It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention #288769540139 (2025-01-31)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.gifthub.news/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention #288769540139 (2025-01-31)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="gifthub.news" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/19.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-01-31T15:07:26Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Benjamin Powell" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="gifthub.news" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention #288769540139 (2025-01-31)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Benjamin Powell",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "gifthub.news"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-01-31T15:07:26Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/19.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "gifthub.news",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/288769540139"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "gifthub.news",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "288769540139",
  52.            "abstract": "Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention #288769540139 (2025-01-31)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Benjamin Powell",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-01-31T15:07:26Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">gifthub.news</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention" title="Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Benjamin Powell</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-01-31</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Benjamin Powell for contributing the article "Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/19.jpg" alt="Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention" title="Longitudinal Effects of In-Game Social Bonds on Player Retention" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Game developers are the visionary architects behind the mesmerizing worlds and captivating narratives that define modern gaming experiences. Their tireless innovation and creativity have propelled the industry forward, delivering groundbreaking titles that blur the line between reality and fantasy, leaving players awestruck and eager for the next technological marvel.</p>
  100. <p>This research examines how mobile gaming facilitates social interactions among players, focusing on community building, communication patterns, and the formation of virtual identities. It also considers the implications of mobile gaming on social behavior and relationships.</p>
  101. <p>This research explores the role of ethical AI in mobile game design, focusing on how AI can be used to create fair and inclusive gaming experiences. The study examines the challenges of ensuring that AI-driven game mechanics, such as matchmaking, procedural generation, and player behavior analysis, do not perpetuate bias, discrimination, or exclusion. By applying ethical frameworks from artificial intelligence, the paper investigates how developers can design AI systems that promote fairness, inclusivity, and diversity within mobile games. The research also explores the broader social implications of AI-driven game design, including the potential for AI to empower marginalized groups and provide more equitable gaming opportunities.</p>
  102. <p>This study presents a multidimensional framework for understanding the diverse motivations that drive player engagement across different mobile game genres. By drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the research examines how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors—such as achievement, autonomy, social interaction, and competition—affect player behavior and satisfaction. The paper explores how various game genres (e.g., casual, role-playing, and strategy games) tailor their game mechanics to cater to different motivational drivers. It also evaluates how player motivation impacts retention, in-game purchases, and long-term player loyalty, offering a deeper understanding of game design principles and their role in shaping player experiences.</p>
  103. <p>The future of gaming is a tapestry woven with technological innovations, creative visions, and player-driven evolution. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), cloud gaming, and blockchain technology promise to revolutionize how we play, experience, and interact with games, ushering in an era of unprecedented possibilities and immersive experiences.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://537462812773-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://444229960844-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://641902865602-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://893160415848-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://834929383483-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://679230429836-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://978462356748-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://777015482306-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://458331028875-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://100784551363-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://901142887610-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://723610221299-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://655891282306-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://684346328699-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://712831807486-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://604844413847-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://589359320613-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://793532103688-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://139423171117-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://059010490844-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?064323236178&amp;url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?596717412424&amp;url=https://naver596717412424-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?573557053595&amp;url=https://naver573557053595-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?829536396067&amp;url=https://naver829536396067-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?719052409764&amp;url=https://naver719052409764-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?460810402356&amp;url=https://naver460810402356-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?095692473378&amp;url=https://naver095692473378-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?519595041023&amp;url=https://naver519595041023-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?164409009678&amp;url=https://naver164409009678-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?916253115064&amp;url=https://naver916253115064-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?669871188638&amp;url=https://naver669871188638-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?548506407022&amp;url=https://naver548506407022-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?344950417394&amp;url=https://naver344950417394-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-413376120081.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-621324669054.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-196835386713.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-426435697839.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-395201721314.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-942524967610.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-179862892423.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-505636121483.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-880551579566.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-845088438902.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-615854242298.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-455311995594.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-438238500085.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-519739685116.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-216875219043.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-903912463437.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-405017639226-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-848853243634-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-980234074575-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0152839674" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/9750482631">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/19.jpg" alt="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" title="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-9750482631.gifthub.news/post/9750482631/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/9750482631">A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">The intricate game mechanics of modern titles challenge players on multiple levels. From mastering complex skill trees and managing in-game economies to coordinating with teammates in high-stakes raids, players must think critically, adapt quickly, and collaborate effectively to achieve victory. These challenges not only test cognitive abilities but also foster valuable skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and resilience, making gaming not just an entertaining pastime but also a platform for personal growth and development.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/9750482631" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" title="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>James Williams</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0965384217">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="Aesthetic Evolution Algorithms for Personalized Game Art Design in Mobile Platforms" title="Aesthetic Evolution Algorithms for Personalized Game Art Design in Mobile Platforms" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-0965384217.gifthub.news/post/0965384217/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0965384217">Aesthetic Evolution Algorithms for Personalized Game Art Design in Mobile Platforms</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the evolution of user interface (UI) design in mobile games, with a focus on how innovative UI elements influence player engagement, immersion, and retention. The study investigates how changes in interface design, such as touch gestures, visual feedback, and adaptive layouts, impact the user experience and contribute to the overall success of a game. Drawing on theories of cognitive load, human-computer interaction (HCI), and usability testing, the paper examines the relationship between UI design and player satisfaction. The research also considers the cultural factors influencing UI design in mobile games and the challenges of creating intuitive interfaces that appeal to diverse player demographics.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/0965384217" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/9.jpg" alt="Aesthetic Evolution Algorithms for Personalized Game Art Design in Mobile Platforms" title="Aesthetic Evolution Algorithms for Personalized Game Art Design in Mobile Platforms" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Walter Hughes</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/6875439201">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/1.jpg" alt="Post-Quantum Cryptography Applications in Mobile Game Security Frameworks" title="Post-Quantum Cryptography Applications in Mobile Game Security Frameworks" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-6875439201.gifthub.news/post/6875439201/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/6875439201">Post-Quantum Cryptography Applications in Mobile Game Security Frameworks</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">The storytelling in video games has matured into an art form, offering players complex narratives filled with rich characters, moral dilemmas, and emotionally resonant experiences that rival those found in literature and cinema. Players are no longer passive consumers but active participants in interactive narratives, shaping the outcome of stories through their choices and actions. This interactive storytelling blurs the line between player and protagonist, creating deeply personal and immersive narratives that leave a lasting impact.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-0152839674.gifthub.news/post/6875439201" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Post-Quantum Cryptography Applications in Mobile Game Security Frameworks" title="Post-Quantum Cryptography Applications in Mobile Game Security Frameworks" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Patrick Russell</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda