It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design #303773571769 (2025-02-02)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design #303773571769 (2025-02-02)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-01T16:44:36Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Peter Butler" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design #303773571769 (2025-02-02)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Peter Butler",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-01T16:44:36Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/303773571769"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "303773571769",
  52.            "abstract": "Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design #303773571769 (2025-02-02)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Peter Butler",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-01T16:44:36Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design" title="Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Peter Butler</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-02</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Peter Butler for contributing the article "Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design" title="Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Player-Centric AI Design" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This study leverages mobile game analytics and predictive modeling techniques to explore how player behavior data can be used to enhance monetization strategies and retention rates. The research employs machine learning algorithms to analyze patterns in player interactions, purchase behaviors, and in-game progression, with the goal of forecasting player lifetime value and identifying factors contributing to player churn. The paper offers insights into how game developers can optimize their revenue models through targeted in-game offers, personalized content, and adaptive difficulty settings, while also discussing the ethical implications of data collection and algorithmic decision-making in the gaming industry.</p>
  100. <p>This study evaluates the efficacy of mobile games as gamified interventions for promoting physical and mental well-being. The research examines how health-related mobile games, such as fitness games, mindfulness apps, and therapeutic games, can improve players’ physical health, mental health, and overall quality of life. By drawing on health psychology and behavioral medicine, the paper investigates how mobile games use motivational mechanics, feedback systems, and social support to encourage healthy behaviors, such as exercise, stress reduction, and dietary changes. The study also reviews the effectiveness of gamified health interventions in clinical settings, offering a critical evaluation of their potential and limitations.</p>
  101. <p>Game developers are the visionary architects behind the mesmerizing worlds and captivating narratives that define modern gaming experiences. Their tireless innovation and creativity have propelled the industry forward, delivering groundbreaking titles that blur the line between reality and fantasy, leaving players awestruck and eager for the next technological marvel.</p>
  102. <p>This paper examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design of mobile games, focusing on how AI enables adaptive game mechanics that adjust to a player’s behavior. The research explores how machine learning algorithms personalize game difficulty, enhance NPC interactions, and create procedurally generated content. It also addresses challenges in ensuring that AI-driven systems maintain fairness and avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes.</p>
  103. <p>The fusion of gaming and storytelling has birthed narrative-driven masterpieces that transport players on epic journeys filled with rich characters, moral dilemmas, and immersive worlds. Role-playing games (RPGs), interactive dramas, and story-driven adventures weave intricate narratives that resonate with players on emotional, intellectual, and narrative levels, blurring the line between gaming and literature.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://033342027212-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://233356582034-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://756049743188-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://491113446781-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://430643129833-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://818227166388-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://623291445510-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://833716108030-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://747475248578-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://712363356738-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://358151236074-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://608456237474-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://800583318234-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://467064525471-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://094841332380-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://612436882699-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://042699799173-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://306634606940-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://538897702961-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://930858289843-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?313908962852&amp;url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?522729923908&amp;url=https://naver522729923908-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?827712144445&amp;url=https://naver827712144445-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?332617879052&amp;url=https://naver332617879052-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?044335227099&amp;url=https://naver044335227099-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?303757391552&amp;url=https://naver303757391552-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?230245459993&amp;url=https://naver230245459993-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?525325266542&amp;url=https://naver525325266542-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?371427750775&amp;url=https://naver371427750775-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?320229671104&amp;url=https://naver320229671104-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?720384512765&amp;url=https://naver720384512765-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?440528150282&amp;url=https://naver440528150282-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?250460843971&amp;url=https://naver250460843971-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-433710264226.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-032151486423.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-517815058420.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-456978681897.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-935588939610.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-126068014601.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-460649443901.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-894766778385.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-286656802867.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-811112392768.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-446284702377.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-068245936147.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-486653497025.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-506744540365.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-869584232997.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-347150700484.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-839975562411-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-844133978684-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-754793277174-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1069482537" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/7043159628">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Psychological Effects of Avatars on Player Identity and Decision-Making" title="Psychological Effects of Avatars on Player Identity and Decision-Making" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-7043159628.mit-edu.top/post/7043159628/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/7043159628">Psychological Effects of Avatars on Player Identity and Decision-Making</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This study examines how mobile games can be used as tools for promoting environmental awareness and sustainability. It investigates game mechanics that encourage players to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, such as resource conservation and eco-friendly practices. The paper highlights examples of games that address climate change, conservation, and environmental education, offering insights into how games can influence attitudes and behaviors related to sustainability.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/7043159628" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Psychological Effects of Avatars on Player Identity and Decision-Making" title="Psychological Effects of Avatars on Player Identity and Decision-Making" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Walter Hughes</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/3479256180">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Interactive Mobile Games as Tools for Conflict Resolution" title="Interactive Mobile Games as Tools for Conflict Resolution" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-3479256180.mit-edu.top/post/3479256180/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/3479256180">Interactive Mobile Games as Tools for Conflict Resolution</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">Accessibility initiatives in gaming are essential to ensuring inclusivity and equal opportunities for players of all abilities. Features such as customizable controls, colorblind modes, subtitles, and assistive technologies empower gamers with disabilities to enjoy gaming experiences on par with their peers, fostering a more inclusive and welcoming gaming ecosystem.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/3479256180" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="Interactive Mobile Games as Tools for Conflict Resolution" title="Interactive Mobile Games as Tools for Conflict Resolution" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>David Hernandez</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1683570492">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/19.jpg" alt="Predictive Models for Revenue Optimization in Freemium Games" title="Predictive Models for Revenue Optimization in Freemium Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-1683570492.mit-edu.top/post/1683570492/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1683570492">Predictive Models for Revenue Optimization in Freemium Games</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research applies behavioral economics theories to the analysis of in-game purchasing behavior in mobile games, exploring how psychological factors such as loss aversion, framing effects, and the endowment effect influence players' spending decisions. The study investigates the role of game design in encouraging or discouraging spending behavior, particularly within free-to-play models that rely on microtransactions. The paper examines how developers use pricing strategies, scarcity mechanisms, and rewards to motivate players to make purchases, and how these strategies impact player satisfaction, long-term retention, and overall game profitability. The research also considers the ethical concerns associated with in-game purchases, particularly in relation to vulnerable players.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-544993890245.mit-edu.top/post/1683570492" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Predictive Models for Revenue Optimization in Freemium Games" title="Predictive Models for Revenue Optimization in Freemium Games" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Joyce Stevens</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda