It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #457544944710 (2025-02-02)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #457544944710 (2025-02-02)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-02T01:46:23Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Eric Howard" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #457544944710 (2025-02-02)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Eric Howard",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-02T01:46:23Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/457544944710"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "457544944710",
  52.            "abstract": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications #457544944710 (2025-02-02)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Eric Howard",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-02T01:46:23Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" title="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Eric Howard</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-02</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Eric Howard for contributing the article "Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" title="Virtual Economies in Mobile Games: Social and Economic Implications" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>A Comparative Analysis This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of various monetization models in mobile gaming, including in-app purchases, advertisements, and subscription services. It compares the effectiveness and ethical considerations of each model, offering recommendations for developers and policymakers.</p>
  100. <p>The intricate game mechanics of modern titles challenge players on multiple levels. From mastering complex skill trees and managing in-game economies to coordinating with teammates in high-stakes raids, players must think critically, adapt quickly, and collaborate effectively to achieve victory. These challenges not only test cognitive abilities but also foster valuable skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and resilience, making gaming not just an entertaining pastime but also a platform for personal growth and development.</p>
  101. <p>This research investigates the ethical and psychological implications of microtransaction systems in mobile games, particularly in free-to-play models. The study examines how microtransactions, which allow players to purchase in-game items, cosmetics, or advantages, influence player behavior, spending habits, and overall satisfaction. Drawing on ethical theory and psychological models of consumer decision-making, the paper explores how microtransactions contribute to the phenomenon of “pay-to-win,” exploitation of vulnerable players, and player frustration. The research also evaluates the psychological impact of loot boxes, virtual currency, and in-app purchases, offering recommendations for ethical monetization practices that prioritize player well-being without compromising developer profitability.</p>
  102. <p>This research explores how mobile gaming influences consumer behavior, particularly in relation to brand loyalty and purchasing decisions. It examines how in-game advertisements, product placements, and brand collaborations impact players’ perceptions and engagement with brands. The study also looks at the role of mobile gaming in shaping consumer trends, with a particular focus on young, tech-savvy demographics.</p>
  103. <p>This study applies social network analysis (SNA) to investigate the role of social influence and network dynamics in mobile gaming communities. It examines how social relationships, information flow, and peer-to-peer interactions within these communities shape player behavior, preferences, and engagement patterns. The research builds upon social learning theory and network theory to model the spread of gaming behaviors, including game adoption, in-game purchases, and the sharing of strategies and achievements. The study also explores how mobile games leverage social influence mechanisms, such as multiplayer collaboration and social rewards, to enhance player retention and lifetime value.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://327121890527-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://642177171212-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://814920363085-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://264226980298-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://915136318811-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://848156772204-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://902922823437-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://079960044860-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://448768158451-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://633077785671-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://786263217083-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://909745918216-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://095552721348-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://679388778753-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://244166765221-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://594629496434-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://312187501028-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://795327477949-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://899542073292-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://943155924457-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?105899889733&amp;url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?030360654960&amp;url=https://naver030360654960-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?462907628107&amp;url=https://naver462907628107-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?195079472519&amp;url=https://naver195079472519-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?575062018208&amp;url=https://naver575062018208-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?070991601218&amp;url=https://naver070991601218-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?166318366862&amp;url=https://naver166318366862-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?074805712802&amp;url=https://naver074805712802-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?063184090732&amp;url=https://naver063184090732-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?568155453933&amp;url=https://naver568155453933-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?415795992211&amp;url=https://naver415795992211-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?611794051866&amp;url=https://naver611794051866-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?412806157626&amp;url=https://naver412806157626-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-216437509789.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-284371022303.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-928690312065.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-725794612059.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-151492884653.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-785981563143.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-504719735974.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-153528906405.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-662076336718.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-791289795057.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-848589155353.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-987668437665.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-535040834683.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-698223521288.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-131897441946.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-939407767580.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-932061975064-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-809004607547-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-313072166372-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/8705391246" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/4981063257">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Serious Games in Medical Training: Enhancing Procedural Skill Retention" title="Serious Games in Medical Training: Enhancing Procedural Skill Retention" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-4981063257.mit-edu.top/post/4981063257/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/4981063257">Serious Games in Medical Training: Enhancing Procedural Skill Retention</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This paper investigates the use of mobile games and gamification techniques in areas beyond entertainment, such as education, healthcare, and corporate training. It examines how game mechanics are applied to encourage desired behaviors, improve productivity, and enhance learning outcomes. The study also analyzes the effectiveness and challenges of gamification strategies, highlighting case studies from various industries.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/4981063257" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="Serious Games in Medical Training: Enhancing Procedural Skill Retention" title="Serious Games in Medical Training: Enhancing Procedural Skill Retention" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Barbara Garcia</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/3017295684">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/13.jpg" alt="Mobile Games as Educational Platforms for Indigenous Language Revitalization" title="Mobile Games as Educational Platforms for Indigenous Language Revitalization" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-3017295684.mit-edu.top/post/3017295684/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/3017295684">Mobile Games as Educational Platforms for Indigenous Language Revitalization</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">Indie game developers play a vital role in shaping the diverse landscape of gaming, bringing fresh perspectives, innovative gameplay mechanics, and compelling narratives to the forefront. Their creative freedom and entrepreneurial spirit fuel a culture of experimentation and discovery, driving the industry forward with bold ideas and unique gaming experiences that captivate players' imaginations.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/3017295684" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/7.jpg" alt="Mobile Games as Educational Platforms for Indigenous Language Revitalization" title="Mobile Games as Educational Platforms for Indigenous Language Revitalization" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Mark Wright</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/7206415893">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/7.jpg" alt="AI-Powered Narratives in Fully Player-Driven Story Worlds" title="AI-Powered Narratives in Fully Player-Driven Story Worlds" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-7206415893.mit-edu.top/post/7206415893/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-02</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/7206415893">AI-Powered Narratives in Fully Player-Driven Story Worlds</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This study explores the challenges and opportunities associated with cross-platform play in mobile games, where players can interact with others across different gaming devices, such as consoles, PCs, and smartphones. The research examines the technical, social, and business challenges of integrating cross-platform functionality, including issues related to server synchronization, input compatibility, and player matching. The paper also investigates how cross-platform play influences player engagement, community building, and game longevity, as well as the potential for cross-platform competitions and esports. Drawing on user experience research and platform integration strategies, the study provides recommendations for developers looking to implement cross-platform play in a way that enhances player experiences and extends the lifecycle of mobile games.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-794896664771.mit-edu.top/post/7206415893" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/17.jpg" alt="AI-Powered Narratives in Fully Player-Driven Story Worlds" title="AI-Powered Narratives in Fully Player-Driven Story Worlds" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Frances Long</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-02 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda