLy_Cqf88WMb-fk0bh65QomN94FD_HRDj1UaW9aAdRCx7wpYbCAPIph4zmZk-IFJJ5RSNR-jNCKY/s400/site_0873_0005-500-334-20090506104025.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  600. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  601. Provins is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.&lt;br /&gt;
  602. &lt;br /&gt;
  603. Provins, a town of medieval fairs, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.&lt;br /&gt;
  604. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  605. Administration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  606. &lt;br /&gt;
  607. Provins is not the largest city in the arrondissement, but it is the seat. The largest town is Montereau-Fault-Yonne.&lt;br /&gt;
  608. &lt;br /&gt;
  609. The arrondissement has 7 cantons, 125 communes and 112,020 residents. The canton of Provins has 15 communes and 21,000 residents.&lt;br /&gt;
  610. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  611. History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  612. Provins was home to one of the Champagne fairs that were crucial to the medieval European economy, when the city was under the protection of Counts of Champagne.&lt;br /&gt;
  613. &lt;br /&gt;
  614. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sights&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  615. &lt;br /&gt;
  616. Provins is well-known for its medieval fortifications, such as the Tour César (the Caesar Tower) and well-preserved city walls.&lt;br /&gt;
  617. &lt;br /&gt;
  618. The Saint Quiriace Collegiate Church is located here. The Empress Galla Placidia is said to have presented Ancona with the relics of Judas Cyriacus. However, the saint&#39;s head was situated at Provins, brought from Jerusalem by Henry I of Champagne, who built a church in this town to display it. It is still at the Saint Quiriace Collegiate Church, although construction work during the 12th century was never completed due to financial difficulties during the reign of Philippe le Bel. A dome was added in the 17th century, and the old families of Provins who lived in the upper town were called &quot;Children of the Dome.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  619. &lt;br /&gt;
  620. The police station (2010), a piece of contemporary architecture designed by Parisian architects Philippe Ameller and Jacques Dubois.&lt;br /&gt;
  621. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  622. Economy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  623. &lt;br /&gt;
  624. Provins has important rose cultivation. It produces all sorts of foods from roses, and its main specialties are rose petal jam, Provinois rose honey and rose candy.&lt;br /&gt;
  625. &lt;br /&gt;
  626. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitke5dYrnzB4TH5epWUvVhL6_XNzAt0PBVJRTwvujUrD5E4E-AJOBynefHd256Z64k678YF-qz34Wnj4da4v2QjHKywt-dvKJd5IdCvkd9f1PfU3bv2xQCXXh4vF-M_Fkua6PwluvOktk/s1600/site_0873_0006-500-331-20090506104050.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;263&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitke5dYrnzB4TH5epWUvVhL6_XNzAt0PBVJRTwvujUrD5E4E-AJOBynefHd256Z64k678YF-qz34Wnj4da4v2QjHKywt-dvKJd5IdCvkd9f1PfU3bv2xQCXXh4vF-M_Fkua6PwluvOktk/s400/site_0873_0006-500-331-20090506104050.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  627. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjafRW_hAL2BGoY8thS4WvI9iqS4V3_-Pbz1xB9RrzisOCbPJp5wtga1gm0yrwl6dsj9LIGK3CtUseq38oHis2ck9V-MOaNiGVfNu4dcQpxoBseZUsmJIeIjCtxsnwkUSXA8nrEWxBAZEA/s1600/site_0873_0007-500-332-20090506104134.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjafRW_hAL2BGoY8thS4WvI9iqS4V3_-Pbz1xB9RrzisOCbPJp5wtga1gm0yrwl6dsj9LIGK3CtUseq38oHis2ck9V-MOaNiGVfNu4dcQpxoBseZUsmJIeIjCtxsnwkUSXA8nrEWxBAZEA/s400/site_0873_0007-500-332-20090506104134.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  631. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIAndNqmyz4px6vV27HY1_tKic4pCWIussAE8YOh1DYuMhTA7tsV01wiGfwJxQ4kB9o5LB0lfiwl-PRwzJyrpvP6lwdoSeRSVmhvJfoaBq3PaAi8PWFAzDPmyuFV11_Dk74pnyiIXsn10/s1600/site_0873_0011-500-334-20090506105043.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIAndNqmyz4px6vV27HY1_tKic4pCWIussAE8YOh1DYuMhTA7tsV01wiGfwJxQ4kB9o5LB0lfiwl-PRwzJyrpvP6lwdoSeRSVmhvJfoaBq3PaAi8PWFAzDPmyuFV11_Dk74pnyiIXsn10/s400/site_0873_0011-500-334-20090506105043.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  632. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLBP1XaWL8oh4VTWOe6Mo8v7swjgygm3-Qt3nAfMp_tt4nGB6dCL-f08RtDEY32EVbzMFbmPQvPj6WpGENTdbpie4JhxrXv1MPfK4CR__b1jY5ZfMdH-GZGhm5htXl7DEJ4iJCTQHfZo/s1600/site_0873_0012-500-323-20090506105115.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLBP1XaWL8oh4VTWOe6Mo8v7swjgygm3-Qt3nAfMp_tt4nGB6dCL-f08RtDEY32EVbzMFbmPQvPj6WpGENTdbpie4JhxrXv1MPfK4CR__b1jY5ZfMdH-GZGhm5htXl7DEJ4iJCTQHfZo/s400/site_0873_0012-500-323-20090506105115.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/5772467611904009884/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/provins.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/5772467611904009884'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/5772467611904009884'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/provins.html' title='Provins'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZGVU3mWZoQFBz9M65WMLDJsOkjbbOAmGlcmc0Y14MrijimtOTC16PBSikLipM8VMtLy_Cqf88WMb-fk0bh65QomN94FD_HRDj1UaW9aAdRCx7wpYbCAPIph4zmZk-IFJJ5RSNR-jNCKY/s72-c/site_0873_0005-500-334-20090506104025.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-474378979971315602</id><published>2011-09-18T11:32:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.836+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Loire Valley</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimKzab6gpm1UnAnkErKgWmepz1TBQlvznJdNlpiA7YxP2TPeVvQxPJSHC5hFTP5N088mPfyRAtawp26ilniqOWtLkyOJYQzDzNyaJFAmQ4L5A5bb8aGRSWeSAwE3MW_KqUK0BTiO0AUZQ/s1600/800px-Loire_vineyard.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimKzab6gpm1UnAnkErKgWmepz1TBQlvznJdNlpiA7YxP2TPeVvQxPJSHC5hFTP5N088mPfyRAtawp26ilniqOWtLkyOJYQzDzNyaJFAmQ4L5A5bb8aGRSWeSAwE3MW_KqUK0BTiO0AUZQ/s400/800px-Loire_vineyard.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  633. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  634. The Loire Valley , is located in the middle stretch of the Loire River in central France. It comprises an area of approximately 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi). It is referred to as the Cradle of the French Language, and the Garden of France due to the abundance of vineyards, fruit orchards, artichoke, asparagus and cherry fields which line the banks of the river. Notable for its historic towns, architecture and wines, the valley has been inhabited since the Middle Palaeolithic period. In 2000, UNESCO added the central part of the Loire River valley to its list of World Heritage Sites.&lt;br /&gt;
  635. &lt;br /&gt;
  636. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  637. &lt;br /&gt;
  638. The valley includes historic towns such as Amboseniese, Angers, Blois, Chinon, Nantes, Orléans, Saumur, and Tours.&lt;br /&gt;
  639. &lt;br /&gt;
  640. The climate is mild most of the year, the river often acting as a line of demarcation in France&#39;s weather between the northern climate and the southern. The river has a significant effect on the mesoclimate of the region, adding a few degrees of temperature. The climate can be cool with spring time frost while wine harvest months may have rain. Summers are hot; however influences from the Atlantic moderate the temperature with breezes.&lt;br /&gt;
  641. &lt;br /&gt;
  642. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Wine&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  643. &lt;br /&gt;
  644. The Loire Valley wine region includes the several French wine regions situated along the river from the Muscadet region on the Atlantic coast to the regions of Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé just southeast of the city of Orléans in north central France. Loire wines tend to exhibit a characteristic fruitiness with fresh, crisp flavors.&lt;br /&gt;
  645. &lt;br /&gt;
  646. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Culture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  647. &lt;br /&gt;
  648. On December 2, 2000, UNESCO added the central part of the river valley, between Maine and Sully-sur-Loire, to its list of World Heritage Sites. In choosing this area that includes the French départements of Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, and Maine-et-Loire, the committee said that the Loire Valley is: &quot;an exceptional cultural landscape, of great beauty, comprised of historic cities and villages, great architectural monuments - the Châteaux - and lands that have been cultivated and shaped by centuries of interaction between local populations and their physical environment, in particular the Loire itself.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  649. &lt;br /&gt;
  650. The Loire Valley chansonniers are a related group of songbooks attributed to the composers of the Loire Valley and are the earliest surviving examples of a new genre which offered a combination of words, music, and illuminations.&lt;br /&gt;
  651. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  652. Architecture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  653. &lt;br /&gt;
  654. The architectural heritage in the valley&#39;s historic towns is notable, especially its châteaux, such as the Château d&#39;Amboise, Château de Chambord, Château d&#39;Ussé, Château de Villandry and Chenonceau. The châteaux, numbering more than three hundred, represent a nation of builders starting with the necessary castle fortifications in the 10th century to the splendor of those built half a millennium later. When the French kings began constructing their huge châteaux here, the nobility, not wanting or even daring to be far from the seat of power, followed suit. Their presence in the lush, fertile valley began attracting the very best landscape designers. In addition to its many châteaux, the cultural monuments illustrate to an exceptional degree the ideals of the Renaissance and the Age of the Enlightenment on western European thought and design.&lt;br /&gt;
  655. &lt;br /&gt;
  656. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg68mYe-Pq6rPfVag9RBGbfDv4mR-0iUrpuGvfrr7intr6WiIYXuhFJv8WQpD4FrYdqefkSTSkEYEnePXRUXi_p44eHEvTdXySQRKSc-h4xxJGHcjaCHZULtUVJlyQxP8vW17YTkKq6eg4/s1600/Azay_le_rideau.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg68mYe-Pq6rPfVag9RBGbfDv4mR-0iUrpuGvfrr7intr6WiIYXuhFJv8WQpD4FrYdqefkSTSkEYEnePXRUXi_p44eHEvTdXySQRKSc-h4xxJGHcjaCHZULtUVJlyQxP8vW17YTkKq6eg4/s400/Azay_le_rideau.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  660. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoTfUtvA0JDBlpk3PU6uZWA-8AFr0DVQ8AyNREmaF_odSwKJRv1PlUtH0bwGRi4Xu2WjQLEmjnXaEhfyWY0v-1EmB7GkWdIns2JsANOUvJIsvSV3q-G27QlCpthidEGEdS5p0Qv-jIwMc/s1600/site_0933_0003-500-375-20061214111952.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoTfUtvA0JDBlpk3PU6uZWA-8AFr0DVQ8AyNREmaF_odSwKJRv1PlUtH0bwGRi4Xu2WjQLEmjnXaEhfyWY0v-1EmB7GkWdIns2JsANOUvJIsvSV3q-G27QlCpthidEGEdS5p0Qv-jIwMc/s400/site_0933_0003-500-375-20061214111952.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  662. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUDihGN3FZax8siNJcYVufRHHaML6BGn6by0wpsA2ZWlGbz87MzT4cT9PS9MbYgyKVO-DUvw_7z5hYMi1nBFf1oagwo5OtQZUb_mh0ug6ijJd7koBLlVRQ2loIO2IwGdECSoanu1xUTXg/s1600/site_0933_0016-500-334-20090506124533.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUDihGN3FZax8siNJcYVufRHHaML6BGn6by0wpsA2ZWlGbz87MzT4cT9PS9MbYgyKVO-DUvw_7z5hYMi1nBFf1oagwo5OtQZUb_mh0ug6ijJd7koBLlVRQ2loIO2IwGdECSoanu1xUTXg/s400/site_0933_0016-500-334-20090506124533.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  663. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrYrLCq7YNopTp8JHOHeCSlqUckTP20kwDCJ-OSPczZhgK79mL9ghoB5ZBbgqrE4LSZ2U0fz3V785hTBn6Hsi7iKdyQClwhfStwl6mVYd44uPYRY3vrmeFx5OqvhmGc-97A6fWCItywQ/s1600/site_0933_0024-500-314-20100630122134.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrYrLCq7YNopTp8JHOHeCSlqUckTP20kwDCJ-OSPczZhgK79mL9ghoB5ZBbgqrE4LSZ2U0fz3V785hTBn6Hsi7iKdyQClwhfStwl6mVYd44uPYRY3vrmeFx5OqvhmGc-97A6fWCItywQ/s400/site_0933_0024-500-314-20100630122134.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/474378979971315602/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/loire-valley.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/474378979971315602'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/474378979971315602'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/loire-valley.html' title='Loire Valley'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimKzab6gpm1UnAnkErKgWmepz1TBQlvznJdNlpiA7YxP2TPeVvQxPJSHC5hFTP5N088mPfyRAtawp26ilniqOWtLkyOJYQzDzNyaJFAmQ4L5A5bb8aGRSWeSAwE3MW_KqUK0BTiO0AUZQ/s72-c/800px-Loire_vineyard.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-451404345135105891</id><published>2011-09-18T11:23:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.836+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Saint-Émilion</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKO3OkdwCYark0GULNVjXqY9TCJp7GCof5izrB_4XVUbJC2XjmUlOBwbssFXuk5LgWSzSngR5hwz3BNQt3q5es8NBmRj1NuWlF06KlAYQ1_f-dY8oP37dC-p6h5_e6-2TRdHq5ieLmiBk/s1600/450px-Saint-Emilion_Eglise_monolithe.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKO3OkdwCYark0GULNVjXqY9TCJp7GCof5izrB_4XVUbJC2XjmUlOBwbssFXuk5LgWSzSngR5hwz3BNQt3q5es8NBmRj1NuWlF06KlAYQ1_f-dY8oP37dC-p6h5_e6-2TRdHq5ieLmiBk/s400/450px-Saint-Emilion_Eglise_monolithe.jpg&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  664. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  665. Saint-Émilion (Gascon Sent Milion) is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France.&lt;br /&gt;
  666. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  667. History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  668. &lt;br /&gt;
  669. Saint-Émilion&#39;s history goes back to prehistoric times and is a World Heritage site, with fascinating Romanesque churches and ruins stretching all along steep and narrow streets.&lt;br /&gt;
  670. &lt;br /&gt;
  671. The Romans planted vineyards in what was to become Saint-Émilion as early as the 2nd century. In the 4th century, the Latin poet Ausonius lauded the fruit of the bountiful vine.&lt;br /&gt;
  672. &lt;br /&gt;
  673. The town was named after the monk Émilion, a travelling confessor, who settled in a hermitage carved into the rock there in the 8th century. It was the monks who followed him that started up the commercial wine production in the area.&lt;br /&gt;
  674. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  675. Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  676. &lt;br /&gt;
  677. Saint-Émilion is located 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Bordeaux, between Libourne and Castillon-la-Bataille.&lt;br /&gt;
  678. &lt;br /&gt;
  679. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sights&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  680. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Romanesque church&lt;/li&gt;
  681. &lt;li&gt;Monolithic church, carved from a limestone cliff&lt;/li&gt;
  682. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Wine&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  683. &lt;br /&gt;
  684. Saint-Émilion is one of the principal red wine areas of Bordeaux along with the Médoc, Graves and Pomerol. The region is much smaller than the Médoc and adjoins Pomerol. As in Pomerol and the other appellations on the right bank of the Gironde, the primary grape varieties used are the Merlot and Cabernet Franc, with relatively small amounts of Cabernet Sauvignon also being used by some chateaux.&lt;br /&gt;
  685. &lt;br /&gt;
  686. Saint Émilion wines were not included in the 1855 Bordeaux classification. The first formal classification in Saint-Émilion was made in 1955. Unlike the 1855 classification, it is regularly revised.&lt;br /&gt;
  687. &lt;br /&gt;
  688. Château Ausone and Château Cheval Blanc are the only two wines currently classified as Premiers grands crus classes A (First Great Growths category A). There are then 13 Premiers grands crus classés B and 53 grands crus classés. In addition, a large number of vineyards are classified as Grand Cru.&lt;br /&gt;
  689. &lt;br /&gt;
  690. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3hSVaM4VMzblK4yte5cUFQbxE8lajGFLb5iLrc5vsrTmRic4JUKjY1laJUYVA204iepQN_SlpscrH1uaU4Zg_HyIfuhUwx3TL7knjmivzA6y-oJTTy4ztvcpe6csoUmcqqZSvdapFUKo/s1600/800px-Saint-Emilion-2008.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3hSVaM4VMzblK4yte5cUFQbxE8lajGFLb5iLrc5vsrTmRic4JUKjY1laJUYVA204iepQN_SlpscrH1uaU4Zg_HyIfuhUwx3TL7knjmivzA6y-oJTTy4ztvcpe6csoUmcqqZSvdapFUKo/s400/800px-Saint-Emilion-2008.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  691. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwZeetvBMdKFmUaA0nyRixLchrBVnsx3BkzVaGnIrIvpr8vA6p71llTelzgu2hI6asy3ZvIadQ40Q-ufVos8elhAJi9Y1iNVTgkDBU-LiG7zAgK8tV7d4L3qJ9DnGzk3SDIxfsg-rTmW8/s1600/site_0932_0008-500-332-20090505171502.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwZeetvBMdKFmUaA0nyRixLchrBVnsx3BkzVaGnIrIvpr8vA6p71llTelzgu2hI6asy3ZvIadQ40Q-ufVos8elhAJi9Y1iNVTgkDBU-LiG7zAgK8tV7d4L3qJ9DnGzk3SDIxfsg-rTmW8/s400/site_0932_0008-500-332-20090505171502.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  692. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrr4JueVMdbORoB8iJu2N6LxAXvZXUa-xkAbzGgJExztdko8srfkp0B4TmkO7DBSIYnyB1QCJk2CwKbQiADvjGdw_uNq4FGZgNKP8GoxtMRQNRoLDM43LakVccX6ezjCrS2KAH79ZOEyU/s1600/site_0932_0009-500-326-20090505171536.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrr4JueVMdbORoB8iJu2N6LxAXvZXUa-xkAbzGgJExztdko8srfkp0B4TmkO7DBSIYnyB1QCJk2CwKbQiADvjGdw_uNq4FGZgNKP8GoxtMRQNRoLDM43LakVccX6ezjCrS2KAH79ZOEyU/s400/site_0932_0009-500-326-20090505171536.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  693. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCppwaSMIVaPnugPMLUdxfmRAUYaawKqbPawWaTCAiayquD3XmSwWu4xbTA_pluq_tNHTZ5InS9joYFHu5Kg9FGNLLTud8vWYBaUGNcCHuwB8lNqNEN1Hvb3WQ-FXSk0zUNieHWUjwcAw/s1600/site_0932_0010-500-335-20090505171608.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;267&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCppwaSMIVaPnugPMLUdxfmRAUYaawKqbPawWaTCAiayquD3XmSwWu4xbTA_pluq_tNHTZ5InS9joYFHu5Kg9FGNLLTud8vWYBaUGNcCHuwB8lNqNEN1Hvb3WQ-FXSk0zUNieHWUjwcAw/s400/site_0932_0010-500-335-20090505171608.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  694. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy4uu5VxfB2CYckCRVyC1oVOuqVGAs_7XPJeFOsmSay9csXH20iJLJknrL0qIhH1QcLOFAg0QOJCSZvFZHrUPCDg3plZo0x9mCMWKnE9vew721EbJ5UknOnr3v01eFj6Mn9Q9hoT1K4XE/s1600/site_0932_0015-500-334-20090505172021.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy4uu5VxfB2CYckCRVyC1oVOuqVGAs_7XPJeFOsmSay9csXH20iJLJknrL0qIhH1QcLOFAg0QOJCSZvFZHrUPCDg3plZo0x9mCMWKnE9vew721EbJ5UknOnr3v01eFj6Mn9Q9hoT1K4XE/s400/site_0932_0015-500-334-20090505172021.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/451404345135105891/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/saint-emilion.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/451404345135105891'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/451404345135105891'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/saint-emilion.html' title='Saint-Émilion'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKO3OkdwCYark0GULNVjXqY9TCJp7GCof5izrB_4XVUbJC2XjmUlOBwbssFXuk5LgWSzSngR5hwz3BNQt3q5es8NBmRj1NuWlF06KlAYQ1_f-dY8oP37dC-p6h5_e6-2TRdHq5ieLmiBk/s72-c/450px-Saint-Emilion_Eglise_monolithe.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-1317992882884756330</id><published>2011-09-18T11:16:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.837+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Way of St. James</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSgXglVzDeCbm7kholR_NxGrjDdYWdEfP-SY7AIo7YfZf-8MdtMGlGloXCQI63SZuNQ0uHwDCXceMJyA1H0_n-njvpHivQ1I0PwH1u5627tk0ilemiILHLao9mCHrRJscjHltlNFxoCAA/s1600/800px-Stjacquescompostelle1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;281&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSgXglVzDeCbm7kholR_NxGrjDdYWdEfP-SY7AIo7YfZf-8MdtMGlGloXCQI63SZuNQ0uHwDCXceMJyA1H0_n-njvpHivQ1I0PwH1u5627tk0ilemiILHLao9mCHrRJscjHltlNFxoCAA/s400/800px-Stjacquescompostelle1.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  695. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  696. The Way of St. James or St. James&#39; Way (Spanish: El Camino de Santiago, Galician: O Camiño de Santiago, French: Chemin de St-Jacques, German: Jakobsweg, Basque: Done Jakue bidea) is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried.&lt;br /&gt;
  697. &lt;br /&gt;
  698. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Major Christian pilgrimage route&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  699. &lt;br /&gt;
  700. The Way of St. James has existed for over a thousand years. It was one of the most important Christian pilgrimages during medieval times, together with Rome and Jerusalem, and a pilgrimage route on which a plenary indulgence could be earned; other major pilgrimage routes include the Via Francigena to Rome and the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.&lt;br /&gt;
  701. &lt;br /&gt;
  702. Legend holds that St. James&#39;s remains were carried by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain where he was buried on the site of what is now the city of Santiago de Compostela.&lt;br /&gt;
  703. &lt;br /&gt;
  704. The Way can take one of any number of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Traditionally, as with most pilgrimages, the Way of Saint James began at one&#39;s home and ended at the pilgrimage site. However a few of the routes are considered main ones. During the Middle Ages, the route was highly traveled. However, the Black Death, the Protestant Reformation and political unrest in 16th-century Europe led to its decline. By the 1980s, only a few pilgrims arrived in Santiago annually. Since then however the route has attracted a growing number of modern-day pilgrims from around the globe. The route was declared the first European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe in October 1987; it was also named one of UNESCO&#39;s World Heritage Sites.&lt;br /&gt;
  705. &lt;br /&gt;
  706. Whenever St. James&#39;s day (25 July) falls on a Sunday, the cathedral declares a Holy or Jubilee Year. Depending on leap years, Holy Years occur in 5, 6 and 11 year intervals. The most recent were 1982, 1993, 1999, 2004, and 2010. The next will be 2021, 2027, and 2032.&lt;br /&gt;
  707. &lt;br /&gt;
  708. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  709. &lt;br /&gt;
  710. The pilgrimage to Santiago has never ceased from the time of the discovery of St. James&#39; remains, though there have been years of fewer pilgrims, particularly during European wars.&lt;br /&gt;
  711. &lt;br /&gt;
  712. During the war of American Independence, John Adams was ordered by Congress to go to Paris to obtain funds for the cause. His ship started leaking and he disembarked with his two sons in Finisterre in 1779. From there he proceeded to follow the Way of St. James in the reverse direction of the pilgrims&#39; route, in order to get to Paris overland. He did not stop to visit Santiago and came to regret this during the course of his journey. In his autobiography, he gave an accurate description of the customs and lodgings afforded to St. James pilgrims in the 18th century and mentioned the legend as it was then told to travellers:&lt;br /&gt;
  713. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;I have always regretted that We could not find time to make a Pilgrimage to Saint Iago de Compostella. We were informed, ... that the Original of this Shrine and Temple of St. Iago was this. A certain Shepherd saw a bright Light there in the night. Afterwards it was revealed to an Archbishop that St. James was buried there. This laid the Foundation of a Church, and they have built an Altar on the Spot where the Shepherd saw the Light. In the time of the Moors, the People made a Vow, that if the Moors should be driven from this Country, they would give a certain portion of the Income of their Lands to Saint James. The Moors were defeated and expelled and it was reported and believed, that Saint James was in the Battle and fought with a drawn Sword at the head of the Spanish Troops, on Horseback. The People, believing that they owed the Victory to the Saint, very cheerfully fulfilled their Vows by paying the Tribute. ...Upon the Supposition that this is the place of the Sepulchre of Saint James, there are great numbers of Pilgrims, who visit it, every Year, from France, Spain, Italy and other parts of Europe, many of them on foot.&lt;/li&gt;
  714. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pre-Christian history&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  715. &lt;br /&gt;
  716. The route to Santiago de Compostela was a Roman trade route, nicknamed the Milky Way by travellers, as it followed the Milky Way to the Atlantic Ocean.&lt;br /&gt;
  717. &lt;br /&gt;
  718. The Christian origin of the pilgrimage has been well documented throughout the centuries, but no historical reference has ever been found for pagan origins.&lt;br /&gt;
  719. &lt;br /&gt;
  720. To this day, many pilgrims continue from Santiago de Compostela to the Atlantic coast of Galicia, to finish their journeys at Spain&#39;s westernmost point, Cape Finisterre. Although Cape Finisterre is not the westernmost point of mainland Europe (Cabo da Roca in Portugal is further west), the fact that the Romans called it Finisterrae (literally the end of the world or Land&#39;s End in Latin) indicates that they viewed it as such.&lt;br /&gt;
  721. &lt;br /&gt;
  722. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Scallop symbol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  723. &lt;br /&gt;
  724. The scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the Camino de Santiago. Over the centuries the scallop shell has taken on mythical, metaphorical and practical meanings, even if its relevance may actually derive from the desire of pilgrims to take home a souvenir.&lt;br /&gt;
  725. &lt;br /&gt;
  726. Two versions of the most common myth about the origin of the symbol concern the death of Saint James, who was killed in Jerusalem for his convictions about his brother, John. James had spent some time preaching on the Iberian Peninsula.&lt;br /&gt;
  727. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Version 1: After James&#39; death, his disciples shipped his body to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. Off the coast of Spain a heavy storm hit the ship, and the body was lost to the ocean. After some time, however, the body washed ashore undamaged, covered in scallops.&lt;/li&gt;
  728. &lt;li&gt;Version 2: After James&#39; death his body was mysteriously transported by a ship with no crew back to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. As James&#39; ship approached land, a wedding was taking place on the shore. The young bridegroom was on horseback, and on seeing the ship approaching, his horse got spooked, and the horse and rider plunged into the sea. Through miraculous intervention, the horse and rider emerged from the water alive, covered in seashells.&lt;/li&gt;
  729. &lt;/ul&gt;The scallop shell also acts as a metaphor. The grooves in the shell, which come together at a single point, represent the various routes pilgrims traveled, eventually arriving at a single destination: the tomb of James in Santiago de Compostela. The shell is also a metaphor for the pilgrim. As the waves of the ocean wash scallop shells up on the shores of Galicia, God&#39;s hand also guided the pilgrims to Santiago.&lt;br /&gt;
  730. &lt;br /&gt;
  731. The scallop shell also served practical purposes for pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago. The shell was the right size for gathering water to drink or for eating out of as a makeshift bowl.&lt;br /&gt;
  732. &lt;br /&gt;
  733. The pilgrim&#39;s staff is a walking stick used by pilgrims to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Generally, the stick has a hook on it so that something may be hung from it. The walking stick sometimes has a cross piece on it.&lt;br /&gt;
  734. &lt;br /&gt;
  735. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Medieval route&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  736. &lt;br /&gt;
  737. The earliest records of visits paid to the shrine dedicated to St. James at Santiago de Compostela date from the 8th century, in the time of the Kingdom of Asturias. The pilgrimage to the shrine became the most renowned medieval pilgrimage, and it became customary for those who returned from Compostela to carry back with them a Galician scallop shell as proof of their completion of the journey. This practice was gradually extended to other pilgrimages.&lt;br /&gt;
  738. &lt;br /&gt;
  739. The earliest recorded pilgrims from beyond the Pyrenees visited the shrine in the middle of the 10th century, but it seems that it was not until a century later that large numbers of pilgrims from abroad were regularly journeying there. The earliest records of pilgrims that arrived from England belong to the period between 1092 and 1105. However, by the early 12th century the pilgrimage had become a highly organized affair.&lt;br /&gt;
  740. &lt;br /&gt;
  741. One of the great proponents of the pilgrimage in the 12th century was Calixtus II who started the Compostelan Holy Years. The official guide in those times was the Codex Calixtinus. Published around 1140, the 5th book of the Codex is still considered the definitive source for many modern guidebooks. Four pilgrimage routes listed in the Codex originate in France and converge at Puente la Reina. From there, a well-defined route crosses northern Spain, linking Burgos, Carrión de los Condes, Sahagún, León, Astorga, and Compostela.&lt;br /&gt;
  742. &lt;br /&gt;
  743. The daily needs of pilgrims on their way to and from Compostela were met by a series of hospitals and hospices. These had royal protection and were a lucrative source of revenue. Romanesque architecture, a new genre of ecclesiastical architecture, was designed with massive archways to cope with huge devout crowds. There was also the sale of the now-familiar paraphernalia of tourism, such as badges and souvenirs. Since the Christian symbol for James the Greater was the scallop shell, many pilgrims wore one as a sign to anyone on the road that they were a pilgrim. This gave them privileges to sleep in churches and ask for free meals, but also warded off thieves who dared not attack devoted pilgrims.&lt;br /&gt;
  744. &lt;br /&gt;
  745. The pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela was possible because of the protection and freedom provided by the Kingdom of France, where the majority of pilgrims originated. Enterprising French people (including Gascons and other peoples not under the French crown) settled in towns along the pilgrimage routes, where their names appear in the archives. The pilgrims were tended by people like Domingo de la Calzada who was later recognized as a saint himself.&lt;br /&gt;
  746. &lt;br /&gt;
  747. Pilgrims walked the Way of St. James, often for months, to arrive at the great church in the main square of Compostela and pay homage to St. James. So many pilgrims have laid their hands on the pillar just inside the doorway of the church that a groove has been worn in the stone.&lt;br /&gt;
  748. &lt;br /&gt;
  749. The popular Spanish name for the astronomical Milky Way is El Camino de Santiago. According to a common medieval legend, the Milky Way was formed from the dust raised by travelling pilgrims. Compostela itself means &quot;field of stars&quot;. Another origin for this popular name is Book IV of the Book of Saint James which relates how the saint appeared in a dream to Charlemagne, urging him to liberate his tomb from the Moors and showing him the direction to follow by the route of the Milky Way.&lt;br /&gt;
  750. &lt;br /&gt;
  751. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;As penance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  752. &lt;br /&gt;
  753. The Church employed a system of rituals to atone for temporal punishment due to sins known as penance. According to this system, pilgrimages were a suitable form of expiation for some temporal punishment, and they could be used as acts of penance for those who were guilty of certain crimes. As noted in the Catholic Encyclopedia:&lt;br /&gt;
  754. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;In the registers of the Inquisition at Carcassone...we find the four following places noted as being the centres of the greater pilgrimages to be imposed as penances for the graver crimes: the tomb of the Apostles at Rome, the shrine of St. James at Compostella [sic], St. Thomas&#39; body at Canterbury, and the relics of the Three Kings at Cologne.&lt;/li&gt;
  755. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlanjUyRdgCRDredMCFlllGklIq_RlTHvTJQ0FkA98bxHQIaVZv7YxEeav-_52F-_TJbbjRgYjliKT92VFb7CRG_7n-Hyo2NIDRLgpci_uPuvEwNQoOXtQIF6S9BdFI4a1gph2kd0KWDE/s1600/626px-SantiagoMatamoros.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;382&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlanjUyRdgCRDredMCFlllGklIq_RlTHvTJQ0FkA98bxHQIaVZv7YxEeav-_52F-_TJbbjRgYjliKT92VFb7CRG_7n-Hyo2NIDRLgpci_uPuvEwNQoOXtQIF6S9BdFI4a1gph2kd0KWDE/s400/626px-SantiagoMatamoros.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  756. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgptM1bWcMcvogKQxiURGsjFziklGKeCpGPjlr7CivrdT4A8bTrzkNXyZ_GcjQohx0QnmxTOjJbHKnAaU0i0DpSZx-ebRCT3zX4Kpyl2kNu0n1x0prPgOjqQhnrCfyh6rdjwD1f5ThBfMc/s1600/734px-Saint-Guilhem-le-Desert_fg09.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;326&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgptM1bWcMcvogKQxiURGsjFziklGKeCpGPjlr7CivrdT4A8bTrzkNXyZ_GcjQohx0QnmxTOjJbHKnAaU0i0DpSZx-ebRCT3zX4Kpyl2kNu0n1x0prPgOjqQhnrCfyh6rdjwD1f5ThBfMc/s400/734px-Saint-Guilhem-le-Desert_fg09.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  757. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD3AQe_qqhQHDpd3VsGmzK1kS8a8Gbm4UmXMRL3hiQD4j2a71Yo6pjLRZmniWuFahRejdRxFBmUvcTngWy4y-_np06EbXDupMOvYLUQa5uSV8gie7PCp0OZzN602nhXJdp4iVqbi5OZfU/s1600/800px-Burgos-Metal-Pilgrim-2010.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD3AQe_qqhQHDpd3VsGmzK1kS8a8Gbm4UmXMRL3hiQD4j2a71Yo6pjLRZmniWuFahRejdRxFBmUvcTngWy4y-_np06EbXDupMOvYLUQa5uSV8gie7PCp0OZzN602nhXJdp4iVqbi5OZfU/s400/800px-Burgos-Metal-Pilgrim-2010.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  758. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjujn4IOzJ53BLNV84G1GGAjEM5S7JnUrBLKcA6e9IsaJWPGFZkLoImWyPFKk9Y26p-gKwU8ltymtzhPpGQjg_nFldsGta_oU6_54QaKbJNVsloOtkm5XCxwX9vHv8KP0a7Bh96PD7WY/s1600/800px-Vieira_Camino_de_Santiago.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjujn4IOzJ53BLNV84G1GGAjEM5S7JnUrBLKcA6e9IsaJWPGFZkLoImWyPFKk9Y26p-gKwU8ltymtzhPpGQjg_nFldsGta_oU6_54QaKbJNVsloOtkm5XCxwX9vHv8KP0a7Bh96PD7WY/s400/800px-Vieira_Camino_de_Santiago.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  759. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidi7igjBhyphenhyphen4uWEUaQH4iMvdblgx4bPyJD0LI_RhEdFm3Rxpqq9dKeWglDLRHm9w3RPmEIRVm0m2QezM8IEpdWVYO9M5bUg4bSqc4zj6JyYp40DwTlJX_o26VdzAl8IO3ABW2vDf8MfvCU/s1600/Spain_Santiago_de_Compostela_-_Cathedral.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;303&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidi7igjBhyphenhyphen4uWEUaQH4iMvdblgx4bPyJD0LI_RhEdFm3Rxpqq9dKeWglDLRHm9w3RPmEIRVm0m2QezM8IEpdWVYO9M5bUg4bSqc4zj6JyYp40DwTlJX_o26VdzAl8IO3ABW2vDf8MfvCU/s400/Spain_Santiago_de_Compostela_-_Cathedral.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  760. There is still a tradition in Flanders of freeing one prisoner a year under the condition that this prisoner walk to Santiago wearing a heavy backpack, accompanied by a guard. &lt;br /&gt;
  761. &lt;br /&gt;
  762. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modern-day pilgrimage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  763. &lt;br /&gt;
  764. Today tens of thousands of Christian pilgrims and many other travellers set out each year from their front doorstep, or popular starting points across Europe, to make their way to Santiago de Compostela. Most travel by foot, some by bicycle, and a few travel as some of their medieval counterparts did, on horseback or by donkey (for example, the British author and humorist Tim Moore). In addition to people undertaking a religious pilgrimage, the majority are travellers and hikers who walk the route for non-religious reasons: travel, sport, or simply the challenge of weeks of walking in a foreign land. Also, many consider the experience a spiritual adventure to remove themselves from the bustle of modern life. It acts as a retreat for many modern &quot;pilgrims&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  765. &lt;br /&gt;
  766. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Routes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  767. &lt;br /&gt;
  768. Pilgrims on the Way of St. James walk for weeks or months to visit the city of Santiago de Compostela. They follow many routes (any path to Santiago is a pilgrim&#39;s path) but the most popular route is Via Regia and its last part - the French Way (Camino Francés). Historically, most of the pilgrims came from France, from Paris, Vézelay, Le Puy and Arles and Saint Gilles, due to the Codex Calixtinus. These are today important starting points. The Spanish consider the Pyrenees a starting point. Common starting points along the French border are Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port or Somport on the French side of the Pyrenees and Roncesvalles or Jaca on the Spanish side. (The distance from Roncesvalles to Santiago de Compostella through León is about 800 km.). Another possibility is to do the Northern Route that was first used by the pilgrims in order to avoid travelling through the territories occupied by the Muslims in the Middle Ages. The greatest attraction is its landscape, as a large part of the route runs along the coastline against a backdrop of mountains and overlooking the Cantabrian Sea.&lt;br /&gt;
  769. &lt;br /&gt;
  770. However, many pilgrims begin further afield, in one of the four French towns which are common and traditional starting points: Paris, Vézelay, Arles and Le Puy. Cluny, site of the celebrated medieval abbey, was another important rallying point for pilgrims and, in 2002, it was integrated into the official European pilgrimage route linking Vézelay and Le Puy. Some pilgrims start from even further away, though their routes will often pass through one of the four French towns mentioned. Some Europeans begin their pilgrimage from the very doorstep of their homes just as their medieval counterparts did hundreds of years ago.&lt;br /&gt;
  771. &lt;br /&gt;
  772. Another popular route is the 227 km long Portuguese Way, which starts at Se Catedral in the city of Porto in the north of Portugal. One of most tiring parts of the Portuguese Way is in Labruja parish in Ponte de Lima, because it is through the Labruja hills, which are hard to cross. The camino winds its way inland until it reaches the Spanish border. Many pilgrims prefer to start closer to the Spanish border at Valença, Portugal, and Tui, Galicia, for a five-day, 108 km walk.&lt;br /&gt;
  773. &lt;br /&gt;
  774. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Accommodation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  775. In Spain and France, pilgrim&#39;s hostels with beds in dormitories dot the common routes, providing overnight accommodation for pilgrims who hold a credencial (see below). In Spain this type of accommodation is called a refugio or albergue, both of which are similar to youth hostels or hostelries in the French system of gîtes d&#39;étape.&lt;br /&gt;
  776. &lt;br /&gt;
  777. Staying at hostels usually cost between five and nine euros per night per bed in a dormitory, although a few hostels known as donativos operate on voluntary donations. Pilgrims are usually limited to one night&#39;s accommodation and are expected to leave by eight in the morning to continue their pilgrimage.&lt;br /&gt;
  778. &lt;br /&gt;
  779. Hostels may be run by the local parish, the local council, private owners, or pilgrims&#39; associations. Occasionally these refugios are located in monasteries, such as the one run by monks in Samos, Spain and the one in Santiago de Compostela.&lt;br /&gt;
  780. &lt;br /&gt;
  781. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Credencial or pilgrim&#39;s passport&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  782. &lt;br /&gt;
  783. Most pilgrims carry a document called the credencial, purchased for a few euros from a Spanish tourist agency, a church on the route or from their church back home. The credencial is a pass which gives access to inexpensive, sometimes free, overnight accommodation in refugios along the trail. Also known as the &quot;pilgrim&#39;s passport&quot;, the credencial is stamped with the official St. James stamp of each town or refugio at which the pilgrim has stayed. It provides walking pilgrims with a record of where they ate or slept, but also serves as proof to the Pilgrim&#39;s Office in Santiago that the journey is accomplished according to an official route. The credencial is available at refugios, tourist offices, some local parish houses, and outside Spain, through the national St. James organisation of that country. The stamped credencial is also necessary if the pilgrim wants to obtain a compostela, a certificate of completion of the pilgrimage.&lt;br /&gt;
  784. &lt;br /&gt;
  785. Most often the stamp can be obtained in the refugio, cathedral or local church. If the church is closed, the town hall or office of tourism can provide a stamp, as well as nearby youth hostels or private St. James addresses. Outside Spain, the stamp can be associated with something of a ceremony, where the stamper and the pilgrim can share information. As the pilgrimage approaches Santiago, many of the stamps in small towns are self-service due to the greater number of pilgrims, while in the larger towns there are several options to obtain the stamp.&lt;br /&gt;
  786. &lt;b style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  787. Compostela&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  788. &lt;br /&gt;
  789. The compostela is a certificate of accomplishment given to pilgrims on completing the Way. To earn the compostela one needs to walk a minimum of 100 km or cycle at least 200 km. In practice, for walkers, that means starting in the small city of Sarria, for it has good transportation connections via bus and rail to other places in Spain. Pilgrims arriving in Santiago de Compostela who have walked at least the last 100 km, or cycled 200 km to get there (as indicated on their credencial), are eligible for the compostela from the Pilgrim&#39;s Office in Santiago.&lt;br /&gt;
  790. &lt;br /&gt;
  791. The compostela has been indulgenced since the Early Middle Ages and remains so to this day. The full text of the certificate is in Latin and reads:&lt;br /&gt;
  792. &lt;blockquote&gt;CAPITULUM hujus Almae Apostolicae et Metropolitanae Ecclesiae Compostellanae sigilli Altaris Beati Jacobi Apostoli custos, ut omnibus Fidelibus et Perigrinis ex toto terrarum Orbe, devotionis affectu vel voti causa, ad limina Apostoli Nostri Hispaniarum Patroni ac Tutelaris SANCTI JACOBI convenientibus, authenticas visitationis litteras expediat, omnibus et singulis praesentes inspecturis, notum facit : (Latin version of name of recipient)&lt;br /&gt;
  793. Hoc sacratissimum Templum pietatis causa devote visitasse. In quorum fidem praesentes litteras, sigillo ejusdem Sanctae Ecclesiae munitas, ei confero.&lt;br /&gt;
  794. Datum Compostellae die (day) mensis (month) anno Dni (year)&lt;br /&gt;
  795. Canonicus Deputatus pro Peregrinis&lt;/blockquote&gt;The pilgrim passport is examined for stamps and dates. If a key stamp is missing, the compostela may be refused. The pilgrim can state whether the goal of his Camino was &#39;religous&#39;, &#39;religous and other&#39; or just &#39;other&#39;. In the case of &#39;other&#39;a compostelate in Spanish is given asking for blessing of this heathen. In the other cases a compostelate in Latin is given. The Pilgrim Office of Santiago awards more than 100,000 compostelas a year to pilgrims from over 100 countries.&lt;br /&gt;
  796. &lt;br /&gt;
  797. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pilgrim&#39;s Mass&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  798. &lt;br /&gt;
  799. A Pilgrim&#39;s Mass is held in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela each day at noon for pilgrims. Pilgrims who received the compostela the day before have their countries of origin and the starting point of their pilgrimage announced at the Mass. The musical and visual highlight of the mass is the synchronisation of the beautiful &quot;Hymn to Santiago&quot; with the spectacular swinging of the huge Botafumeiro, the famous thurible kept in the cathedral. Incense is burned in this swinging metal container, or &quot;incensory&quot;. As the last chords die away, the multitude of pilgrims jostle happily as they crowd forward to reach the spiritual highlight of the Mass, the rite of communion. Priests administer the Sacrament of Penance, or confession, in many languages, permitting most pilgrims to complete the indulgence attached to the pilgrimage upon satisfying the other canonical conditions. In the Holy Year of 2010 the Pilgrim&#39;s Mass was exceptionally held four times a day, at 10 a.m., noon, 6 p.m., and 7:30 p.m., catering to the greater number of pilgrims arriving in the Holy Year.&lt;br /&gt;
  800. &lt;br /&gt;
  801. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;As tourism&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  802. &lt;br /&gt;
  803. The Xunta de Galicia (Galicia&#39;s regional government) promotes the Way as a tourist activity, particularly in Holy Compostelan Years (when July 25 falls on a Sunday). Following the Xunta&#39;s considerable investment and hugely successful advertising campaign for the Holy Year of 1993, the number of pilgrims completing the route has been steadily rising. Following the Holy Year of 2010, the next Holy Year will not be for another 11 years, and over 200,000 pilgrims were expected to make the trip during the course of 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
  804. &lt;br /&gt;
  805. Below is a table detailing the numbers of pilgrims recorded as arriving at the cathedral at Santiago each year from 1985. The figures are sourced from the cathedral&#39;s records.&lt;br /&gt;
  806. &lt;br /&gt;
  807. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In television and film&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  808. &lt;br /&gt;
  809. The Way of St. James was the central feature of the film Saint Jacques... La Mecque directed by Coline Serreau in 2005.&lt;br /&gt;
  810. &lt;br /&gt;
  811. Art critic and journalist Brian Sewell made a journey to Santiago de Compostela for a television series The Naked Pilgrim for UK&#39;s Channel Five in 2003. Travelling by car along the French route, he visited many towns and cities on the way including Paris, Chartres, Roncesvalles, Burgos, Leon and Frómista. Sewell, a lapsed Catholic, was moved by the stories of other pilgrims and by the sights he saw. The series climaxed with Sewell&#39;s emotional response to the Mass at Compostela.&lt;br /&gt;
  812. &lt;br /&gt;
  813. The pilgrimage is central to the plot of the 1969 film The Milky Way by surrealist director Luis Buñuel. However, the film is intended to be a critique of the Catholic church, as the modern pilgrims encounter various manifestations of Catholic dogma and heresy.&lt;br /&gt;
  814. &lt;br /&gt;
  815. Part of the pilgrimage route is walked and described in the American food and travel television series produced by PBS Spain... on the road Again, in episode 2, &quot;Pilgrimage to Galicia&quot;. It originally aired September 27, 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
  816. &lt;br /&gt;
  817. Emilio Estevez has written, directed and starred in the film &quot;The Way&quot; starring Martin Sheen, his father. The film was presented at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010, and premiered in Santiago in November 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
  818. &lt;br /&gt;
  819. Danish TV- &amp;amp; Radio-personality Mikael Bertelsen walked part of the route, from León to Santiago, in the Nordic Christmas calendar series &quot;Bertelsen på Caminoen&quot;. Despite early skepticism from the religious community, who feared that the journey would be ridiculed in Bertelsens usual style, the series was very well received.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/1317992882884756330/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/way-of-st-james.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/1317992882884756330'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/1317992882884756330'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/way-of-st-james.html' title='Way of St. James'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSgXglVzDeCbm7kholR_NxGrjDdYWdEfP-SY7AIo7YfZf-8MdtMGlGloXCQI63SZuNQ0uHwDCXceMJyA1H0_n-njvpHivQ1I0PwH1u5627tk0ilemiILHLao9mCHrRJscjHltlNFxoCAA/s72-c/800px-Stjacquescompostelle1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-4789467316376619622</id><published>2011-09-18T10:40:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T13:42:17.837+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Lyon</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV32Ng8eTNqMZs9qkKbApqJUXSLDv5wvkV-PqkNqmZK07nQ3_3lNZjJd6l23rVyoCqNpVkCBKPR3hbJhZ2sORJFrtXhmnzQmVumYeWOvZP2QDfZdKicrq028AAoJxpUcoN7pYIVGgW2VU/s1600/270px-Lyon_paysages.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV32Ng8eTNqMZs9qkKbApqJUXSLDv5wvkV-PqkNqmZK07nQ3_3lNZjJd6l23rVyoCqNpVkCBKPR3hbJhZ2sORJFrtXhmnzQmVumYeWOvZP2QDfZdKicrq028AAoJxpUcoN7pYIVGgW2VU/s400/270px-Lyon_paysages.jpg&quot; width=&quot;267&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  820. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  821. Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin, and 600 km (373 mi) from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyoner (singular) and Lyoners (plurial).&lt;br /&gt;
  822. &lt;br /&gt;
  823. The city of Lyon has 480,660 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, with the population of its urban area estimated to be 1,422,331 and that of its metropolitan area 1,757,180. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.&lt;br /&gt;
  824. &lt;br /&gt;
  825. The city is known for its historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Lyon was historically known as an important area for the production and weaving of silk and in modern times has developed a reputation as the capital of gastronomy in France. It has a significant role in the history of cinema due to Auguste and Louis Lumière. The local professional football team, Olympique Lyonnais, has increased the profile of Lyon internationally through participation in European football championships.&lt;br /&gt;
  826. &lt;br /&gt;
  827. Economically, Lyon is a major centre for banking and also the chemical, pharmaceutical, and biotech industries. The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games, and in recent years has focussed on a growing local start-up sector. Lyon also hosts the international headquarters of Interpol, Euronews and International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon is ranked 2nd in France as an economic centre and convention centre on some measures. Lyon was in 2010 ranked 9th globally and 2nd in France for innovation. It ranked 38th globally in Mercer&#39;s 2010 liveability rankings.&lt;br /&gt;
  828. &lt;br /&gt;
  829. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  830. &lt;br /&gt;
  831. Lyon was founded on the Fourvière hill as a Roman colony in 43 BC by Munatius Plancus, a lieutenant of Caesar, on the site of a Gaulish hill-fort settlement called Lug[o]dunon, from the Celtic god Lugus (&#39;Light&#39;, cognate with Old Irish Lugh, Modern Irish Lú) and dúnon (hill-fort). Lyon was first named Lugdunum meaning the &quot;hill of lights&quot; or &quot;the hill of crows&quot;. Lug was equated by the Romans to Mercury.&lt;br /&gt;
  832. &lt;br /&gt;
  833. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa recognized that Lugdunum&#39;s position on the natural highway from northern to south-eastern France made it a natural communications hub, and he made Lyon the starting point of the principal Roman roads throughout Gaul. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly thanks to its convenient location at the convergence of two navigable rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in this city: Claudius and Caracalla. Today, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as &quot;Primat des Gaules&quot; and the city often referred to as the &quot;capitale des Gaules&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  834. &lt;br /&gt;
  835. The Christians in Lyon were martyred for their religion under the reigns of the various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. Local saints from this period include saints such as Blandina (Blandine), Pothinus (Pothin), and Epipodius (Épipode), among others.&lt;br /&gt;
  836. &lt;br /&gt;
  837. The great Christian bishop of Lyon in the 2nd century was the Easterner Irenaeus.&lt;br /&gt;
  838. &lt;br /&gt;
  839. Burgundian refugees from the destruction of Worms by Huns in 437 were resettled by the military commander of the west, Aëtius, at Lugdunum, which was formally the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom by 461.&lt;br /&gt;
  840. &lt;br /&gt;
  841. In 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I, and later became a part of the Kingdom of Arles. Lyon only came under French control in the 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
  842. &lt;br /&gt;
  843. Fernand Braudel remarked, Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution (Braudel 1984 p. 327). The fairs in Lyon, the invention of Italian merchants, made it the economic countinghouse of France in the late 15th century. When international banking moved to Genoa, then Amsterdam, Lyon simply became the banking centre of France; its new Bourse (treasury), built in 1749, still resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. During the Renaissance, the city developed with the silk trade, especially with Italy; the Italian influence on Lyon&#39;s architecture can still be seen.&lt;br /&gt;
  844. &lt;br /&gt;
  845. Lyon was a scene of mass violence against Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew&#39;s Day Massacres in 1572.&lt;br /&gt;
  846. &lt;br /&gt;
  847. During the French Revolution, Lyon rose up against the National Convention and supported the Girondins. In 1793, the city was under siege for over two months, assaulted by the Revolutionary armies, before eventually surrendering. Several buildings were destroyed, especially around the Place Bellecour, and Jean-Marie Collot d&#39;Herbois with Joseph Fouché administered the execution of more than 2,000 people. A decade later, Napoleon himself ordered the reconstruction of all the buildings demolished during this period.&lt;br /&gt;
  848. &lt;br /&gt;
  849. Thanks to the silk trade, the city became an important industrial town during the 19th century but in 1831 and 1834, the silk workers of Lyon, known as canuts, staged two major uprisings. The 1831 uprising saw one of the first recorded uses of the black flag as an emblem of protest. The world&#39;s first funicular railway was built between Lyon and La Croix-Rousse in 1862.&lt;br /&gt;
  850. &lt;br /&gt;
  851. Lyon was a centre for the occupying German forces and also a stronghold of resistance during World War II, and the city is now home to a resistance museum. (See also Klaus Barbie.) The traboules, or secret passages, through the houses enabled the local people to escape Gestapo raids. &lt;br /&gt;
  852. &lt;br /&gt;
  853. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcMHkph2DNlEmJXZgu3N4bT4xv738grcXArcnWV-YDUG0j2M6NBkYMU1W3nKDrzdoIEVKutaHWc-3Gs4QhT94i_8-pEUmkaW0_MrEndzKl8EZQ_JZWsxwjnv7VNZcLsdBvVYcqVydBx8/s1600/800px-Lyon_la_Saone_et_fourviere.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcMHkph2DNlEmJXZgu3N4bT4xv738grcXArcnWV-YDUG0j2M6NBkYMU1W3nKDrzdoIEVKutaHWc-3Gs4QhT94i_8-pEUmkaW0_MrEndzKl8EZQ_JZWsxwjnv7VNZcLsdBvVYcqVydBx8/s400/800px-Lyon_la_Saone_et_fourviere.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  854. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVj54yYc835HQpVcHwSViGzFdact2KU_X_7hYyIKeat9GWMFP0-Sxj5exn55-C6bDIXTVn05vpwxcM9qRHt09r6Pp551cTaBfn2accaB5HipVrOZFT4sd_gzB8xs_upNzuZdzZWyTGLj8/s1600/800px-Lyon_river_view_c1860.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;262&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVj54yYc835HQpVcHwSViGzFdact2KU_X_7hYyIKeat9GWMFP0-Sxj5exn55-C6bDIXTVn05vpwxcM9qRHt09r6Pp551cTaBfn2accaB5HipVrOZFT4sd_gzB8xs_upNzuZdzZWyTGLj8/s400/800px-Lyon_river_view_c1860.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  855. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicYSlxhmhr1DwoLGF2_2dhOR0MVUhKrvwdnLypjB7DitKjM6LcZwm_X2drotgrPj_xAafu6X3phxRT72DKNlMleeGkvxp6BXr2CFFookt_AUjfWUnojnwQbFCUBxygxgOE9CKVgZKaUVU/s1600/800px-Seige_of_lyon.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;258&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicYSlxhmhr1DwoLGF2_2dhOR0MVUhKrvwdnLypjB7DitKjM6LcZwm_X2drotgrPj_xAafu6X3phxRT72DKNlMleeGkvxp6BXr2CFFookt_AUjfWUnojnwQbFCUBxygxgOE9CKVgZKaUVU/s400/800px-Seige_of_lyon.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  856. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Geography&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  857. &lt;br /&gt;
  858. Lyon&#39;s geography is dominated by the Rhône and Saône rivers that converge to the south of the historic city centre forming a peninsula or &quot;Presqu&#39;île&quot;; two large hills, one to the west and one to the north of the historic city centre; and a large plain which sprawls eastward from the historic city centre. The original medieval city (Vieux Lyon) was built on the west bank of the Saône river at the foot of the Fourvière hill, west of the Presqu&#39;île. This area, along with portions of the Presqu&#39;île and much of the Croix-Rousse is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.&lt;br /&gt;
  859. &lt;br /&gt;
  860. To the west is Fourvière, known as &quot;the hill that prays&quot;, the location for the highly decorated basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière, several convents, the palace of the Archbishop, the Tour métallique (a highly visible TV tower, replicating the last stage of the Eiffel Tower) and a funicular (a railway on a steep hill).&lt;br /&gt;
  861. &lt;br /&gt;
  862. To the north is the Croix-Rousse, &quot;the hill that works&quot;, traditionally home to many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city was once renowned.&lt;br /&gt;
  863. &lt;br /&gt;
  864. Place Bellecour is located on the Presqu&#39;île between the two rivers and is the third largest public square in France. The broad, pedestrian-only Rue de la République leads north from Place Bellecour. The 2nd arrondissement has many of the finest old residential buildings in Lyon and the area is known for its concentration of old Lyonnaise Catholic families, particularly in the Ainay part of the arrondissement.&lt;br /&gt;
  865. &lt;br /&gt;
  866. East of the Rhône from the Presqu&#39;île is a large area of flat ground upon which sits much of modern Lyon and most of the city&#39;s population. Situated in this area is the urban centre of Part-Dieu which clusters the Tour Part-Dieu (affectionately nicknamed &quot;The Pencil&quot;), the Tour Oxygène, the Tour Swiss Life, a shopping centre, and one of Lyon&#39;s two major rail terminals, Lyon Part-Dieu.&lt;br /&gt;
  867. &lt;br /&gt;
  868. North of this district is the relatively wealthy 6th arrondissement, which is home to the Parc de la Tête d&#39;Or, one of Europe&#39;s largest urban parks, the prestigious Lycée du Parc to the south of the park, and Interpol&#39;s world headquarters on the park&#39;s western edge. The park contains a free zoo that has recently been upgraded.&lt;br /&gt;
  869. &lt;br /&gt;
  870. &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Climate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  871. &lt;br /&gt;
  872. Lyon is classed as borderline Oceanic and Humid Subtropical (Koppen Cfb/Cfa). Winters are cooler than much of the rest of France due to its more inland position, but generally not cold, averaging 3.2 °C (37.8 °F) in January. Summers are very warm, averaging 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) in July. Precipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 840 millimetres (33.1 in), but the winter months are the driest.&lt;br /&gt;
  873. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  874. Administration and arrondissements&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  875. &lt;br /&gt;
  876. Lyon is the capital of the Rhône-Alpes région, the préfecture of the Rhône département, and the capital of 14 cantons, covering 1 commune, and with a total population of 480,660.&lt;br /&gt;
  877. &lt;br /&gt;
  878. The Urban Community of Lyon, also known as Greater Lyon is the intercommunal structure gathering the city and some of its suburbs. The Urban Community encompasses only the core of the metropolitan area of Lyon.&lt;br /&gt;
  879. &lt;br /&gt;
  880. Like Paris and Marseille, the city of Lyon is divided into a number of municipal arrondissements, each of which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in 1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between 1867 and 1959, the 3rd arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three times, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l&#39;Île-Barbe was annexed to Lyon&#39;s 5th arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the 5th was split to create Lyon&#39;s 9th – and, to date, final – arrondissement. Within each arrondissement, there are a number of recognisable quartiers or neighbourhoods:&lt;br /&gt;
  881. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;1st arrondissement : Slopes of La Croix-Rousse, Terreaux, Martinière/St-Vincent&lt;/li&gt;
  882. &lt;li&gt;2nd arrondissement : Cordeliers, Bellecour, Ainay, Perrache, Confluent&lt;/li&gt;
  883. &lt;li&gt;3rd arrondissement : Guillotière (north), Préfecture, Part-Dieu, Villette, Dauphiné/Sans Souci, Montchat, Grange Blanche (north), Monplaisir (north)&lt;/li&gt;
  884. &lt;li&gt;4th arrondissement : Plateau de la Croix-Rousse, Serin&lt;/li&gt;
  885. &lt;li&gt;5th arrondissement : Vieux Lyon (Saint-Paul, Saint-Jean, Saint-Georges), Saint-Just, Saint-Irénée, Fourvière, Point du Jour, Ménival, Battières, Champvert (south)&lt;/li&gt;
  886. &lt;li&gt;6th arrondissement : Brotteaux, Bellecombe, Parc de la Tête d&#39;Or, Cité Internationale&lt;/li&gt;
  887. &lt;li&gt;7th arrondissement : Guillotière (south), Jean Macé, Gerland&lt;/li&gt;
  888. &lt;li&gt;8th arrondissement : Monplaisir (south), Bachut, États-Unis, Grand Trou/Moulin à Vent, Grange Blanche (south), Laënnec, Mermoz, Monplaisir-la-Plaine&lt;/li&gt;
  889. &lt;li&gt;9th arrondissement : Vaise, Duchère, Rochecardon, St-Rambert-l&#39;Île-Barbe, Gorge de Loup, Observance, Champvert (north)&lt;/li&gt;
  890. &lt;/ul&gt;Geographically, Lyon&#39;s two main rivers, the Saône and the Rhône, divide the arrondissements into three groups:&lt;br /&gt;
  891. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;To the west of the Saône, the 5th arrondissement covers the old city (Vieux Lyon), Fourvière hill and the plateau beyond. The 9th is immediately to the north, and stretches from Gorge de Loup, through Vaise to the neighbouring suburbs of Écully, Champagne-au-Mont-d&#39;Or, Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d&#39;Or, Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d&#39;Or and Collonges-au-Mont-d&#39;Or.&lt;/li&gt;
  892. &lt;li&gt;Between the two rivers, on the Presqu&#39;île are the 2nd, 1st and 4th arrondissements. The 2nd includes most of the city centre, including Bellecour and Perrache railway station, and reaches as far as the confluence of the two rivers. The 1st is directly to the north of the 2nd and covers part of the city centre (including the Hôtel de Ville) and the slopes of La Croix-Rousse. To the north of the Boulevard is the 4th arrondissement, which covers the Plateau of La Croix-Rousse, up to its boundary with the commune of Caluire-et-Cuire.&lt;/li&gt;
  893. &lt;li&gt;To the east of the Rhône, are the 3rd, 6th, 7th and 8th arrondissements.&lt;/li&gt;
  894. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Culture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  895. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Since the Middle Ages, the residents of the region, speak several dialects of Arpitan language. The Lyonnais dialect was partly replaced by the French language as the importance of the city grew. However, it is still alive and, in addition, some &quot;frenchified&quot; Franco-Provençal words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls &quot;gones&quot; and &quot;fenottes&quot; for example.&lt;/li&gt;
  896. &lt;li&gt;Lyon was an early centre for printing books, and nurtured a circle of 16th century poets.&lt;/li&gt;
  897. &lt;li&gt;The Lumière brothers pioneered cinema in the town in 1895. The Musée Lumière, built as Auguste Lumiere&#39;s house, and a fascinating piece of architecture in its own right, holds many of their first inventions and other early cinematic and photographic artefacts.&lt;/li&gt;
  898. &lt;li&gt;8 December each year is marked by the Festival of Lights (la Fête des lumières), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles (lumignons) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes impressive large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.&lt;/li&gt;
  899. &lt;li&gt;The church of Saint Francis of Sales is famous for its large and unaltered Cavaillé-Coll pipe organ, attracting audiences from around the world.&lt;/li&gt;
  900. &lt;li&gt;The Opéra Nouvel (Nouvel Opera House) is the home of the Opéra National de Lyon. The original opera house was re-designed by the distinguished French architect, Jean Nouvel between 1985 and 1993 and is named after him.&lt;/li&gt;
  901. &lt;li&gt;Lyon is also the French capital of &quot;trompe l&#39;œil&quot;-walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen everywhere around the city. This old tradition is now expending in a contemporary expression. See for example Guillaume Bottazzi art work.&lt;/li&gt;
  902. &lt;li&gt;The Brothers of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.&lt;/li&gt;
  903. &lt;li&gt;The African Museum of Lyon is one of the oldest museums situated in Lyon.&lt;/li&gt;
  904. &lt;li&gt;The Museum of Resistance and Deportation looks at the various persons prominent in the Resistance movement in World War II. The building is strongly linked to Klaus Barbie. Lyon sees itself as the centre of the French resistance and many members were shot in Place Bellecour in the town centre. The exhibition is largely a series of mini-biographies of those involved.&lt;/li&gt;
  905. &lt;li&gt;The unusual project Lyon Dubai City, a reproduction of some districts of Lyon in Dubai, is a major point for the tourism in Lyon.&lt;/li&gt;
  906. &lt;li&gt;Lyon is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.&lt;/li&gt;
  907. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;UNESCO World Heritage Site&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  908. &lt;br /&gt;
  909. The Historic Site of Lyon was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. In their designation, UNESCO cited the &quot;exceptional testimony to the continuity of urban settlement over more than two millennia on a site of great commercial and strategic significance.&quot; The specific regions composing the Historic Site include the Roman district and Fourvière, the Renaissance district (Vieux Lyon), the silk district (slopes of Croix-Rousse), and the Presqu&#39;île, which features architecture from the 12th century to modern times. Both Vieux Lyon and the slopes of Croix-Rousse are known for their narrow passageways (named traboules) that pass through buildings and link streets on either side. The first examples of traboules are thought to have been built in Lyon in the 4th century. The traboules allowed the inhabitants to get from their homes to the Saône river quickly and allowed the canuts on the Croix-Rousse hill to get quickly from their workshops to the textile merchants at the foot of the hill.&lt;br /&gt;
  910. &lt;br /&gt;
  911. &lt;b style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gastronomy&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  912. &lt;br /&gt;
  913. For several centuries Lyon has been known as the French capital of gastronomy, due, in part, to the presence of many of France&#39;s finest chefs in the city and its surroundings (e.g. Paul Bocuse). This reputation also comes from the fact that two of France&#39;s best known wine-growing regions are located near Lyon: the Beaujolais to the North, and the Côtes du Rhône to the South. Beaujolais wine is very popular in Lyon and remains the most common table wine served with local dishes.&lt;br /&gt;
  914. &lt;br /&gt;
  915. Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines: the bouchons.&lt;br /&gt;
  916. &lt;br /&gt;
  917. The city is famous for its morning snacks formerly had by its silk workers, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine. Traditional local dishes include Rosette lyonnaise and saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette (a sausage of coarsely cut tripe), pistachio sausage, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croutons and a poached egg), marrons glacés, coussin de Lyon and cardoon au gratin.&lt;br /&gt;
  918. &lt;br /&gt;
  919. Cervelle de canut (lit. silk worker&#39;s brains) is a cheese spread/dip, a Lyonnais speciality. The dish is a base of fromage blanc, seasoned with chopped herbs, shallots, salt, pepper, olive oil and vinegar.&lt;br /&gt;
  920. &lt;br /&gt;
  921. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Economy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  922. &lt;br /&gt;
  923. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOr4umW3hBRQZppMuK52g-6j2PQa4fh5ADKOKEduvzVvJunTNf6nKpmmFZJkPVKzUKrgnxbhJlNDv4IR-P7N9z5Zs8VQ71ArQ6VElpiH0qqs8m0FN28cMZXiobbgnK4hMfxZFE_7x59qg/s1600/800px-Basilique_de_Fourvi%25C3%25A8re_from_Saone_%2528Lyon%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOr4umW3hBRQZppMuK52g-6j2PQa4fh5ADKOKEduvzVvJunTNf6nKpmmFZJkPVKzUKrgnxbhJlNDv4IR-P7N9z5Zs8VQ71ArQ6VElpiH0qqs8m0FN28cMZXiobbgnK4hMfxZFE_7x59qg/s400/800px-Basilique_de_Fourvi%25C3%25A8re_from_Saone_%2528Lyon%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  924. The GDP of Lyon is 62 billion euro, and the city is the second richest city after Paris. Lyon and its region Rhône-Alpes represent one of the most important economies in Europe and, according to the Loughborough university, can be compared to Philadelphia, Mumbai or Athens concerning its international position. The city of Lyon is working in partnerships to more easily enable the establishment of new headquarters in the territory (ADERLY, Chambre du commerce et d&#39;industrie, Grand Lyon...). According to the ECER-Banque Populaire, Lyon is the 14th favorite city in the European Union concerning the creation of companies and investments. High-tech industries like biotechnology, software development, game design, and internet services are also growing. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Lyon is home to some of the most dangerous viruses in the world (class 4) in the Jean Merieux laboratory of research, like Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Hendra, and Lassa.&lt;br /&gt;
  925. &lt;br /&gt;
  926. The city is the headquarters of many companies like Euronews, Lyon Airports, BioMérieux, Sanofi Pasteur, LCL S.A., Cegid Group, Boiron, Infogrames, Groupe SEB, LVL Medical, GL Events, Compagnie Nationale du Rhône, and intergovernmental agencies IARC, Interpol. The specialization of some sectors of activities have the consequence of creating several main business centers: La Part-Dieu, located in the 3rd arrondissement is the second biggest business quarter after La Défense in Paris with over 1,600,000 m2 (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 40,000 jobs. Cité Internationale, created by the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d&#39;Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide headquarters of Interpol is located there. The district of Confluence, in the south of the historic centre, is a new pole of economical and cultural development.&lt;br /&gt;
  927. &lt;br /&gt;
  928. Tourism provides a big boost to the Lyon economy with one billion euros in 2007 and 3.5 million hotel nights in 2006 provided by non-residents. Approximately 60% of tourists visit for business with the rest for leisure. In January 2009 Lyon ranked first in France for hostels business. The festivals most important for attracting tourists are the Fête des lumières, the Nuits de Fourvière every summer, the Biennale d&#39;art contemporain and the Nuits Sonores.&lt;br /&gt;
  929. &lt;br /&gt;
  930. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Demographics &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  931. &lt;br /&gt;
  932. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrZdq1O3XIy5VyxLTMZpH5JVBtjxWMZ4Fu0prgNDYkpoG_04rqlBsXwbvxcTIk3n43bA1tynAotYWr9PX8L8AhEo4a0oNVm4f6P1oHL6kfzHbDyGV8-tSfXkxxo62LfcbVUHQSRhW5ZYw/s1600/7ffe5144f709c7317e2a864524d643e3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;280&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrZdq1O3XIy5VyxLTMZpH5JVBtjxWMZ4Fu0prgNDYkpoG_04rqlBsXwbvxcTIk3n43bA1tynAotYWr9PX8L8AhEo4a0oNVm4f6P1oHL6kfzHbDyGV8-tSfXkxxo62LfcbVUHQSRhW5ZYw/s640/7ffe5144f709c7317e2a864524d643e3.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  933. &lt;br /&gt;
  934. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Main sights&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  935. &lt;br /&gt;
  936. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Antiquity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  937. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Roman ruins on the hillside near the Fourviere Basilica with the Ancient Theatre of Fourvière, the Odeon of Lyon and the accompanying Gallo-Roman Museum.&lt;/li&gt;
  938. &lt;li&gt;Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls, roman ruins of an amphiteatre.&lt;/li&gt;
  939. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Middle Ages and Renaissance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  940. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cathedral of St. John, a medieval church with architectural elements of the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. It is the principal religious structure in the city and the seat of the Archbishop of Lyon.&lt;/li&gt;
  941. &lt;li&gt;Basilica of St-Martin-d&#39;Ainay is one of the rare surviving Romanesque basilica-style churches in Lyon.&lt;/li&gt;
  942. &lt;li&gt;Église Saint-Paul, Romanesque (12 and 13th century) and Gothic (15–16th century) church.&lt;/li&gt;
  943. &lt;li&gt;Église Saint-Bonaventure, 14th- and 15th-century Gothic church.&lt;/li&gt;
  944. &lt;li&gt;Eglise Saint-Nizier, Gothic church from the 15th century. Its doorway was carved in the 16th century by Philibert Delorme.&lt;/li&gt;
  945. &lt;li&gt;Vieux Lyon (English: Old Lyon) area – Medieval and Renaissance quarter of the town, with cobbled streets, shops, and dining.&lt;/li&gt;
  946. &lt;li&gt;The many Renaissance hôtels particuliers of the Old Lyon quarter, such as the Hôtel de Bullioud, also built by Philibert Delorme.&lt;/li&gt;
  947. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17th and 18th century&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  948. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;City Hall on place des Terreaux, built by architects Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Robert de Cotte.&lt;/li&gt;
  949. &lt;li&gt;Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon, fine arts museum housed in a former convent of the 17th century, including the Baroque chapelle Saint-Pierre.&lt;/li&gt;
  950. &lt;li&gt;Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon (17th and 18th century), historical hospital with a baroque chapel.&lt;/li&gt;
  951. &lt;li&gt;Temple du Change (17th and 18th century), former stock exchange of Lyon, Protestant temple since the 18th century.&lt;/li&gt;
  952. &lt;li&gt;Place Bellecour, one of the largest town squares in Europe.&lt;/li&gt;
  953. &lt;li&gt;Chapelle de la Trinité (1622), the first Baroque chapel built in Lyon, it was part of the former Ecole de la Trinité, now Collège-lycée Ampère.&lt;/li&gt;
  954. &lt;li&gt;Église Saint-Polycarpe (1665–1670), Classical church.&lt;/li&gt;
  955. &lt;li&gt;Église Saint-Just (16th to 18th century), Classical church.&lt;/li&gt;
  956. &lt;li&gt;Saint-Bruno des Chartreux (17th and 18th century), church, masterpiece of Baroque architecture.&lt;/li&gt;
  957. &lt;li&gt;Église Notre Dame Saint-Vincent (18th century), Neoclassical church.&lt;/li&gt;
  958. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19th century and modern city&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  959. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Opéra National de Lyon (1831), renovated in 1993 by Jean Nouvel.&lt;/li&gt;
  960. &lt;li&gt;Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière, large 19th century basilica on the top of Fourvière Hill.&lt;/li&gt;
  961. &lt;li&gt;Tour métallique de Fourvière (1894).&lt;/li&gt;
  962. &lt;li&gt;La Mouche Cattle Market and Abbatoir (1914, 1928), designed by Tony Garnier.&lt;/li&gt;
  963. &lt;li&gt;Sainte Marie de La Tourette monastery (1960) designed by Le Corbusier&lt;/li&gt;
  964. &lt;li&gt;Saint-Exupéry International Airport (formerly Satolas Airport), designed by Guillaume Gilbert.&lt;/li&gt;
  965. &lt;li&gt;Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1994) by Santiago Calatrava.&lt;/li&gt;
  966. &lt;li&gt;Palais des congrès de Lyon (1998), designed by Renzo Piano is a group of buildings for various functions.&lt;/li&gt;
  967. &lt;li&gt;Tour du Crédit Lyonnais&lt;/li&gt;
  968. &lt;li&gt;Tour Oxygène&lt;/li&gt;
  969. &lt;li&gt;Tour Incity&lt;/li&gt;
  970. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Museums&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  971. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon (Fine Arts Museum), main museum of the city and one of the largest art galleries in France. Housed in the &quot;Palais Saint Pierre&quot;, a former 17th century convent, it displays a major collection of paintings (Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Nicolas Poussin, Rubens, Rembrandt, Zurbaran, Canaletto, Delacroix, Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Cézanne, Matisse, Picasso, Francis Bacon...), collections of sculptures, drawings and printings, decorative arts, roman and Greek antiquities, the second largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in France after that of the Louvre and a medal cabinet of 50 000 medals and coins.&lt;/li&gt;
  972. &lt;li&gt;Gallo-Roman Museum, it displays many valuable objects and artwoks found on the site of roman Lyon (Lugdunum) like the Circus Games Mosaic, Coligny calendar or the Taurobolic Altar.&lt;/li&gt;
  973. &lt;li&gt;African Museum of Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  974. &lt;li&gt;Centre d&#39;histoire de la résistance et de la déportation&lt;/li&gt;
  975. &lt;li&gt;Musée des Confluences, planned future museum of Sciences and anthropology.&lt;/li&gt;
  976. &lt;li&gt;La Sucrière, contemporary art center.&lt;/li&gt;
  977. &lt;li&gt;Musée des Tissus et des Arts Décoratifs, decorative arts museum.&lt;/li&gt;
  978. &lt;li&gt;Musée d&#39;art contemporain de Lyon, contemporary art museum.&lt;/li&gt;
  979. &lt;li&gt;Musée Gadagne, museum of the history of Lyon housed in a historical building of the Vieux Lyon.&lt;/li&gt;
  980. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Parks and gardens&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  981. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parc de la Tête d&#39;Or, (literally, Golden Head Park), in central Lyon is the largest urban park in France at 117 hectares. Located in the 6th arrondissement, it features a large lake on which boating takes place during the summer months. Due to the relatively small number of other parks in Lyon, it receives a huge number of visitors over summer, and is a frequent destination for joggers and cyclists. At the northern end of the park, there is a small zoo, with giraffes, elephants, tigers and other animals. There is also sporting equipment, such as a velodrome, boules court, mini-golf, horse riding, and even a miniature train.&lt;/li&gt;
  982. &lt;li&gt;Jardin botanique de Lyon (8 hectares), included in the Parc de la Tête d&#39;Or, is a municipal botanical garden. It is open weekdays without charge. The garden was established in 1857 as a successor to earlier botanical gardens dating to 1796, and now describes itself as France&#39;s largest municipal botanical garden. Today it contains about 15,000 plants, including 3500 plants of temperate regions, 760 species of shrubs, a hundred species of wild roses, 750 varieties of historical roses, 200 varieties of peonies recognized by the Conservatoire Français des Collections Végétales Spécialisées, 1800 species of alpine plants, 50 varieties of water lilies, and 6,000 species in its greenhouses. The garden&#39;s greenhouses enclose a total of 6,500 m2 (69,965.42 sq ft) in area, and include a central pavilion for tropical plants including camellias over a hundred years old; a greenhouse-aquarium with Amazonian water lilies; a Dutch greenhouse containing carnivorous plants; small greenhouses with orchids; and small cold greenhouses with azaleas, cactus, and so forth.&lt;/li&gt;
  983. &lt;li&gt;Parc de Gerland, in the south of the city (80 hectares).&lt;/li&gt;
  984. &lt;li&gt;Parc des hauteurs, in Fourvières.&lt;/li&gt;
  985. &lt;li&gt;Parc de Miribel-Jonage (300 hectares).&lt;/li&gt;
  986. &lt;li&gt;Parc de Lacroix-Laval (115 hectares).&lt;/li&gt;
  987. &lt;li&gt;Parc de Parilly (178 hectares).&lt;/li&gt;
  988. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Education&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  989. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;ECE Lyon (École de Commerce Européenne de Lyon)&lt;/li&gt;
  990. &lt;li&gt;Institut d&#39;études politiques de Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  991. &lt;li&gt;CPE Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  992. &lt;li&gt;École Centrale de Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  993. &lt;li&gt;ECAM Lyon (École Catholique d&#39;Arts et Métiers de Lyon)&lt;/li&gt;
  994. &lt;li&gt;EM Lyon (École de Management de Lyon)&lt;/li&gt;
  995. &lt;li&gt;ENTPE (École Nationale des Travaux Publiques de l&#39;État)&lt;/li&gt;
  996. &lt;li&gt;École des Beaux-Arts&lt;/li&gt;
  997. &lt;li&gt;École Normale Supérieure de Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  998. &lt;li&gt;Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (located in Villeurbanne)&lt;/li&gt;
  999. &lt;li&gt;ISTIL (Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l&#39;Ingénieur de Lyon) (located in Villeurbanne)&lt;/li&gt;
  1000. &lt;li&gt;ISARA (Institut Supérieur d&#39;Agriculture Rhône Alpes)&lt;/li&gt;
  1001. &lt;li&gt;Institution des Chartreux&lt;/li&gt;
  1002. &lt;li&gt;Université Claude Bernard (Lyon 1)&lt;/li&gt;
  1003. &lt;li&gt;Université Lumière (Lyon 2)&lt;/li&gt;
  1004. &lt;li&gt;Université Jean Moulin (Lyon 3)&lt;/li&gt;
  1005. &lt;li&gt;IAE (Institut d&#39;Administration des Entreprises de Lyon)&lt;/li&gt;
  1006. &lt;li&gt;Catholic University of Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  1007. &lt;li&gt;ESDES Business School&lt;/li&gt;
  1008. &lt;li&gt;IDRAC (International School of Management)&lt;/li&gt;
  1009. &lt;li&gt;Wesford Graduate Business School&lt;/li&gt;
  1010. &lt;li&gt;IFAG (Business Management School)&lt;/li&gt;
  1011. &lt;li&gt;Le Lycée du Parc&lt;/li&gt;
  1012. &lt;li&gt;La Martiniere Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  1013. &lt;li&gt;CEESO (Centre Européen d&#39;Enseignement Supérieur de l&#39;Ostéopathie)&lt;/li&gt;
  1014. &lt;li&gt;Bellecour, Ecoles D&#39;Arts&lt;/li&gt;
  1015. &lt;/ul&gt;There are some international private schools in Lyon, including:&lt;br /&gt;
  1016. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cité Scolaire Internationale de Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  1017. &lt;li&gt;Ombrosa&lt;/li&gt;
  1018. &lt;li&gt;International School of Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  1019. &lt;li&gt;Montessori School of Lyon&lt;/li&gt;
  1020. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sport&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1021. &lt;br /&gt;
  1022. Lyon is home to the Ligue 1 football team Olympique Lyonnais, commonly known as &quot;Lyon&quot; or &quot;OL&quot;. The team has enjoyed unprecedented success recently, winning seven consecutive national titles and establishing themselves as France&#39;s premier football club. The team competes in the prestigious UEFA Champions League and currently plays at the Stade de Gerland, where the Danone Nations Cup is held every year. The team is set to move to a new stadium in Décines-Charpieu (in the eastern suburbs) in 2013, which will hold 61,556 people. Lyon also has a rugby union team, Lyon OU, currently playing in Top 14. In addition, Lyon has a rugby league side: Lyon Villeurbanne Rhône XIII, or LVR XIII, play in the French rugby league championship. The club&#39;s current home ground is Stade Georges Lyvet in Villeurbanne. Lyon is also home to the Lyon Hockey Club, an ice hockey team that competes in France&#39;s national ice hockey league. Finally, Villeurbanne also has a renowned basketball team, ASVEL, who play at the Astroballe arena in Laurent Bonnevay.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/4789467316376619622/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/lyon.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4789467316376619622'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4789467316376619622'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/lyon.html' title='Lyon'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV32Ng8eTNqMZs9qkKbApqJUXSLDv5wvkV-PqkNqmZK07nQ3_3lNZjJd6l23rVyoCqNpVkCBKPR3hbJhZ2sORJFrtXhmnzQmVumYeWOvZP2QDfZdKicrq028AAoJxpUcoN7pYIVGgW2VU/s72-c/270px-Lyon_paysages.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-6805416141926460212</id><published>2011-09-17T14:00:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-17T14:03:44.133+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Pyrénées-Mont Perdu</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1U0t4w_my9zGAJdeoBLUA3EFLp8l1sWksqNwiSdo89WILVphLQxkbF297Sc7kdxlJBmZ8_tAUUp2T94Ht3P_vBloCItnXUftFNYrpLsOhLx8Pr4ma3pktcnqzkel9sdCAeI3sEFLir0s/s1600/pyrenees.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;267&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1U0t4w_my9zGAJdeoBLUA3EFLp8l1sWksqNwiSdo89WILVphLQxkbF297Sc7kdxlJBmZ8_tAUUp2T94Ht3P_vBloCItnXUftFNYrpLsOhLx8Pr4ma3pktcnqzkel9sdCAeI3sEFLir0s/s400/pyrenees.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1023. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1024. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif_7Ty3kbDIVegzn2jRoC999ZpvoRKA-l7JNyaOb_Xa2Hu36y_E98fsyVcQWkPrL8TYB-GB6cT6dy6dSKV7ouZMHyAdukhOOPCWu4xdcg2qPhCpWa-s7uTaYgxv6kzn2czuTtvxe_3hFI/s1600/site_0773_0001-500-392-20070831111809.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif_7Ty3kbDIVegzn2jRoC999ZpvoRKA-l7JNyaOb_Xa2Hu36y_E98fsyVcQWkPrL8TYB-GB6cT6dy6dSKV7ouZMHyAdukhOOPCWu4xdcg2qPhCpWa-s7uTaYgxv6kzn2czuTtvxe_3hFI/s400/site_0773_0001-500-392-20070831111809.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1025. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYX5y6GNIm-2tApM5gewmOeTkrl75oZvwrDhS1z6MTeitwDtAewpNtnfuFA2jEkwDzB7rDfVf6eHGEzZPLI831pGbIkL7YYbv_AzS4pMMuftgG961xlsxWJpINsUfGHBYBgQ9Ex6C6zpo/s1600/site_0773_0002-500-375-20070831111832.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYX5y6GNIm-2tApM5gewmOeTkrl75oZvwrDhS1z6MTeitwDtAewpNtnfuFA2jEkwDzB7rDfVf6eHGEzZPLI831pGbIkL7YYbv_AzS4pMMuftgG961xlsxWJpINsUfGHBYBgQ9Ex6C6zpo/s400/site_0773_0002-500-375-20070831111832.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1026. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1n_BrS1hbqIm__YmCduzVSHgoHpYQKuOfRDX1g4UPXTybUx28BhgMxPghlgWH076fbdK2KS1QiF4fQyT6UBzbI8eHEp0-Zw_jTFdGd0SY9-Z4DJ1M2IDeZuHV_5WVPeazqlFflfnG9i4/s1600/site_0773_0007-500-338-20090506105439.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1n_BrS1hbqIm__YmCduzVSHgoHpYQKuOfRDX1g4UPXTybUx28BhgMxPghlgWH076fbdK2KS1QiF4fQyT6UBzbI8eHEp0-Zw_jTFdGd0SY9-Z4DJ1M2IDeZuHV_5WVPeazqlFflfnG9i4/s400/site_0773_0007-500-338-20090506105439.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1027. &lt;br /&gt;
  1028. The Pyrénées – Mont Perdu World Heritage Site is a world heritage site straddling the border between Spain and France in the Pyrenees mountain chain. The summit of Mont Perdu (Spanish: Monte Perdido) is on the Spanish side of the border. The site was designated in 1997 and extended north in 1999 to include the Commune of Gèdre in France.&lt;br /&gt;
  1029. &lt;br /&gt;
  1030. The site includes two bordering national parks: the entire Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park in Spain and the eastern part of Pyrénées Occidentales National Park in France.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/6805416141926460212/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/pyrenees-mont-perdu.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/6805416141926460212'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/6805416141926460212'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/pyrenees-mont-perdu.html' title='Pyrénées-Mont Perdu'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1U0t4w_my9zGAJdeoBLUA3EFLp8l1sWksqNwiSdo89WILVphLQxkbF297Sc7kdxlJBmZ8_tAUUp2T94Ht3P_vBloCItnXUftFNYrpLsOhLx8Pr4ma3pktcnqzkel9sdCAeI3sEFLir0s/s72-c/pyrenees.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-7113654721447199813</id><published>2011-09-17T13:54:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-17T14:03:44.134+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Carcassonne</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXmM2I_6SGKaKPIpW2k_PPXw85PBb83DEOL7Yul-es18ibcMNqDfx9D_L_wXxqeYv9wlUfwV6BLvi6PGPJiHC2ouHiIrpTZK0tHXHTIFnOCgw5VGoPPDiJ6KEpMVioGgAKzJqyqaotE4E/s1600/747px-Cit%25C3%25A9_de_Carcassonne%252C_woman_on_wall.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;321&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXmM2I_6SGKaKPIpW2k_PPXw85PBb83DEOL7Yul-es18ibcMNqDfx9D_L_wXxqeYv9wlUfwV6BLvi6PGPJiHC2ouHiIrpTZK0tHXHTIFnOCgw5VGoPPDiJ6KEpMVioGgAKzJqyqaotE4E/s400/747px-Cit%25C3%25A9_de_Carcassonne%252C_woman_on_wall.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1031. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  1032. Carcassonne (Occitan: Carcassona) is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the former province of Languedoc.&lt;br /&gt;
  1033. &lt;br /&gt;
  1034. It is divided into the fortified Cité de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse. Carcassone was founded by the Visigoths in the fifth century, though the Romans had fortified the settlement earlier. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored in 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named Carcas, a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells (&quot;Carcas sona&quot;) – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention. The name can be derived as a hyperbole of the name Carcas. Similarly in the Italian language, there are derived names like Castellino (little castle) – Castello – Castellone (big castle), or Ombrellino (small umbrella) – Ombrello – Ombrellone (large umbrella). A double &#39;s&#39; in the name appears for phonetic reasons, otherwise as a self standing &#39;s&#39; it would be pronounced as &#39;z&#39;.&lt;br /&gt;
  1035. &lt;br /&gt;
  1036. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1037. &lt;br /&gt;
  1038. First signs of settlement in this region have been dated to about 3500 BC, but the hill site of Carsac – a Celtic place-name that has been retained at other sites in the south – became an important trading place in the 6th century BC. The Volcae Tectosages fortified the oppidum.&lt;br /&gt;
  1039. &lt;br /&gt;
  1040. Carcassonne became strategically identified when Romans fortified the hilltop around 100 BC and eventually made it the colonia of Julia Carsaco, later Carcasum (the process of swapping consonants is a metathesis). The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times. In 462 the Romans officially ceded Septimania to the Visigothic king Theodoric II who had held Carcassonne since 453; he built more fortifications at Carcassonne, which was a frontier post on the northern marches: traces of them still stand. Theodoric is thought to have begun the predecessor of the basilica that is now dedicated to Saint Nazaire. In 508 the Visigoths successfully foiled attacks by the Frankish king Clovis. Saracens from Barcelona took Carcassonne in 725, but King Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref) drove them away in 759-60; though he took most of the south of France, he was unable to penetrate the impregnable fortress of Carcassonne.&lt;br /&gt;
  1041. &lt;br /&gt;
  1042. A medieval fiefdom, the county of Carcassonne, controlled the city and its environs. It was often united with the County of Razès. The origins of Carcassonne as a county probably lie in local representatives of the Visigoths, but the first count known by name is Bello of the time of Charlemagne. Bello founded a dynasty, the Bellonids, which would rule many honores in Septimania and Catalonia for three centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
  1043. &lt;br /&gt;
  1044. In 1067, Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel, viscount of Albi and Nîmes, through his marriage with Ermengard, sister of the last count of Carcassonne. In the following centuries, the Trencavel family allied in succession either with the counts of Barcelona or of Toulouse. They built the Château Comtal and the Basilica of Saint-Nazaire. In 1096, Pope Urban II blessed the foundation stones of the new cathedral, a Catholic bastion against the Cathars.&lt;br /&gt;
  1045. &lt;br /&gt;
  1046. Carcassonne became famous in its role in the Albigensian Crusades, when the city was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars. In August 1209 the crusading army of Simon de Montfort forced its citizens to surrender. After capturing Raymond-Roger de Trencavel, imprisoning him and allowing him to die, Montfort made himself the new viscount. He added to the fortifications. Carcassonne became a border citadel between France and the kingdom of Aragon (Spain).&lt;br /&gt;
  1047. &lt;br /&gt;
  1048. In 1240, Trencavel&#39;s son tried to reconquer his old domain but in vain. The city submitted to the rule of the kingdom of France in 1247, and King Louis IX founded the new part of the town across the river. He and his successor Philip III built the outer ramparts. Contemporary opinion still considered the fortress impregnable. During the Hundred Years&#39; War, Edward the Black Prince failed to take the city in 1355, although his troops destroyed the Lower Town.&lt;br /&gt;
  1049. &lt;br /&gt;
  1050. In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees transferred the border province of Roussillon to France, and Carcassonne&#39;s military significance was reduced. Fortifications were abandoned, and the city became mainly an economic centre that concentrated on the woollen textile industry, for which a 1723 source quoted by Fernand Braudel found it &quot;the manufacturing centre of Languedoc&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  1051. &lt;br /&gt;
  1052. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Main sights&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1053. &lt;br /&gt;
  1054. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The fortified city&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1055. &lt;br /&gt;
  1056. The fortified city itself consists essentially of a concentric design with two outer walls with towers and barbicans to prevent attack by siege engines. The castle itself possesses its own drawbridge and ditch leading to a central keep. The walls consist of towers built over quite a long period. One section is Roman and is notably different from the medieval walls with the tell-tale red brick layers and the shallow pitch terracotta tile roofs. One of these towers housed the Catholic Inquisition in the 13th Century and is still known as &quot;The Inquisition Tower&quot;. Today there is a museum &quot;Musée de la Torture&quot;, which shows some of the original torture equipment employed by the Catholic Church.&lt;br /&gt;
  1057. &lt;br /&gt;
  1058. Carcassonne was struck off the roster of official fortifications under Napoleon and the Restoration, and the fortified cité of Carcassonne fell into such disrepair that the French government decided that it should be demolished. A decree to that effect that was made official in 1849 caused an uproar. The antiquary and mayor of Carcassonne, Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille, and the writer Prosper Mérimée, the first inspector of ancient monuments, led a campaign to preserve the fortress as a historical monument. Later in the year the architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, already at work restoring the Basilica of Saint-Nazaire, was commissioned to renovate the place.&lt;br /&gt;
  1059. &lt;br /&gt;
  1060. In 1853, works began with the west and southwest walling, followed by the towers of the porte Narbonnaise and the principal entrance to the cité. The fortifications were consolidated here and there, but the chief attention was paid to restoring the roofing of the towers and the ramparts, where Viollet-le-Duc ordered the destruction of structures that had encroached against the walls, some of them of considerable age. Viollet-le-Duc left copious notes and drawings on his death in 1879, when his pupil Paul Boeswillwald, and later the architect Nodet continued the rehabilitation of Carcassonne.&lt;br /&gt;
  1061. &lt;br /&gt;
  1062. The restoration was strongly criticized during Viollet-le-Duc&#39;s lifetime. Fresh from work in the north of France, he made the error of using slates and restoring the roofs as pointed cones, where local practice was traditionally of tile roofing and low slopes, in a snow-free environment. Yet, overall, Viollet-le-Duc&#39;s achievement at Carcassonne is agreed to be a work of genius, though not of the strictest authenticity.&lt;br /&gt;
  1063. &lt;br /&gt;
  1064. The fortification consists of a double ring of ramparts and 53 towers.&lt;br /&gt;
  1065. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1066. Other&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1067. &lt;br /&gt;
  1068. Another bridge, Pont Marengo, crosses the Canal du Midi and provides access to the railway station. Lac de la Cavayère has been created as a recreational lake and is about five minutes from the city centre.&lt;br /&gt;
  1069. &lt;br /&gt;
  1070. Further sights include:&lt;br /&gt;
  1071. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;the Basilica of St. Nazaire and St. Celse&lt;/li&gt;
  1072. &lt;li&gt;The Cathedral&lt;/li&gt;
  1073. &lt;li&gt;Church of St. Vincent&lt;/li&gt;
  1074. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Economy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1075. &lt;br /&gt;
  1076. The newer part (Ville Basse) of the city on the other side of the Aude river (which dates back from the Middle Ages, created after the crusade) manufactures shoes, rubber and textiles. It is also the centre of a major AOC wine-growing region. A major part of its income, however, comes from the tourism connected to the fortifications (Cité) and from boat cruising on the Canal du Midi. Carcassonne receives about three million visitors annually.&lt;br /&gt;
  1077. &lt;br /&gt;
  1078. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transport&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1079. &lt;br /&gt;
  1080. In the late 1990s Carcassonne airport started taking budget flights to and from European airports and by 2009 had regular flight connections with Bournemouth, Cork, Dublin, Edinburgh, Frankfurt-Hahn, Stansted, Liverpool, East Midlands, Glasgow and Charleroi.&lt;br /&gt;
  1081. &lt;br /&gt;
  1082. The Gare de Carcassonne railway station offers direct connections to Toulouse, Narbonne, Perpignan, Paris, Marseille and several regional destinations. The A61 motorway connects Carcassonne with Toulouse and Narbonne.&lt;br /&gt;
  1083. &lt;br /&gt;
  1084. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Language&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1085. &lt;br /&gt;
  1086. Historically, the language spoken in Carcassonne and throughout Languedoc-Roussillon was not French, but actually the quite different Occitan.&lt;br /&gt;
  1087. &lt;br /&gt;
  1088. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sport&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1089. &lt;br /&gt;
  1090. Carcassonne was the starting point for a stage in the 2004 Tour de France and a stage finish in the 2006 Tour de France.&lt;br /&gt;
  1091. &lt;br /&gt;
  1092. As in the rest of the south west of France, rugby union is popular in Carcassonne. The city is represented by Union Sportive Carcassonnaise, known locally simply as USC. The club have a proud history, having played in the French Championship Final in 1925, and currently compete in Pro D2, the second tier of French rugby.&lt;br /&gt;
  1093. &lt;br /&gt;
  1094. Rugby league is also played, by the AS Carcassonne club. They are involved in the Elite One Championship. Puig Aubert is the most notable rugby league player to come from the Carcassonne club and the city has a bronze statue of him.&lt;br /&gt;
  1095. &lt;br /&gt;
  1096. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUwsiVeqRLwn-2SJdoeaKSG7H9MOHzb_AstFw2DZuQT8HX41y3hSEOStfi0rf8AYITangOc-Ra0Ug3K6e7Xnhajakje_ItzbvDVcZHmG1AvcE7Vs_nfHYRJLndlFvYU3LMlHQBiiHA4tE/s1600/800px-Carcasonneouterwall.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUwsiVeqRLwn-2SJdoeaKSG7H9MOHzb_AstFw2DZuQT8HX41y3hSEOStfi0rf8AYITangOc-Ra0Ug3K6e7Xnhajakje_ItzbvDVcZHmG1AvcE7Vs_nfHYRJLndlFvYU3LMlHQBiiHA4tE/s400/800px-Carcasonneouterwall.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1097. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpx1WCs55OmrYYUfVzikICGkoMcagxaypl8mqMjn7KpHhEZsyO8G6a-xGKv_iJq9PY6v0rPnLzoEyqklDLeO-Vtkhx_VQNABIBDRqW9af3qgBHHt3lLbsLY_h-j894Onr8eTc2TZ8_BU4/s1600/800px-Carcassonne-vignes.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;227&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpx1WCs55OmrYYUfVzikICGkoMcagxaypl8mqMjn7KpHhEZsyO8G6a-xGKv_iJq9PY6v0rPnLzoEyqklDLeO-Vtkhx_VQNABIBDRqW9af3qgBHHt3lLbsLY_h-j894Onr8eTc2TZ8_BU4/s400/800px-Carcassonne-vignes.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1098. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAV_7S8_9ELg5Xal0B0C1s748SP8qgcp6mbfBUYVUo3cz5wXlk0US83BLEjDCFslEIxuCeTsEgtxFi7xhEOSqP9nMnMYzNT7rFtanaED4dOWrWZpygJ3Nl8O8oUKMgEaX595yXYcOW1YI/s1600/800px-Cathars_expelled.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAV_7S8_9ELg5Xal0B0C1s748SP8qgcp6mbfBUYVUo3cz5wXlk0US83BLEjDCFslEIxuCeTsEgtxFi7xhEOSqP9nMnMYzNT7rFtanaED4dOWrWZpygJ3Nl8O8oUKMgEaX595yXYcOW1YI/s400/800px-Cathars_expelled.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  1107. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-CMGuigKtt-bIlntJzmZMUCfHL7NdX1zT0-llHBINNF7ChSK7AMHDC6cCrmu7RF3ifiOneX3amu3qIeCx1rmiMO7909Kq3JlwTSYVOMeMfAK3ClpPhjYTpctjx4hVsNI-RhYFNH89mkM/s1600/site_0345_0012-500-334-20090506135815.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-CMGuigKtt-bIlntJzmZMUCfHL7NdX1zT0-llHBINNF7ChSK7AMHDC6cCrmu7RF3ifiOneX3amu3qIeCx1rmiMO7909Kq3JlwTSYVOMeMfAK3ClpPhjYTpctjx4hVsNI-RhYFNH89mkM/s400/site_0345_0012-500-334-20090506135815.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/7113654721447199813/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/carcassonne.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7113654721447199813'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/7113654721447199813'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/carcassonne.html' title='Carcassonne'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXmM2I_6SGKaKPIpW2k_PPXw85PBb83DEOL7Yul-es18ibcMNqDfx9D_L_wXxqeYv9wlUfwV6BLvi6PGPJiHC2ouHiIrpTZK0tHXHTIFnOCgw5VGoPPDiJ6KEpMVioGgAKzJqyqaotE4E/s72-c/747px-Cit%25C3%25A9_de_Carcassonne%252C_woman_on_wall.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-6217919350595419106</id><published>2011-09-17T13:43:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-17T14:03:44.135+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Canal du Midi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn1Wrrg9tAa9LjelRerunjoRBhe-MtBtApLQo9Giqt4dkzulAbiNj4G7k2_ETiuID5gcqwUYXU5T6YOcKlWEYaEib_fwUE6kAGyXNhTpGz3GariiwFJYAR-VTdxxgjCKYwrot_ga2jdSE/s1600/800px-Canal_du_Midi_02.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn1Wrrg9tAa9LjelRerunjoRBhe-MtBtApLQo9Giqt4dkzulAbiNj4G7k2_ETiuID5gcqwUYXU5T6YOcKlWEYaEib_fwUE6kAGyXNhTpGz3GariiwFJYAR-VTdxxgjCKYwrot_ga2jdSE/s320/800px-Canal_du_Midi_02.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  1111. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQb8pSCjhUJmGMEArJ6Fg2KF2tJPzdKhpw93WKhCY4ORw4CF9BJq5ArrjQW3nI1G21ayoXag1NQWK6WvOAM4Sj830ac8cyNf1tsmgJFnPwHgoxszVgHG46BJZeYy41xuoFx1dZLVPE7vY/s1600/Canal_du_midi_toulouse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQb8pSCjhUJmGMEArJ6Fg2KF2tJPzdKhpw93WKhCY4ORw4CF9BJq5ArrjQW3nI1G21ayoXag1NQWK6WvOAM4Sj830ac8cyNf1tsmgJFnPwHgoxszVgHG46BJZeYy41xuoFx1dZLVPE7vY/s320/Canal_du_midi_toulouse.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  1113. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1114. &amp;nbsp;The Canal du Midi (Occitan: Canal de las Doas Mars, meaning canal of the two seas) is a 240 km (150 mi) long canal in Southern France (French: le Midi). The canal connects the Garonne River to the Étang de Thau on the Mediterranean and along with the Canal de Garonne forms the Canal des Deux Mers joining the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. The canal runs from the city of Toulouse down to the Mediterranean port of Sète - which was founded to serve as the eastern terminus of the canal. The Canal du Midi was built by Pierre-Paul Riquet.&lt;br /&gt;
  1115. &lt;br /&gt;
  1116. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.&lt;br /&gt;
  1117. &lt;br /&gt;
  1118. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1119. &lt;br /&gt;
  1120. The Canal du Midi was built to serve as a shortcut between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, avoiding the long sea voyage around hostile Spain, Barbary pirates, and a trip that in the 17th century took a full month to complete. Its strategic value was obvious and it had been discussed for centuries, in particular when King Francis I brought Leonardo da Vinci to France in 1516 and commissioned a survey of a route from the Garonne at Toulouse to the Aude at Carcassonne. The major problem was how to supply the summit sections with enough water.&lt;br /&gt;
  1121. &lt;br /&gt;
  1122. In 1662, Pierre-Paul Riquet, a rich tax-farmer in the Languedoc region, who knew the region intimately, believed he could solve the problem, but he first had to persuade Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the finance minister of Louis XIV, which he did through his friendship with the Archbishop of Toulouse. A Royal Commission was appointed and in 1665 recommended the project which was finally ordered by Louis XIV in 1666 with the possible expenditure of 3,360,000 livres. The specifications for the work were drawn up by the head of this commission and France&#39;s leading military engineer in that period, the Chevalier de Clerville, who remained a loyal ally of Riquet and partisan of the Canal du Midi until his death. To help in the design, Riquet is said to have constructed a miniature canal in the grounds of his house, Bonrepos, complete with locks, weirs, feeder channels and even a tunnel.&lt;br /&gt;
  1123. &lt;br /&gt;
  1124. At the age of 63, Riquet started his great enterprise, sending his personal engineer, François Andreossy, and a local water expert, Pierre Roux, to the Montagne Noire to work on the water supply. Some of Clerville&#39;s men with experience in military engineering came, too, to build a huge dam, the Bassin de St. Ferréol, on the Laudot river. The Laudot is a tributary of the River Tarn in the Montagne Noire some 20 km (12 mi) from the summit of the proposed canal at Seuil de Naurouze. This massive dam, 700 metres (2,300 ft) long, 30 metres (98 ft) above the riverbed and 120 metres (390 ft) thick at its base was the largest work of civil engineering in Europe and only the second major dam to be built in Europe, after one in Alicante in Spain. It was connected to the Canal du Midi by a contoured channel over 25 km long, 3.7 m (12 ft) wide with a base width of 1.5 m (4.9 ft). It was eventually equipped with 14 locks in order to bring building materials for the canal down from the mountains and to create a new port for the mountain town of Revel. This supply system successfully fed the canal with water where it crossed the continental divide, replacing water that drained toward the two seas. The system was a masterpiece of both hydraulic and structural engineering, and served as an early ratification of Riquet&#39;s vision. It was also a major part of a massive enterprise. At its peak 12,000 labourers worked on the project, including over a thousand women, many of whom came specifically to work on the water system.&lt;br /&gt;
  1125. &lt;br /&gt;
  1126. The women labourers were surprisingly important to the canal&#39;s engineering. Many came from former Roman bath colonies in the Pyrenees, where elements of classical hydraulics had been maintained as a living tradition. They were hired at first to haul dirt to the dam at St. Ferréol, but their supervisors, who were struggling to design the channels from the dam to the canal, recognized their expertise. Engineering in this period was mainly focused on fortress construction, and hydraulics was concerned mostly with mining and problems of drainage. Building a navigational canal across the continent was well beyond the formal knowledge of the military engineers expected to supervise it, but the peasant women who were carriers of classical hydraulic methods added to the repertoire of available techniques. They not only perfected the water supply system for the canal but also threaded the waterway through the mountains near Béziers, using few locks, and built the eight-lock staircase at Fonserannes.&lt;br /&gt;
  1127. &lt;br /&gt;
  1128. The canal was built on a grand scale, with oval shaped locks 30.5 m (100 ft) long, 6 m (20 ft) wide at the gates and 11 m (36 ft) wide in the middle. This design was intended to resist the collapse of the walls that happened early in the project. The oval locks used the strength of the arch against the inward pressure of the surrounding soil that had destabilized the early locks with straight walls. Such arches had been used by the Romans for retaining walls in Gaul, so this technique was not new, but its application to locks was revolutionary and was imitated in early American canals.&lt;br /&gt;
  1129. &lt;br /&gt;
  1130. Many of the structures were designed with neoclassical elements to further and to echo the king&#39;s ambitions to make France a New Rome. The Canal du Midi as a grand piece of infrastructural engineering in itself was promoted as worthy of Rome and the political dreams behind it were clarified with plaques in Latin, and walls built with Roman features.&lt;br /&gt;
  1131. &lt;br /&gt;
  1132. The Canal du Midi was opened officially as the Canal Royal de Languedoc on May 15, 1681. It was also referred to as the Canal des Deux Mers (Canal of Two Seas). It eventually cost over 15 million livres, of which nearly two million came from Riquet himself, leaving him with huge debts, and he died in 1680, just months before the Canal was opened. His sons inherited the canal, but the family&#39;s investments were not recovered and debts not fully paid until over 100 years later. The canal was well managed and run as a paternalistic enterprise until the revolution.&lt;br /&gt;
  1133. &lt;br /&gt;
  1134. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Characteristics of the Canal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1135. The Canal has 91 locks which serve to ascend and descend a total of 190 metres (620 ft). It has 328 structures, including bridges, dams and a tunnel.&lt;br /&gt;
  1136. &lt;br /&gt;
  1137. There are now over 40 aqueducts, but when created by Riquet, there were only three, the Répudre Aqueduct, Aiguille Aqueduct and Jouarres Aqueduct. To cross the other streams, the streams were dammed below the canal and the boats crossed on the rivers themselves. From 1683 to 1693, Vauban improved the canal adding drainage ditches and over 40 aqueducts. Among the most important were the Orbiel Aqueduct and Cesse Aqueducts. The Orb Aqueduct was finished in 1858 and finally, the Herbettes Aqueduct in 1983.&lt;br /&gt;
  1138. &lt;br /&gt;
  1139. At the town of Béziers there was a staircase of eight locks at Fonsérannes to bring it to the river Orb. The locks had to be cut from solid rock, and descended a hillside whose gradient varied. All the locks had to contain the same volume of water, but could not have precisely the same shape. Nonetheless, they were built successfully without need of repair. Surprisingly, this amazing piece of engineering was subcontracted out to two illiterate brothers, the Medhailes, and was built by a workforce composed mainly of women.&lt;br /&gt;
  1140. &lt;br /&gt;
  1141. Because of flooding problems, the Canal du Midi was equipped with aqueduct bridges. The first was over the Le Répudre River, but Vauban also designed subsequent ones. Finally, an aqueduct bridge was built over the Orb Aqueduct, bypassing the bottom two locks at Fonserannes. In 1982/3, a new Fonserannes water slope was built for barges alongside the lock staircase, too, though it is now out of service.&lt;br /&gt;
  1142. &lt;br /&gt;
  1143. The design of the Canal included the first canal passage ever built through a tunnel (the Malpas Tunnel). The Canal du Midi passes through a 173-metre (568 ft) tunnel through a hill at Enserune.&lt;br /&gt;
  1144. &lt;br /&gt;
  1145. The Canal also involved building the first artificial reservoir for feeding a canal waterway, the Bassin de St. Ferréol. The second source, built in 1777-1781, was Bassin de Lampy.&lt;br /&gt;
  1146. &lt;br /&gt;
  1147. The construction of the Canal du Midi was considered by people in the 17th century as the biggest project of the day. Even today, it is seen as a marvelous engineering accomplishment and is the most popular pleasure waterway in Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
  1148. &lt;br /&gt;
  1149. Initially the canal appears to have been mainly used by small sailing barges with easily lowered masts, bow-hauled by gangs of men. By the middle of the 18th century, horse towing had largely taken over and steam tugs came in 1834 to cross the Étang. By 1838 273 vessels were regularly working the canal and passenger and packet boats for mail continued a brisk trade until the coming of the railways in 1857. Commercial traffic continued until 1980 when it began to decline rapidly, ultimately ceasing altogether during the drought closure of 1989. Now the Canal has become more of a tourist attraction and place for leisure activities than a commercial trade route, with many people rowing, canoeing, fishing or even cruising on luxury hotel barges such as the Anjodi.&lt;br /&gt;
  1150. &lt;br /&gt;
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  1155. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQb8pSCjhUJmGMEArJ6Fg2KF2tJPzdKhpw93WKhCY4ORw4CF9BJq5ArrjQW3nI1G21ayoXag1NQWK6WvOAM4Sj830ac8cyNf1tsmgJFnPwHgoxszVgHG46BJZeYy41xuoFx1dZLVPE7vY/s1600/Canal_du_midi_toulouse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQb8pSCjhUJmGMEArJ6Fg2KF2tJPzdKhpw93WKhCY4ORw4CF9BJq5ArrjQW3nI1G21ayoXag1NQWK6WvOAM4Sj830ac8cyNf1tsmgJFnPwHgoxszVgHG46BJZeYy41xuoFx1dZLVPE7vY/s400/Canal_du_midi_toulouse.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  1157. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  1158. Avignon&amp;nbsp; is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city on 1 January 2010, 12 000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.&lt;br /&gt;
  1159. &lt;br /&gt;
  1160. Often referred to as the &quot;City of Popes&quot; because of the presence of popes and antipopes from 1309 to 1423 during the Catholic schism, it is currently the largest city and capital of the département of Vaucluse. This is one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts, its historic center, the palace of the popes, Rocher des Doms, and the bridge of Avignon. It was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the criteria I, II and IV.&lt;br /&gt;
  1161. &lt;br /&gt;
  1162. As a showcase of arts and culture, the fame of its annual theatre festival, known as the Festival of Avignon, has far exceeded the French borders.&lt;br /&gt;
  1163. &lt;br /&gt;
  1164. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1165. &lt;br /&gt;
  1166. Avignon is situated on the left bank of the Rhône river, a few kilometres above its confluence with the Durance, about 580 km (360.4 mi) south-east of Paris, 229 km (142.3 mi) south of Lyon and 85 km (52.8 mi) north-north-west of Marseille. Its coordinates are 43°57′N 4°50′E. Avignon occupies a large oval-shaped area, not fully populated and covered to a large extent by parks and gardens.&lt;br /&gt;
  1167. &lt;br /&gt;
  1168. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Climate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1169. &lt;br /&gt;
  1170. Avignon has a Mediterranean climate characterised by relatively dry summers and cool, damp winters. The city is often subject to windy weather; the strongest wind is the mistral. The popular proverb is, however, somewhat exaggerated, Avenie ventosa, sine vento venenosa, cum vento fastidiosa (windy Avignon, pest-ridden when there is no wind, wind-pestered when there is)&lt;br /&gt;
  1171. &lt;br /&gt;
  1172. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Administration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1173. &lt;br /&gt;
  1174. Avignon is the préfecture (capital) of the Vaucluse département in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d&#39;Azur. It forms the core of the Grand Avignon metropolitan area (communauté d&#39;agglomération), which comprises twelve communes on both sides of the river:&lt;br /&gt;
  1175. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Les Angles, Rochefort-du-Gard, Saze and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon in the Gard département;&lt;/li&gt;
  1176. &lt;li&gt;Avignon, Caumont-sur-Durance, Jonquerettes, Morières-lès-Avignon, Le Pontet, Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon, Vedène and Velleron in the Vaucluse département.&lt;/li&gt;
  1177. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1178. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1179. Early history&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1180. &lt;br /&gt;
  1181. The site of Avignon was settled very early on; the rocky outcrop (le Rocher les Doms) at the north end of the town, overlooking the Rhône River, may have been the site of a Celtic oppidum or hill fort.&lt;br /&gt;
  1182. &lt;br /&gt;
  1183. Avignon, written as Avennio or Avenio in the ancient texts and inscriptions, takes its name from the Avennius clan. Founded by the Gallic tribe of the Cavares or Cavari, it became the centre of an important Phocaean colony from Massilia (present Marseilles).&lt;br /&gt;
  1184. &lt;br /&gt;
  1185. Under the Romans, Avenio was a flourishing city of Gallia Narbonensis, the first Transalpine province of the Roman Empire, but very little from this period remains (a few fragments of the forum near Rue Molière).&lt;br /&gt;
  1186. &lt;br /&gt;
  1187. During the inroads of the Goths, it was badly damaged in the fifth century and belonged in turn to the Goths, the kingdoms of Burgundy and of Arles, in the 12th Century. it fell into the hands of the Saracens and was destroyed in 737 by the Franks under Charles Martel for having sided with the Arabs against him. Boso having been proclaimed Burgundian King of Provence, or of Arelat (after its capital Arles), by the Synod of Mantaille, at the death of Louis the Stammerer (879), Avignon ceased to belong to the Frankish kings.&lt;br /&gt;
  1188. &lt;br /&gt;
  1189. In 1033, when Conrad II inherited the Kingdom of Arelat, Avignon passed to the Holy Roman Empire. With the German rulers at a distance, Avignon set up as a republic with a consular form of government, between 1135 and 1146. In addition to the Emperor, the Counts of Forcalquier, of Toulouse and of Provence exercised a purely nominal sway over the city; on two occasions, in 1125 and in 1251, the Counts of Toulouse and Provence divided their rights in regard to it, while the Count of Forcalquier resigned any right he possessed to the local Bishops and Consuls in 1135.&lt;br /&gt;
  1190. &lt;br /&gt;
  1191. At the end of the twelfth century, Avignon declared itself an independent republic, but independence was crushed in 1226 during the crusade against the Albigenses (the dualist Cathar heresy centered in neighboring Albi). After the citizens refused to open the gates of Avignon to King Louis VIII of France and the papal Legate, a three month siege ensued starting on 10 June 1226, and ending in capitulation by Avignon on 13 September 1226. Following the defeat, they were forced to pull down the ramparts and fill up the moat of the city.&lt;br /&gt;
  1192. &lt;br /&gt;
  1193. On 7 May 1251 Avignon was made a common possession of counts Charles of Anjou and Alphonse de Poitiers, brothers of French king Saint Louis IX. On 25 August 1271, at the death of Alphonse de Poitiers, Avignon and the surrounding countship Comtat-Venaissin (which was governed by rectors since 1274) were united with the French crown.&lt;br /&gt;
  1194. &lt;br /&gt;
  1195. Avignon and the Comtat did not become French until 1791. In 1274, the Comtat became a possession of the popes, with Avignon itself, self-governing, under the overlordship of the Angevin count of Provence (who was also king of &quot;Sicily&quot; [i.e., Naples]). The popes were allowed by the count of Provence (a papal vassal) to settle in Avignon in the early 14th century. The popes bought Avignon from the Angevin ruler for 80,000 florins in 1348. From then on until the French Revolution, Avignon and the Comtat were papal possessions, first under the schismatic popes of the Great Schism, then under the popes of Rome ruling via legates and vice-legates. The Black Death appeared at Avignon in 1348; killing almost two-thirds of the city&#39;s population.&lt;br /&gt;
  1196. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1197. Avignon and its popes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1198. &lt;br /&gt;
  1199. In 1309 the city, still part of the Kingdom of Arles, was chosen by Pope Clement V as his residence, and from 9 March 1309 until 13 January 1377 was the seat of the Papacy instead of Rome. This caused a schism in the Catholic Church. At the time, the city and the surrounding Comtat Venaissin were ruled by the kings of Sicily of the house of Anjou. The French King Philip the Fair, who had inherited from his father all the rights of Alphonse de Poitiers (the last Count of Toulouse), made them over to Charles II, King of Naples and Count of Provence (1290). Nonetheless, Phillip was a shrewd ruler. Inasmuch as the eastern banks of the Rhone marked the edge of his kingdom, when the river flooded up into the city of Avignon, Phillip taxed the city since during periods of flood, the city technically lay within his domain.&lt;br /&gt;
  1200. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1201. Papal Avignon&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1202. &lt;br /&gt;
  1203. Regardless, on the strength of the donation of Avignon, Queen Joanna I of Sicily, as countess of Provence, sold the city to Clement VI for 80,000 florins on 9 June 1348 and, though it was later the seat of more than one antipope, Avignon belonged to the Papacy until 1791, when, during the disorder of the French Revolution, it was reincorporated with France.&lt;br /&gt;
  1204. &lt;br /&gt;
  1205. Seven popes resided there:&lt;br /&gt;
  1206. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pope Clement V: 1305–1314&lt;/li&gt;
  1207. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pope John XXII: 1316–1334&lt;/li&gt;
  1208. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342&lt;/li&gt;
  1209. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352&lt;/li&gt;
  1210. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362&lt;/li&gt;
  1211. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pope Urban V: 1362–1370&lt;/li&gt;
  1212. &lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378&lt;/li&gt;
  1213. &lt;/ul&gt;This period from 1309–1377 – the Avignon Papacy – was also called the Babylonian Captivity of exile, in reference to the Israelites&#39; enslavement in biblical times.&lt;br /&gt;
  1214. &lt;br /&gt;
  1215. The walls that were built by the popes in the years immediately following the acquisition of Avignon as papal territory are well preserved. As they were not particularly strong fortifications, the Popes relied instead on the immensely strong fortifications of their palace, the &quot;Palais des Papes&quot;. This immense Gothic building, with walls 17–18 feet thick, was built 1335–1364 on a natural spur of rock, rendering it all but impregnable to attack. After its capture following the French Revolution, it was used as a barracks and prison for many years but it is now a museum.&lt;br /&gt;
  1216. &lt;br /&gt;
  1217. Avignon, which at the beginning of the 14th century was a town of no great importance, underwent extensive development during the time the seven Avignon popes and two anti-popes, Clement V to Benedict XIII made their residences there. To the north and south of the rock of the Doms, partly on the site of the Bishop&#39;s Palace, which had been enlarged by John XXII, was built the Palace of the Popes, in the form of an imposing fortress consisting of towers, linked to each other, and named as follows: De la Campane, de Trouillas, de la Glacière, de Saint-Jean, des Saints-Anges (Benedict XII), de la Gâche, de la Garde-Robe (Clement VI), de Saint-Laurent (Innocent VI). The Palace of the Popes belongs, in virtue of its severe architecture, to the Gothic art of the South of France. Other noble examples can be seen in the churches of St. Didier, St. Peter and St. Agricola, as well as the Clock Tower, and in the fortifications built between 1349 and 1368 for a distance of some three miles (5 km), and flanked by thirty-nine towers, all of which were erected or restored by the Roman Catholic Church. The frescoes that are painted on the interiors of the Palace of the Popes and the churches of Avignon were created primarily by artists from Siena.&lt;br /&gt;
  1218. &lt;br /&gt;
  1219. The popes were followed to Avignon by agents (factores) of the great Italian banking-houses, who settled in the city as money-changers, as intermediaries between the Apostolic Chamber and its debtors, living in the most prosperous quarters of the city, which was known as the Exchange. A crowd of traders of all kinds brought to market the produce necessary for maintaining the numerous court and for the visitors who flocked to it; grain and wine from Provence, from the south of France, the Roussillon and the country around Lyon. Fish was brought from places as distant as Brittany; cloths, rich stuffs and tapestries came from Bruges and Tournai. We need only glance at the account-books of the Apostolic Chamber, still kept in the Vatican archives, to get an idea of the trade of which Avignon became the centre. The university founded by Boniface VIII in 1303, had a good many students under the French popes, drawn there by the generosity of the sovereign pontiffs, who rewarded them with books or benefices.&lt;br /&gt;
  1220. &lt;br /&gt;
  1221. During the Great Schism (1378–1415) the antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII returned to reside at Avignon. Clement VII lived in Avignon during his entire anti-pontificate, while Benedict XIII only lived there until 1403 when he was forced to flee to Aragon.&lt;br /&gt;
  1222. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1223. After the departure of the popes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1224. &lt;br /&gt;
  1225. After the restoration of the Papacy in Rome, the spiritual and temporal government of Avignon was entrusted to a gubernatorial Legate, notably the Cardinal-nephew, who was replaced, in his absence, by a vice-legate (contrary to the legate usually a commoner, and not a cardinal). But Pope Innocent XII abolished nepotism and the office of Legate in Avignon on 7 February 1693, handing over its temporal government in 1692 to the Congregation of Avignon (i.e. a department of the papal Curia, residing at Rome), with the Cardinal Secretary of State as presiding prefect, and exercising its jurisdiction through the vice-legate. This congregation, to which appeals were made from the decisions of the vice-legate, was united to the Congregation of Loreto within the Roman Curia; in 1774 the vice-legate was made president, thus depriving it of almost all authority. It was done away with under Pius VI on 12 June 1790.&lt;br /&gt;
  1226. &lt;br /&gt;
  1227. The Public Council, composed of forty-eight councillors chosen by the people, four members of the clergy and four doctors of the university, met under the presidency of the chief magistrate of the city, the viquier (Occitan) or vicar or representative of the papal Legate or Vice-legate, who annually nominated a man for the post. The councillors&#39; duty was to watch over the material and financial interests of the city; but their resolutions were to be submitted to the vice-legate for approval before being put in force. Three consuls, chosen annually by the Council, had charge of the administration of the streets.&lt;br /&gt;
  1228. &lt;br /&gt;
  1229. Avignon&#39;s survival as a papal enclave was, however, somewhat precarious, as the French crown maintained a large standing garrison at Villeneuve-lès-Avignon just across the river.&lt;br /&gt;
  1230. &lt;br /&gt;
  1231. From the fifteenth century onward it became the policy of the Kings of France to rule Avignon as part of their kingdom. In 1476, Louis XI, upset that Charles of Bourbon was made legate, sent troops to occupy the city, until his demands that Giuliano della Rovere be made legate, once Giuliano della Rovere was made a cardinal he withdrew his troops from the city.&lt;br /&gt;
  1232. &lt;br /&gt;
  1233. In 1536 king Francis I of France invaded the papal territory, in order to overthrow Emperor Charles V, who was emperor of the territory. When he entered the city the people received him very well, and in return for the reception the people were all granted to them the same privileges that French subjects enjoyed, such as being able to hold state offices.&lt;br /&gt;
  1234. &lt;br /&gt;
  1235. In (1583) King Henry III Valois attempted to offer an exchange of Marquisate of Saluzzo for Avignon, however his offer was refused by Pope Gregory XIII.&lt;br /&gt;
  1236. &lt;br /&gt;
  1237. In 1663 in retaliation for the attack led by the Corsican Guard on the attendants of the Duc de Créqui, the ambassador of Louis XIV in Rome, he attacked and seized Avignon, which at the time was considered an important and integral part of the French Kingdom by the provincial Parliament of Provence.&lt;br /&gt;
  1238. &lt;br /&gt;
  1239. In 1688 yet another attempt was made to occupy Avignon, however the attempt failed, and from 1688 to 1768 Avignon was at peace with no occupations or wars during that time.&lt;br /&gt;
  1240. &lt;br /&gt;
  1241. King Louis XV, dissatisfied with Clement XIII&#39;s action in regard to the Duke of Parma, occupied the Papal States from 1768 to 1774 and substituted French institutions for those in force with the approval of the people of Avignon; a French party grew up which, after the sanguinary massacres of La Glacière between the adherents of the Papacy and the Republicans (16–17 October 1791), carried all before it, and induced the Constituent Assembly to decree the union of Avignon and the Comtat (comital district) Venaissin with France on 14 September 1791. On 25 June 1793 Avignon and Comtat-Venaissin were integrated along with the former principality of Orange to form the present republican département Vaucluse.&lt;br /&gt;
  1242. &lt;br /&gt;
  1243. Article 5 of the Treaty of Tolentino (19 February 1797) definitively sanctioned the annexation, stating that &quot;The Pope renounces, purely and simply, all the rights to which he might lay claim over the city and territory of Avignon, and the Comtat Venaissin and its dependencies, and transfers and makes over the said rights to the French Republic.&quot; In 1801 the territory had 191,000 inhabitants.&lt;br /&gt;
  1244. &lt;br /&gt;
  1245. On 30 May 1814, the French annexation was recognized by the Pope. Ercole Consalvi made an ineffectual protest at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 but Avignon was never restored to the Holy See. In 1815 Bonapartist Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne Brune was assassinated in the town by adherents of the royalist party during the White Terror.&lt;br /&gt;
  1246. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1247. Ecclesiastical history of the (Arch)diocese&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1248. &lt;br /&gt;
  1249. It was the seat of a bishop as early as the year 70 AD. The first bishop known to history is Nectarius, who took part in several councils about the middle of the fifth century. St. Magnus was a Gallo-Roman senator who became a monk and then bishop of the city. His son, St. Agricol (Agricolus), bishop between 650 and 700, is the patron saint of Avignon. Several synods of minor importance were held there, and its university, founded by Pope Boniface VIII in 1303 and famed as a seat of legal studies, flourished until the French Revolution. The memory of St. Eucherius still clings to three vast caves near the village of Beaumont, whither, it is said, the people of Lyon had to go in search of him when they sought him to make him their archbishop. As Bishop of Cavaillon, Cardinal Philippe de Cabassoles, seigneur of Vaucluse, was the great protector of the Renaissance poet Petrarch.&lt;br /&gt;
  1250. &lt;br /&gt;
  1251. In 1309 the city was chosen by Clement V as his residence, and from that time till 1377 was the papal seat. In 1348 the city was sold by Joanna, Countess of Provence, to Clement VI for 80,000 florins.&lt;br /&gt;
  1252. &lt;br /&gt;
  1253. In 1475 pope Sixtus IV raised the diocese of Avignon to the rank of an archbishopric, in favour of his nephew Giuliano della Rovere, who later became Pope Julius II. The Archdiocese of Avignon has canonic jurisdiction over the department of Vaucluse. Before the French Revolution it had as suffragan sees Carpentras, Vaison and Cavaillon, which were united by the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 to Avignon, together with the Diocese of Apt, a suffragan of Aix-en-Provence. However, at that same time Avignon was reduced to the rank of a bishopric and was made a suffragan see of Aix. The Archdiocese of Avignon was re-established in 1822, receiving as suffragan sees the Diocese of Viviers (restored in 1822), Valence: (formerly under Lyon), Nîmes (restored in 1822) and Montpellier (formerly under Toulouse).&lt;br /&gt;
  1254. &lt;br /&gt;
  1255. In 2002, as part of the reshuffling of the ecclesiastic provinces of France, the Archdiocese of Avignon ceased to be a metropolitan and became, instead a suffragan diocese of the new province of Marseilles, while keeping its rank of archdiocese.&lt;br /&gt;
  1256. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1257. Councils of Avignon&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1258. &lt;br /&gt;
  1259. The Councils of Avignon are Councils of the Roman Catholic Church. The first reported council was held in 1060, though nothing is known about the events of the council. In 1080 another council was held, with Hugues de Dié, papal legate as council president. During the 1080 council Aicard, usurper of the See of Arles was deposed, and Gibelin placed in his position. Three bishops-elect (Lautelin of Embrun, Hugues of Grenoble, Didier of Cavaillon) accompanied the legate to Rome and were consecrated there by Pope Gregory VII.&lt;br /&gt;
  1260. &lt;br /&gt;
  1261. During the 13th century four councils were held, including the 1209 council in which the inhabitants of Toulouse were excommunicated from the church by the council for failing to expel the Albigensian heretics from Toulouse. Included in the population that was excommunicated were two papal legates, four archbishops and twenty bishops. The next council was held in 1270, and Bertrand de Malferrat, Archbishop of Arles presided over the council. The usurpers of ecclesiastical property were severely threatened; unclaimed legacies were allotted to pious uses; the bishops were urged to mutually support one another; and individual churches were taxed for the support of the papal legates; and ecclesiastics were forbidden to convoke the civil courts against their bishops. And the council banned Christmas carols.&lt;br /&gt;
  1262. &lt;br /&gt;
  1263. During the 1279 council they were concerned with the clergy&#39;s protection of rights, privileges, and immunities. Provisions were also made for those who promised to join the crusade Gregory X had ordered, but had failed to actually go on the crusade. In addition the council decreed that to hear confessions monks must have permission of their ordinary, or bishop, as well as their superior. The last council during the 13th century was the council of 1282, during which they published 10 canons. Among the canons published was one urging people to more regularly attend the parochial churches, and to go to their parish church for at least feast days and on Sundays.&lt;br /&gt;
  1264. &lt;br /&gt;
  1265. During the 1327 council the temporalities of the Church and ecclesiastical jurisdiction occupied their attention. The council published seventy-nine canons in 1337. The 79 canons were renewed from earlier councils, and emphasized the duty of Easter Communion in one&#39;s own parish church, and of abstinence on Saturday for beneficed persons and ecclesiastics, in honour of the Blessed Virgin, a practice begun three centuries earlier on the occasion of the Truce of God, but no longer universal.&lt;br /&gt;
  1266. &lt;br /&gt;
  1267. The 15th century saw two councils convened, one in 1457 and one in 1497. The 1457 council was held by Cardinal de Foix, Archbishop of Arles and legate of Avignon, who was also a Franciscan. His primary reason was to promote the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, in sense of the declaration of the council of Basle. They forbade the preaching of the contrary doctrine, as well as 64 disciplinary canons that were published, in keeping with the legislation of previous councils. In 1497 Archbishop Francesco Tarpugi (after the council he was cardinal) presided over the council. They published a similar number of decrees to the 1457 council. It was decreed that the sponsors of the newly confirmed were not obligated to make presents to their parents or to them. They also decreed that before the relics of the saints two candles were to be kept lit at all times.&lt;br /&gt;
  1268. &lt;br /&gt;
  1269. During the next five centuries only six further councils were held. The 1509 council focused on disciplinary measures. The next council, in 1596, was called to discuss the furthering of the observance of the decrees of the Council of Trent., and the 1609 council was held for very similar circumstances. The councils of 1664 and 1725 were held to formulate disciplinary decrees. The 1725 council also decreed the duty of adhering to the Papal Bull Unigenitus (1713) of Clement XI that condemned the Oratorian, Pasquier Quesnel. The final council on record was in 1849 and it published ten chapters of canons concerning discipline and faith.&lt;br /&gt;
  1270. &lt;br /&gt;
  1271. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;University of Avignon&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1272. &lt;br /&gt;
  1273. The University of Avignon (1303–1792), formed from the existing schools of the city, and was formally constituted in 1303, by Boniface VIII in a Papal Bull. Boniface VIII, and King Charles II of Naples should be considered one of the first great protectors and benefactors to the University of Avignon. The Law department within the university has always been its most important department, covering both civil and ecclesiastical law. The law department existed nearly exclusively for some time after the university&#39;s formation and remained the most important department through its existence.&lt;br /&gt;
  1274. &lt;br /&gt;
  1275. In 1413 Antipope John XXIII founded the University&#39;s department of Theology, which for quite some time had only a few students. The university&#39;s art department never did gain any great importance. It was not until the 16th and 17th centuries that the school developed a department of medicine. The Bishop of Avignon was chancellor of the university from 1303 to 1475, after 1475 the bishop became and Archbishop, but remained chancellor of the university.The papal vice-legate, generally a bishop, represented the civil power (in this case the pope) and was chiefly a judicial officer, ranking higher than the Primicerius (Rector).&lt;br /&gt;
  1276. &lt;br /&gt;
  1277. The Primicerius was elected by the Doctors of Law. In 1503 the Doctors of Law had 4 Theologians, and in 1784 two Doctors of Medicine added their ranks. Since the Pope was the spiritual head, and after 1348, the temporal ruler of Avignon, he was able to have a great deal of influence in all university affairs. In 1413, John XXIII granted the university extensive special privileges, such as university jurisdiction, and tax exempt status. Circumstances in the latter part of the universitys existence such as political, geographical, and educational, caused the university to seek favour from Paris rather than Rome for protection and favour. During the chaos of the French Revolution the university started to gradually disappear, and in 1792 the university was abandoned and closed. Currently the university has been superseded by the modern Université of Avignon and Vaucluse.&lt;br /&gt;
  1278. &lt;br /&gt;
  1279. The University of Avignon is also home to a study abroad program through the French Department at Ohio University. Each spring, about 20 students travel to Avignon for ten weeks of intensive language training. They take classes exclusively in French and live with host families.&lt;br /&gt;
  1280. &lt;br /&gt;
  1281. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Main sights&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1282. &lt;br /&gt;
  1283. In the part of the city within the walls, the buildings are old but in most areas they have been restored or reconstructed (such as the post office and the Frederic Mistral High School). The buildings along the main street, Rue de la République, date from the Second Empire (1852–70) with Haussmann façades and amenities around Place de l&#39;Horloge (the central suare), the neoclassical city hall, and the theater district. In 1960, Avignon was the subject of considerable debate during the creation of conservation areas. The then mayor of the district proposing a renovation of the district known as the Quartier de la Balance, that incurred the demolition of about two-thirds of the area, keeping only the listed buildings. The solution was adopted as a compromise, with a part of the neighborhood near the Palace Square actually enjoying a true restoration &lt;br /&gt;
  1284. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Notre Dame des Doms, the cathedral, is a Romanesque building, mainly built during the 12th century, the most prominent feature of the cathedral is the gilded statue of the Virgin which surmounts the western tower. The mausoleum of Pope John XXII is one of the most beautiful works within the cathederal, it is a noteworthy example of 14th century Gothic carving.&lt;/li&gt;
  1285. &lt;li&gt;Palais des Papes (&quot;Papal Palace&quot;), almost dwarfs the cathedral. The palace is an impressive monument and sits within a square of the same name. The palace was begun in 1316 by John XXII and continued by succeeding popes through the 14th century, until 1370 when it was finished.&lt;/li&gt;
  1286. &lt;li&gt;Minor churches of the town include, among the others, &amp;lt;&amp;lt;link:2&amp;gt;&amp;gt;, which has a graceful façade and richly carved doors, St Didier and St Agricol, all three of which were built in the Gothic architectural style.&lt;/li&gt;
  1287. &lt;li&gt;Civic buildings are represented most notably by the Hôtel de Ville (city hall), a modern building with a belfry of the 14th century, and the old Hôtel des Monnaies, the papal mint which was built in 1610 and became a music-school.&lt;/li&gt;
  1288. &lt;li&gt;Ramparts, built by the popes in the 14th century, still encircled Avignon and they are one of the finest examples of medieval fortification in existence. The walls of great strength are surmounted by machicolated sattlements, flanked at intervals by thirty-nine massive towers and pierced by several gateways, three of which date from the fourteenth century. The walls were restored under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc&lt;/li&gt;
  1289. &lt;li&gt;Bridges include the little bridge which leads over the river to Villeneuve-les-Avignon, and a little higher up, a picturesque ruined bridge of the 12th century, the Pont Saint-Bénézet, projects into the river.&lt;/li&gt;
  1290. &lt;li&gt;Pont d&#39;Avignon (Pont St-Bénézet, see below) Only four of the eighteen piles are left; on one of them stands the small Romanesque chapel of Saint-Bénézet. But the bridge is best known for the famous French song Sur le pont d&#39;Avignon.&lt;/li&gt;
  1291. &lt;li&gt;The Calvet Museum, so named after Esprit Calvet, a physician who in 1810 left his collections to the town, has a strong collection of paintings, metalwork and other collections. The library has over 140,000 volumes.&lt;/li&gt;
  1292. &lt;li&gt;The town has a statue of an Armenian, Jean Althen, who migrated from Persia and in 1765 introduced the culture of the madder plant, which long formed the staple - and is still an important tool - of the local cloth trade.&lt;/li&gt;
  1293. &lt;li&gt;The Musée du Petit Palais (opened 1976) at the end of the square overlooked by the Palais des Papes, has an exceptional collection of Renaissance paintings of the Avignon school as well as from Italy, which reunites many &quot;primitives&quot; from the collection of Giampietro Campana.&lt;/li&gt;
  1294. &lt;li&gt;Collection Lambert, housing contemporary art exhibitions&lt;/li&gt;
  1295. &lt;li&gt;Musée Angladon, which exhibits the paintings of a private collector who created the museum&lt;/li&gt;
  1296. &lt;li&gt;Musée Lapidaire, with the archeological and medieval sculpture collections of the Fondation Calvet, in the old chapel of the Jesuit College.&lt;/li&gt;
  1297. &lt;li&gt;Musée Louis-Vouland&lt;/li&gt;
  1298. &lt;li&gt;Musée Requien&lt;/li&gt;
  1299. &lt;li&gt;Palais du Roure&lt;/li&gt;
  1300. &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Culture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1301. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1302. Avignon Festival&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1303. &lt;br /&gt;
  1304. A famous theatre festival is held annually in Avignon. Founded in 1947, the Avignon Festival comprises traditional theatrical events as well as other art forms such as dance, music, and cinema, making good use of the town&#39;s historical monuments. Every summer approximately 100,000 people attend the festival. There are really two festivals that take place: the more formal &quot;Festival In&quot;, which presents plays inside the Palace of the Popes and the more bohemian &quot;Festival Off&quot;, which is known for its presentation of largely undiscovered plays and street performances.&lt;br /&gt;
  1305. &lt;br /&gt;
  1306. &lt;i style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The International Congress Centre&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1307. &lt;br /&gt;
  1308. It was created in 1976 within the outstanding premises of the Palace of the Popes and hosts many events throughout the entire year. The Congress Centre, designed for conventions, seminars, and meetings for 10 to 550 persons, now occupies two wings of the Popes&#39; Palace.&lt;br /&gt;
  1309. &lt;br /&gt;
  1310. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transport&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1311. &lt;br /&gt;
  1312. Avignon has an SNCF railway station, Gare d&#39;Avignon-Centre, situated just outside the ramparts of the old town, and the Gare d&#39;Avignon TGV outside the town, served by the LGV Méditerranée, a high-speed rail system. Provision for transport within the city includes 23 bus lines, and 110 km of bike paths with a bike-sharing program vélopop&#39;.&lt;br /&gt;
  1313. &lt;br /&gt;
  1314. The Avignon - Caumont Airport is situated about 8 km southeast of Avignon.&lt;br /&gt;
  1315. &lt;br /&gt;
  1316. Avignon is situated on the banks of the river Rhone, one of the main water thoroughfares in France.&lt;br /&gt;
  1317. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1318. Nuclear pollution&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1319. &lt;br /&gt;
  1320. On 8 July 2008 waste containing unenriched uranium leaked into two rivers from a nuclear plant in southern France. Some 30,000 L (7,925 gallons) of solution containing 12 g of uranium per litre spilled from an overflowing reservoir at the facility – which handles liquids contaminated by uranium – into the ground and into the Gaffiere and Lauzon rivers. The authorities kept this a secret from public for 12 hours, but then committed a statement prohibiting from swimming and fishing in the Gaffiere and Lauzon rivers. However, the situation there is now safe.&lt;br /&gt;
  1321. &lt;br /&gt;
  1322. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sur le pont d&#39;Avignon&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1323. &lt;br /&gt;
  1324. Avignon is commemorated by the French children&#39;s song, &quot;Sur le pont d&#39;Avignon&quot; (&quot;On the bridge of Avignon&quot;), which describes folk dancing. The bridge of the song is the Saint Bénézet bridge, over the Rhône River, of which only four arches (out of the initial 22) remain which start from the Avignon side of the river. In fact people would have danced beneath the bridge (sous le pont) where it crossed an island (Île de Barthelasse) on its way to Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. The bridge was initially built between 1171 and 1185, with an original length of some 900 m (2950 ft), but it suffered frequent collapses during floods and had to be rebuilt several times. Several arches were already missing (and spanned by wooden sections) before the remainder were destroyed in 1660.&lt;br /&gt;
  1325. &lt;br /&gt;
  1326. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggc2jyfGaRocuHTWUs-vkwTdpS_e9l351pL1UBRJYTIbIrhZ2jRQQ2iaGI7utIZuH20szYXazo6_MVFnitsSlUc5v21msD0zaeVB3IcRMf8alFNu5GAgAQqkwmSPsPO8anDQYwynpMDi4/s1600/800px-Avignon%252C_Rocher_des_Doms_et_Palais_des_Papes_by_JM_Rosier.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggc2jyfGaRocuHTWUs-vkwTdpS_e9l351pL1UBRJYTIbIrhZ2jRQQ2iaGI7utIZuH20szYXazo6_MVFnitsSlUc5v21msD0zaeVB3IcRMf8alFNu5GAgAQqkwmSPsPO8anDQYwynpMDi4/s400/800px-Avignon%252C_Rocher_des_Doms_et_Palais_des_Papes_by_JM_Rosier.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1327. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyILftRrvW-kRGq0WJQp3E4Xu-_vMktymubN2NqDZp9DR1dbpyFLlMr7Z0RbqfxBMl7DLasDZS0TnX-OF31MOBy8AubPgXw30IwA_4AB7PHvSAO5eFknX2JOKXtps6a9fHuq8J7YdoUho/s1600/800px-Avignon_facades.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;267&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyILftRrvW-kRGq0WJQp3E4Xu-_vMktymubN2NqDZp9DR1dbpyFLlMr7Z0RbqfxBMl7DLasDZS0TnX-OF31MOBy8AubPgXw30IwA_4AB7PHvSAO5eFknX2JOKXtps6a9fHuq8J7YdoUho/s400/800px-Avignon_facades.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1328. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYj30YHsNhNvIXHJEeIpsVw6LWNhByGVYwW_31rYaEFJzHNeXZHqJsfHq-tG-730ZFoLFFJjIHgYawwD8FrMXo1mM3t6wdoADwnQmPVTtTjYsIGtYvdTYYGxizkC_urtQji_W7Y9XkH-A/s1600/800px-Notre_Dame_des_doms.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYj30YHsNhNvIXHJEeIpsVw6LWNhByGVYwW_31rYaEFJzHNeXZHqJsfHq-tG-730ZFoLFFJjIHgYawwD8FrMXo1mM3t6wdoADwnQmPVTtTjYsIGtYvdTYYGxizkC_urtQji_W7Y9XkH-A/s400/800px-Notre_Dame_des_doms.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1329. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXKSbSgwkwDgSpHeQXXQyhdLefKx9Nm0PfcL7PPLvGtNEXcxEWvqQqlxE_8tDOHZfQQdG98BUK3G7fkIsYI84vyMu0wn7ZhcmXlyTYjZMpCJ3spM4AS8LaudqRn6j644IijFyvChJriU/s1600/800px-Pont_Avignon.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXKSbSgwkwDgSpHeQXXQyhdLefKx9Nm0PfcL7PPLvGtNEXcxEWvqQqlxE_8tDOHZfQQdG98BUK3G7fkIsYI84vyMu0wn7ZhcmXlyTYjZMpCJ3spM4AS8LaudqRn6j644IijFyvChJriU/s400/800px-Pont_Avignon.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1330. &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjga0ORbd_OudVZH_OyjMM2TSwI0xGxaKLFdUiP1kmcBOnIEHvW9KaSX37UZFatsWOMeP3jK8tEJslFo53EsGjl3taEstcLzHDui_aZHOr7rQRY5vuztcSdSk6sRFZsQX-5_XIKdKgIR2E/s1600/Avignon-place-palais.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjga0ORbd_OudVZH_OyjMM2TSwI0xGxaKLFdUiP1kmcBOnIEHvW9KaSX37UZFatsWOMeP3jK8tEJslFo53EsGjl3taEstcLzHDui_aZHOr7rQRY5vuztcSdSk6sRFZsQX-5_XIKdKgIR2E/s400/Avignon-place-palais.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/4563269342502747352/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/avignon.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4563269342502747352'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4563269342502747352'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/avignon.html' title='Avignon'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtVrY6JhOTPjX8IxJKktvEzqqFR8WvmcV-k4ejf1SxKBlxUF4RkAu22dKT92rMCPrFf1AaXRX_wLWs8lJLe2dfNgmZvx5MSmn_dRXdLix5a8TyCNUWWwG8YIpuloMNApSpBijQvsBJ7g/s72-c/450px-Notre_Dame_des_Doms_-_Avignon_Cathedral.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4535608934378159887.post-4426508158701938300</id><published>2011-09-17T13:20:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-17T14:03:44.136+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adventure"/><title type='text'>Apostolic Palace</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFTTNX6KR8NCwJ-4mQlfcpKRZ4ZmFLhOuMXoWNFcMqgIjjih_Rd8rJOMrUwtwI1E-ifWwfZkkxrWmVC4_fgSbDrjQQY1d7cfqxQexrT0Vw8kuYEqRj25tgO5AkgcyKQEr4XXccj-b6iAU/s1600/800px-Watykan_Plac_sw_Piora_kolumnada_Berniniego.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFTTNX6KR8NCwJ-4mQlfcpKRZ4ZmFLhOuMXoWNFcMqgIjjih_Rd8rJOMrUwtwI1E-ifWwfZkkxrWmVC4_fgSbDrjQQY1d7cfqxQexrT0Vw8kuYEqRj25tgO5AkgcyKQEr4XXccj-b6iAU/s400/800px-Watykan_Plac_sw_Piora_kolumnada_Berniniego.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1331. &lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1332. The Apostolic Palace is the official residence of the Pope, which is located in Vatican City. It is also known as the Sacred Palace, the Papal Palace and the Palace of the Vatican. The Vatican itself refers to the building as the Palace of Sixtus V in honor of Pope Sixtus V.&lt;br /&gt;
  1333. &lt;br /&gt;
  1334. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Structure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1335. &lt;br /&gt;
  1336. The palace is more accurately a series of self-contained buildings within the well-recognised outer structure which is arranged around the Courtyard of Sixtus V (Cortile de Sisto V). It is located North-East of St Peters Basilica and adjacent to the Bastion of Nicholas V and Palace of Gregory XIII.&lt;br /&gt;
  1337. &lt;br /&gt;
  1338. Rather than a traditional palace (a residential building surrounded by support buildings) the Apostolic Palace houses both residential apartments and support offices of various functions as well as administrative offices not focused on the life and functions of the Pope himself.&lt;br /&gt;
  1339. &lt;br /&gt;
  1340. The building contains the Papal Apartments, various government offices of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy See, private and public chapels, Vatican Museums and the Vatican library, including the Borgia Apartment now used to house artworks.&lt;br /&gt;
  1341. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1342. History&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1343. &lt;br /&gt;
  1344. The ancient Vatican Palace had fallen into disrepair during the period of the Avignon Papacy, when the popes did not reside in Rome. In 1436 the Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur found it still in poor condition: &quot;The Pope&#39;s dwelling is a mediocre place and when I was there it was ill-kept.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  1345. &lt;br /&gt;
  1346. Construction of the current version of the palace began on 30 April 1589 under Pope Sixtus V and its various intrinsic parts completed by later successors, Pope Urban VII, Pope Innocent XI and Pope Clement VIII.&lt;br /&gt;
  1347. &lt;br /&gt;
  1348. In the 15th century, the Apostolic palace was placed under the authority of the prefect of the Apostolic palace. This position of Apostolic prefect lasted from the 15th century till the 1800s, when the Papal States fell into economic difficulties. In 1824, when this post was reviewed to save money, Leo XII created a committee to administer the palace.&lt;br /&gt;
  1349. &lt;br /&gt;
  1350. &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Other uses&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  1351. &lt;br /&gt;
  1352. The term Apostolic Palace has been used in other contexts not directly related to the actual Palace of Sixtus V.&lt;br /&gt;
  1353. &lt;br /&gt;
  1354. It has been used, for example, as a general reference to the papacy itself in the same way the term &quot;White House&quot; is used to describe the United States Presidential administration generally, rather than the physical building itself.&lt;br /&gt;
  1355. &lt;br /&gt;
  1356. The term was also referenced in the video game Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword, where a player could establish an Apostolic Palace as the symbolic &quot;home&quot; of a civilization&#39;s state religion. While the game&#39;s developers did represent the Apostolic Palace function with an image of St. Peter&#39;s Square (adjacent to the Apostolic Palace) in which the image, somewhat ironically, does not actually include a view of the Palace itself. Regardless, the in-game function of the Apostolic Palace is not religion-specific and the use of the term is representative of religious administration generally, rather than a specific reference to the Vatican.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/feeds/4426508158701938300/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/apostolic-palace.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4426508158701938300'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4535608934378159887/posts/default/4426508158701938300'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ex-maulana.blogspot.com/2011/09/apostolic-palace.html' title='Apostolic Palace'/><author><name>Rizky Maulana</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11769689991997527005</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgwY8bPhn-8LM2kpZtm90-gCWURea6XLruWhLWU6lAMzqwG7oK-SbSPVObHl0xpQoQLhKtCfxb-IjClM1qd_dSCgw_HZU6kALP9KfCN84-IA2MCGIccmeLAZAozL9C4I/s220/207164_107061499379282_100002262987152_73923_7363646_n-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFTTNX6KR8NCwJ-4mQlfcpKRZ4ZmFLhOuMXoWNFcMqgIjjih_Rd8rJOMrUwtwI1E-ifWwfZkkxrWmVC4_fgSbDrjQQY1d7cfqxQexrT0Vw8kuYEqRj25tgO5AkgcyKQEr4XXccj-b6iAU/s72-c/800px-Watykan_Plac_sw_Piora_kolumnada_Berniniego.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>

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