It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education #404045639823 (2025-02-08)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education #404045639823 (2025-02-08)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-08T11:49:23Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Doris Patterson" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education #404045639823 (2025-02-08)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Doris Patterson",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-08T11:49:23Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/404045639823"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "404045639823",
  52.            "abstract": "Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education #404045639823 (2025-02-08)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Doris Patterson",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-08T11:49:23Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/12.jpg" alt="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" title="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Doris Patterson</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-08</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Doris Patterson for contributing the article "Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" alt="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" title="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Virtual reality transports players to alternate dimensions, blurring the lines between reality and fiction, and offering glimpses of futuristic realms yet to be explored. Through immersive simulations and interactive experiences, VR technology revolutionizes gaming, providing unprecedented levels of immersion and engagement. From virtual adventures in space to realistic simulations of historical events, VR opens doors to limitless possibilities, inviting players to step into worlds beyond imagination.</p>
  100. <p>Gamification extends beyond entertainment, infiltrating sectors such as marketing, education, and workplace training with game-inspired elements such as leaderboards, achievements, and rewards systems. By leveraging gamified strategies, businesses enhance user engagement, foster motivation, and drive desired behaviors, harnessing the power of play to achieve tangible goals and outcomes.</p>
  101. <p>This paper applies systems thinking to the design and analysis of mobile games, focusing on how game ecosystems evolve and function within the broader network of players, developers, and platforms. The study examines the interdependence of game mechanics, player interactions, and market dynamics in the creation of digital ecosystems within mobile games. By analyzing the emergent properties of these ecosystems, such as in-game economies, social hierarchies, and community-driven content, the paper highlights the role of mobile games in shaping complex digital networks. The research proposes a systems thinking framework for understanding the dynamics of mobile game design and its long-term effects on player behavior, game longevity, and developer innovation.</p>
  102. <p>The future of gaming is a tapestry woven with technological innovations, creative visions, and player-driven evolution. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), cloud gaming, and blockchain technology promise to revolutionize how we play, experience, and interact with games, ushering in an era of unprecedented possibilities and immersive experiences.</p>
  103. <p>This paper investigates the dynamics of cooperation and competition in multiplayer mobile games, focusing on how these social dynamics shape player behavior, engagement, and satisfaction. The research examines how mobile games design cooperative gameplay elements, such as team-based challenges, shared objectives, and resource sharing, alongside competitive mechanics like leaderboards, rankings, and player-vs-player modes. The study explores the psychological effects of cooperation and competition, drawing on theories of social interaction, motivation, and group dynamics. It also discusses the implications of collaborative play for building player communities, fostering social connections, and enhancing overall player enjoyment.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://296957925027-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://807777147393-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://479005034730-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://523025815593-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://307037484395-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://998471434846-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://328987318022-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://860209799537-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://780174807605-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://437249426546-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://426480158165-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://556317960694-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://647292934572-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://598405060792-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://488457911641-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://834392652492-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://009079218163-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://955129213742-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://008257457455-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://386203598101-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?022407708524&amp;url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?279015554274&amp;url=https://naver279015554274-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?523434647987&amp;url=https://naver523434647987-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?657519936948&amp;url=https://naver657519936948-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?503930493736&amp;url=https://naver503930493736-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?201990766417&amp;url=https://naver201990766417-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?411115966259&amp;url=https://naver411115966259-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?398672302492&amp;url=https://naver398672302492-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?468110862973&amp;url=https://naver468110862973-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?569195125992&amp;url=https://naver569195125992-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?223562719621&amp;url=https://naver223562719621-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?617804251171&amp;url=https://naver617804251171-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?784283505862&amp;url=https://naver784283505862-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-134097268959.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-474691760288.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-539125439939.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-655551498957.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-133152916928.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-471365220886.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-935821534950.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-151743680727.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-250338931514.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-677163188262.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-620703428462.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-256417885692.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-911748901071.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-324260596147.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-926495787851.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-651769891328.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-378092885434-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-002788854020-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-010152080999-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/2819354067" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/6318492705">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" alt="Environmental Awareness Through Gamified Learning in Mobile Games" title="Environmental Awareness Through Gamified Learning in Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-6318492705.mit-edu.top/post/6318492705/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/6318492705">Environmental Awareness Through Gamified Learning in Mobile Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This study examines the psychological effects of mobile game addiction, including its impact on mental health, social relationships, and academic performance. It also explores societal perceptions of gaming addiction and discusses potential interventions and preventive measures.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/6318492705" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/12.jpg" alt="Environmental Awareness Through Gamified Learning in Mobile Games" title="Environmental Awareness Through Gamified Learning in Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Alice Coleman</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/3815697204">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="The Impact of Decentralized Governance Models on Game Monetization" title="The Impact of Decentralized Governance Models on Game Monetization" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-3815697204.mit-edu.top/post/3815697204/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/3815697204">The Impact of Decentralized Governance Models on Game Monetization</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This paper offers a post-structuralist analysis of narrative structures in mobile games, emphasizing how game narratives contribute to the construction of player identity and agency. It explores the intersection of game mechanics, storytelling, and player interaction, considering how mobile games as “digital texts” challenge traditional notions of authorship and narrative control. Drawing upon the works of theorists like Michel Foucault and Roland Barthes, the paper examines the decentralized nature of mobile game narratives and how they allow players to engage in a performative process of meaning-making, identity construction, and subversion of preordained narrative trajectories.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/3815697204" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="The Impact of Decentralized Governance Models on Game Monetization" title="The Impact of Decentralized Governance Models on Game Monetization" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Sandra Scott</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/3685794012">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" alt="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" title="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-3685794012.mit-edu.top/post/3685794012/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/3685794012">Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">Gaming has become a universal language, transcending geographical boundaries and language barriers. It allows players from all walks of life to connect, communicate, and collaborate through shared experiences, fostering friendships that span the globe. The rise of online multiplayer gaming has further strengthened these connections, enabling players to form communities, join guilds, and participate in global events, creating a sense of camaraderie and belonging in a digital world.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-008446061709.mit-edu.top/post/3685794012" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/1.jpg" alt="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" title="Serious Games as Tools for Improving Spatial Reasoning in K-12 Education" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Ronald Parker</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda