It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players #242435887690 (2025-02-06)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players #242435887690 (2025-02-06)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-06T03:11:12Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Ruth Wood" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players #242435887690 (2025-02-06)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Ruth Wood",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-06T03:11:12Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/242435887690"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "242435887690",
  52.            "abstract": "Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players #242435887690 (2025-02-06)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Ruth Wood",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-06T03:11:12Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players" title="Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Ruth Wood</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-06</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Ruth Wood for contributing the article "Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players" title="Designing AR Games for Enhanced Spatial Memory Retention in Players" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper investigates the role of social influence in mobile games, focusing on how social networks, peer pressure, and social comparison affect player behavior and in-game purchasing decisions. The study examines how features such as leaderboards, friend lists, and social sharing options influence players’ motivations to engage with the game and spend money on in-game items. Drawing on social psychology and behavioral economics, the research explores how players' decisions are shaped by their interactions with others in the game environment. The paper also discusses the ethical implications of using social influence to drive in-game purchases, particularly in relation to vulnerable players and addiction risk.</p>
  100. <p>The social fabric of gaming is woven through online multiplayer experiences, where players collaborate, compete, and form lasting friendships in virtual realms. Whether teaming up in cooperative missions or facing off in intense PvP battles, the camaraderie and sense of community fostered by online gaming platforms transcend geographical distances, creating bonds that extend beyond the digital domain.</p>
  101. <p>This research explores how storytelling elements in mobile games influence player engagement and emotional investment. It examines the psychological mechanisms that make narrative-driven games compelling, focusing on immersion, empathy, and character development. The study also assesses how mobile game developers can use narrative structures to enhance long-term player retention and satisfaction.</p>
  102. <p>This study explores the economic implications of in-game microtransactions within mobile games, focusing on their effects on user behavior and virtual market dynamics. The research investigates how the implementation of microtransactions, including loot boxes, subscriptions, and cosmetic purchases, influences player engagement, game retention, and overall spending patterns. By drawing on theories of consumer behavior, behavioral economics, and market structure, the paper analyzes how mobile game developers create virtual economies that mimic real-world market forces. Additionally, the paper discusses the ethical implications of microtransactions, particularly in terms of player manipulation, gambling-like mechanics, and the impact on younger audiences.</p>
  103. <p>This study examines the ethical implications of loot boxes in mobile games, with a particular focus on their psychological impact and potential to foster gambling behavior. It provides a legal analysis of how various jurisdictions have approached the regulation of loot boxes and explores the implications of their inclusion in games targeted at minors. The paper discusses potential reforms and alternatives to loot boxes in the mobile gaming industry.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://752683476258-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://798880484943-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://482108484743-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://090716695474-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://523918366587-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://425809109181-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://750398851242-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://089737470950-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://971889965905-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://790815113186-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://923919916095-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://082582062053-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://575983576878-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://869479988236-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://443758016504-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://962549436373-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://271095740016-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://927588074339-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://272810248458-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://923035637495-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?292736753045&amp;url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?079914717011&amp;url=https://naver079914717011-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?574314843126&amp;url=https://naver574314843126-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?892197704696&amp;url=https://naver892197704696-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?177988146677&amp;url=https://naver177988146677-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?062484063383&amp;url=https://naver062484063383-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?153623241949&amp;url=https://naver153623241949-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?854412218456&amp;url=https://naver854412218456-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?863291617070&amp;url=https://naver863291617070-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?494598573924&amp;url=https://naver494598573924-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?146091788008&amp;url=https://naver146091788008-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?279976916475&amp;url=https://naver279976916475-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?233626140750&amp;url=https://naver233626140750-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-928739556554.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-155703336799.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-314499492265.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-221877293873.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-107776718157.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-006233856034.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-763140460148.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-810736536269.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-545258625930.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-086101993066.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-629246201726.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-689182181892.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-991208860895.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-425698267185.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-404684884914.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-891980433992.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-729447097556-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-934435815014-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-157457730684-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/2380657149" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/0178562349">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Exploring the Political Narratives Embedded in Strategy Mobile Games" title="Exploring the Political Narratives Embedded in Strategy Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-0178562349.mit-edu.top/post/0178562349/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/0178562349">Exploring the Political Narratives Embedded in Strategy Mobile Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research explores how mobile gaming influences cultural identity and expression across different regions. It examines the role of mobile games in cultural exchange, preservation, and the representation of diverse cultures. This research investigates how mobile gaming affects sleep quality and duration, considering factors such as screen time, game content, and player demographics. It provides insights into the health implications of mobile gaming habits.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/0178562349" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Exploring the Political Narratives Embedded in Strategy Mobile Games" title="Exploring the Political Narratives Embedded in Strategy Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Victoria Simmons</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/5841620973">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/20.jpg" alt="Dynamic Goal Recognition in Player-Centric Game AI Systems" title="Dynamic Goal Recognition in Player-Centric Game AI Systems" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-5841620973.mit-edu.top/post/5841620973/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/5841620973">Dynamic Goal Recognition in Player-Centric Game AI Systems</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">The social fabric of gaming is woven through online multiplayer experiences, where players collaborate, compete, and form lasting friendships in virtual realms. Whether teaming up in cooperative missions or facing off in intense PvP battles, the camaraderie and sense of community fostered by online gaming platforms transcend geographical distances, creating bonds that extend beyond the digital domain.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/5841620973" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Dynamic Goal Recognition in Player-Centric Game AI Systems" title="Dynamic Goal Recognition in Player-Centric Game AI Systems" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>George Baker</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/9230814675">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/15.jpg" alt="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" title="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-9230814675.mit-edu.top/post/9230814675/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/9230814675">Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This paper investigates how different motivational theories, such as self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), are applied to mobile health games that aim to promote positive behavioral changes in health-related practices. The study compares various mobile health games and their design elements, including rewards, goal-setting, and social support mechanisms, to evaluate how these elements align with motivational frameworks and influence long-term health behavior change. The paper provides recommendations for designers on how to integrate motivational theory into mobile health games to maximize user engagement, retention, and sustained behavioral modification.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-708442088920.mit-edu.top/post/9230814675" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" title="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Ann Gonzales</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda