It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization #988819456699 (2025-02-04)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization #988819456699 (2025-02-04)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/3.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-03T23:00:13Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Jason Morris" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization #988819456699 (2025-02-04)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Jason Morris",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-03T23:00:13Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/3.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/988819456699"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "988819456699",
  52.            "abstract": "Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization #988819456699 (2025-02-04)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Jason Morris",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-03T23:00:13Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/3.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization" title="Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Jason Morris</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-04</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Jason Morris for contributing the article "Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/3.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization" title="Behavioral Economics of Limited-Time Offers in Mobile Game Monetization" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Gaming communities thrive in digital spaces, bustling forums, social media hubs, and streaming platforms where players converge to share strategies, discuss game lore, showcase fan art, and forge connections with fellow enthusiasts. These vibrant communities serve as hubs of creativity, camaraderie, and collective celebration of all things gaming-related.</p>
  100. <p>The symphony of gaming unfolds in a crescendo of controller clicks, keyboard clacks, and the occasional victorious shout that pierces through the virtual silence, marking triumphs and milestones in the digital realm. Every input, every action taken by players contributes to the immersive experience of gaming, creating a symphony of sights, sounds, and emotions that transport them to fantastical realms and engaging adventures. Whether exploring serene landscapes, engaging in intense combat, or unraveling compelling narratives, the interactive nature of gaming fosters a deep sense of engagement and immersion, making each gaming session a memorable journey.</p>
  101. <p>Esports, the competitive gaming phenomenon, has experienced an unprecedented surge in popularity, evolving into a multi-billion-dollar industry with professional players competing for lucrative prize pools in tournaments watched by millions of viewers worldwide. The rise of esports has not only elevated gaming to a mainstream spectacle but has also paved the way for new career opportunities and avenues for aspiring gamers to showcase their skills on a global stage.</p>
  102. <p>This paper investigates the use of mobile games and gamification techniques in areas beyond entertainment, such as education, healthcare, and corporate training. It examines how game mechanics are applied to encourage desired behaviors, improve productivity, and enhance learning outcomes. The study also analyzes the effectiveness and challenges of gamification strategies, highlighting case studies from various industries.</p>
  103. <p>The allure of virtual worlds is undeniably powerful, drawing players into immersive realms where they can become anything from heroic warriors wielding enchanted swords to cunning strategists orchestrating grand schemes of conquest and diplomacy. These virtual realms are not just spaces for gaming but also avenues for self-expression and creativity, where players can customize their avatars, design unique outfits, and build virtual homes or kingdoms. The sense of agency and control over one's digital identity adds another layer of fascination to the gaming experience, blurring the boundaries between fantasy and reality.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://582124479787-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://623673298355-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://686735183496-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://843812574842-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://271006675258-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://866116890181-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://449824052153-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://811336223844-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://424442686679-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://184399681825-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://447731273628-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://996553561901-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://970152607480-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://508970769425-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://872073270286-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://556394354151-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://238270768065-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://383412077607-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://133559772600-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://686582021463-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?670440154519&amp;url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?497757725374&amp;url=https://naver497757725374-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?676713081125&amp;url=https://naver676713081125-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?140691641316&amp;url=https://naver140691641316-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?188725183865&amp;url=https://naver188725183865-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?263385809969&amp;url=https://naver263385809969-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?123265884756&amp;url=https://naver123265884756-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?274661197426&amp;url=https://naver274661197426-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?916902825241&amp;url=https://naver916902825241-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?839205933399&amp;url=https://naver839205933399-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?508251952543&amp;url=https://naver508251952543-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?735360444474&amp;url=https://naver735360444474-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?068307258183&amp;url=https://naver068307258183-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-278523907433.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-588925421261.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-097805232095.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-485138486289.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-822958167858.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-372681129632.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-580119092388.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-104989727085.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-107061229330.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-349578399897.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-760479989786.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-818852987845.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-774653430487.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-486455046932.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-121915483959.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-292341199734.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-249932254345-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-894289119444-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-564447961965-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3078564912" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/1857392064">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/3.jpg" alt="Quantum Algorithms for Scaling Procedural Generation in Large Game Worlds" title="Quantum Algorithms for Scaling Procedural Generation in Large Game Worlds" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-1857392064.mit-edu.top/post/1857392064/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/1857392064">Quantum Algorithms for Scaling Procedural Generation in Large Game Worlds</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">The gaming industry's commercial landscape is fiercely competitive, with companies employing diverse monetization strategies such as microtransactions, downloadable content (DLC), and subscription models to sustain and grow their player bases. Balancing player engagement with revenue generation is a delicate dance that requires thoughtful design and consideration of player feedback.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/1857392064" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/3.jpg" alt="Quantum Algorithms for Scaling Procedural Generation in Large Game Worlds" title="Quantum Algorithms for Scaling Procedural Generation in Large Game Worlds" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Jerry Fisher</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/2637015948">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="The Role of Mobile Games in Fostering Prosocial Behavior Among Adolescents" title="The Role of Mobile Games in Fostering Prosocial Behavior Among Adolescents" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-2637015948.mit-edu.top/post/2637015948/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/2637015948">The Role of Mobile Games in Fostering Prosocial Behavior Among Adolescents</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">From the nostalgic allure of retro classics to the cutting-edge simulations of modern gaming, the evolution of this immersive medium mirrors humanity's insatiable thirst for innovation, escapism, and boundless exploration. The rich tapestry of gaming history is woven with iconic titles that have left an indelible mark on pop culture and inspired generations of players. As technology advances and artistic vision continues to push the boundaries of what's possible, the gaming landscape evolves, offering new experiences, genres, and innovations that captivate and enthrall players worldwide.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/2637015948" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/7.jpg" alt="The Role of Mobile Games in Fostering Prosocial Behavior Among Adolescents" title="The Role of Mobile Games in Fostering Prosocial Behavior Among Adolescents" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Kathleen Simmons</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3154892706">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="A Systematic Review of Mobile Games for STEM Skill Development" title="A Systematic Review of Mobile Games for STEM Skill Development" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-3154892706.mit-edu.top/post/3154892706/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3154892706">A Systematic Review of Mobile Games for STEM Skill Development</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">Game streaming platforms like Twitch, YouTube Gaming, and Mixer have revolutionized how gamers consume and interact with gaming content, turning everyday players into content creators, influencers, and entertainers. Livestreamed gameplay, interactive chats, and community engagement redefine the gaming experience, transforming passive consumption into dynamic, participatory entertainment.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-773701992684.mit-edu.top/post/3154892706" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/16.jpg" alt="A Systematic Review of Mobile Games for STEM Skill Development" title="A Systematic Review of Mobile Games for STEM Skill Development" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Eric Howard</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda