It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes #952765258773 (2025-02-04)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes #952765258773 (2025-02-04)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-04T12:42:11Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Scott Bennett" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes #952765258773 (2025-02-04)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Scott Bennett",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-04T12:42:11Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/952765258773"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "952765258773",
  52.            "abstract": "The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes #952765258773 (2025-02-04)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Scott Bennett",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-04T12:42:11Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes" title="The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Scott Bennett</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-04</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Scott Bennett for contributing the article "The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes" title="The Role of Gamification in Enhancing STEM Education Outcomes" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This study investigates the privacy and data security issues associated with mobile gaming, focusing on data collection practices, user consent, and potential vulnerabilities. It proposes strategies for enhancing data protection and ensuring user privacy.</p>
  100. <p>This paper explores the evolution of user interface (UI) design in mobile games, with a focus on how innovative UI elements influence player engagement, immersion, and retention. The study investigates how changes in interface design, such as touch gestures, visual feedback, and adaptive layouts, impact the user experience and contribute to the overall success of a game. Drawing on theories of cognitive load, human-computer interaction (HCI), and usability testing, the paper examines the relationship between UI design and player satisfaction. The research also considers the cultural factors influencing UI design in mobile games and the challenges of creating intuitive interfaces that appeal to diverse player demographics.</p>
  101. <p>This research explores the role of mobile games in the development of social capital within online multiplayer communities. The study draws on social capital theory to examine how players form bonds, share resources, and collaborate within game environments. By analyzing network structures, social interactions, and community dynamics, the paper investigates how mobile games contribute to the creation of virtual social networks that extend beyond gameplay and influence offline relationships. The research also explores the role of mobile games in fostering a sense of belonging and collective identity, while addressing the potential for social exclusion, toxicity, and exploitation within game communities.</p>
  102. <p>This paper explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms in predicting player behavior and personalizing mobile game experiences. The research investigates how AI techniques such as collaborative filtering, reinforcement learning, and predictive analytics can be used to adapt game difficulty, narrative progression, and in-game rewards based on individual player preferences and past behavior. By drawing on concepts from behavioral science and AI, the study evaluates the effectiveness of AI-powered personalization in enhancing player engagement, retention, and monetization. The paper also considers the ethical challenges of AI-driven personalization, including the potential for manipulation and algorithmic bias.</p>
  103. <p>This paper provides a comparative legal analysis of intellectual property (IP) rights as they pertain to mobile game development, focusing on the protection of game code, design elements, and in-game assets across different jurisdictions. The study examines the legal challenges that developers face when navigating copyright, trademark, and patent law in the global mobile gaming market. By comparing IP regulations in the United States, the European Union, and Asia, the paper identifies key legal barriers and proposes policy recommendations to foster innovation while protecting the intellectual property of creators. The study also considers emerging issues such as the ownership of user-generated content and the legal status of in-game assets like NFTs.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://200597701185-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://898504033139-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://886223153102-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://983191671531-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://935358237960-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://275596884103-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://371525618153-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://087873800459-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://048458895948-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://419335733420-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://700856850696-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://585180921964-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://438880961046-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://622792350978-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://971167511409-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://595799362532-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://768865663779-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://431671531000-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://046309676563-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://129496440508-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?761871985516&amp;url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?584230542482&amp;url=https://naver584230542482-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?136287064151&amp;url=https://naver136287064151-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?349991559972&amp;url=https://naver349991559972-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?937186309028&amp;url=https://naver937186309028-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?824239374264&amp;url=https://naver824239374264-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?329317610329&amp;url=https://naver329317610329-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?069971753287&amp;url=https://naver069971753287-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?215642184115&amp;url=https://naver215642184115-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?877910817804&amp;url=https://naver877910817804-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?980318140614&amp;url=https://naver980318140614-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?923334922613&amp;url=https://naver923334922613-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?605386884826&amp;url=https://naver605386884826-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-640711103537.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-929290651190.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-779261835906.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-026470173092.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-168287365281.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-474964676314.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-431731957885.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-511130278774.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-242983327490.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-696374935149.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-277045569757.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-190839908635.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-039653580385.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-842817636620.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-620484088954.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-302440934126.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-980653615763-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-262067498733-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-736258947013-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7639820154" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/4823059617">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="Narrative Structures in Games as Vehicles for Historical Revisionism" title="Narrative Structures in Games as Vehicles for Historical Revisionism" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-4823059617.mit-edu.top/post/4823059617/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/4823059617">Narrative Structures in Games as Vehicles for Historical Revisionism</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">In the labyrinth of quests and adventures, gamers become digital explorers, venturing into uncharted territories and unraveling mysteries that test their wit and resolve. Whether embarking on a daring rescue mission or delving deep into ancient ruins, each quest becomes a personal journey, shaping characters and forging legends that echo through the annals of gaming history. The thrill of overcoming obstacles and the satisfaction of completing objectives fuel the relentless pursuit of new challenges and the quest for gaming excellence.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/4823059617" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="Narrative Structures in Games as Vehicles for Historical Revisionism" title="Narrative Structures in Games as Vehicles for Historical Revisionism" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Jerry Fisher</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7861453902">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/1.jpg" alt="Game Localization Strategies for Cross-Cultural Market Penetration" title="Game Localization Strategies for Cross-Cultural Market Penetration" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-7861453902.mit-edu.top/post/7861453902/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7861453902">Game Localization Strategies for Cross-Cultural Market Penetration</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This study delves into the various strategies that mobile game developers use to maximize user retention, including personalized content, rewards systems, and social integration. It explores how data analytics are employed to track player behavior, predict churn, and optimize engagement strategies. The research also discusses the ethical concerns related to user tracking and retention tactics, proposing frameworks for responsible data use.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/7861453902" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/20.jpg" alt="Game Localization Strategies for Cross-Cultural Market Penetration" title="Game Localization Strategies for Cross-Cultural Market Penetration" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Stephanie Rogers</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/4879150326">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg" alt="Behavioral Correlates of Risk-Taking in Mobile Gambling Games" title="Behavioral Correlates of Risk-Taking in Mobile Gambling Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-4879150326.mit-edu.top/post/4879150326/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/4879150326">Behavioral Correlates of Risk-Taking in Mobile Gambling Games</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research investigates the environmental footprint of mobile gaming, including energy consumption, electronic waste, and resource usage. It proposes sustainable practices for game development and consumption.This study examines how mobile gaming serves as a platform for social interaction, allowing players to form and maintain relationships. It explores the dynamics of online communities and the social benefits of gaming.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-427684761322.mit-edu.top/post/4879150326" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Behavioral Correlates of Risk-Taking in Mobile Gambling Games" title="Behavioral Correlates of Risk-Taking in Mobile Gambling Games" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Jeffrey Reed</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda