It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games #934747001048 (2025-02-09)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.gifthub.news/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games #934747001048 (2025-02-09)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="gifthub.news" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/13.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-09T11:20:28Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Joshua Gray" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="gifthub.news" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games #934747001048 (2025-02-09)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Joshua Gray",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "gifthub.news"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-09T11:20:28Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/13.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "gifthub.news",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/934747001048"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "gifthub.news",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "934747001048",
  52.            "abstract": "A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games #934747001048 (2025-02-09)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Joshua Gray",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-09T11:20:28Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">gifthub.news</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/1.jpg" alt="A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games" title="A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Joshua Gray</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-09</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Joshua Gray for contributing the article "A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/13.jpg" alt="A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games" title="A Predictive Model for Player Lifetime Value in Freemium Games" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms in predicting player behavior and personalizing mobile game experiences. The research investigates how AI techniques such as collaborative filtering, reinforcement learning, and predictive analytics can be used to adapt game difficulty, narrative progression, and in-game rewards based on individual player preferences and past behavior. By drawing on concepts from behavioral science and AI, the study evaluates the effectiveness of AI-powered personalization in enhancing player engagement, retention, and monetization. The paper also considers the ethical challenges of AI-driven personalization, including the potential for manipulation and algorithmic bias.</p>
  100. <p>This research investigates how machine learning (ML) algorithms are used in mobile games to predict player behavior and improve game design. The study examines how game developers utilize data from players’ actions, preferences, and progress to create more personalized and engaging experiences. Drawing on predictive analytics and reinforcement learning, the paper explores how AI can optimize game content, such as dynamically adjusting difficulty levels, rewards, and narratives based on player interactions. The research also evaluates the ethical considerations surrounding data collection, privacy concerns, and algorithmic fairness in the context of player behavior prediction, offering recommendations for responsible use of AI in mobile games.</p>
  101. <p>This paper analyzes the economic contributions of the mobile gaming industry to local economies, including job creation, revenue generation, and the development of related sectors such as tourism and retail. It provides case studies from various regions to illustrate these impacts.</p>
  102. <p>This research examines how mobile gaming facilitates social interactions among players, focusing on community building, communication patterns, and the formation of virtual identities. It also considers the implications of mobile gaming on social behavior and relationships.</p>
  103. <p>This paper investigates how different motivational theories, such as self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), are applied to mobile health games that aim to promote positive behavioral changes in health-related practices. The study compares various mobile health games and their design elements, including rewards, goal-setting, and social support mechanisms, to evaluate how these elements align with motivational frameworks and influence long-term health behavior change. The paper provides recommendations for designers on how to integrate motivational theory into mobile health games to maximize user engagement, retention, and sustained behavioral modification.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://083955657072-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://865207418323-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://789697006491-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://956654841471-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://213156434403-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://103753848514-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://908145367673-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://227667078453-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://738689089893-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://420297510286-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://994749113972-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://881761113133-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://985914614188-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://009497676752-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://874297696198-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://559978888827-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://595271459988-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://757366122020-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://908780549067-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://212111086713-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?436749739518&amp;url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?663670302614&amp;url=https://naver663670302614-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?812494838512&amp;url=https://naver812494838512-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?486447204662&amp;url=https://naver486447204662-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?792064445695&amp;url=https://naver792064445695-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?178920168802&amp;url=https://naver178920168802-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?633100389585&amp;url=https://naver633100389585-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?930509017909&amp;url=https://naver930509017909-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?926817171582&amp;url=https://naver926817171582-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?520489082132&amp;url=https://naver520489082132-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?043744746328&amp;url=https://naver043744746328-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?145394546594&amp;url=https://naver145394546594-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?402716910395&amp;url=https://naver402716910395-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-769401226855.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-200959400671.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-373403989820.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-952637168254.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-195262390730.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-028001106369.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-186901421947.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-287251263174.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-285912930531.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-773878696312.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-449866294886.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-079032200687.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-456188332328.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-947336934947.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-267226071690.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-534866651494.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-187581208921-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-639708851237-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-802941360118-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/1345298706" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/0968215437">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/13.jpg" alt="Serious Games for Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Review" title="Serious Games for Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Review" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-0968215437.gifthub.news/post/0968215437/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-09</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/0968215437">Serious Games for Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Review</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research explores the role of reward systems and progression mechanics in mobile games and their impact on long-term player retention. The study examines how rewards such as achievements, virtual goods, and experience points are designed to keep players engaged over extended periods, addressing the challenges of player churn. Drawing on theories of motivation, reinforcement schedules, and behavioral conditioning, the paper investigates how different reward structures, such as intermittent reinforcement and variable rewards, influence player behavior and retention rates. The research also considers how developers can balance reward-driven engagement with the need for game content variety and novelty to sustain player interest.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/0968215437" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/1.jpg" alt="Serious Games for Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Review" title="Serious Games for Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Review" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Eric Howard</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-09 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/5290183746">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/14.jpg" alt="Ethical Implications of Game Mechanics: Balancing Engagement with Social Responsibility" title="Ethical Implications of Game Mechanics: Balancing Engagement with Social Responsibility" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-5290183746.gifthub.news/post/5290183746/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-09</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/5290183746">Ethical Implications of Game Mechanics: Balancing Engagement with Social Responsibility</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">Game developers are the architects of dreams, weaving intricate codes and visual marvels to craft worlds that inspire awe and ignite passion among players. Behind every pixel and line of code lies a creative vision, a dedication to excellence, and a commitment to delivering memorable experiences. The collaboration between artists, programmers, and storytellers gives rise to masterpieces that captivate the imagination and set new standards for innovation in the gaming industry.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/5290183746" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/11.jpg" alt="Ethical Implications of Game Mechanics: Balancing Engagement with Social Responsibility" title="Ethical Implications of Game Mechanics: Balancing Engagement with Social Responsibility" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Melissa Collins</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-09 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/2059143768">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/11.jpg" alt="Mobile Games as Experimental Platforms for Behavioral Science Research" title="Mobile Games as Experimental Platforms for Behavioral Science Research" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-2059143768.gifthub.news/post/2059143768/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-09</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/2059143768">Mobile Games as Experimental Platforms for Behavioral Science Research</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research evaluates the environmental sustainability of the mobile gaming industry, focusing on the environmental footprint of game development, distribution, and consumption. The study examines energy consumption patterns, electronic waste generation, and resource use across the mobile gaming lifecycle, offering a comprehensive assessment of the industry's impact on global sustainability. It also explores innovative approaches to mitigate these effects, such as green game design principles, eco-friendly server technologies, and sustainable mobile device manufacturing practices.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-064900881021.gifthub.news/post/2059143768" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/20.jpg" alt="Mobile Games as Experimental Platforms for Behavioral Science Research" title="Mobile Games as Experimental Platforms for Behavioral Science Research" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Joyce Stevens</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-09 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda