It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #009296045928 (2025-02-05)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #009296045928 (2025-02-05)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-05T14:13:32Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Ronald Parker" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #009296045928 (2025-02-05)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Ronald Parker",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-05T14:13:32Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/009296045928"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "009296045928",
  52.            "abstract": "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #009296045928 (2025-02-05)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Ronald Parker",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-05T14:13:32Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/19.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" title="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Ronald Parker</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-05</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Ronald Parker for contributing the article "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" title="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Gaming addiction is a complex issue that warrants attention and understanding, as some individuals struggle to find a healthy balance between their gaming pursuits and other responsibilities. It's important to promote responsible gaming habits, encourage breaks, and offer support to those who may be experiencing challenges in managing their gaming habits and overall well-being.</p>
  100. <p>Mobile gaming has democratized access to gaming experiences, empowering billions of smartphone users to dive into a vast array of games ranging from casual puzzles to graphically intensive adventures. The portability and convenience of mobile devices have transformed downtime into playtime, allowing gamers to indulge their passion anytime, anywhere, with a tap of their fingertips.</p>
  101. <p>This study investigates how mobile games can encourage physical activity among players, focusing on games that incorporate movement and exercise. It evaluates the effectiveness of these games in promoting health and fitness. </p>
  102. <p>This research critically examines the ethical implications of data mining in mobile games, particularly concerning the collection and analysis of player data for monetization, personalization, and behavioral profiling. The paper evaluates how mobile game developers utilize big data, machine learning, and predictive analytics to gain insights into player behavior, highlighting the risks associated with data privacy, consent, and exploitation. Drawing on theories of privacy ethics and consumer protection, the study discusses potential regulatory frameworks and industry standards aimed at safeguarding user rights while maintaining the economic viability of mobile gaming businesses.</p>
  103. <p>This study investigates the impact of mobile gaming on neuroplasticity and brain development, focusing on how playing games affects cognitive functions such as memory, attention, spatial navigation, and problem-solving. By integrating theories from neuroscience and psychology, the research explores the mechanisms through which mobile games might enhance neural connections, especially in younger players or those with cognitive impairments. The paper reviews existing evidence on brain training games and their efficacy, proposing a framework for designing mobile games that can facilitate cognitive improvement while considering potential risks, such as overstimulation or addiction, in certain populations.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://545950341975-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://728664143464-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://523775939434-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://569766248104-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://628065427705-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://398241708675-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://309110682589-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://022702342177-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://347214744666-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://724073986257-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://581808543265-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://749215988485-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://783309068149-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://093420994825-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://413252820261-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://267082991334-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://323816367792-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://075101228026-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://325469892284-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://810699997407-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?630443075622&amp;url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?512830222381&amp;url=https://naver512830222381-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?271022885830&amp;url=https://naver271022885830-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?147709961154&amp;url=https://naver147709961154-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?277406533636&amp;url=https://naver277406533636-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?925418422203&amp;url=https://naver925418422203-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?290315832573&amp;url=https://naver290315832573-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?136500193744&amp;url=https://naver136500193744-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?596817136268&amp;url=https://naver596817136268-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?752000313074&amp;url=https://naver752000313074-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?193467827508&amp;url=https://naver193467827508-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?222959724934&amp;url=https://naver222959724934-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?976374783120&amp;url=https://naver976374783120-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-912663486771.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-644147544272.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-750063154320.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-778446510925.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-789117383480.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-705238215159.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-710803481393.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-131580560084.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-815431312493.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-831071394442.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-499507999532.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-673923206404.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-543088238288.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-988932109592.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-822463917316.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-149968866650.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-970920102458-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-840672297293-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-170746833825-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/9642573018" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/0689543217">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" alt="Enhancing STEM Education Through Puzzle-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Enhancing STEM Education Through Puzzle-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-0689543217.mit-edu.top/post/0689543217/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/0689543217">Enhancing STEM Education Through Puzzle-Based Mobile Game Mechanics</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">Accessibility initiatives in gaming are essential to ensuring inclusivity and equal opportunities for players of all abilities. Features such as customizable controls, colorblind modes, subtitles, and assistive technologies empower gamers with disabilities to enjoy gaming experiences on par with their peers, fostering a more inclusive and welcoming gaming ecosystem.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/0689543217" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/19.jpg" alt="Enhancing STEM Education Through Puzzle-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" title="Enhancing STEM Education Through Puzzle-Based Mobile Game Mechanics" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Victoria Simmons</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/4152308769">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="Affective Computing in Games: Predicting Emotional States Through Gameplay Analytics" title="Affective Computing in Games: Predicting Emotional States Through Gameplay Analytics" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-4152308769.mit-edu.top/post/4152308769/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/4152308769">Affective Computing in Games: Predicting Emotional States Through Gameplay Analytics</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This research explores the evolution of game monetization models in mobile games, with a focus on player preferences and developer strategies over time. By examining historical data and trends from the mobile gaming industry, the study identifies key shifts in monetization practices, such as the transition from premium models to free-to-play with in-app purchases (IAP), subscription services, and ad-based monetization. The research also investigates how these shifts have impacted player behavior, including spending habits, game retention, and perceptions of value. Drawing on theories of consumer behavior, the paper discusses the relationship between monetization models and player satisfaction, providing insights into how developers can balance profitability with user experience while maintaining ethical standards.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/4152308769" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Affective Computing in Games: Predicting Emotional States Through Gameplay Analytics" title="Affective Computing in Games: Predicting Emotional States Through Gameplay Analytics" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Thomas Clark</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/5647309281">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/5.jpg" alt="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" title="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-5647309281.mit-edu.top/post/5647309281/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/5647309281">Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research examines the intersection of mobile games and the evolving landscape of media consumption, particularly in the context of journalism and news delivery. The study explores how mobile games are influencing the way users consume information, engage with news stories, and interact with media content. By analyzing game mechanics such as interactive narratives, role-playing elements, and user-driven content creation, the paper investigates how mobile games can be leveraged to deliver news in novel ways that increase engagement and foster critical thinking. The research also addresses the challenges of misinformation, echo chambers, and the ethical implications of gamified news delivery.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-507273370135.mit-edu.top/post/5647309281" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/5.jpg" alt="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" title="Ethical Considerations in Depicting Sensitive Cultural Narratives in Games" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>George Baker</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda