It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #131106985350 (2025-02-01)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #131106985350 (2025-02-01)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/20.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-01-31T22:02:52Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Gregory Jenkins" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #131106985350 (2025-02-01)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Gregory Jenkins",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-01-31T22:02:52Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/20.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/131106985350"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://586823.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "131106985350",
  52.            "abstract": "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #131106985350 (2025-02-01)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Gregory Jenkins",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-01-31T22:02:52Z",
  58.                "url": "https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" title="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Gregory Jenkins</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-01</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Gregory Jenkins for contributing the article "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/20.jpg" alt="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" title="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper investigates how different motivational theories, such as self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), are applied to mobile health games that aim to promote positive behavioral changes in health-related practices. The study compares various mobile health games and their design elements, including rewards, goal-setting, and social support mechanisms, to evaluate how these elements align with motivational frameworks and influence long-term health behavior change. The paper provides recommendations for designers on how to integrate motivational theory into mobile health games to maximize user engagement, retention, and sustained behavioral modification.</p>
  100. <p>Gaming's evolution from the pixelated adventures of classic arcade games to the breathtakingly realistic graphics of contemporary consoles has been nothing short of astounding. Each technological leap has not only enhanced visual fidelity but also deepened immersion, blurring the lines between reality and virtuality. The attention to detail in modern games, from lifelike character animations to dynamic environmental effects, creates an immersive sensory experience that captivates players and transports them to fantastical worlds beyond imagination.</p>
  101. <p>This research applies behavioral economics theories to the analysis of in-game purchasing behavior in mobile games, exploring how psychological factors such as loss aversion, framing effects, and the endowment effect influence players' spending decisions. The study investigates the role of game design in encouraging or discouraging spending behavior, particularly within free-to-play models that rely on microtransactions. The paper examines how developers use pricing strategies, scarcity mechanisms, and rewards to motivate players to make purchases, and how these strategies impact player satisfaction, long-term retention, and overall game profitability. The research also considers the ethical concerns associated with in-game purchases, particularly in relation to vulnerable players.</p>
  102. <p>This paper explores how mobile games can be used to raise awareness about environmental issues and promote sustainable behaviors. Drawing on environmental psychology and game-based learning, the study investigates how game mechanics such as resource management, ecological simulations, and narrative-driven environmental challenges can educate players about sustainability. The research examines case studies of games that integrate environmental themes, analyzing their impact on players' attitudes toward climate change, waste reduction, and conservation efforts. The paper proposes a framework for designing mobile games that not only entertain but also foster environmental stewardship and collective action.</p>
  103. <p>In the labyrinth of quests and adventures, gamers become digital explorers, venturing into uncharted territories and unraveling mysteries that test their wit and resolve. Whether embarking on a daring rescue mission or delving deep into ancient ruins, each quest becomes a personal journey, shaping characters and forging legends that echo through the annals of gaming history. The thrill of overcoming obstacles and the satisfaction of completing objectives fuel the relentless pursuit of new challenges and the quest for gaming excellence.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://815715991124-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://196108740964-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://166133224896-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://395518037647-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://522519935649-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://972452091642-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://455220973234-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://128782789925-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://134299534156-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://253586099878-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://146039542071-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://935451087435-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://144031946649-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://604802006641-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://749493908411-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://615270231721-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://022696861810-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://211052123741-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://875947150329-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://006197118324-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?546921008693&amp;url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?318441351961&amp;url=https://naver318441351961-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?783515970562&amp;url=https://naver783515970562-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?773533974819&amp;url=https://naver773533974819-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?954050229571&amp;url=https://naver954050229571-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?178235503867&amp;url=https://naver178235503867-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?154536521936&amp;url=https://naver154536521936-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?068016134967&amp;url=https://naver068016134967-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?418894519973&amp;url=https://naver418894519973-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?625729435237&amp;url=https://naver625729435237-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?941347198977&amp;url=https://naver941347198977-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?329326788260&amp;url=https://naver329326788260-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?203837522666&amp;url=https://naver203837522666-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-475273015958.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-527453473857.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-619886424041.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-352947700445.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-792188949927.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-560964100395.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-165110799908.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-892784541538.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-048087603124.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-294294074253.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-718861676585.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-246669189508.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-016431802699.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-867515130706.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-715665467010.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-201571457219.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-723703374931-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-578289310567-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-613434306686-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/1463890572" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/4610783529">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/20.jpg" alt="Adaptive Interface Design for Cross-Platform Mobile Games: An Empirical Evaluation" title="Adaptive Interface Design for Cross-Platform Mobile Games: An Empirical Evaluation" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-4610783529.mit-edu.top/post/4610783529/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/4610783529">Adaptive Interface Design for Cross-Platform Mobile Games: An Empirical Evaluation</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This paper offers a historical and theoretical analysis of the evolution of mobile game design, focusing on the technological advancements that have shaped gameplay mechanics, user interfaces, and game narratives over time. The research traces the development of mobile gaming from its inception to the present day, considering key milestones such as the advent of touchscreen interfaces, the rise of augmented reality (AR), and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in mobile games. Drawing on media studies and technology adoption theory, the paper examines how changing technological landscapes have influenced player expectations, industry trends, and game design practices.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/4610783529" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Adaptive Interface Design for Cross-Platform Mobile Games: An Empirical Evaluation" title="Adaptive Interface Design for Cross-Platform Mobile Games: An Empirical Evaluation" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Jason Morris</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/2385670419">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/14.jpg" alt="The Sociology of Esports: Analyzing the Rise of Professional Gaming Communities" title="The Sociology of Esports: Analyzing the Rise of Professional Gaming Communities" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-2385670419.mit-edu.top/post/2385670419/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/2385670419">The Sociology of Esports: Analyzing the Rise of Professional Gaming Communities</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This research explores the relationship between mobile gaming habits and academic performance among students. It examines both positive aspects, such as improved cognitive skills, and negative aspects, such as decreased study time and attention.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/2385670419" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/11.jpg" alt="The Sociology of Esports: Analyzing the Rise of Professional Gaming Communities" title="The Sociology of Esports: Analyzing the Rise of Professional Gaming Communities" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Gloria Bryant</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/9850127346">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/20.jpg" alt="Accessibility Features in Mobile Games: Bridging the Gap for Disabled Gamers" title="Accessibility Features in Mobile Games: Bridging the Gap for Disabled Gamers" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-9850127346.mit-edu.top/post/9850127346/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/9850127346">Accessibility Features in Mobile Games: Bridging the Gap for Disabled Gamers</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">The intricate game mechanics of modern titles challenge players on multiple levels. From mastering complex skill trees and managing in-game economies to coordinating with teammates in high-stakes raids, players must think critically, adapt quickly, and collaborate effectively to achieve victory. These challenges not only test cognitive abilities but also foster valuable skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and resilience, making gaming not just an entertaining pastime but also a platform for personal growth and development.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://586823.mit-edu.top/post/9850127346" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/20.jpg" alt="Accessibility Features in Mobile Games: Bridging the Gap for Disabled Gamers" title="Accessibility Features in Mobile Games: Bridging the Gap for Disabled Gamers" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Alexander Ward</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda