It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory #892589352738 (2025-02-01)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory #892589352738 (2025-02-01)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-01T09:07:01Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Victoria Simmons" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory #892589352738 (2025-02-01)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Victoria Simmons",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-01T09:07:01Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/892589352738"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "892589352738",
  52.            "abstract": "Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory #892589352738 (2025-02-01)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Victoria Simmons",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-01T09:07:01Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory" title="Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Victoria Simmons</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-01</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Victoria Simmons for contributing the article "Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory" title="Analyzing the Social Dynamics of Competitive Mobile Games Using Network Theory" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Multiplayer platforms foster communities of gamers, forging friendships across continents and creating bonds that transcend virtual boundaries. Through cooperative missions, competitive matches, and shared adventures, players connect on a deeper level, building camaraderie and teamwork skills that extend beyond the digital realm. The social aspect of gaming not only enhances gameplay but also enriches lives, fostering friendships that endure and memories that last a lifetime.</p>
  100. <p>This paper analyzes the economic contributions of the mobile gaming industry to local economies, including job creation, revenue generation, and the development of related sectors such as tourism and retail. It provides case studies from various regions to illustrate these impacts.</p>
  101. <p>This paper investigates the ethical concerns surrounding mobile game addiction and its potential societal consequences. It examines the role of game design features, such as reward loops, monetization practices, and social competition, in fostering addictive behaviors among players. The research analyzes current regulatory frameworks across different countries and proposes policy recommendations aimed at mitigating the negative effects of mobile game addiction, with an emphasis on industry self-regulation, consumer protection, and the promotion of healthy gaming habits.</p>
  102. <p>This study examines the psychological effects of mobile game addiction, including its impact on mental health, social relationships, and academic performance. It also explores societal perceptions of gaming addiction and discusses potential interventions and preventive measures.</p>
  103. <p>This paper provides a comparative legal analysis of intellectual property (IP) rights as they pertain to mobile game development, focusing on the protection of game code, design elements, and in-game assets across different jurisdictions. The study examines the legal challenges that developers face when navigating copyright, trademark, and patent law in the global mobile gaming market. By comparing IP regulations in the United States, the European Union, and Asia, the paper identifies key legal barriers and proposes policy recommendations to foster innovation while protecting the intellectual property of creators. The study also considers emerging issues such as the ownership of user-generated content and the legal status of in-game assets like NFTs.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://199219356684-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://968434832975-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://411535044066-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://902570967811-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://395592033296-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://891308999256-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://253044174633-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://947276956186-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://986801537841-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://269622916743-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://349968657247-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://491276392265-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://567132576472-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://238963712930-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://570706352076-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://223970294190-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://461664712792-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://428735358645-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://764174121397-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://869038381154-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?680454931449&amp;url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?862091777681&amp;url=https://naver862091777681-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?519725293239&amp;url=https://naver519725293239-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?732987973173&amp;url=https://naver732987973173-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?250929170152&amp;url=https://naver250929170152-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?671005079268&amp;url=https://naver671005079268-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?956364699791&amp;url=https://naver956364699791-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?609625982192&amp;url=https://naver609625982192-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?790717513150&amp;url=https://naver790717513150-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?629598769621&amp;url=https://naver629598769621-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?220439718880&amp;url=https://naver220439718880-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?532858810879&amp;url=https://naver532858810879-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?745618830884&amp;url=https://naver745618830884-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-765643707993.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-785763737309.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-183262648213.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-684483752338.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-612442461787.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-052883242690.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-076209171425.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-762841647935.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-350529536167.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-185227803098.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-252955481434.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-487104912435.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-126535350646.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-184337786596.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-998232754407.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-942007626059.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-838488187900-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-185626310621-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-383089973821-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/8524316970" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/0371462985">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="The Intersection of Wearable Technology and Game Mechanics: Opportunities and Challenges" title="The Intersection of Wearable Technology and Game Mechanics: Opportunities and Challenges" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-0371462985.mit-edu.top/post/0371462985/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/0371462985">The Intersection of Wearable Technology and Game Mechanics: Opportunities and Challenges</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research explores how mobile games contribute to the development of digital literacy skills among young players. It looks at how games can teach skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and technology literacy, and how these skills transfer to real-world applications. The study also considers the potential risks associated with mobile gaming, including exposure to online predators and the spread of misinformation, and suggests strategies for promoting safe and effective gaming.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/0371462985" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="The Intersection of Wearable Technology and Game Mechanics: Opportunities and Challenges" title="The Intersection of Wearable Technology and Game Mechanics: Opportunities and Challenges" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Nancy Lewis</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/0768932451">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/6.jpg" alt="Quantum-Safe Cryptography for Future-Proof Mobile Gaming Ecosystems" title="Quantum-Safe Cryptography for Future-Proof Mobile Gaming Ecosystems" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-0768932451.mit-edu.top/post/0768932451/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/0768932451">Quantum-Safe Cryptography for Future-Proof Mobile Gaming Ecosystems</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This study investigates the use of gamification techniques in mobile learning applications, focusing on how game-like elements such as scoring, badges, and leaderboards influence user engagement and motivation. It assesses the effectiveness of gamification in enhancing learning outcomes, particularly in educational apps targeting children and young adults. The paper also addresses challenges in designing gamified systems that balance educational value with entertainment.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/0768932451" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/18.jpg" alt="Quantum-Safe Cryptography for Future-Proof Mobile Gaming Ecosystems" title="Quantum-Safe Cryptography for Future-Proof Mobile Gaming Ecosystems" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Ryan Morgan</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/1259437068">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/3.jpg" alt="Behavioral Insights into Player-Driven Narrative Choices in Mobile RPGs" title="Behavioral Insights into Player-Driven Narrative Choices in Mobile RPGs" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-1259437068.mit-edu.top/post/1259437068/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/1259437068">Behavioral Insights into Player-Driven Narrative Choices in Mobile RPGs</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">Esports has risen as a global phenomenon, transforming skilled gamers into celebrated athletes. They compete in electrifying tournaments watched by millions, showcasing their talents, earning recognition, fame, and substantial prize pools that rival those of traditional sports. The professionalization of esports has also led to the development of coaching, training facilities, and esports academies, paving the way for a new generation of esports professionals and cementing gaming as a legitimate career path.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-697980808036.mit-edu.top/post/1259437068" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Behavioral Insights into Player-Driven Narrative Choices in Mobile RPGs" title="Behavioral Insights into Player-Driven Narrative Choices in Mobile RPGs" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Joshua Gray</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda