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  11. <title>What&#039;s the Buzz About</title>
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  13. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com</link>
  14. <description>What works and what doesn’t</description>
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  31. <title>MERO Meditation Calendar for July</title>
  32. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/mero-meditation-calendar-for-july/</link>
  33. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/mero-meditation-calendar-for-july/#respond</comments>
  35. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  36. <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jun 2023 15:27:22 +0000</pubDate>
  37. <category><![CDATA[Calendar]]></category>
  38. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=853</guid>
  39.  
  40. <description><![CDATA[The MERO Meditation Calendar© suggests a schedule and topics for mediation. Each month the first week the scheduled mediation topics are the same, but the scheduled topics will change the balance of each month. Meditation should be another key component to an individual’s growth. Meditation enables an individual to focus and train their attention and [&#8230;]]]></description>
  41. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The <strong>MERO Meditation Calendar<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup>©</sup></span></strong> suggests a schedule and topics for mediation. Each month the first week the scheduled mediation topics are the same, but the scheduled topics will change the balance of each month. Meditation should be another key component to an individual’s growth. Meditation enables an individual to focus and train their attention and awareness skills which will result in a greater understanding of God’s purpose for that individual. <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+1%3A1-3&amp;version=NKJV">(Psalm 1:1-3)</a>.</span></p>
  42. <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/MMC_July.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong>Download Printable PDF</strong></span></a></p>
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  49. </item>
  50. <item>
  51. <title>Immigration Series Part VII &#8211; The Future of Immigration Activism</title>
  52. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-vii-the-future-of-immigration-activism/</link>
  53. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-vii-the-future-of-immigration-activism/#respond</comments>
  55. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  56. <pubDate>Thu, 16 Mar 2023 10:47:35 +0000</pubDate>
  57. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  58. <category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
  59. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=689</guid>
  60.  
  61. <description><![CDATA[In 2017, the Case Foundation which was created by Jean and Steve Case has a core set of four values: 1) Be entrepreneurial, 2) Collaborate and learn, 3) Experiment early and often and 4) Work smart, have fun and be humble. It supports impact investing and inclusive entrepreneurship. The book “Be Fearless” by Jean Case [&#8230;]]]></description>
  62. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In 2017, the <a href="https://casefoundation.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Case Foundation</a> which was created by Jean and Steve Case has a core set of four values: 1) Be entrepreneurial, 2) Collaborate and learn, 3) Experiment early and often and 4) Work smart, have fun and be humble. It supports impact investing and inclusive entrepreneurship. The book “Be Fearless” by Jean Case is described as a call to action if you strive to lead an extraordinary life and make a difference.</p>
  63. <p>There are many ways to have influence and be proactive in the immigration space. For example, Federal regulations at 8CFRS§1292.1(a)(4) permit non-attorneys to represent aliens in certain venues, including immigration courts, which is a one-on-one dedication to making a difference. The U.S. Department of Justice supports a program titled the Recognition of Accreditation (R&amp;A) Program https://www.justice.gov/eoir/recognition-and-accreditation-program. Organizations must submit a form when applying for or renewing accreditation of their “representatives.” The individuals who wish to be authorized as immigrant advocates can enroll in studies specializing in that field, such as the VISTA program offered by <a href="https://www1.villanova.edu/university/professional-studies/academics/professional-education/viista.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Villanova University</a>.</p>
  64. <p>The challenge for those who are willing is to pick up the immigration gauntlet, and diffuse the inaccurate assertions that immigrants steal jobs from American workers, are on welfare or on the “public dole,” are criminals, arms dealers, drug dealers, human traffickers, and do not want to work is unique and requires a different commitment. Even a quick summary “look-see” into legitimate reports summarized by the New American Economy (NAE) reflects millions of workers employed at immigrant-owned businesses. For example, 40.2 percent of 2016 Fortune 500 firms had at least one founder who either immigrated to the United States or was the child of immigrants. Those firms, in 2014 generated more than $4.8 trillion in revenue and employed 18.9 million people globally. Second generation Syrian immigrants included Steve Jobs who co-founded Apple, and second-generation Russian immigrant Sergey Brin who co-founded Google.</p>
  65. <p>Immigrants reflect a microcosm of citizens in the United States—most are self-sufficient, others are not; most are without major medical infirmities, others are not; most pay federal, state, and local taxes, others do not, most are productive contributors to the economy, others are criminals or lazy and unproductive. NAE and other major organizations supports immigration reforms that will help the United States. Such reforms could include increasing quotas to ease employee shortages, allowing some foreign immigrant entrepreneurs to start businesses in the United States creating jobs and producing revenue. In addition, other improvements could include permitting pending immigration applicants and other pending status individuals to be employed, and pay taxes pending quick criminal background checks, encouraging the immigration of STEM refugees and applicants, reuniting family units, and prosecuting coyotes through treaty arrangement.</p>
  66. <p>The immigration discrimination must start with a massive effort and commitment to reduce backlog and a groundswell of support.</p>
  67. ]]></content:encoded>
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  70. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  73. </item>
  74. <item>
  75. <title>Immigration Series Part VI &#8211; Immigration Impacts on the U.S. Economy</title>
  76. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-vi-immigration-impacts-on-the-u-s-economy/</link>
  77. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-vi-immigration-impacts-on-the-u-s-economy/#respond</comments>
  79. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  80. <pubDate>Thu, 09 Mar 2023 11:39:16 +0000</pubDate>
  81. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  82. <category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
  83. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=686</guid>
  84.  
  85. <description><![CDATA[In this blog, we look at the economic implications of immigration in general as well as the impact employment has on immigration and that immigration has on employment. Special attribution for figures identified below with an * is given to the YouTube podcast video titled “What Would Happen if All Immigration to the US Stopped?”. [&#8230;]]]></description>
  86. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In this blog, we look at the economic implications of immigration in general as well as the impact employment has on immigration and that immigration has on employment.</p>
  87. <p>Special attribution for figures identified below with an * is given to the YouTube podcast video titled “<a href="https://youtu.be/8ZMJzsUj0ps" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What Would Happen if All Immigration to the US Stopped?</a>”. This podcast was moderated by Rodolfo (Rudy) Rivera, Chief International Counsel for Fidelity National Financial and Adjunct Professor at Washington University, School of Law. Participating in the panel were Melissa Dearing and Chris Schulte, both immigration attorneys with Smith Gambrelle &amp; Russell.</p>
  88. <p>To understand the issue of immigration in general, it is important that all aspects are considered from the human impact to the economic impact. This blog includes selected information in addition to that from the podcast from the Center for Immigration Studies at https://cis.org/ (CIS). Below is a small sampling of the various statistics available.</p>
  89. <p>As of November 25, 2022, the United States resident population was 333.314,658 with one “international migrant (net) every 126 seconds” and a net gain of one person every 41 seconds. At the end of the third quarter there were 1,699,636 pending immigration court cases with 504.026 initial receipts and 205.164 completions which represents an ongoing backlog growth.</p>
  90. <p>The most recent available statistics yearbook from EOIR (U.S. Department of Justice) which is responsible for adjudicating immigration cases is 2018. In 2018, there were over 52,000 Freedom of Information (FOI) Requests regarding immigration made of the U.S. Department of Justice. The pending caseload at that time was 789,258 representing a substantial interest in the topic of immigration.</p>
  91. <p>The most recent foreign labor certification annual report is dated 2016 though statistics in different forms are available for periods after that date. The Office of Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) provides information about employment-based immigration programs administered by the U.S. Department of Labor. Its mission is to help U.S. employers fill jobs while protecting U.S. and foreign workers.  In FY 2016, OFLC processed 775.979 applications for 1.699.957 positions for temporary and permanent labor certification, the top states filing being California, Texas, and New York and PERM being the predominate employer need expressed through these applications.</p>
  92. <p>According to the <a href="https://migrationdataportal.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Migration Data Portal</a> the total number of international migrants at mid-year 2020 was 50.6 million which equated to 15.3% of the population. The total number of emigrants was 3 million and the estimated net migration in 2022 was 561.600.</p>
  93. <p>*Turning to the podcast we learn that while this is no cap on the H-2A agricultural program which has grown as people crossing illegally into the United States has decreased. However, the H-2B program which is capped was unable to admit those qualified and needed by employees in the United States because of quotas. The cap is about 85.000 and the USCIS received over 300,000 registrations. In March and September of 2021 over 1.2 million IT sector positions were unfilled, and the U.S. needs H-1B workers to fill those positions while quotas do not permit additional admissions.</p>
  94. <p>*<a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The National Academies of Science and Engineering and Medicine</a> reported that immigrants added 2 trillion dollars to the U.S. gross domestic product GDP in 2016 in addition to state and local and federal taxes collected on earnings, including contributions to Social Security. These figures include both documented and undocumented workers.</p>
  95. <p>According to the <a href="http://https.//www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Immigration Council (AIC)</a> the Institute of Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) suggests that at least 50 percent of undocumented immigrant households file income tax returns, and many who do not file still have deductions for taxes taken from their checks.</p>
  96. <p>According to ITEP’s estimates, undocumented immigrants paid $11.6 billion in state and local taxes in 2013, excluding federal taxes.  It estimates that if all undocumented immigrants were granted legal permanent resident status state and local contributions alone would increase over $2 billion. AIC goes onto to estimate that in the first three years following legalization, the “higher earning power of newly legalized workers…would generate $4.5 to $5.4 billion in additional net tax revenue at the federal level, quoting a 2010 study from the North American Integration and Development (NAID Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Such revenue would be expected to increase as workers would be able to be moved into managerial positions earning more money and replacement workers hired.</p>
  97. <p>There are thousands of pieces of data and statistics for immigration. In general, the data is difficult to do comparative analysis because of the delay in some data from certain government sectors. It appears that when you look at whether immigration processes have been expedited, in general they have not. For example, lines to check-in for immigration status in New York for confirmed appointments are close to 24 hours wait as reported in late November 2022. Many various processing points are over-capacity, the court system is over-capacity, the processing times are delayed, the requirements of the immigrants are sometimes impossible to meet (such as proof of who they are when potentially refugees), and the willingness and ability of immigration and the U.S, Congress to increase quotas and reduce burdensome requirements as a whole to fill the needs of employers is not apparent.</p>
  98. <p>Immigration Restrictionism, reflected in the data in the United States, is not a new concept, nor has it ever disappeared. The United States uses various methods to restrict immigration from quotas to background requirements to medical screenings to sponsorship requirements to physical barriers to migrant protection protocols for entry. The U.S. Congress has not been able to pass a new comprehensive immigration bill even though it is expressed its intent to do so. Immigration processes are a series of executive band-aids and policies coupled without the resources to smoothly implement the initiatives.</p>
  99. ]]></content:encoded>
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  102. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  105. </item>
  106. <item>
  107. <title>Immigration Series Part V &#8211; Immigration and Employment in 2022</title>
  108. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-v-immigration-and-employment-in-2022/</link>
  109. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-v-immigration-and-employment-in-2022/#respond</comments>
  111. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  112. <pubDate>Thu, 02 Mar 2023 11:25:09 +0000</pubDate>
  113. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  114. <category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
  115. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=683</guid>
  116.  
  117. <description><![CDATA[We will explore two major avenues of employment immigration related to the two earlier examples – the German father and the family of Martha. We will not examine all the avenues of immigration available to them and their families – only the employment options which would be available to them in today’s world.  In both [&#8230;]]]></description>
  118. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>We will explore two major avenues of employment immigration related to the two earlier examples – the German father and the family of Martha. We will not examine all the avenues of immigration available to them and their families – only the employment options which would be available to them in today’s world.  In both scenarios, additional, personal information about each potential immigrant would need to be obtained before determining his or her qualifications for any visa outlined below.</p>
  119. <p><em>Note: any visa is not guaranteed. Meeting the qualifications does not mean that an individual would be guaranteed the granting of a visa.</em></p>
  120. <p>Credit for certain information below must be extended to Lindsay Goldford Gray, founder, and CEO of VECINA, a nonprofit organization, and Adjunct Professor of Immigration Law at Washington University in Saint Louis.</p>
  121. <p>Additional qualification details are found in the Essentials Immigration Law, 5th Edition by Author Richard A. Boswell and published by the American Immigration Lawyers Association.</p>
  122. <p><strong>The German Father – Serilda’s father Karl</strong></p>
  123. <p>Based upon his description it is reasonable to determine that that he might be qualified for one of these visas. Additional information would need to be gathered.</p>
  124. <p>The Preference Categories: EB categories</p>
  125. <p>EB-1A – Extraordinary Ability – Sustained National of International Acclaim</p>
  126. <ul>
  127. <li>No petitioning employer is required. He could self-petition.</li>
  128. <li>Must have sustained national or international acclaim</li>
  129. <li>Evidence of such acclaim includes national or internationally recognized prizes and awards, select memberships, evidence of original scientific, scholastic, artistic, athletic, or business-related significant contributions, authorship of scholarly articles, and other similar options.</li>
  130. </ul>
  131. <p>EB-1B – Outstanding Researcher or Professor</p>
  132. <ul>
  133. <li>He must demonstrate international recognition for outstanding achievement in a particular academic field.</li>
  134. <li>He must have at least three years of experience teaching or researching in a particular academic area.</li>
  135. <li>He must be applying for the EB-1B green card to pursue a tenure-track position or comparable research job at a university or other institute of higher education.</li>
  136. <li>Evidence of membership in organizations that requirement members to demonstrate outstanding achievement, evidence of judging the work of others in the same of allied academic field, evidence of authorship or scholarly works in the field international circulation, evidence of original scholarly work, and other similar options.</li>
  137. </ul>
  138. <p>EB-2: Advance Degree or Exceptional Ability – Exceptional ability in the arts, sciences, or business</p>
  139. <ul>
  140. <li>Evidence that he commanded a salary or other remunerations for services that demonstrated his exceptional ability</li>
  141. <li>Membership in professional associations</li>
  142. <li>Recognition for achievements and contributions to the industry of peers, government entities, profession, or business organizations</li>
  143. <li>Other company evidence of eligibility is also acceptable, as well as other documentation such as academic records, etc.</li>
  144. </ul>
  145. <p>The Labor Certification Process: AKA PERM</p>
  146. <ul>
  147. <li>The University could file for this by 1) filing with the Department of Labor for  Prevailing Wage Determination, 2) placing newspaper ads, and State Workforce Agency postings 3) waiting 30 days 4) filing the labor certification testing requirement such as it is a bona-fide full-time position which meets the prevailing wage requirements, and is open to U.S workers, that they have the finances to support  the position and have found no suitable candidate, and that the employment would not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of U.S. workers.</li>
  148. </ul>
  149. <p>O-1A Visa &#8211; Individuals with Extraordinary Ability or Achievement in the sciences, education, business, or athletics</p>
  150. <ul>
  151. <li>He must prove that he has a level of expertise indicating that he is one of the small percentages who have arisen to the very top of his field.</li>
  152. <li>A U.S. employer, U.S. agent, or foreign employer through a U.S. agent should file Form I-129, Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker on the beneficiary’s behalf, along with the required evidence according to the form instructions. The employer or agent cannot file the petition more than one year before they need your services. To avoid delays, the employer or agent should file the Form I-129 at least 45 days before the date of employment.</li>
  153. </ul>
  154. <p>H1-B Specialty Occupation Visa</p>
  155. <ul>
  156. <li>The job must meet at least one of four criteria: entry requirement is usually bachelor’s or higher degree, complex degree requirement is unique that can only be performed by someone with degree, employer normally requires that degree, and nature of duties is so specialized or complex, that normally a bachelor’s or high degree is required.</li>
  157. <li>No need to establish that they have a long-term foreign residency.</li>
  158. <li>Can pursue permanent residency under another category simultaneously.</li>
  159. <li>Most positions are subject to the cap which means he would enter the lottery.</li>
  160. </ul>
  161. <p>Most visa processes require documentation, truthfulness, accuracy, and time. The forms may be different, the recipients of forms different, but the process is simple, apply according to the requirements and wait.</p>
  162. <p><strong>The Colombian Immigrants – Martha’s family members</strong></p>
  163. <p>If Martha, her brothers, and sisters were in Colombia now and wanted to come to the United States for employment, it appears that aside from the normal USCIDS visa process with quotas, and long waits, only two visa categories might apply to them</p>
  164. <p>H-2B One-time, Seasonal, Peakload, or Intermittent workers</p>
  165. <ul>
  166. <li>Employers can bring foreign nationals into the United States to fill temporary non-agricultural jobs</li>
  167. <li>Employer must file form I-29 which is a petition for a nonimmigrant worker on behalf of the worker.</li>
  168. <li>They could move to seasonal agricultural work or attempt to qualify for temporary – non-agricultural jobs.</li>
  169. <li>Restricted to a quota.</li>
  170. </ul>
  171. <p>H-3 Visa – trainee</p>
  172. <ul>
  173. <li>Issued to individuals who want training that is not available in Colombia, etc. which could lead to employer sponsorship and will help the trainee obtain a position outside the United States.</li>
  174. <li>May be training in any field, such as agriculture, commerce, communications, finance, government, transportation, or the professions with certain filed limitations covered by J Visas.</li>
  175. <li>Sometimes applicants are management trainees form a multinational corporation.</li>
  176. <li>Persons receiving this visa are limited to two years and may not change or extend their stay or be readmitted under an H or L visa unless they have been outside the United States for six months.</li>
  177. </ul>
  178. <p>Certain themes permeate immigration for employment. Employers which recruit and/or sponsor immigrant applicants are required to pay at least the prevailing wage for the employment category. Further, they must affirm that there are either none or insufficient U.S. workers for the job which include PERM positions, H-1B positions (temporary specialty occupation visas, and H-2Bs (seasonal, peak load, or intermittent occupations visas).</p>
  179. ]]></content:encoded>
  181. <wfw:commentRss>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-v-immigration-and-employment-in-2022/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
  182. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  185. </item>
  186. <item>
  187. <title>Immigration Series Part IV &#8211; Immigration History</title>
  188. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-iv-immigration-history/</link>
  189. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-iv-immigration-history/#respond</comments>
  191. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  192. <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 11:30:08 +0000</pubDate>
  193. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  194. <category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
  195. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=556</guid>
  196.  
  197. <description><![CDATA[© 2019 Immigration History A project of the Immigration and Ethnic History Society (https://iehs.org/)]]></description>
  198. <content:encoded><![CDATA[ <!-- Cool Timeline Free V2.9.2 -->
  199. <div class="ctl-wrapper" role="region" aria-label="Timeline">
  200. <div class="ctl-before-content"><div class="timeline-main-title"><h2>Immigration History Timeline</h2></div></div> <div id="cool_timeline_1" class="cool-timeline-wrapper ctl-both-sided ctl-vertical-wrapper" >
  201. <div class="ctl-start"></div>
  202. <!-- Timeline Container -->
  203. <div class="ctl-timeline ctl-timeline-container" data-animation="fade-up">
  204. <!-- Center Line -->
  205. <div class="ctl-inner-line" role="presentation"></div>
  206. <!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1790" id="year-1790"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1790</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-617" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="1" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1790</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-617" aria-label="2">Nationality Act of 1790</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This was the first law to define eligibility for citizenship by naturalization and establish standards and procedures by which immigrants became US citizens. In this early version, Congress limited this important right to “free white persons.”</p>
  207. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/1790-nationality-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  208. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1798" id="year-1798"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1798</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-557" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="2" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1798</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-557" aria-label="2">Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>Congress enacted <em>deportation</em> laws targeting persons deemed political threats to the United States in response to conflicts in Europe.</p>
  209. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/1798-alien-and-sedition-acts/"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  210. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1803" id="year-1803"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1803</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-618" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="3" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1803</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-618" aria-label="2">Ban on “importation” of “any negro, mulatto, or other person of colour” (1803) (effective 1808)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>The Haitian revolution led Congress to ban immigration by free blacks to contain anti-slavery campaigners.</p>
  211. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/1803-ban-on-importation-of-any-negro-mulatto-or-other-person-of-colour-effective-1808/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  212. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1830" id="year-1830"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1830</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-558" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="4" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1830</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-558" aria-label="2">Indian Removal Act (1830)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>During the presidency of Andrew Jackson, this law authorized the confiscation of land from Native Americans and provided resources for their forced removal west of the Mississippi River.</p>
  213. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/1830-indian-removal-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  214. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1848" id="year-1848"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1848</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-619" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="5" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1848</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-619" aria-label="2">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>In the settlement of the Mexican-American War, this treaty formalized the United States&#8217; annexation of a major portion of northern Mexico, El Norte, and conferred citizenship on Mexicans choosing to remain in the territory.</p>
  215. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  216. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1849" id="year-1849"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1849</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-562" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="6" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1849</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-562" aria-label="2">Passenger Cases</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>The Supreme Court designates the authority to legislate and to enforce immigration restrictions a matter of federal authority rather than a state or local power.</p>
  217. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/passenger-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  218. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1854" id="year-1854"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1854</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-620" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="7" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1854</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-620" aria-label="2">People v. Hall (1854)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This California Supreme Court case ruled that the testimony of a Chinese man who witnessed a murder by a white man was inadmissible, denying Chinese alongside Native and African Americans the status to testify in courts against whites.</p>
  219. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/people-v-hall/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  220. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1857" id="year-1857"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1857</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-676" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="8" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1857</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-676" aria-label="2">Scott Act of 1888</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>Congress extended domestic authority over immigration to improve enforcement of the Chinese exclusion laws. It abolished one of the exempt statuses, returning laborers, stranding about 20,000 Chinese holding Certificates of Return outside the United States.</p>
  221. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/scott-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  222. </div></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-563" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="9" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1857</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-563" aria-label="2">Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This Supreme Court ruling established that slaves and free African Americans were not citizens of the U.S. and were not entitled to the rights and privileges of <em>citizenship</em>, such as the right to sue in federal courts.</p>
  223. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/dred-scott-v-sanford-1857/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  224. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1862" id="year-1862"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1862</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-621" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="10" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1862</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-621" aria-label="2">Act to prohibit the “coolie trade” (1862)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>During the Civil War, the Republican- controlled Congress sought to prevent southern plantation owners from replacing their enslaved African American workers with unfree contract or &#8220;coolie&#8221; laborers from China.</p>
  225. <p><strong><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/act-to-prohibit-the-coolie-trade-2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">READ MORE</a></strong></p>
  226. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1863" id="year-1863"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1863</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-564" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="11" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1863</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-564" aria-label="2">Emancipation Proclamation</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>President Abraham Lincoln&#8217;s 1863 executive order freeing the slaves held in the Confederate states.</p>
  227. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/emancipation-proclamation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  228. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1864" id="year-1864"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1864</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-622" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="12" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1864</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-622" aria-label="2">Immigration Act of 1864</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This law legalized labor recruitment practices similar to indentured servitude in an attempt to encourage immigration to the United States, but it was quickly repealed.</p>
  229. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/immigration-act-of-1864/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  230. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1868" id="year-1868"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1868</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-565" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="13" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1868</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-565" aria-label="2">Burlingame Treaty of 1868</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>Negotiated during construction of the Transcontinental Railroad which relied heavily on Chinese labor, this international agreement secured US access to Chinese workers by guaranteeing rights of free migration to both Chinese and Americans.</p>
  231. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/burlingame-treaty-of-1868/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  232. </div></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-566" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="14" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1868</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-566" aria-label="2">14th Amendment</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>Ratified in 1868 to secure equal treatment for African Americans after the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed <em>birthright citizenship</em> for all persons born in the United States. It also provided for equal protections and due process for all legal residents.</p>
  233. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/14th-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  234. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1870" id="year-1870"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1870</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-623" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="15" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1870</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-623" aria-label="2">Naturalization Act of 1870</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>The Naturalization Act of 1870 explicitly extended naturalization rights already enjoyed by white immigrants to “aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent,” thus denying access to the rights and protections of citizenship to other nonwhite immigrant groups.</p>
  235. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/naturalization-act-of-1870/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  236. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1872" id="year-1872"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1872</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-567" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="16" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1872</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-567" aria-label="2">Chinese Educational Mission 1872-1881</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This program sent about 120 Chinese students to study in New England and is often cited as a pioneering effort in mutually beneficial systems of international education which promoted the sharing of knowledge and understanding and improved international relations.</p>
  237. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/chinese-educational-mission-1872-1881/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  238. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1875" id="year-1875"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1875</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-624" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="17" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1875</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-624" aria-label="2">Page Law (1875)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This law prohibited the recruitment to the United States of unfree laborers and women for “immoral purposes” but was enforced primarily against Chinese.</p>
  239. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/page-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  240. </div></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-625" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="18" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1875</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-625" aria-label="2">Chy Lung v. Freeman (1875)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This Supreme Court decision affirmed that the federal government holds sole authority to regulate immigration.</p>
  241. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/chy-lung-v-freeman/"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  242. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1880" id="year-1880"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1880</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-568" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="19" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1880</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-568" aria-label="2">Angell Treaty of 1880</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This treaty updated the 1868 Burlingame Treaty with China, allowing the United Stated to restrict the migration of certain categories of Chinese workers. It moved U.S. immigration policy closer to outright Chinese exclusion.</p>
  243. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/angell-treaty-of-1880/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  244. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1882" id="year-1882"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1882</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-626" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="20" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1882</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-626" aria-label="2">Chinese Exclusion Act aka “An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese”</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This law was a major shift in U.S. immigration policy toward growing restrictiveness. The law targeted Chinese immigrants for restriction&#8211; the first such group identified by race and class for severely limited legal entry and ineligibility for citizenship.</p>
  245. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/an-act-to-execute-certain-treaty-stipulations-relating-to-chinese-aka-the-chinese-exclusion-law/"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  246. </div></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-627" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="21" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1882</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-627" aria-label="2">Immigration Act of 1882</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>Legislated a few months after the Chinese Exclusion Law, this immigration legislation expanded the ranks of excludable aliens to include other undesirable persons and attributes such as &#8220;convicts,&#8221; &#8220;lunatics,&#8221; and &#8220;those likely to become a public charge.&#8221;</p>
  247. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/1882-immigration-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  248. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1884" id="year-1884"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1884</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-569" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="22" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1884</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-569" aria-label="2">Elk v. Wilkins (1884)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>The Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to Native Americans who did not automatically gain <em>citizenship</em> by birth and could therefore be denied the right to vote.</p>
  249. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/elk-v-wilkins/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  250. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1885" id="year-1885"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1885</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-628" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="23" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1885</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-628" aria-label="2">Foran Act of 1885 (aka Alien Contract Labor Law)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This law banned the recruitment of workers bound by contracts.</p>
  251. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/foran-act-of-1885-aka-alien-contract-labor-law/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  252. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1887" id="year-1887"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1887</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-570" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-right" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="24" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1887</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-570" aria-label="2">The Dawes Allotment Act</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>Complaints about the reservation system for Native Americans led Congress to authorize the president to allot – or separate into individual landholdings – tribal reservation lands. Native Americans receiving allotments could gain U.S.<em> citizenship</em>, but often lost their land.</p>
  253. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/the-dawes-allotment-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  254. </div></div></div><!-- Story Year Section --><div data-cls="sc-nv-light vertical" class="timeline-year scrollable-section ctl-year ctl-year-container light-year" data-section-title="1889" id="year-1889"><div class="ctl-year-label ctl-year-text"><span>1889</span></div></div><!-- Timeline Content --><div  id="ctl-story-571" class="ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-left" data-aos="fade-up"   data-story-index="25" role="article"><!-- Story Date --><div class="ctl-labels"><div class="ctl-label-big story-date">1889</div></div><!-- Story IconDot --><div class="ctl-icondot"></div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class="ctl-arrow"></div><!-- Story Content --><div class="ctl-content"><!-- Story Title --><div class="ctl-title story-571" aria-label="2">Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889) (aka the Chinese Exclusion Case)</div><!-- Story Description --><div class="ctl-description"><p>This Supreme Court decision affirmed the plenary powers of U.S. federal authorities over immigration matters, in this instance even when changes in U.S. immigration law reversed earlier policy and practice.</p>
  255. <p><a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/chae-chan-ping-v-united-states-1889-aka-the-chinese-exclusion-case/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>READ MORE</strong></a></p>
  256. </div></div></div> </div>
  257. <div class="ctl-end"></div>
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  265. </div>
  267. <p>© 2019 Immigration History<br />
  268. A project of the Immigration and Ethnic History Society (<a href="https://iehs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://iehs.org/</a>)</p>
  269. <table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
  270. <tbody>
  271. <tr>
  272. <td style="width: 50%;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-615" src="https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/UTA-doh-300x43.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="43" data-wp-editing="1" /></td>
  273. <td style="width: 50%;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-611 size-medium" src="https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/laits-color-squares-300x43.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="43" /></td>
  274. </tr>
  275. </tbody>
  276. </table>
  277. ]]></content:encoded>
  279. <wfw:commentRss>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-iv-immigration-history/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
  280. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  283. </item>
  284. <item>
  285. <title>Immigration Series Part III &#8211; An Unverified Recollection of Emigration from Colombia</title>
  286. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-iii-an-unverified-recollection-of-emigration-from-colombia/</link>
  287. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-iii-an-unverified-recollection-of-emigration-from-colombia/#respond</comments>
  289. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  290. <pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2023 11:04:22 +0000</pubDate>
  291. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  292. <category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
  293. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=534</guid>
  294.  
  295. <description><![CDATA[The Story of “Martha”– 1980s-2000s (The Refugee Act of 1980 redefined the definition of refugee) &#160; Martha was an older teenager living in the Republic of Colombia, South America with her parents, two sisters and two brothers. At that time, Colombia was experiencing a major guerilla movement called the FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia [&#8230;]]]></description>
  296. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>The Story of “Martha”– 1980s-2000s</strong></em><br />
  297. <em><strong>(The Refugee Act of 1980 redefined the definition of refugee)</strong></em></h3>
  298. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  299. <p>Martha was an older teenager living in the Republic of Colombia, South America with her parents, two sisters and two brothers. At that time, Colombia was experiencing a major guerilla movement called the FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia &#8212; The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). The FARC continued to grow stronger and was active across Colombia in nearly 45 percent of the municipalities. The United States was a FARC enemy (courtesy &#8211; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia</a>). Further, the Medellin drug cartel founded by Pablo Escobar was responsible for assassinations and many criminal actions for which the Cali Mafia began to gain prominence. It was a dangerous time in Colombia history, and Martha’s family was concerned for their safety and economic security as there were few jobs because of guerilla bombs and explosives.</p>
  300. <p>In 1986, Martha’s older sister applied for immigration for herself, and she was admitted into the United States under a quota system. She had no job or sponsor waiting for her, but she came for the opportunity to work and live without fear. She adapted quickly to life in the United States by learning English and eventually establishing her own housekeeping business. She married and applied for citizenship and received it.</p>
  301. <p>Martha’s younger brother wanted to follow his sister, and after learning his older sister was safe in the United States, shortly thereafter, he found and paid a coyote to smuggle him into the United States. He flew into New York and the coyote paid a bribe to someone at the airport to admit them. He settled into life in America, working and making friends, and living without issue. After he was in the United States for five years, he left voluntarily and went back to Colombia.</p>
  302. <p>After the coyote was successful in the mission with Martha’s brother, Martha’s parents decided to use the same coyote for Martha’s immigration. Martha was about 24 years old and left Colombia with the coyote to find herself in Central America for four months, and then in Costa Rica in a hotel for month. The hotel told her to leave, and the coyote took her to San Andrés Island for another month. She was then moved to San Salvador where she spent two months in a hotel where the coyote was well-known. The coyote brought Martha a new passport in a different name with a picture which was not of her. He had tourist visa papers and then flew her to Miami using that passport. A bribe passed hands and they left the airport to spend the night with the coyote’s family only to fly to New York where no identification was required.</p>
  303. <p>Martha became a live-in housekeeper for two years when she started working with her sister. She married a United States citizen, became pregnant, and filed papers for legal immigration. Eventually receiving her green card, she has made the United States her home.</p>
  304. <p>Her younger brother decided that he wanted to re-enter the United States. He stayed with a family in Mexico for a brief time while he found a coyote to take him to Laredo, Texas illegally through the desert. He then went to live with the older sister and worked and lived in the United States for almost ten years before going back to Colombia.</p>
  305. <p>Martha’s second sister knew a person who makes false papers. She went to the United States Embassy with falsified papers around 2007 and was issued a tourist visa. She came to New York, and her older sister agreed to sponsor her while she applied for a green card. She worked, applied for a green card with the family she worked for confirming her income, and was issued one after a twelve-year process.</p>
  306. <p>As the political and crime climate in Colombia eased, Martha’s second brother wanted to visit the United States, He had an accounting career and had retired. He went to the United States Embassy, requested visas for himself, his wife, his son, and his daughter to visit family. They were granted visitor visas and stayed a month. He and his wife came a second time and stayed almost six months, and his sone came to the United States for his honeymoon.</p>
  307. <p>Martha’s father and mother came to the United States using visitor’s visas returning as required to Colombia.</p>
  308. <p>Their journeys reflect the search for employment and safety using both legal and illegal means. The conclusion being that the United States gained one citizen, two legal residents, employees, and visitor traffic and revenue.</p>
  309. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  310. <div class='et-box et-bio'>
  311. <div class='et-box-content'>Note: Martha was the name chosen to use for this purpose by the main subject.</div></div>
  312. ]]></content:encoded>
  314. <wfw:commentRss>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/immigration-series-part-iii-an-unverified-recollection-of-emigration-from-colombia/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
  315. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  318. </item>
  319. <item>
  320. <title>Immigration Series Part II &#8211; A Fictional Chronology Of Immigration</title>
  321. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/a-fictional-chronology-of-immigration/</link>
  322. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/a-fictional-chronology-of-immigration/#respond</comments>
  324. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  325. <pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2023 17:43:46 +0000</pubDate>
  326. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  327. <category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
  328. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=531</guid>
  329.  
  330. <description><![CDATA[The story of “Serilda” – 1930s- 1940s (German for “armed war maiden”) A time of restriction from the United States Serilda was a girl of five in Germany in 1932 when her parents told her it was mandatory for her to join the Deutscher Madel (League of German Girls). At that time, Jungmadel was for [&#8230;]]]></description>
  331. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>The story of “Serilda” – 1930s- 1940s</strong></em><br />
  332. <em><strong>(German for “armed war maiden”)</strong></em><br />
  333. <em><strong>A time of restriction from the United States</strong></em></h3>
  334. <p>Serilda was a girl of five in Germany in 1932 when her parents told her it was mandatory for her to join the Deutscher Madel (League of German Girls). At that time, Jungmadel was for girls aged fourteen and under. She participated in sports and learned about Socialist ideology and domestic responsibilities. Her parents were professionals. Her mother (Inge) was a nurse, and her father (Karl) was a published, renowned author who traveled and lectured extensively. Serilda had never traveled before and missed her father when he traveled.</p>
  335. <p>Unknown to Serilda, her father had recently been invited to be a visiting scholar for at least one year beginning in the fall of 1936 at a prestigious university in America. The university was establishing an endowed chair in Germanic studies in 1936, and the donor wanted her father to be the first professor to fill that vacancy. The donor had met Karl at an event and was impressed by his knowledge, work ethic, and dedication to integrity. Karl wanted to accept the position, and Inge was excited about a move to the United States.</p>
  336. <p>In 1924, Congress reaffirmed the 1917 quota restrictions through the enactment of the National Origins Quota Act which lowered the quota of immigrants. In the 1930s immigration was limited by the government, and favor was shown to European immigrants than those from Asia or Mexico. American immigration law did not change until 1941 and the governing law – the Johnson-Reed Act passed in 1924 spoke to “national origins” not citizenship. Immigrants’ applications were based on their country of birth not where they were citizens, which in the case of Inge and Karl were the same. Fortunately, the German quota for Karl and Inge was one of the highest then, but the State Department saw the numbers as limits and did not fill all the slots.</p>
  337. <p>Karl as a scholar had concerns for Serilda and the “mandatory” training she and others (including boys) were receiving. Karl and Inge decided to apply for any necessary visas for their family to enable Karl to accept the employment offered by the University.</p>
  338. <p>At that time, the visas available included tourist visas, immigration, and naturalization visas (including marriage), student visas, and business or work visas (both non-immigrant and immigrant). Karl applied for an immigration business visa to the United States and accepted the appointment to the chair. Inge and Serilda took the advice of the consulate and applied under immigration and naturalization visas.</p>
  339. <p>The family registered at the consulate and were placed on a waiting list. At that point they began to collect all the documentation required, including their birth certificates, and passage on a ship. They needed a sponsor, as in 1930 President Herbert Hoover issued instructions that the US would not admit people who would be likely to become a public charge – meaning not be able to support themselves without government benefits. Fortunately, Karl was able to contact the donor, and the donor agreed to be a financial sponsor for Karl and his family.</p>
  340. <p>After due time, Karl, Inge, and Serilda were able to immigrate to the United States. As time passed and other legislation and policies became effective, they were able to become legal permanent residents of the United States of America.</p>
  341. ]]></content:encoded>
  343. <wfw:commentRss>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/a-fictional-chronology-of-immigration/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
  344. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  347. </item>
  348. <item>
  349. <title>Immigration Series Part I &#8211; Introduction: A Selective View of United States Immigration Policy</title>
  350. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/a-selective-view-of-united-states-immigration-policy-introduction/</link>
  351. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/a-selective-view-of-united-states-immigration-policy-introduction/#respond</comments>
  353. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  354. <pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2023 15:59:38 +0000</pubDate>
  355. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  356. <category><![CDATA[immigration]]></category>
  357. <guid isPermaLink="false">https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=519</guid>
  358.  
  359. <description><![CDATA[In this series of posts, we will look at immigration from various vantage points. The purpose of these posts are twofold. The first objective is to give the reader a thirst for more information and appreciation of the various components of immigration policy. The second is more subtle and meant to depict immigration as though [&#8230;]]]></description>
  360. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In this series of posts, we will look at immigration from various vantage points. The purpose of these posts are twofold. The first objective is to give the reader a thirst for more information and appreciation of the various components of immigration policy. The second is more subtle and meant to depict immigration as though changing, remains basically the same. The French writer Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr memorialized this concept in 1849 by writing “plus ça change, plus c&#8217;est la même chose”—the more things change, the more they stay the same.”</p>
  361. <p>We will start the series with a hypothetical historical scenario mean to depict the challenges in navigating immigration in a favorable immigration climate from Germany in mid-20th century. It will be followed by a specific recollected family version of immigration from Colombia in the late 1980’s through the 2000’s when immigrants were impeded from emigrating from their home countries and quotas were often inadequate to approve eligible requests.</p>
  362. <p>Outlining these two scenarios encourages us to explore an abbreviated history of immigration, including the human factor. It speaks to the quest for safety and security, and basic human needs such as food, water, clothing, and shelter. One major way to meet those needs is employment, either by self-employment or by working for others.</p>
  363. <p>We continue our survey view of immigration by examining several employment-based immigration processes and classifications including H-1B temporary specialty occupation visas, H-2Bs (seasonal workers) and PERM.</p>
  364. <p>After we have a general understanding of employment-based immigration, it is important that we consider immigration not only in the context of the impact on individuals and families, but also its impact on employees as well as the economy of the United States.</p>
  365. <p>The last post will address where we are now as a nation in this issue, and some of the opportunities we should address regarding immigration. We will visit restrictionism and its impact and how it can be addressed to improve the welfare of individuals and of the United States. We will use data as a reliable basis to look at immigration not only from the personal impact perspective but from the national perspective.</p>
  366. ]]></content:encoded>
  368. <wfw:commentRss>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/a-selective-view-of-united-states-immigration-policy-introduction/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
  369. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  372. </item>
  373. <item>
  374. <title>Is Your Commitment to Social Media Excessive?</title>
  375. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/is-your-commitment-to-social-media-excessive/</link>
  376. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/is-your-commitment-to-social-media-excessive/#respond</comments>
  378. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  379. <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2021 01:25:14 +0000</pubDate>
  380. <category><![CDATA[Social Media]]></category>
  381. <category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>
  382. <guid isPermaLink="false">http://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=511</guid>
  383.  
  384. <description><![CDATA[You may get frustrated at times with social media requirements and demands. Individuals will tell you that is a normal reaction. However, you should examine whether you are letting social media use you, or whether you are using social media. Social Media in general invites others into your world by “finding you” and then determining [&#8230;]]]></description>
  385. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>You may get frustrated at times with social media requirements and demands. Individuals will tell you that is a normal reaction. However, you should examine whether you are letting social media use you, or whether you are using social media.</p>
  386. <p>Social Media in general invites others into your world by “finding you” and then determining the extent to which someone wants to delve further into your affairs and interests. It encourages you to share information—the extent of that is at your discretion initially, and then may become part of “history” and “public domain.”</p>
  387. <p>Parents invite social media into their private spaces by sharing photos of themselves, children, their home, their car, etc. Social media will shower you with images of individuals’ meals, interests, relationships, medical conditions, etc. You may wonder if anything remains private when the eagle eyes of social media pierce the privacy veil. Oftentimes, an individual’s confidential information is not shared by them but by others&#8211;trusted friends, family, school mates, or colleagues or untrusted gawkers, rumor mongers, and acquaintances, etc.</p>
  388. <p>You are in control of social media. It is difficult sometimes to remember that. When you post you are sharing information indefinitely. The posting may resurrect itself years down the road. It may engender a variety of feelings on your end and on those who view it. Your long-term commitment is implied.</p>
  389. <p>Expectations become responsibilities if you do not close the door. If you aspire to be an influencer, then connections, postings, and a constant presence to the extent possible for you becomes an expectation. Influencers must devote time and energy to the goal of influencer to be successful.</p>
  390. <p>If you are on a social media platform where individuals choose to reach out to become part of your network or “friends” you may find that the requests proliferate. You may or may not have knowledge about those with whom you decide to connect. Some connections are needy or friendly, reaching out to say hello or ask to get acquainted. You may not want to reciprocate. The question that you must answer is why connect if you have no interest in communicating if you are not seeking to be or are an influencer. Connections who choose to learn more about you may seem to infringe on your time, even though you chose to connect with them.</p>
  391. <p>If you have chosen to work with a non-profit or other company where social media is part of the work, you can limit your interaction to just that the company or non-profit requires. That limited interaction may be enough for you without setting up a personal connection with random people. The work itself will draw individuals to you, and you should be prepared for that.</p>
  392. <p>It is difficult to draw the line in social media. It is easy to have your time disappearing through reading, responding, posting, or listening. Only you will have to become mindful and identify when your social media interactions become excessive.</p>
  393. ]]></content:encoded>
  395. <wfw:commentRss>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/is-your-commitment-to-social-media-excessive/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
  396. <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
  399. </item>
  400. <item>
  401. <title>Do Not Depend on Social Media (update 2020)</title>
  402. <link>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/do-not-depend-on-social-media-update-2020/</link>
  403. <comments>https://whatsthebuzzabout.com/do-not-depend-on-social-media-update-2020/#respond</comments>
  405. <dc:creator><![CDATA[Margaret]]></dc:creator>
  406. <pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 21:45:46 +0000</pubDate>
  407. <category><![CDATA[Mindfullness]]></category>
  408. <category><![CDATA[Social Media]]></category>
  409. <category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>
  410. <guid isPermaLink="false">http://whatsthebuzzabout.com/?p=506</guid>
  411.  
  412. <description><![CDATA[Social Media is evolving into a “must have” commodity in those countries which have the technology and political will to enable it. In other countries, there is an expectation that the wishes of the population will result in at least minimal access to social media platforms and other modes of communication through electronic means. Social [&#8230;]]]></description>
  413. <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Social Media is evolving into a “must have” commodity in those countries which have the technology and political will to enable it. In other countries, there is an expectation that the wishes of the population will result in at least minimal access to social media platforms and other modes of communication through electronic means.</p>
  414. <p>Social media will beckon to individuals, non-profit organizations, businesses, and political organizations appealing to perceived needs of the target audience. One of the things which social media does well, in general, is carve out a niche (large or small) market need and develop products to meet that need. Reflect on the growth of Twitter, Snap Chat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Zoom, etc., and you will find examples of slow and rapid scaling as demand increased and expectation changed.</p>
  415. <p>What is the core attribute of social media which is successful is its willingness to evolve, to change when it makes a wrong turn in its evolution, and to respond quickly to perceived threats? Facebook is a prime example of a platform which makes course corrections, social media improvements, rapid scaling, and willingness to change apparent. You may not agree with the positions of some social medial providers and apps, but you have a choice whether to use those services or not. Social media may take a position one week on a certain point of free speech and change the next week if public outcry and legal counsel concurs in the need to change.</p>
  416. <p>Whether you use social media to get the news, be entertained, make sales pitches, have a presence, sell products, provoke conversation, share interests, update friends and family, or  gather to meet online for whatever purpose, etc.,. social media has become a staple in the quest for visibility and reach. The truth is that it is difficult to determine the truth on social media however hard the platforms and providers try. Some people themselves catfish, lie, exaggerate their accomplishments or appearance. Some businesses appear to be real when they are simply scammers. Some politicians may also fall into the exaggeration spectrum or make promises that they know they cannot keep without the help of others which has not yet been offered. Special causes may be highlighted which turn out to be scams. Others take a high percentage of contributions for administrative costs.</p>
  417. <p>Some platforms are good at weeding out spammers, scammers, and fakes. Others are not. Some platforms take an aggressive stand with respect to protecting the underage from inappropriate images and languages. Others do not. Some apps allow parental controls. Others do not. Some apps advertise extensively. Others do not. Some platforms hold themselves out as business platforms. Others do not though they serve businesses. Some apps promote themselves as learning apps, or sharing apps, or alterative apps for a particular purpose.</p>
  418. <p>Using social media is like visiting a large provider of “stuff.” It is like shopping at Amazon, Walmart, or Alibaba. Consumers make the decision which social media apps or platforms to “consume.” Consumers determine whether they will pay if required for that app or platform, how much they will use it, and whether they continue to use it and how frequently they use it. Even though the providers above are intent in keeping the commerce legit, consumers still must be judicious in their use. People with gambling addictions may still visit gambling sites and get themselves in financial difficulty. People with shopping addictions may make purchases also get themselves in financial difficulty. Addictions to playing games, shopping, gambling, drinking excessively, etc. cannot be controlled by social media per se.  Social media may help in addressing the problem, e.g., weight loss, health, lack of exercise, depression, but it cannot control the underlying behavior.</p>
  419. <p>Individuals and entities should not rely on social media as a quick fix. It is a supplement to use for pleasure, information, or business, but it is not the answer to all problems. If individuals continue to have the willingness to evaluate, consider, and choose, social media will continue to provide a much-needed service and be an asset to civilization.</p>
  420. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  421. ]]></content:encoded>
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