It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification #978952082095 (2025-02-01)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification #978952082095 (2025-02-01)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-01-31T21:55:50Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Karen Harris" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification #978952082095 (2025-02-01)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Karen Harris",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-01-31T21:55:50Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/978952082095"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://070108.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "978952082095",
  52.            "abstract": "Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification #978952082095 (2025-02-01)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Karen Harris",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-01-31T21:55:50Z",
  58.                "url": "https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification" title="Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Karen Harris</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-01</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Karen Harris for contributing the article "Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification" title="Leveraging AR Mechanics to Teach Real-World Skills Through Gamification" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper provides a comparative analysis of the various monetization strategies employed in mobile games, focusing on in-app purchases (IAP) and advertising revenue models. The research investigates the economic impact of these models on both developers and players, examining their effectiveness in generating sustainable revenue while maintaining player satisfaction. Drawing on marketing theory, behavioral economics, and user experience research, the study evaluates the trade-offs between IAPs, ad placements, and player retention. The paper also explores the ethical concerns surrounding monetization practices, particularly regarding player exploitation, pay-to-win mechanics, and the impact on children and vulnerable audiences.</p>
  100. <p>This study examines how mobile games can contribute to the development of smart cities, focusing on the integration of gaming technologies with urban planning, sustainability initiatives, and civic engagement efforts. The paper investigates the potential of mobile games to facilitate smart city initiatives, such as crowd-sourced data collection, environmental monitoring, and social participation. By exploring the intersection of gaming, urban studies, and IoT, the research discusses how mobile games can play a role in addressing contemporary challenges in urban sustainability, mobility, and governance.</p>
  101. <p>This research explores the role of reward systems and progression mechanics in mobile games and their impact on long-term player retention. The study examines how rewards such as achievements, virtual goods, and experience points are designed to keep players engaged over extended periods, addressing the challenges of player churn. Drawing on theories of motivation, reinforcement schedules, and behavioral conditioning, the paper investigates how different reward structures, such as intermittent reinforcement and variable rewards, influence player behavior and retention rates. The research also considers how developers can balance reward-driven engagement with the need for game content variety and novelty to sustain player interest.</p>
  102. <p>This paper investigates how different motivational theories, such as self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), are applied to mobile health games that aim to promote positive behavioral changes in health-related practices. The study compares various mobile health games and their design elements, including rewards, goal-setting, and social support mechanisms, to evaluate how these elements align with motivational frameworks and influence long-term health behavior change. The paper provides recommendations for designers on how to integrate motivational theory into mobile health games to maximize user engagement, retention, and sustained behavioral modification.</p>
  103. <p>The future of gaming is a tapestry woven with technological innovations, creative visions, and player-driven evolution. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), cloud gaming, and blockchain technology promise to revolutionize how we play, experience, and interact with games, ushering in an era of unprecedented possibilities and immersive experiences.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://750565941931-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://205514408734-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://457568134191-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://785879009651-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://092875311067-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://971391479057-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://067023133410-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://952159956186-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://233249955757-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://171412518734-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://629348962387-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://282867674715-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://067840203147-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://033272991177-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://935306903697-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://718023727154-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://443661355886-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://587956727530-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://903628073439-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://675154812508-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?170934925397&amp;url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?194538405911&amp;url=https://naver194538405911-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?492643461555&amp;url=https://naver492643461555-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?058587306850&amp;url=https://naver058587306850-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?600102241506&amp;url=https://naver600102241506-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?953019614463&amp;url=https://naver953019614463-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?193788848859&amp;url=https://naver193788848859-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?083244940241&amp;url=https://naver083244940241-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?103640960238&amp;url=https://naver103640960238-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?112008917241&amp;url=https://naver112008917241-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?636760881246&amp;url=https://naver636760881246-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?242276188389&amp;url=https://naver242276188389-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?280904178744&amp;url=https://naver280904178744-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-832057782919.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-627556484475.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-982767241547.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-215416388134.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-772120629995.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-729874596148.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-786699177490.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-462462934922.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-471086865425.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-442292248585.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-878370518727.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-303856300629.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-853712300137.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-299161801197.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-738890886268.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-498411231157.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-237446229019-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-008734584435-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-559664497232-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/5170382694" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/6985142370">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Interactive Narrative Generation Using Knowledge Graphs in Mobile Games" title="Interactive Narrative Generation Using Knowledge Graphs in Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-6985142370.mit-edu.top/post/6985142370/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/6985142370">Interactive Narrative Generation Using Knowledge Graphs in Mobile Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This paper analyzes the economic contributions of the mobile gaming industry to local economies, including job creation, revenue generation, and the development of related sectors such as tourism and retail. It provides case studies from various regions to illustrate these impacts.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/6985142370" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="Interactive Narrative Generation Using Knowledge Graphs in Mobile Games" title="Interactive Narrative Generation Using Knowledge Graphs in Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Kathy Peterson</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/6281753490">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg" alt="Agent-Based Modeling of Supply and Demand in Blockchain-Enabled Game Economies" title="Agent-Based Modeling of Supply and Demand in Blockchain-Enabled Game Economies" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-6281753490.mit-edu.top/post/6281753490/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/6281753490">Agent-Based Modeling of Supply and Demand in Blockchain-Enabled Game Economies</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This research examines the convergence of mobile gaming and virtual reality (VR), with a focus on how VR technologies are integrated into mobile game design to enhance immersion and interactivity. The study investigates the challenges and opportunities presented by VR in mobile gaming, including hardware limitations, motion sickness, and the development of intuitive user interfaces. By exploring both theoretical frameworks of immersion and empirical case studies, the paper analyzes how VR in mobile games can facilitate new forms of player interaction, narrative exploration, and experiential storytelling, while also considering the potential psychological impacts of long-term VR engagement.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/6281753490" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/17.jpg" alt="Agent-Based Modeling of Supply and Demand in Blockchain-Enabled Game Economies" title="Agent-Based Modeling of Supply and Demand in Blockchain-Enabled Game Economies" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Melissa Collins</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/1394785260">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/14.jpg" alt="The Dark Side of Gamification: Examining Exploitative Design in Mobile Game Monetization" title="The Dark Side of Gamification: Examining Exploitative Design in Mobile Game Monetization" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-1394785260.mit-edu.top/post/1394785260/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/1394785260">The Dark Side of Gamification: Examining Exploitative Design in Mobile Game Monetization</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This study explores the social and economic implications of microtransactions in mobile gaming, focusing on player behavior, spending patterns, and the potential for addiction. It also investigates the broader effects on the gaming industry, such as the shift in business models, the emergence of virtual economies, and the ethical concerns surrounding "pay-to-win" mechanics. The research offers policy recommendations to address these issues in a balanced manner.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://070108.mit-edu.top/post/1394785260" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="The Dark Side of Gamification: Examining Exploitative Design in Mobile Game Monetization" title="The Dark Side of Gamification: Examining Exploitative Design in Mobile Game Monetization" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Dorothy King</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda