It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications #119527838913 (2025-02-02)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications #119527838913 (2025-02-02)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/16.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-01T18:01:43Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Katherine Foster" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications #119527838913 (2025-02-02)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Katherine Foster",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-01T18:01:43Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/16.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/119527838913"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "119527838913",
  52.            "abstract": "Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications #119527838913 (2025-02-02)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Katherine Foster",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-01T18:01:43Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/13.jpg" alt="Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications" title="Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Katherine Foster</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-02</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Katherine Foster for contributing the article "Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/16.jpg" alt="Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications" title="Behavioral Modeling in Immersive AR/VR Environments for Learning Applications" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This research explores how mobile gaming influences consumer behavior, particularly in relation to brand loyalty and purchasing decisions. It examines how in-game advertisements, product placements, and brand collaborations impact players’ perceptions and engagement with brands. The study also looks at the role of mobile gaming in shaping consumer trends, with a particular focus on young, tech-savvy demographics.</p>
  100. <p>This paper investigates the role of user-generated content (UGC) in mobile gaming, focusing on how players contribute to game design, content creation, and community-driven innovation. By employing theories of participatory design and collaborative creation, the study examines how game developers empower users to create, modify, and share game content such as levels, skins, and in-game items. The research also evaluates the social dynamics and intellectual property challenges associated with UGC, proposing a model for balancing creative freedom with fair compensation and legal protection in the mobile gaming industry.</p>
  101. <p>Gaming's impact on education is profound, with gamified learning platforms revolutionizing how students engage with academic content. By incorporating game elements such as rewards, challenges, and progression systems into educational software, educators are able to make learning more interactive, enjoyable, and effective, catering to diverse learning styles and enhancing retention rates.</p>
  102. <p>This research investigates the role of the psychological concept of "flow" in mobile gaming, focusing on the cognitive mechanisms that lead to optimal player experiences. Drawing upon cognitive science and game theory, the study explores how mobile games are designed to facilitate flow states through dynamic challenge-skill balancing, immediate feedback, and immersive environments. The paper also considers the implications of sustained flow experiences on player well-being, skill development, and the potential for using mobile games as tools for cognitive enhancement and education.</p>
  103. <p>The rise of e-sports has elevated gaming to a competitive arena, where skill, strategy, and teamwork converge to create spectacles that rival traditional sports. From epic tournaments with massive prize pools to professional leagues with dedicated fan bases, e-sports has become a global phenomenon, showcasing the talent and dedication of gamers worldwide. The adrenaline-fueled battles and nail-biting finishes not only entertain but also inspire a new generation of aspiring gamers and professional athletes.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://597357281961-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://198529654602-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://000768817553-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://281487697449-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://415886096173-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://955601939187-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://947691543032-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://731358744214-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://318327112871-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://036349613758-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://622044575417-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://129307500145-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://106481244558-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://906447259290-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://950075586224-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://459804605349-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://075905991008-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://666289725706-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://176701709309-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://909019875594-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?576046663334&amp;url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?414444335236&amp;url=https://naver414444335236-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?223773220834&amp;url=https://naver223773220834-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?500934385729&amp;url=https://naver500934385729-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?263787409786&amp;url=https://naver263787409786-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?109292643737&amp;url=https://naver109292643737-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?275748774152&amp;url=https://naver275748774152-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?893772392312&amp;url=https://naver893772392312-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?676950677252&amp;url=https://naver676950677252-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?029535824192&amp;url=https://naver029535824192-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?331662920526&amp;url=https://naver331662920526-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?683318621675&amp;url=https://naver683318621675-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?157666800076&amp;url=https://naver157666800076-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-269321980221.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-194351966623.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-303411038070.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-169292411846.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-942604945386.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-490297214243.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-495570174335.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-829458108228.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-950484823371.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-398722215261.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-171994899847.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-320757886769.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-981418625725.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-115199931907.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-786462461613.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-475948569079.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-062263032688-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-924185422027-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-883890797023-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6458201973" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6082453197">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/16.jpg" alt="Game Revenue Optimization Through Dynamic Pricing Mechanisms" title="Game Revenue Optimization Through Dynamic Pricing Mechanisms" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-6082453197.mit-edu.top/post/6082453197/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6082453197">Game Revenue Optimization Through Dynamic Pricing Mechanisms</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This study examines the ethical implications of loot boxes in mobile games, with a particular focus on their psychological impact and potential to foster gambling behavior. It provides a legal analysis of how various jurisdictions have approached the regulation of loot boxes and explores the implications of their inclusion in games targeted at minors. The paper discusses potential reforms and alternatives to loot boxes in the mobile gaming industry.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/6082453197" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/13.jpg" alt="Game Revenue Optimization Through Dynamic Pricing Mechanisms" title="Game Revenue Optimization Through Dynamic Pricing Mechanisms" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Katherine Foster</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/1078963524">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg" alt="Behavioral Triggers in Reward-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Behavioral Triggers in Reward-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-1078963524.mit-edu.top/post/1078963524/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/1078963524">Behavioral Triggers in Reward-Based Mobile Game Mechanics</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the increasing integration of social media features in mobile games, such as in-game sharing, leaderboards, and social network connectivity. It examines how these features influence player behavior, community engagement, and the overall gaming experience. The research also discusses the benefits and challenges of incorporating social elements into games, particularly in terms of user privacy, data sharing, and online safety.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/1078963524" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/7.jpg" alt="Behavioral Triggers in Reward-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Behavioral Triggers in Reward-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Deborah Sanchez</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/1280396574">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="Exploring Cultural Differences in Game Mechanics Preferences Across Global Mobile Game Markets" title="Exploring Cultural Differences in Game Mechanics Preferences Across Global Mobile Game Markets" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-1280396574.mit-edu.top/post/1280396574/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/1280396574">Exploring Cultural Differences in Game Mechanics Preferences Across Global Mobile Game Markets</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the potential of mobile games to serve as therapeutic tools in the treatment of mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It examines how game mechanics and immersive environments can be used to provide psychological relief, improve emotional regulation, and facilitate cognitive-behavioral therapy. The study discusses challenges in integrating therapeutic design with traditional game elements and offers recommendations for the development of clinically effective mobile health games.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-330533487398.mit-edu.top/post/1280396574" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/9.jpg" alt="Exploring Cultural Differences in Game Mechanics Preferences Across Global Mobile Game Markets" title="Exploring Cultural Differences in Game Mechanics Preferences Across Global Mobile Game Markets" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Joshua Gray</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda