It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention #399729226766 (2025-02-03)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention #399729226766 (2025-02-03)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-03T05:02:14Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Larry Sanders" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention #399729226766 (2025-02-03)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Larry Sanders",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-03T05:02:14Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/399729226766"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://163232.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "399729226766",
  52.            "abstract": "The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention #399729226766 (2025-02-03)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Larry Sanders",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-03T05:02:14Z",
  58.                "url": "https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/9.jpg" alt="The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention" title="The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Larry Sanders</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-03</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Larry Sanders for contributing the article "The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention" title="The Role of Temporal Dynamics in Player Learning and Retention" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Gaming has become a universal language, transcending geographical boundaries and language barriers. It allows players from all walks of life to connect, communicate, and collaborate through shared experiences, fostering friendships that span the globe. The rise of online multiplayer gaming has further strengthened these connections, enabling players to form communities, join guilds, and participate in global events, creating a sense of camaraderie and belonging in a digital world.</p>
  100. <p>This study examines the political economy of mobile game development, focusing on the labor dynamics, capital flows, and global supply chains that underpin the mobile gaming industry. The research investigates how outsourcing, labor exploitation, and the concentration of power in the hands of large multinational corporations shape the development and distribution of mobile games. Drawing on Marxist economic theory and critical media studies, the paper critiques the economic models that drive the mobile gaming industry and offers a critical analysis of the ethical, social, and political implications of the industry's global production networks.</p>
  101. <p>This research investigates the use of mobile games in health interventions, particularly in promoting positive health behavior changes such as physical activity, nutrition, and mental well-being. The study examines how gamification elements such as progress tracking, rewards, and challenges can be integrated into mobile health apps to increase user motivation and adherence to healthy behaviors. Drawing on behavioral psychology and health promotion theories, the paper explores the effectiveness of mobile games in influencing health-related outcomes and discusses the potential for using game mechanics to target specific health issues, such as obesity, stress management, and smoking cessation. The research also considers the ethical implications of using gaming techniques in health interventions, focusing on privacy concerns, user consent, and data security.</p>
  102. <p>Nostalgia permeates gaming culture, evoking fond memories of classic titles that shaped childhoods and ignited lifelong passions for gaming. The resurgence of remastered versions, reboots, and sequels to beloved franchises taps into this nostalgia, offering players a chance to relive cherished moments while introducing new generations to timeless gaming classics.</p>
  103. <p>This study examines how mobile games can contribute to the development of smart cities, focusing on the integration of gaming technologies with urban planning, sustainability initiatives, and civic engagement efforts. The paper investigates the potential of mobile games to facilitate smart city initiatives, such as crowd-sourced data collection, environmental monitoring, and social participation. By exploring the intersection of gaming, urban studies, and IoT, the research discusses how mobile games can play a role in addressing contemporary challenges in urban sustainability, mobility, and governance.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://868895139493-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://445576746446-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://305740426316-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://920879123671-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://245980520005-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://148789472459-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://462839964452-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://404514029907-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://854009056230-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://126561812364-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://777768454954-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://969683605362-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://453780268945-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://880286782741-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://012649894263-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://289083672691-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://379644755019-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://998425744753-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://110480517572-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://958459459291-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?866232544682&amp;url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?644392697433&amp;url=https://naver644392697433-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?488408594218&amp;url=https://naver488408594218-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?473932106646&amp;url=https://naver473932106646-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?805659097838&amp;url=https://naver805659097838-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?697129967361&amp;url=https://naver697129967361-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?571245825390&amp;url=https://naver571245825390-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?390084853675&amp;url=https://naver390084853675-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?672308456570&amp;url=https://naver672308456570-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?063693732731&amp;url=https://naver063693732731-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?227694151481&amp;url=https://naver227694151481-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?336084190550&amp;url=https://naver336084190550-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?833117330099&amp;url=https://naver833117330099-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-415564707406.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-825971965386.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-019119161627.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-097838420018.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-115743354366.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-383445155949.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-781882704288.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-513050788023.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-638122101290.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-561999851156.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-234046400323.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-633763820919.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-904010644158.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-799722086462.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-745747747258.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-213738507470.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-788325600185-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-859574406779-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-530388356299-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/4206851973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/1236074859">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="Behavioral Predictors of Subscription Uptake in Mobile Game Services" title="Behavioral Predictors of Subscription Uptake in Mobile Game Services" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-1236074859.mit-edu.top/post/1236074859/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-03</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/1236074859">Behavioral Predictors of Subscription Uptake in Mobile Game Services</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research explores the role of mobile games in the development of social capital within online multiplayer communities. The study draws on social capital theory to examine how players form bonds, share resources, and collaborate within game environments. By analyzing network structures, social interactions, and community dynamics, the paper investigates how mobile games contribute to the creation of virtual social networks that extend beyond gameplay and influence offline relationships. The research also explores the role of mobile games in fostering a sense of belonging and collective identity, while addressing the potential for social exclusion, toxicity, and exploitation within game communities.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/1236074859" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/9.jpg" alt="Behavioral Predictors of Subscription Uptake in Mobile Game Services" title="Behavioral Predictors of Subscription Uptake in Mobile Game Services" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Joseph Lee</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-03 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/6809152743">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg" alt="Towards Universal Accessibility: Designing Mobile Games for Players with Cognitive Disabilities" title="Towards Universal Accessibility: Designing Mobile Games for Players with Cognitive Disabilities" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-6809152743.mit-edu.top/post/6809152743/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-03</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/6809152743">Towards Universal Accessibility: Designing Mobile Games for Players with Cognitive Disabilities</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This study analyzes the growth of mobile game streaming services and their impact on the mobile gaming market. It explores how cloud gaming platforms, such as Google Stadia and Microsoft’s Project xCloud, allow players to access high-quality games on low-powered devices. The paper evaluates the technical challenges of latency, bandwidth, and device compatibility, as well as the potential of mobile game streaming to democratize access to games globally.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/6809152743" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Towards Universal Accessibility: Designing Mobile Games for Players with Cognitive Disabilities" title="Towards Universal Accessibility: Designing Mobile Games for Players with Cognitive Disabilities" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Elizabeth Martinez</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-03 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/9682750314">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="Optimizing Multiplayer Matchmaking Algorithms for Fair Play" title="Optimizing Multiplayer Matchmaking Algorithms for Fair Play" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-9682750314.mit-edu.top/post/9682750314/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-03</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/9682750314">Optimizing Multiplayer Matchmaking Algorithms for Fair Play</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research explores the role of ethical AI in mobile game design, focusing on how AI can be used to create fair and inclusive gaming experiences. The study examines the challenges of ensuring that AI-driven game mechanics, such as matchmaking, procedural generation, and player behavior analysis, do not perpetuate bias, discrimination, or exclusion. By applying ethical frameworks from artificial intelligence, the paper investigates how developers can design AI systems that promote fairness, inclusivity, and diversity within mobile games. The research also explores the broader social implications of AI-driven game design, including the potential for AI to empower marginalized groups and provide more equitable gaming opportunities.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://163232.mit-edu.top/post/9682750314" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/17.jpg" alt="Optimizing Multiplayer Matchmaking Algorithms for Fair Play" title="Optimizing Multiplayer Matchmaking Algorithms for Fair Play" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Nicholas Richardson</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-03 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda