It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior #190014090191 (2025-01-31)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior #190014090191 (2025-01-31)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-01-31T13:55:17Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Ashley Adams" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior #190014090191 (2025-01-31)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Ashley Adams",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-01-31T13:55:17Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/190014090191"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "190014090191",
  52.            "abstract": "The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior #190014090191 (2025-01-31)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Ashley Adams",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-01-31T13:55:17Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/7.jpg" alt="The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior" title="The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Ashley Adams</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-01-31</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Ashley Adams for contributing the article "The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior" title="The Influence of Social Comparison Mechanics on In-Game Behavior" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This research investigates the environmental footprint of mobile gaming, including energy consumption, electronic waste, and resource usage. It proposes sustainable practices for game development and consumption.This study examines how mobile gaming serves as a platform for social interaction, allowing players to form and maintain relationships. It explores the dynamics of online communities and the social benefits of gaming.</p>
  100. <p>In the labyrinth of quests and adventures, gamers become digital explorers, venturing into uncharted territories and unraveling mysteries that test their wit and resolve. Whether embarking on a daring rescue mission or delving deep into ancient ruins, each quest becomes a personal journey, shaping characters and forging legends that echo through the annals of gaming history. The thrill of overcoming obstacles and the satisfaction of completing objectives fuel the relentless pursuit of new challenges and the quest for gaming excellence.</p>
  101. <p>This paper investigates how different motivational theories, such as self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), are applied to mobile health games that aim to promote positive behavioral changes in health-related practices. The study compares various mobile health games and their design elements, including rewards, goal-setting, and social support mechanisms, to evaluate how these elements align with motivational frameworks and influence long-term health behavior change. The paper provides recommendations for designers on how to integrate motivational theory into mobile health games to maximize user engagement, retention, and sustained behavioral modification.</p>
  102. <p>This paper examines the psychological factors that drive player motivation in mobile games, focusing on how developers can optimize game design to enhance player engagement and ensure long-term retention. The study investigates key motivational theories, such as Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, to explore how intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as autonomy, competence, and relatedness, influence player behavior. Drawing on empirical studies and player data, the research analyzes how different game mechanics, such as rewards, achievements, and social interaction, shape players’ emotional investment and commitment to games. The paper also discusses the role of narrative, social comparison, and competition in sustaining player motivation over time.</p>
  103. <p>This study explores the economic implications of in-game microtransactions within mobile games, focusing on their effects on user behavior and virtual market dynamics. The research investigates how the implementation of microtransactions, including loot boxes, subscriptions, and cosmetic purchases, influences player engagement, game retention, and overall spending patterns. By drawing on theories of consumer behavior, behavioral economics, and market structure, the paper analyzes how mobile game developers create virtual economies that mimic real-world market forces. Additionally, the paper discusses the ethical implications of microtransactions, particularly in terms of player manipulation, gambling-like mechanics, and the impact on younger audiences.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://480252796591-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://800134393799-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://445252590526-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://805565646659-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://199478413948-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://198251931597-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://052628637585-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://436720640475-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://669718524897-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://651410953536-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://600657214296-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://159638304545-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://541995565521-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://352871487340-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://281635299489-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://036599634922-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://160805934098-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://528566570120-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://093595702883-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://476876738595-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?142265265624&amp;url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?294573810508&amp;url=https://naver294573810508-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?171021545872&amp;url=https://naver171021545872-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?409061490948&amp;url=https://naver409061490948-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?339380297490&amp;url=https://naver339380297490-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?555143383290&amp;url=https://naver555143383290-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?439434267205&amp;url=https://naver439434267205-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?224074129744&amp;url=https://naver224074129744-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?083412455399&amp;url=https://naver083412455399-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?725446079486&amp;url=https://naver725446079486-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?998862271612&amp;url=https://naver998862271612-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?857397379924&amp;url=https://naver857397379924-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?522470060957&amp;url=https://naver522470060957-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-284346522262.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-999982345583.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-690685304749.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-491618818807.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-041600960928.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-559033973135.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-926707512672.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-778770636530.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-927231834514.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-265433610588.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-641304307131.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-314766192746.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-107166920151.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-591204336802.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-422706317133.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-736842991122.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-665246589750-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-391115488163-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-363575731366-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/7086315492" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/9041325678">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" title="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-9041325678.mit-edu.top/post/9041325678/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/9041325678">A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This study analyzes the growth of mobile game streaming services and their impact on the mobile gaming market. It explores how cloud gaming platforms, such as Google Stadia and Microsoft’s Project xCloud, allow players to access high-quality games on low-powered devices. The paper evaluates the technical challenges of latency, bandwidth, and device compatibility, as well as the potential of mobile game streaming to democratize access to games globally.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/9041325678" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/7.jpg" alt="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" title="A Unified Framework for Transfer Learning Across Game Genres" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Carol Campbell</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/3965427180">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/1.jpg" alt="Exploring Gendered Play Patterns in Competitive Mobile Games" title="Exploring Gendered Play Patterns in Competitive Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-3965427180.mit-edu.top/post/3965427180/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/3965427180">Exploring Gendered Play Patterns in Competitive Mobile Games</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This study examines the political economy of mobile game development, focusing on the labor dynamics, capital flows, and global supply chains that underpin the mobile gaming industry. The research investigates how outsourcing, labor exploitation, and the concentration of power in the hands of large multinational corporations shape the development and distribution of mobile games. Drawing on Marxist economic theory and critical media studies, the paper critiques the economic models that drive the mobile gaming industry and offers a critical analysis of the ethical, social, and political implications of the industry's global production networks.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/3965427180" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Exploring Gendered Play Patterns in Competitive Mobile Games" title="Exploring Gendered Play Patterns in Competitive Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Justin Brooks</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/2407398156">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/16.jpg" alt="Mobile Game Narratives as Tools for Social Justice Education" title="Mobile Game Narratives as Tools for Social Justice Education" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-2407398156.mit-edu.top/post/2407398156/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/2407398156">Mobile Game Narratives as Tools for Social Justice Education</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research explores the relationship between mobile gaming habits and academic performance among students. It examines both positive aspects, such as improved cognitive skills, and negative aspects, such as decreased study time and attention.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-4795238106.mit-edu.top/post/2407398156" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Mobile Game Narratives as Tools for Social Justice Education" title="Mobile Game Narratives as Tools for Social Justice Education" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Kathleen Simmons</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda