It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation #228120326268 (2025-02-08)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation #228120326268 (2025-02-08)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-08T14:49:52Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Richard Wilson" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation #228120326268 (2025-02-08)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Richard Wilson",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-08T14:49:52Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/228120326268"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "228120326268",
  52.            "abstract": "The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation #228120326268 (2025-02-08)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Richard Wilson",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-08T14:49:52Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/9.jpg" alt="The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation" title="The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Richard Wilson</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-08</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Richard Wilson for contributing the article "The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation" title="The Long-Term Effects of Achievement Systems on Player Motivation" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This study examines the psychological effects of mobile game addiction, including its impact on mental health, social relationships, and academic performance. It also explores societal perceptions of gaming addiction and discusses potential interventions and preventive measures.</p>
  100. <p>This research explores the evolution of game monetization models in mobile games, with a focus on player preferences and developer strategies over time. By examining historical data and trends from the mobile gaming industry, the study identifies key shifts in monetization practices, such as the transition from premium models to free-to-play with in-app purchases (IAP), subscription services, and ad-based monetization. The research also investigates how these shifts have impacted player behavior, including spending habits, game retention, and perceptions of value. Drawing on theories of consumer behavior, the paper discusses the relationship between monetization models and player satisfaction, providing insights into how developers can balance profitability with user experience while maintaining ethical standards.</p>
  101. <p>Game streaming platforms like Twitch, YouTube Gaming, and Mixer have revolutionized how gamers consume and interact with gaming content, turning everyday players into content creators, influencers, and entertainers. Livestreamed gameplay, interactive chats, and community engagement redefine the gaming experience, transforming passive consumption into dynamic, participatory entertainment.</p>
  102. <p>This study analyzes the growth of mobile game streaming services and their impact on the mobile gaming market. It explores how cloud gaming platforms, such as Google Stadia and Microsoft’s Project xCloud, allow players to access high-quality games on low-powered devices. The paper evaluates the technical challenges of latency, bandwidth, and device compatibility, as well as the potential of mobile game streaming to democratize access to games globally.</p>
  103. <p>This research investigates the role of social media integration in mobile games and its impact on player social connectivity, collaboration, and competition. The study explores how features such as social sharing, friend lists, in-game chats, and social media rewards enhance the social aspects of mobile gaming. By applying theories from social network analysis and media studies, the paper examines how these social elements influence player behavior and game dynamics, including social capital, identity construction, and community formation. The research also addresses potential risks, such as privacy concerns, cyberbullying, and the commercialization of social interactions, and suggests ways to balance social connectivity with player well-being.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://800179176420-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://420607281461-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://367336717825-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://742385427498-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://226362499232-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://904697261500-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://053893626252-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://502535826296-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://023273288668-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://021657918261-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://744474076394-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://722699592668-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://369285360807-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://215945327697-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://646813659577-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://113294015510-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://052812586268-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://533490111531-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://933584599871-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://029756509849-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?960123217565&amp;url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?025003116181&amp;url=https://naver025003116181-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?831826713725&amp;url=https://naver831826713725-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?157814416927&amp;url=https://naver157814416927-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?248967041133&amp;url=https://naver248967041133-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?715098603395&amp;url=https://naver715098603395-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?737439163059&amp;url=https://naver737439163059-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?854977349858&amp;url=https://naver854977349858-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?618047521264&amp;url=https://naver618047521264-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?281596572069&amp;url=https://naver281596572069-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?804780551456&amp;url=https://naver804780551456-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?219345864023&amp;url=https://naver219345864023-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?680987967346&amp;url=https://naver680987967346-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-491647369204.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-891293562651.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-348182722996.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-723643022151.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-517873918726.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-009299961235.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-548854915792.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-093966566596.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-483606260046.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-448928237524.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-180840488759.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-375470125028.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-841604022006.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-045910857405.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-528021915076.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-578788493084.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-070811463375-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-477084631509-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-358757264256-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/1028576943" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/8621435709">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Real-Time Emotion-Based Adaptive Gameplay in Mobile Games" title="Real-Time Emotion-Based Adaptive Gameplay in Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-8621435709.mit-edu.top/post/8621435709/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/8621435709">Real-Time Emotion-Based Adaptive Gameplay in Mobile Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research examines the role of geolocation-based augmented reality (AR) games in transforming how urban spaces are perceived and interacted with by players. The study investigates how AR mobile games such as Pokémon Go integrate physical locations into gameplay, creating a hybrid digital-physical experience. The paper explores the implications of geolocation-based games for urban planning, public space use, and social interaction, considering both the positive and negative effects of blending virtual experiences with real-world environments. It also addresses ethical concerns regarding data privacy, surveillance, and the potential for gamifying everyday spaces in ways that affect public life.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/8621435709" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/9.jpg" alt="Real-Time Emotion-Based Adaptive Gameplay in Mobile Games" title="Real-Time Emotion-Based Adaptive Gameplay in Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Margaret Allen</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/7689425013">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="Privacy-Preserving AI for Personalized Mobile Game Experiences" title="Privacy-Preserving AI for Personalized Mobile Game Experiences" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-7689425013.mit-edu.top/post/7689425013/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/7689425013">Privacy-Preserving AI for Personalized Mobile Game Experiences</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This study delves into the various strategies that mobile game developers use to maximize user retention, including personalized content, rewards systems, and social integration. It explores how data analytics are employed to track player behavior, predict churn, and optimize engagement strategies. The research also discusses the ethical concerns related to user tracking and retention tactics, proposing frameworks for responsible data use.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/7689425013" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/11.jpg" alt="Privacy-Preserving AI for Personalized Mobile Game Experiences" title="Privacy-Preserving AI for Personalized Mobile Game Experiences" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Jennifer Lopez</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/9260357418">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/16.jpg" alt="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" title="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-9260357418.mit-edu.top/post/9260357418/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-08</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/9260357418">Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research investigates the potential of mobile games as tools for political engagement and civic education, focusing on how game mechanics can be used to teach democratic values, political participation, and social activism. The study compares gamified civic education games across different cultures and political systems, analyzing their effectiveness in fostering political literacy, voter participation, and civic responsibility. By applying frameworks from political science and education theory, the paper assesses the impact of mobile games on shaping young people's political beliefs and behaviors, while also examining the ethical implications of using games for political socialization.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-503491740540.mit-edu.top/post/9260357418" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" title="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Mary Johnson</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-08 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda