It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills #848962420350 (2025-02-04)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills #848962420350 (2025-02-04)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-03T20:04:51Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Karen Harris" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills #848962420350 (2025-02-04)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Karen Harris",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-03T20:04:51Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/848962420350"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "848962420350",
  52.            "abstract": "Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills #848962420350 (2025-02-04)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Karen Harris",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-03T20:04:51Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/18.jpg" alt="Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills" title="Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Karen Harris</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-04</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Karen Harris for contributing the article "Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills" title="Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Problem-Solving Skills" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This study examines the psychological effects of mobile game addiction, including its impact on mental health, social relationships, and academic performance. It also explores societal perceptions of gaming addiction and discusses potential interventions and preventive measures.</p>
  100. <p>Gaming culture has transcended borders and languages, emerging as a vibrant global community that unites people from all walks of life under the banner of shared enthusiasm for interactive digital experiences. From casual gamers to hardcore enthusiasts, gaming has become a universal language, fostering connections, friendships, and even rivalries that span continents and time zones.</p>
  101. <p>This study explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and procedural content generation (PCG) in mobile game development, focusing on how these technologies can create dynamic and ever-changing game environments. The paper examines how AI-powered systems can generate game content such as levels, characters, items, and quests in response to player actions, creating highly personalized and unique experiences for each player. Drawing on procedural generation theories, machine learning, and user experience design, the research investigates the benefits and challenges of using AI in game development, including issues related to content coherence, complexity, and player satisfaction. The study also discusses the future potential of AI-driven content creation in shaping the next generation of mobile games.</p>
  102. <p>This paper offers a historical and theoretical analysis of the evolution of mobile game design, focusing on the technological advancements that have shaped gameplay mechanics, user interfaces, and game narratives over time. The research traces the development of mobile gaming from its inception to the present day, considering key milestones such as the advent of touchscreen interfaces, the rise of augmented reality (AR), and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in mobile games. Drawing on media studies and technology adoption theory, the paper examines how changing technological landscapes have influenced player expectations, industry trends, and game design practices.</p>
  103. <p>Accessibility initiatives in gaming are essential to ensuring inclusivity and equal opportunities for players of all abilities. Features such as customizable controls, colorblind modes, subtitles, and assistive technologies empower gamers with disabilities to enjoy gaming experiences on par with their peers, fostering a more inclusive and welcoming gaming ecosystem.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://708306397060-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://364724900769-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://165528298029-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://768464401983-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://384361377839-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://759662538375-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://816904242778-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://816599565421-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://784622104705-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://239507398058-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://905558636199-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://300780314265-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://004819710266-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://129848778757-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://899215716107-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://188114727601-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://489355144066-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://647268976897-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://270040189124-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://649045600436-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?334914741745&amp;url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?864777231145&amp;url=https://naver864777231145-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?716769493994&amp;url=https://naver716769493994-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?368443029407&amp;url=https://naver368443029407-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?121346817593&amp;url=https://naver121346817593-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?532831268113&amp;url=https://naver532831268113-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?515566289413&amp;url=https://naver515566289413-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?005754108391&amp;url=https://naver005754108391-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?518439781338&amp;url=https://naver518439781338-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?067909209885&amp;url=https://naver067909209885-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?296135387130&amp;url=https://naver296135387130-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?119343249940&amp;url=https://naver119343249940-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?860858478191&amp;url=https://naver860858478191-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-730443564409.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-824718705890.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-738558721776.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-132682564036.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-816495579335.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-107275988146.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-402916507247.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-894837357085.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-674489030221.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-981605495878.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-614412089428.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-321453542712.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-352849700152.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-350303145381.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-736908133328.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-399414750890.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-104732906597-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-410853693544-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-010199100674-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/3890547261" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/2453176908">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-2453176908.mit-edu.top/post/2453176908/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/2453176908">Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">Virtual reality gaming has unlocked a new dimension of immersion, transporting players into fantastical realms where they can interact with virtual environments and characters in ways previously unimaginable. The sensory richness of VR experiences, coupled with intuitive motion controls, has redefined how players engage with games, blurring the boundaries between the digital realm and the physical world.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/2453176908" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/18.jpg" alt="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Gamifying Civic Engagement Through Mobile Game Mechanics" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Amy Ward</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/2914567308">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Comparative Analysis of NFT Integration in Mobile Games Across Global Markets" title="Comparative Analysis of NFT Integration in Mobile Games Across Global Markets" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-2914567308.mit-edu.top/post/2914567308/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/2914567308">Comparative Analysis of NFT Integration in Mobile Games Across Global Markets</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">The future of gaming is a tapestry woven with technological innovations, creative visions, and player-driven evolution. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), cloud gaming, and blockchain technology promise to revolutionize how we play, experience, and interact with games, ushering in an era of unprecedented possibilities and immersive experiences.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/2914567308" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/1.jpg" alt="Comparative Analysis of NFT Integration in Mobile Games Across Global Markets" title="Comparative Analysis of NFT Integration in Mobile Games Across Global Markets" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Alice Coleman</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/9032584617">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" alt="The Impact of Loss Aversion on Player Behavior in Competitive Mobile Games" title="The Impact of Loss Aversion on Player Behavior in Competitive Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-9032584617.mit-edu.top/post/9032584617/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/9032584617">The Impact of Loss Aversion on Player Behavior in Competitive Mobile Games</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the psychological effects of mobile games on children and adolescents, focusing on cognitive, emotional, and social development. The study analyzes how exposure to different types of mobile games—ranging from educational games to violent action games—affects cognitive abilities, social skills, and emotional regulation. Drawing on developmental psychology and media studies, the research examines the short- and long-term implications of mobile gaming for children’s learning outcomes, attention span, and behavior patterns. The paper also considers the role of parents and educators in guiding children’s gaming experiences, offering recommendations for responsible gaming and age-appropriate game design.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-088509353491.mit-edu.top/post/9032584617" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/13.jpg" alt="The Impact of Loss Aversion on Player Behavior in Competitive Mobile Games" title="The Impact of Loss Aversion on Player Behavior in Competitive Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Samuel Jenkins</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda