It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts #626859530392 (2025-02-01)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts #626859530392 (2025-02-01)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-01T14:43:37Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Dennis Torres" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts #626859530392 (2025-02-01)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Dennis Torres",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-01T14:43:37Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/626859530392"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "626859530392",
  52.            "abstract": "Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts #626859530392 (2025-02-01)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Dennis Torres",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-01T14:43:37Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/10.jpg" alt="Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts" title="Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Dennis Torres</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-01</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Dennis Torres for contributing the article "Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts" title="Self-Determination Theory and Its Implications for Game Design in Educational Contexts" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper explores how mobile games can be used to raise awareness about environmental issues and promote sustainable behaviors. Drawing on environmental psychology and game-based learning, the study investigates how game mechanics such as resource management, ecological simulations, and narrative-driven environmental challenges can educate players about sustainability. The research examines case studies of games that integrate environmental themes, analyzing their impact on players' attitudes toward climate change, waste reduction, and conservation efforts. The paper proposes a framework for designing mobile games that not only entertain but also foster environmental stewardship and collective action.</p>
  100. <p>This study investigates the economic systems within mobile games, focusing on the development of virtual economies, marketplaces, and the integration of real-world currencies in digital spaces. The research explores how mobile games have created virtual goods markets, where players can buy, sell, and trade in-game assets for real money. By applying economic theories related to virtual currencies, supply and demand, and market regulation, the paper analyzes the implications of these digital economies for the gaming industry and broader digital commerce. The study also addresses the ethical considerations of monetization models, such as microtransactions, loot boxes, and the implications for player welfare.</p>
  101. <p>This study examines the political economy of mobile game development, focusing on the labor dynamics, capital flows, and global supply chains that underpin the mobile gaming industry. The research investigates how outsourcing, labor exploitation, and the concentration of power in the hands of large multinational corporations shape the development and distribution of mobile games. Drawing on Marxist economic theory and critical media studies, the paper critiques the economic models that drive the mobile gaming industry and offers a critical analysis of the ethical, social, and political implications of the industry's global production networks.</p>
  102. <p>This study investigates how mobile games can encourage physical activity among players, focusing on games that incorporate movement and exercise. It evaluates the effectiveness of these games in promoting health and fitness. </p>
  103. <p>This study examines how mobile games can be used as tools for promoting environmental awareness and sustainability. It investigates game mechanics that encourage players to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, such as resource conservation and eco-friendly practices. The paper highlights examples of games that address climate change, conservation, and environmental education, offering insights into how games can influence attitudes and behaviors related to sustainability.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://328798141805-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://847798888762-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://262937370249-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://053233817696-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://475241578771-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://508523538862-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://144904651176-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://323100361113-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://467353678168-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://524641374695-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://721933280025-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://392209152526-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://664133605799-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://128131770090-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://006259826339-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://600280192016-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://183192293919-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://801435405423-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://443744353773-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://992394285439-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?079512956331&amp;url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?767134434773&amp;url=https://naver767134434773-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?201744642603&amp;url=https://naver201744642603-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?809532619323&amp;url=https://naver809532619323-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?876354674858&amp;url=https://naver876354674858-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?323584975828&amp;url=https://naver323584975828-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?180022300035&amp;url=https://naver180022300035-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?402898720188&amp;url=https://naver402898720188-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?675168077079&amp;url=https://naver675168077079-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?310313954243&amp;url=https://naver310313954243-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?016034992508&amp;url=https://naver016034992508-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?305003934975&amp;url=https://naver305003934975-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?361785187780&amp;url=https://naver361785187780-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-270430261861.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-165662108387.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-895664792735.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-761858065521.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-842770469936.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-305688155340.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-157710994172.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-119013743211.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-127652678449.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-439946167168.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-433865077833.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-001846889784.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-401217161548.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-055839130324.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-903981421543.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-360514310993.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-817959440848-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-081246572523-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-065055447132-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/6125480739" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/0136248957">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="The Role of AI in Procedural Content Generation for AR/VR Experiences" title="The Role of AI in Procedural Content Generation for AR/VR Experiences" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-0136248957.mit-edu.top/post/0136248957/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/0136248957">The Role of AI in Procedural Content Generation for AR/VR Experiences</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">Gaming events and conventions serve as epicenters of excitement and celebration, where developers unveil new titles, showcase cutting-edge technology, host competitive tournaments, and connect with fans face-to-face. Events like E3, Gamescom, and PAX are not just gatherings but cultural phenomena that unite gaming enthusiasts in shared anticipation, excitement, and camaraderie.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/0136248957" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/10.jpg" alt="The Role of AI in Procedural Content Generation for AR/VR Experiences" title="The Role of AI in Procedural Content Generation for AR/VR Experiences" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Jason Morris</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/2086714953">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/5.jpg" alt="Designing Accessible Games for Neurodiverse Learners" title="Designing Accessible Games for Neurodiverse Learners" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-2086714953.mit-edu.top/post/2086714953/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/2086714953">Designing Accessible Games for Neurodiverse Learners</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">The intricate game mechanics of modern titles challenge players on multiple levels. From mastering complex skill trees and managing in-game economies to coordinating with teammates in high-stakes raids, players must think critically, adapt quickly, and collaborate effectively to achieve victory. These challenges not only test cognitive abilities but also foster valuable skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and resilience, making gaming not just an entertaining pastime but also a platform for personal growth and development.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/2086714953" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/1.jpg" alt="Designing Accessible Games for Neurodiverse Learners" title="Designing Accessible Games for Neurodiverse Learners" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Linda Miller</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/5039462817">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/13.jpg" alt="The Paradox of Scarcity: Balancing Supply and Demand in Virtual Goods Markets" title="The Paradox of Scarcity: Balancing Supply and Demand in Virtual Goods Markets" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-5039462817.mit-edu.top/post/5039462817/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/5039462817">The Paradox of Scarcity: Balancing Supply and Demand in Virtual Goods Markets</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This study examines how mobile games can contribute to the development of smart cities, focusing on the integration of gaming technologies with urban planning, sustainability initiatives, and civic engagement efforts. The paper investigates the potential of mobile games to facilitate smart city initiatives, such as crowd-sourced data collection, environmental monitoring, and social participation. By exploring the intersection of gaming, urban studies, and IoT, the research discusses how mobile games can play a role in addressing contemporary challenges in urban sustainability, mobility, and governance.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-082581087530.mit-edu.top/post/5039462817" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/5.jpg" alt="The Paradox of Scarcity: Balancing Supply and Demand in Virtual Goods Markets" title="The Paradox of Scarcity: Balancing Supply and Demand in Virtual Goods Markets" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Jonathan Torres</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda