It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #258205853579 (2025-02-05)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #258205853579 (2025-02-05)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/5.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-05T14:50:50Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Nicholas Richardson" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #258205853579 (2025-02-05)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Nicholas Richardson",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-05T14:50:50Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/5.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/258205853579"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "258205853579",
  52.            "abstract": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #258205853579 (2025-02-05)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Nicholas Richardson",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-05T14:50:50Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" title="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Nicholas Richardson</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-05</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Nicholas Richardson for contributing the article "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/5.jpg" alt="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" title="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Game developers are the visionary architects behind the mesmerizing worlds and captivating narratives that define modern gaming experiences. Their tireless innovation and creativity have propelled the industry forward, delivering groundbreaking titles that blur the line between reality and fantasy, leaving players awestruck and eager for the next technological marvel.</p>
  100. <p>Mobile gaming has democratized access to gaming experiences, empowering billions of smartphone users to dive into a vast array of games ranging from casual puzzles to graphically intensive adventures. The portability and convenience of mobile devices have transformed downtime into playtime, allowing gamers to indulge their passion anytime, anywhere, with a tap of their fingertips.</p>
  101. <p>This paper explores how mobile games can be used to raise awareness about environmental issues and promote sustainable behaviors. Drawing on environmental psychology and game-based learning, the study investigates how game mechanics such as resource management, ecological simulations, and narrative-driven environmental challenges can educate players about sustainability. The research examines case studies of games that integrate environmental themes, analyzing their impact on players' attitudes toward climate change, waste reduction, and conservation efforts. The paper proposes a framework for designing mobile games that not only entertain but also foster environmental stewardship and collective action.</p>
  102. <p>Virtual avatars, meticulously crafted extensions of the self, embody players' dreams, fears, and aspirations, allowing for a profound level of self-expression and identity exploration within the vast digital landscapes. Whether customizing the appearance, abilities, or personality traits of their avatars, gamers imbue these virtual representations with elements of their own identity, creating a sense of connection and ownership. The ability to inhabit alternate personas, explore diverse roles, and interact with virtual worlds empowers players to express themselves in ways that transcend the limitations of the physical realm, fostering creativity and empathy in the gaming community.</p>
  103. <p>This paper critically analyzes the role of mobile gaming in reinforcing or challenging socioeconomic stratification, particularly in developing and emerging markets. It examines how factors such as access to mobile devices, internet connectivity, and disposable income create disparities in the ability to participate in the mobile gaming ecosystem. The study draws upon theories of digital inequality and explores how mobile games both reflect and perpetuate existing social and economic divides, while also investigating the potential of mobile gaming to serve as a democratizing force, providing access to entertainment, education, and social connection for underserved populations.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://749747096820-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://590487169096-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://474064538413-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://213896855994-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://711710468864-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://318269590980-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://566165636708-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://844631063889-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://849837984500-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://064735510073-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://189477452345-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://044494501984-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://446544853700-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://546880384834-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://385483937581-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://077358402081-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://129603032581-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://974633831676-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://417726838809-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://103461558021-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?405572114896&amp;url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?470360381627&amp;url=https://naver470360381627-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?883786927484&amp;url=https://naver883786927484-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?796185833869&amp;url=https://naver796185833869-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?808070758127&amp;url=https://naver808070758127-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?729468837555&amp;url=https://naver729468837555-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?039426416213&amp;url=https://naver039426416213-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?298101883820&amp;url=https://naver298101883820-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?614479073925&amp;url=https://naver614479073925-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?566188417337&amp;url=https://naver566188417337-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?526809970327&amp;url=https://naver526809970327-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?325618274983&amp;url=https://naver325618274983-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?735579321912&amp;url=https://naver735579321912-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-810942784256.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-183572955413.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-346538719714.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-982317925283.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-479010454008.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-980851349581.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-383901258260.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-216716504690.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-725783811112.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-338165286868.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-518078051629.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-901122456272.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-701487249157.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-963125116239.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-575293573612.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-436342148450.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-062795642172-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-420882025760-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-984730836006-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/8602314795" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/6140872935">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/5.jpg" alt="Monetary Policy in Decentralized Mobile Game Economies: A Systems Dynamics Study" title="Monetary Policy in Decentralized Mobile Game Economies: A Systems Dynamics Study" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-6140872935.mit-edu.top/post/6140872935/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/6140872935">Monetary Policy in Decentralized Mobile Game Economies: A Systems Dynamics Study</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This study examines the ethical implications of data collection practices in mobile games, focusing on how player data is used to personalize experiences, target advertisements, and influence in-game purchases. The research investigates the risks associated with data privacy violations, surveillance, and the exploitation of vulnerable players, particularly minors and those with addictive tendencies. By drawing on ethical frameworks from information technology ethics, the paper discusses the ethical responsibilities of game developers in balancing data-driven business models with player privacy. It also proposes guidelines for designing mobile games that prioritize user consent, transparency, and data protection.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/6140872935" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Monetary Policy in Decentralized Mobile Game Economies: A Systems Dynamics Study" title="Monetary Policy in Decentralized Mobile Game Economies: A Systems Dynamics Study" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>William Rodriguez</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/5024719386">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="Gender Representation Trends in Mobile Game Design: A Quantitative Analysis" title="Gender Representation Trends in Mobile Game Design: A Quantitative Analysis" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-5024719386.mit-edu.top/post/5024719386/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/5024719386">Gender Representation Trends in Mobile Game Design: A Quantitative Analysis</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This research explores the relationship between mobile gaming habits and academic performance among students. It examines both positive aspects, such as improved cognitive skills, and negative aspects, such as decreased study time and attention.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/5024719386" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/5.jpg" alt="Gender Representation Trends in Mobile Game Design: A Quantitative Analysis" title="Gender Representation Trends in Mobile Game Design: A Quantitative Analysis" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Ruth Wood</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/4152903786">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/2.jpg" alt="The Impact of Wearable AR Devices on Social Interactions in Game Communities" title="The Impact of Wearable AR Devices on Social Interactions in Game Communities" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-4152903786.mit-edu.top/post/4152903786/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/4152903786">The Impact of Wearable AR Devices on Social Interactions in Game Communities</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">Indie game developers play a vital role in shaping the diverse landscape of gaming, bringing fresh perspectives, innovative gameplay mechanics, and compelling narratives to the forefront. Their creative freedom and entrepreneurial spirit fuel a culture of experimentation and discovery, driving the industry forward with bold ideas and unique gaming experiences that captivate players' imaginations.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-747133501511.mit-edu.top/post/4152903786" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/16.jpg" alt="The Impact of Wearable AR Devices on Social Interactions in Game Communities" title="The Impact of Wearable AR Devices on Social Interactions in Game Communities" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Maria Anderson</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda