It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #116144206070 (2025-02-04)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #116144206070 (2025-02-04)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-03T18:21:35Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Kathy Peterson" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #116144206070 (2025-02-04)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Kathy Peterson",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-03T18:21:35Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/116144206070"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://794512.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "116144206070",
  52.            "abstract": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #116144206070 (2025-02-04)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Kathy Peterson",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-03T18:21:35Z",
  58.                "url": "https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/3.jpg" alt="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" title="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Kathy Peterson</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-04</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Kathy Peterson for contributing the article "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" title="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper examines how mobile games can be utilized as platforms for social advocacy and political mobilization, particularly in the context of global social movements. The study explores the potential for mobile games to raise awareness about social justice issues, such as climate change, gender equality, and human rights, by engaging players in interactive, narrative-driven activism. By drawing on theories of participatory media and political communication, the research analyzes how game mechanics can be used to simulate real-world social challenges, promote empathy, and encourage collective action. The paper also discusses the ethical challenges of gamifying serious issues and the risks of oversimplification or exploitation of activism.</p>
  100. <p>This paper investigates the dynamics of cooperation and competition in multiplayer mobile games, focusing on how these social dynamics shape player behavior, engagement, and satisfaction. The research examines how mobile games design cooperative gameplay elements, such as team-based challenges, shared objectives, and resource sharing, alongside competitive mechanics like leaderboards, rankings, and player-vs-player modes. The study explores the psychological effects of cooperation and competition, drawing on theories of social interaction, motivation, and group dynamics. It also discusses the implications of collaborative play for building player communities, fostering social connections, and enhancing overall player enjoyment.</p>
  101. <p>Esports has risen as a global phenomenon, transforming skilled gamers into celebrated athletes. They compete in electrifying tournaments watched by millions, showcasing their talents, earning recognition, fame, and substantial prize pools that rival those of traditional sports. The professionalization of esports has also led to the development of coaching, training facilities, and esports academies, paving the way for a new generation of esports professionals and cementing gaming as a legitimate career path.</p>
  102. <p>This paper examines the rise of cross-platform mobile gaming, where players can access the same game on multiple devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and PCs. It analyzes the technologies that enable seamless cross-platform play, including cloud synchronization and platform-agnostic development tools. The research also evaluates how cross-platform compatibility enhances user experience, providing greater flexibility and reducing barriers to entry for players.</p>
  103. <p>This research explores the convergence of virtual reality (VR) and mobile games, investigating how VR technology is being integrated into mobile gaming experiences to create more immersive and interactive entertainment. The study examines the technical challenges and innovations involved in adapting VR for mobile platforms, including issues of motion tracking, hardware limitations, and player comfort. Drawing on theories of immersion, presence, and user experience, the paper investigates how mobile VR games enhance player engagement by providing a heightened sense of spatial awareness and interactive storytelling. The research also discusses the potential for VR to transform mobile gaming, offering predictions for the future of immersive entertainment in the mobile gaming sector.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://022843984903-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://319116373917-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://083077880174-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://473873204116-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://843145843251-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://049057594881-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://112634219623-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://117433547542-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://202781902175-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://597469771524-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://878633863132-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://222449099745-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://723885363237-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://613036259503-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://503487059347-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://984308060373-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://098958308647-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://453487185616-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://422450859654-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://484359194433-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?152723375621&amp;url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?607662011557&amp;url=https://naver607662011557-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?566000325698&amp;url=https://naver566000325698-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?925597757414&amp;url=https://naver925597757414-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?726981647347&amp;url=https://naver726981647347-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?389949741291&amp;url=https://naver389949741291-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?076828391990&amp;url=https://naver076828391990-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?064798527421&amp;url=https://naver064798527421-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?495525632314&amp;url=https://naver495525632314-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?254444440929&amp;url=https://naver254444440929-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?872524664127&amp;url=https://naver872524664127-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?790032457991&amp;url=https://naver790032457991-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?346439316669&amp;url=https://naver346439316669-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-036559228221.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-577277401145.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-086743656302.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-234057215032.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-773988496061.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-436167381897.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-518011299688.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-427034287993.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-721800562374.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-403462305018.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-436236508789.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-836073423860.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-090602455179.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-729607681288.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-530927937097.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-243860743603.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-472691554647-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-341140875251-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-235696043212-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5947328160" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/2917054638">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="Dynamic World-Building Algorithms for Persistent Mixed Reality Experiences" title="Dynamic World-Building Algorithms for Persistent Mixed Reality Experiences" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-2917054638.mit-edu.top/post/2917054638/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/2917054638">Dynamic World-Building Algorithms for Persistent Mixed Reality Experiences</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This paper offers a historical and theoretical analysis of the evolution of mobile game design, focusing on the technological advancements that have shaped gameplay mechanics, user interfaces, and game narratives over time. The research traces the development of mobile gaming from its inception to the present day, considering key milestones such as the advent of touchscreen interfaces, the rise of augmented reality (AR), and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in mobile games. Drawing on media studies and technology adoption theory, the paper examines how changing technological landscapes have influenced player expectations, industry trends, and game design practices.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/2917054638" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/3.jpg" alt="Dynamic World-Building Algorithms for Persistent Mixed Reality Experiences" title="Dynamic World-Building Algorithms for Persistent Mixed Reality Experiences" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Dennis Torres</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/9760452813">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/6.jpg" alt="Exploring the Role of Social Capital in Online Multiplayer Game Communities" title="Exploring the Role of Social Capital in Online Multiplayer Game Communities" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-9760452813.mit-edu.top/post/9760452813/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/9760452813">Exploring the Role of Social Capital in Online Multiplayer Game Communities</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This paper provides a comparative analysis of the various monetization strategies employed in mobile games, focusing on in-app purchases (IAP) and advertising revenue models. The research investigates the economic impact of these models on both developers and players, examining their effectiveness in generating sustainable revenue while maintaining player satisfaction. Drawing on marketing theory, behavioral economics, and user experience research, the study evaluates the trade-offs between IAPs, ad placements, and player retention. The paper also explores the ethical concerns surrounding monetization practices, particularly regarding player exploitation, pay-to-win mechanics, and the impact on children and vulnerable audiences.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/9760452813" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/18.jpg" alt="Exploring the Role of Social Capital in Online Multiplayer Game Communities" title="Exploring the Role of Social Capital in Online Multiplayer Game Communities" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Patricia Brown</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5718029364">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" alt="Quantum Computing in Mobile Gaming: Opportunities and Challenges" title="Quantum Computing in Mobile Gaming: Opportunities and Challenges" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-5718029364.mit-edu.top/post/5718029364/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5718029364">Quantum Computing in Mobile Gaming: Opportunities and Challenges</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research explores the relationship between mobile gaming habits and academic performance among students. It examines both positive aspects, such as improved cognitive skills, and negative aspects, such as decreased study time and attention.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://794512.mit-edu.top/post/5718029364" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/18.jpg" alt="Quantum Computing in Mobile Gaming: Opportunities and Challenges" title="Quantum Computing in Mobile Gaming: Opportunities and Challenges" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Donald Green</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda