It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns #323764190548 (2025-02-09)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns #323764190548 (2025-02-09)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-08T18:16:11Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Ashley Adams" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns #323764190548 (2025-02-09)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Ashley Adams",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-08T18:16:11Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/323764190548"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "323764190548",
  52.            "abstract": "Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns #323764190548 (2025-02-09)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Ashley Adams",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-08T18:16:11Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/17.jpg" alt="Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns" title="Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Ashley Adams</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-09</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Ashley Adams for contributing the article "Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg" alt="Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns" title="Measuring the Effect of Social Affiliation on In-Game Spending Patterns" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This study explores the integration of augmented reality (AR) technologies in mobile games, examining how AR enhances user engagement and immersion. It discusses technical challenges, user acceptance, and the future potential of AR in mobile gaming.</p>
  100. <p>This study investigates the privacy and data security issues associated with mobile gaming, focusing on data collection practices, user consent, and potential vulnerabilities. It proposes strategies for enhancing data protection and ensuring user privacy.</p>
  101. <p>Gaming events and conventions serve as epicenters of excitement and celebration, where developers unveil new titles, showcase cutting-edge technology, host competitive tournaments, and connect with fans face-to-face. Events like E3, Gamescom, and PAX are not just gatherings but cultural phenomena that unite gaming enthusiasts in shared anticipation, excitement, and camaraderie.</p>
  102. <p>This study explores the challenges and opportunities associated with cross-platform play in mobile games, where players can interact with others across different gaming devices, such as consoles, PCs, and smartphones. The research examines the technical, social, and business challenges of integrating cross-platform functionality, including issues related to server synchronization, input compatibility, and player matching. The paper also investigates how cross-platform play influences player engagement, community building, and game longevity, as well as the potential for cross-platform competitions and esports. Drawing on user experience research and platform integration strategies, the study provides recommendations for developers looking to implement cross-platform play in a way that enhances player experiences and extends the lifecycle of mobile games.</p>
  103. <p>This paper investigates the dynamics of cooperation and competition in multiplayer mobile games, focusing on how these social dynamics shape player behavior, engagement, and satisfaction. The research examines how mobile games design cooperative gameplay elements, such as team-based challenges, shared objectives, and resource sharing, alongside competitive mechanics like leaderboards, rankings, and player-vs-player modes. The study explores the psychological effects of cooperation and competition, drawing on theories of social interaction, motivation, and group dynamics. It also discusses the implications of collaborative play for building player communities, fostering social connections, and enhancing overall player enjoyment.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://822548243238-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://509801896097-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://199351134399-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://213547497388-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://577287996821-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://035474406861-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://500349196814-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://514197301859-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://399075136260-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://170852303823-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://553749688586-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://199716833829-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://050442897162-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://130089608670-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://254646542596-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://776593706805-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://775643768132-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://887147724374-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://754345822487-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://754677856660-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?442880356791&amp;url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?383621397754&amp;url=https://naver383621397754-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?440117151449&amp;url=https://naver440117151449-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?575254382655&amp;url=https://naver575254382655-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?784560915927&amp;url=https://naver784560915927-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?643898846371&amp;url=https://naver643898846371-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?800165644090&amp;url=https://naver800165644090-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?192784459848&amp;url=https://naver192784459848-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?623260451467&amp;url=https://naver623260451467-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?022532641820&amp;url=https://naver022532641820-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?376250113440&amp;url=https://naver376250113440-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?585631443797&amp;url=https://naver585631443797-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?962044081616&amp;url=https://naver962044081616-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-728072131604.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-848228914129.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-528799371289.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-592652147069.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-850362325195.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-032251210486.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-790596482528.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-851470084200.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-331479059109.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-757900896033.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-131562505743.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-659669544335.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-324928331588.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-748313789645.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-609133665158.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-991040924866.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-135000670583-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-859465254469-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-451937651162-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/0264591837" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/8730412965">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg" alt="The Application of Swarm Intelligence in Large-Scale Strategy Mobile Games" title="The Application of Swarm Intelligence in Large-Scale Strategy Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-8730412965.mit-edu.top/post/8730412965/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-09</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/8730412965">The Application of Swarm Intelligence in Large-Scale Strategy Mobile Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research provides a critical analysis of gender representation in mobile games, focusing on the portrayal of gender stereotypes and the inclusivity of diverse gender identities in game design. The study investigates how mobile games depict male, female, and non-binary characters, examining the roles, traits, and agency afforded to these characters within game narratives and mechanics. Drawing on feminist theory and media studies, the paper critiques the reinforcement of traditional gender roles and the underrepresentation of marginalized genders in mobile games. The research also explores how game developers can promote inclusivity through diverse character designs, storylines, and gameplay mechanics, offering suggestions for more equitable and progressive representations in mobile gaming.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/8730412965" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/17.jpg" alt="The Application of Swarm Intelligence in Large-Scale Strategy Mobile Games" title="The Application of Swarm Intelligence in Large-Scale Strategy Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Lisa Walker</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-09 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/1863452790">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="Integrating Wearable Devices with Mobile Games for Biometric Feedback" title="Integrating Wearable Devices with Mobile Games for Biometric Feedback" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-1863452790.mit-edu.top/post/1863452790/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-09</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/1863452790">Integrating Wearable Devices with Mobile Games for Biometric Feedback</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This systematic review examines existing literature on the effects of mobile gaming on mental health, identifying both beneficial and detrimental outcomes. It provides evidence-based recommendations for stakeholders in the gaming industry and healthcare sectors.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/1863452790" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/19.jpg" alt="Integrating Wearable Devices with Mobile Games for Biometric Feedback" title="Integrating Wearable Devices with Mobile Games for Biometric Feedback" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Margaret Allen</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-09 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/9871250643">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/13.jpg" alt="The Intersection of Game Monetization and User Experience in Freemium Models" title="The Intersection of Game Monetization and User Experience in Freemium Models" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-9871250643.mit-edu.top/post/9871250643/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-09</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/9871250643">The Intersection of Game Monetization and User Experience in Freemium Models</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the integration of virtual goods and cryptocurrencies within mobile games, analyzing how these digital assets are reshaping in-game economies and influencing real-world economic practices. The study examines how players engage with virtual currencies and goods, exploring their role in enhancing player agency, fostering virtual economies, and enabling new forms of monetization. The research also explores the potential for blockchain technology to facilitate secure, decentralized in-game transactions, providing insights into the future of digital currencies within the gaming industry and the broader global economy.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-532754102756.mit-edu.top/post/9871250643" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/17.jpg" alt="The Intersection of Game Monetization and User Experience in Freemium Models" title="The Intersection of Game Monetization and User Experience in Freemium Models" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Ann Gonzales</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-09 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda