It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning #786972105841 (2025-02-08)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning #786972105841 (2025-02-08)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-08T00:47:50Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Eric Howard" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning #786972105841 (2025-02-08)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Eric Howard",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-08T00:47:50Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/786972105841"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://957641.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "786972105841",
  52.            "abstract": "Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning #786972105841 (2025-02-08)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Eric Howard",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-08T00:47:50Z",
  58.                "url": "https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning" title="Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Eric Howard</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-08</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Eric Howard for contributing the article "Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" alt="Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning" title="Cross-Cultural Validation of Educational Mobile Games in Language Learning" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This study examines how engaging with mobile games affects attention span and cognitive control processes. It investigates both the potential benefits, such as improved focus, and the risks, such as attention deficits.This paper analyzes the development and diversification of mobile game genres over time, highlighting key trends and innovative game mechanics. It discusses how these changes reflect technological advancements and shifting player preferences.</p>
  100. <p>The quest for achievements and trophies fuels the drive for mastery, pushing gamers to hone their skills and conquer challenges that once seemed insurmountable. Whether completing 100% of a game's objectives or achieving top rankings in competitive modes, the pursuit of virtual accolades reflects a thirst for excellence and a desire to push boundaries. The sense of accomplishment that comes with unlocking achievements drives players to continually improve and excel in their gaming endeavors.</p>
  101. <p>This paper investigates the potential of neurofeedback and biofeedback techniques in mobile games to enhance player performance and overall gaming experience. The research examines how mobile games can integrate real-time brainwave monitoring, heart rate variability, and galvanic skin response to provide players with personalized feedback and guidance to improve focus, relaxation, or emotional regulation. Drawing on neuropsychology and biofeedback research, the study explores the cognitive and emotional benefits of biofeedback-based game mechanics, particularly in improving players' attention, stress management, and learning outcomes. The paper also discusses the ethical concerns related to the use of biofeedback data and the potential risks of manipulating player physiology.</p>
  102. <p>The siren song of RPGs beckons with its immersive narratives, drawing players into worlds so vividly crafted that the boundaries between reality and fantasy blur, leaving gamers spellbound in their pixelated destinies. From epic tales of heroism and adventure to nuanced character-driven dramas, RPGs offer a storytelling experience unlike any other, allowing players to become the protagonists of their own epic sagas. The freedom to make choices, shape the narrative, and explore vast, richly detailed worlds sparks the imagination and fosters a deep emotional connection with the virtual realms they inhabit.</p>
  103. <p>This study presents a multidimensional framework for understanding the diverse motivations that drive player engagement across different mobile game genres. By drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the research examines how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors—such as achievement, autonomy, social interaction, and competition—affect player behavior and satisfaction. The paper explores how various game genres (e.g., casual, role-playing, and strategy games) tailor their game mechanics to cater to different motivational drivers. It also evaluates how player motivation impacts retention, in-game purchases, and long-term player loyalty, offering a deeper understanding of game design principles and their role in shaping player experiences.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://684144555903-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://221553389005-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://985943102527-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://972573895050-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://389299888382-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://792954752010-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://309905044963-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://852681850156-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://622934974964-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://468965341519-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://605710473776-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://163550007903-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://438589559020-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://178445162418-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://519219562321-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://376289396241-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://857109951872-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://838070108826-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://766480675386-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://371469653450-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?570353939688&amp;url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?645284811068&amp;url=https://naver645284811068-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?023379337463&amp;url=https://naver023379337463-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?766725580118&amp;url=https://naver766725580118-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?590796599937&amp;url=https://naver590796599937-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?970617994666&amp;url=https://naver970617994666-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?125136086166&amp;url=https://naver125136086166-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?826819516678&amp;url=https://naver826819516678-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?367724446060&amp;url=https://naver367724446060-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?668374966548&amp;url=https://naver668374966548-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?499167093876&amp;url=https://naver499167093876-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?211927993821&amp;url=https://naver211927993821-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?317971811837&amp;url=https://naver317971811837-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-547924556758.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-447820051858.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-040124989671.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-137802756539.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-545721625748.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-246114327017.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-393046901583.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-646220144865.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-298900739134.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-834982257880.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-995481901801.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-885798271660.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-996784774212.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-413503781261.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-188254343921.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-499921163523.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-802028137063-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-407890049031-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-158411791904-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/1570984362" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/2714695083">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" alt="Microeconomic Simulations of Player Choices in Virtual Economies" title="Microeconomic Simulations of Player Choices in Virtual Economies" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-2714695083.mit-edu.top/post/2714695083/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/2714695083">Microeconomic Simulations of Player Choices in Virtual Economies</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research examines the role of mobile game developers in promoting social responsibility through ethical practices and inclusivity in game design. The study explores how developers can address social issues such as diversity, representation, and accessibility within mobile games, ensuring that games are accessible to players of all backgrounds, abilities, and identities. Drawing on ethics, cultural studies, and inclusive design principles, the paper evaluates the impact of inclusive game design on player experiences, with particular focus on gender, race, and disability representation. The research also investigates the role of mobile games in fostering positive social change, offering recommendations for developers to create more socially responsible and inclusive gaming experiences.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/2714695083" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="Microeconomic Simulations of Player Choices in Virtual Economies" title="Microeconomic Simulations of Player Choices in Virtual Economies" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Gary Rivera</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/9136427580">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-9136427580.mit-edu.top/post/9136427580/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/9136427580">Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">Game developers are the visionary architects behind the mesmerizing worlds and captivating narratives that define modern gaming experiences. Their tireless innovation and creativity have propelled the industry forward, delivering groundbreaking titles that blur the line between reality and fantasy, leaving players awestruck and eager for the next technological marvel.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/9136427580" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Richard Wilson</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/8923704165">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/3.jpg" alt="Mobile Gaming and Social Media: Synergizing Platforms for Better Engagement" title="Mobile Gaming and Social Media: Synergizing Platforms for Better Engagement" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-8923704165.mit-edu.top/post/8923704165/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/8923704165">Mobile Gaming and Social Media: Synergizing Platforms for Better Engagement</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">The evolution of gaming has been a captivating journey through time, spanning from the rudimentary pixelated graphics of early arcade games to the breathtakingly immersive virtual worlds of today's cutting-edge MMORPGs. Over the decades, we've witnessed a remarkable transformation in gaming technology, with advancements in graphics, sound, storytelling, and gameplay mechanics continuously pushing the boundaries of what's possible in interactive entertainment.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://957641.mit-edu.top/post/8923704165" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/16.jpg" alt="Mobile Gaming and Social Media: Synergizing Platforms for Better Engagement" title="Mobile Gaming and Social Media: Synergizing Platforms for Better Engagement" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Robert Jones</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda