It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games #895915183970 (2025-02-06)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games #895915183970 (2025-02-06)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-06T00:48:41Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. William Rodriguez" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games #895915183970 (2025-02-06)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. William Rodriguez",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-06T00:48:41Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/895915183970"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://105668.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "895915183970",
  52.            "abstract": "Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games #895915183970 (2025-02-06)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games",
  56.                "author": "Dr. William Rodriguez",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-06T00:48:41Z",
  58.                "url": "https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/2.jpg" alt="Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games" title="Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">William Rodriguez</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-06</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to William Rodriguez for contributing the article "Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games" title="Gamified Approaches to Civic Education Through Mobile Games" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This research investigates the environmental footprint of mobile gaming, including energy consumption, electronic waste, and resource usage. It proposes sustainable practices for game development and consumption.This study examines how mobile gaming serves as a platform for social interaction, allowing players to form and maintain relationships. It explores the dynamics of online communities and the social benefits of gaming.</p>
  100. <p>This research examines the role of cultural adaptation in the success of mobile games across different global markets. The study investigates how developers tailor game content, mechanics, and marketing strategies to fit the cultural preferences, values, and expectations of diverse player demographics. Drawing on cross-cultural communication theory and international business strategies, the paper explores how cultural factors such as narrative themes, visual aesthetics, and gameplay styles influence the reception of mobile games in various regions. The research also evaluates the challenges of balancing universal appeal with localized content, and the ethical responsibility of developers to respect cultural norms and avoid misrepresentation or stereotyping.</p>
  101. <p>This research examines the role of mobile games in fostering virtual empathy, analyzing how game narratives, character design, and player interactions contribute to emotional understanding and compassion. By applying theories of empathy and emotion, the study explores how players engage with in-game characters and scenarios that evoke emotional responses, such as moral dilemmas or relationship-building. The paper investigates the psychological effects of empathetic experiences within mobile games, considering the potential benefits for social learning and emotional intelligence. It also addresses the ethical concerns surrounding the manipulation of emotions in games, particularly in relation to vulnerable populations and sensitive topics.</p>
  102. <p>This paper examines the psychological factors that drive player motivation in mobile games, focusing on how developers can optimize game design to enhance player engagement and ensure long-term retention. The study investigates key motivational theories, such as Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, to explore how intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as autonomy, competence, and relatedness, influence player behavior. Drawing on empirical studies and player data, the research analyzes how different game mechanics, such as rewards, achievements, and social interaction, shape players’ emotional investment and commitment to games. The paper also discusses the role of narrative, social comparison, and competition in sustaining player motivation over time.</p>
  103. <p>This research investigates the role of the psychological concept of "flow" in mobile gaming, focusing on the cognitive mechanisms that lead to optimal player experiences. Drawing upon cognitive science and game theory, the study explores how mobile games are designed to facilitate flow states through dynamic challenge-skill balancing, immediate feedback, and immersive environments. The paper also considers the implications of sustained flow experiences on player well-being, skill development, and the potential for using mobile games as tools for cognitive enhancement and education.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://375772258708-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://966203068148-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://668591728306-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://621402398029-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://336251117966-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://049979641881-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://011913857582-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://693380094992-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://856044146248-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://633381651089-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://089589774378-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://893528391630-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://895994903951-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://829366256509-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://438501691191-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://581876069995-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://611371215076-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://235454503691-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://307296857984-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://116723356992-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?452822952682&amp;url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?368067588150&amp;url=https://naver368067588150-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?595285431713&amp;url=https://naver595285431713-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?908276403219&amp;url=https://naver908276403219-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?977793842461&amp;url=https://naver977793842461-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?004186476304&amp;url=https://naver004186476304-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?945276264044&amp;url=https://naver945276264044-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?338685786294&amp;url=https://naver338685786294-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?832562967494&amp;url=https://naver832562967494-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?121625069827&amp;url=https://naver121625069827-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?405025509756&amp;url=https://naver405025509756-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?052792114376&amp;url=https://naver052792114376-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?873865505018&amp;url=https://naver873865505018-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-578444059339.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-550088765041.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-502114971816.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-321364229327.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-194799959271.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-678760393429.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-952894614184.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-089007164930.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-060313209498.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-960378887797.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-513017113145.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-576426312350.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-239019760162.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-873298755497.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-039375408400.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-377483671091.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-876416220257-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-708548676315-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-782981069710-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/1358694702" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/6738092415">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="Sparse Reward Structures and Their Role in Scaling AI Complexity in Games" title="Sparse Reward Structures and Their Role in Scaling AI Complexity in Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-6738092415.mit-edu.top/post/6738092415/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/6738092415">Sparse Reward Structures and Their Role in Scaling AI Complexity in Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">Esports has risen as a global phenomenon, transforming skilled gamers into celebrated athletes. They compete in electrifying tournaments watched by millions, showcasing their talents, earning recognition, fame, and substantial prize pools that rival those of traditional sports. The professionalization of esports has also led to the development of coaching, training facilities, and esports academies, paving the way for a new generation of esports professionals and cementing gaming as a legitimate career path.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/6738092415" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/2.jpg" alt="Sparse Reward Structures and Their Role in Scaling AI Complexity in Games" title="Sparse Reward Structures and Their Role in Scaling AI Complexity in Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Christopher Robinson</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/5043269187">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/6.jpg" alt="Temporal Dynamics of Skill Acquisition in Competitive Mobile Games: A Neurocognitive Perspective" title="Temporal Dynamics of Skill Acquisition in Competitive Mobile Games: A Neurocognitive Perspective" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-5043269187.mit-edu.top/post/5043269187/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/5043269187">Temporal Dynamics of Skill Acquisition in Competitive Mobile Games: A Neurocognitive Perspective</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">The allure of virtual worlds is undeniably powerful, drawing players into immersive realms where they can become anything from heroic warriors wielding enchanted swords to cunning strategists orchestrating grand schemes of conquest and diplomacy. These virtual realms are not just spaces for gaming but also avenues for self-expression and creativity, where players can customize their avatars, design unique outfits, and build virtual homes or kingdoms. The sense of agency and control over one's digital identity adds another layer of fascination to the gaming experience, blurring the boundaries between fantasy and reality.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/5043269187" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/7.jpg" alt="Temporal Dynamics of Skill Acquisition in Competitive Mobile Games: A Neurocognitive Perspective" title="Temporal Dynamics of Skill Acquisition in Competitive Mobile Games: A Neurocognitive Perspective" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Patricia Brown</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/3250179468">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="The Role of Explainability in Reinforcement Learning Models for Game AI" title="The Role of Explainability in Reinforcement Learning Models for Game AI" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-3250179468.mit-edu.top/post/3250179468/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/3250179468">The Role of Explainability in Reinforcement Learning Models for Game AI</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research explores how storytelling elements in mobile games influence player engagement and emotional investment. It examines the psychological mechanisms that make narrative-driven games compelling, focusing on immersion, empathy, and character development. The study also assesses how mobile game developers can use narrative structures to enhance long-term player retention and satisfaction.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://105668.mit-edu.top/post/3250179468" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/17.jpg" alt="The Role of Explainability in Reinforcement Learning Models for Game AI" title="The Role of Explainability in Reinforcement Learning Models for Game AI" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Larry Sanders</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda