It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #298982629870 (2025-02-02)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #298982629870 (2025-02-02)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-02T05:44:56Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Paul Young" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #298982629870 (2025-02-02)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Paul Young",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-02T05:44:56Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/298982629870"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "298982629870",
  52.            "abstract": "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games #298982629870 (2025-02-02)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Paul Young",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-02T05:44:56Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" title="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Paul Young</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-02</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Paul Young for contributing the article "Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" alt="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" title="Choice Overload and Its Impact on Player Spending in Freemium Games" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper examines how mobile games can be utilized as platforms for social advocacy and political mobilization, particularly in the context of global social movements. The study explores the potential for mobile games to raise awareness about social justice issues, such as climate change, gender equality, and human rights, by engaging players in interactive, narrative-driven activism. By drawing on theories of participatory media and political communication, the research analyzes how game mechanics can be used to simulate real-world social challenges, promote empathy, and encourage collective action. The paper also discusses the ethical challenges of gamifying serious issues and the risks of oversimplification or exploitation of activism.</p>
  100. <p>This paper provides a comparative legal analysis of intellectual property (IP) rights as they pertain to mobile game development, focusing on the protection of game code, design elements, and in-game assets across different jurisdictions. The study examines the legal challenges that developers face when navigating copyright, trademark, and patent law in the global mobile gaming market. By comparing IP regulations in the United States, the European Union, and Asia, the paper identifies key legal barriers and proposes policy recommendations to foster innovation while protecting the intellectual property of creators. The study also considers emerging issues such as the ownership of user-generated content and the legal status of in-game assets like NFTs.</p>
  101. <p>The future of gaming is a tapestry woven with technological innovations, creative visions, and player-driven evolution. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), cloud gaming, and blockchain technology promise to revolutionize how we play, experience, and interact with games, ushering in an era of unprecedented possibilities and immersive experiences.</p>
  102. <p>This study applies neuromarketing techniques to analyze how mobile gaming companies assess and influence player preferences, focusing on cognitive and emotional responses to in-game stimuli. By using neuroimaging, eye-tracking, and biometric sensors, the research provides insights into how game mechanics such as reward systems, narrative engagement, and visual design elements affect players’ neurological responses. The paper explores the implications of these findings for mobile game developers, with a particular emphasis on optimizing player engagement, retention, and monetization strategies through the application of neuroscientific principles.</p>
  103. <p>This paper examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design of mobile games, focusing on how AI enables adaptive game mechanics that adjust to a player’s behavior. The research explores how machine learning algorithms personalize game difficulty, enhance NPC interactions, and create procedurally generated content. It also addresses challenges in ensuring that AI-driven systems maintain fairness and avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://359503847499-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://311650545177-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://346054889730-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://125864806961-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://916534268973-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://351335347924-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://405002204867-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://284181416659-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://294087527038-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://258645473882-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://933699618026-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://779572308262-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://709198481851-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://713515192149-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://389216597417-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://355431502854-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://373688526548-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://298049785328-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://489775102461-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://324089819614-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?692134083950&amp;url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?471728950359&amp;url=https://naver471728950359-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?230202662885&amp;url=https://naver230202662885-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?383689736808&amp;url=https://naver383689736808-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?604739663683&amp;url=https://naver604739663683-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?950138667035&amp;url=https://naver950138667035-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?008689559923&amp;url=https://naver008689559923-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?980259644658&amp;url=https://naver980259644658-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?524238839707&amp;url=https://naver524238839707-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?763665053189&amp;url=https://naver763665053189-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?143509462996&amp;url=https://naver143509462996-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?789650427793&amp;url=https://naver789650427793-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?309617631992&amp;url=https://naver309617631992-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-939228896862.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-904683014986.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-649748041963.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-753440631109.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-501999564448.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-343540925360.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-334444395585.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-541985820174.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-276802836270.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-719367811910.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-593511948528.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-801438519446.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-228429579821.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-925787578721.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-572516249081.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-938921013692.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-349121378530-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-255153257159-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-351620865887-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/6402739185" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/9275463801">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" alt="An Adaptive Framework for Balancing Multiplayer Game Systems" title="An Adaptive Framework for Balancing Multiplayer Game Systems" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-9275463801.mit-edu.top/post/9275463801/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/9275463801">An Adaptive Framework for Balancing Multiplayer Game Systems</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This systematic review examines existing literature on the effects of mobile gaming on mental health, identifying both beneficial and detrimental outcomes. It provides evidence-based recommendations for stakeholders in the gaming industry and healthcare sectors.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/9275463801" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="An Adaptive Framework for Balancing Multiplayer Game Systems" title="An Adaptive Framework for Balancing Multiplayer Game Systems" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Linda Miller</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/5781062943">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/13.jpg" alt="Blockchain-Based Asset Ownership in Mobile Games: Design and Implementation" title="Blockchain-Based Asset Ownership in Mobile Games: Design and Implementation" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-5781062943.mit-edu.top/post/5781062943/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/5781062943">Blockchain-Based Asset Ownership in Mobile Games: Design and Implementation</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This paper investigates the role of user-generated content (UGC) in mobile gaming, focusing on how players contribute to game design, content creation, and community-driven innovation. By employing theories of participatory design and collaborative creation, the study examines how game developers empower users to create, modify, and share game content such as levels, skins, and in-game items. The research also evaluates the social dynamics and intellectual property challenges associated with UGC, proposing a model for balancing creative freedom with fair compensation and legal protection in the mobile gaming industry.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/5781062943" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/11.jpg" alt="Blockchain-Based Asset Ownership in Mobile Games: Design and Implementation" title="Blockchain-Based Asset Ownership in Mobile Games: Design and Implementation" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Amanda Evans</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/0486372591">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="Mobile Games as Mediators of Cross-Border Historical Narratives" title="Mobile Games as Mediators of Cross-Border Historical Narratives" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-0486372591.mit-edu.top/post/0486372591/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/0486372591">Mobile Games as Mediators of Cross-Border Historical Narratives</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">Esports, the competitive gaming phenomenon, has experienced an unprecedented surge in popularity, evolving into a multi-billion-dollar industry with professional players competing for lucrative prize pools in tournaments watched by millions of viewers worldwide. The rise of esports has not only elevated gaming to a mainstream spectacle but has also paved the way for new career opportunities and avenues for aspiring gamers to showcase their skills on a global stage.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-697847650999.mit-edu.top/post/0486372591" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/12.jpg" alt="Mobile Games as Mediators of Cross-Border Historical Narratives" title="Mobile Games as Mediators of Cross-Border Historical Narratives" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Donald Green</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda