It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention #671890882305 (2025-01-31)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention #671890882305 (2025-01-31)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-01-31T11:58:10Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Judith Mitchell" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention #671890882305 (2025-01-31)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Judith Mitchell",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-01-31T11:58:10Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/671890882305"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "671890882305",
  52.            "abstract": "Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention #671890882305 (2025-01-31)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Judith Mitchell",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-01-31T11:58:10Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/19.jpg" alt="Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention" title="Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Judith Mitchell</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-01-31</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Judith Mitchell for contributing the article "Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention" title="Integrating Behavioral Economics into Game Design to Improve Player Retention" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>Virtual avatars, meticulously crafted extensions of the self, embody players' dreams, fears, and aspirations, allowing for a profound level of self-expression and identity exploration within the vast digital landscapes. Whether customizing the appearance, abilities, or personality traits of their avatars, gamers imbue these virtual representations with elements of their own identity, creating a sense of connection and ownership. The ability to inhabit alternate personas, explore diverse roles, and interact with virtual worlds empowers players to express themselves in ways that transcend the limitations of the physical realm, fostering creativity and empathy in the gaming community.</p>
  100. <p>This paper explores the psychological effects of mobile games on children and adolescents, focusing on cognitive, emotional, and social development. The study analyzes how exposure to different types of mobile games—ranging from educational games to violent action games—affects cognitive abilities, social skills, and emotional regulation. Drawing on developmental psychology and media studies, the research examines the short- and long-term implications of mobile gaming for children’s learning outcomes, attention span, and behavior patterns. The paper also considers the role of parents and educators in guiding children’s gaming experiences, offering recommendations for responsible gaming and age-appropriate game design.</p>
  101. <p>Gaming addiction is a complex issue that warrants attention and understanding, as some individuals struggle to find a healthy balance between their gaming pursuits and other responsibilities. It's important to promote responsible gaming habits, encourage breaks, and offer support to those who may be experiencing challenges in managing their gaming habits and overall well-being.</p>
  102. <p>This paper explores the increasing integration of social media features in mobile games, such as in-game sharing, leaderboards, and social network connectivity. It examines how these features influence player behavior, community engagement, and the overall gaming experience. The research also discusses the benefits and challenges of incorporating social elements into games, particularly in terms of user privacy, data sharing, and online safety.</p>
  103. <p>Gaming communities thrive in digital spaces, bustling forums, social media hubs, and streaming platforms where players converge to share strategies, discuss game lore, showcase fan art, and forge connections with fellow enthusiasts. These vibrant communities serve as hubs of creativity, camaraderie, and collective celebration of all things gaming-related.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://960558891257-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://664759071290-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://829028925071-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://850086742227-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://135254347240-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://142749935044-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://618931754280-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://724459474749-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://643247618502-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://678196179514-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://561936901225-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://986837104914-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://622583930133-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://823956544138-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://948339892050-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://454578851256-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://801324218152-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://142357402950-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://845061651893-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://225130454680-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?430735719326&amp;url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?482571904427&amp;url=https://naver482571904427-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?562021075049&amp;url=https://naver562021075049-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?610542281449&amp;url=https://naver610542281449-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?639081837030&amp;url=https://naver639081837030-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?247851713878&amp;url=https://naver247851713878-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?197331295103&amp;url=https://naver197331295103-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?287091015890&amp;url=https://naver287091015890-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?972359168892&amp;url=https://naver972359168892-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?012522851650&amp;url=https://naver012522851650-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?762342439674&amp;url=https://naver762342439674-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?591470682934&amp;url=https://naver591470682934-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?220385361595&amp;url=https://naver220385361595-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-739797156293.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-362565088016.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-653812396366.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-081611048294.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-802604369651.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-980526134305.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-410349729090.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-427492581534.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-257687239263.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-245244397046.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-394458974643.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-476303628252.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-782496025571.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-369734071711.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-184919288437.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-040697734617.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-025207316817-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-836679474433-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-217689481911-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5872649013" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/1234798560">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="The Impact of Dynamic Goal Setting on Player Persistence in Games" title="The Impact of Dynamic Goal Setting on Player Persistence in Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-1234798560.mit-edu.top/post/1234798560/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/1234798560">The Impact of Dynamic Goal Setting on Player Persistence in Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This study examines the ethical implications of data collection practices in mobile games, focusing on how player data is used to personalize experiences, target advertisements, and influence in-game purchases. The research investigates the risks associated with data privacy violations, surveillance, and the exploitation of vulnerable players, particularly minors and those with addictive tendencies. By drawing on ethical frameworks from information technology ethics, the paper discusses the ethical responsibilities of game developers in balancing data-driven business models with player privacy. It also proposes guidelines for designing mobile games that prioritize user consent, transparency, and data protection.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/1234798560" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/19.jpg" alt="The Impact of Dynamic Goal Setting on Player Persistence in Games" title="The Impact of Dynamic Goal Setting on Player Persistence in Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Linda Miller</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/3407685192">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="Real-Time Object Detection and Interaction in Augmented Reality Gaming" title="Real-Time Object Detection and Interaction in Augmented Reality Gaming" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-3407685192.mit-edu.top/post/3407685192/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/3407685192">Real-Time Object Detection and Interaction in Augmented Reality Gaming</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">The social fabric of gaming is woven through online multiplayer experiences, where players collaborate, compete, and form lasting friendships in virtual realms. Whether teaming up in cooperative missions or facing off in intense PvP battles, the camaraderie and sense of community fostered by online gaming platforms transcend geographical distances, creating bonds that extend beyond the digital domain.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/3407685192" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/13.jpg" alt="Real-Time Object Detection and Interaction in Augmented Reality Gaming" title="Real-Time Object Detection and Interaction in Augmented Reality Gaming" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Cynthia Bailey</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5984702613">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="Game-Based Learning for Environmental Science Education: A Systematic Review" title="Game-Based Learning for Environmental Science Education: A Systematic Review" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-5984702613.mit-edu.top/post/5984702613/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-01-31</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5984702613">Game-Based Learning for Environmental Science Education: A Systematic Review</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the use of mobile games as learning tools, integrating gamification strategies into educational contexts. The research draws on cognitive learning theories and educational psychology to analyze how game mechanics such as rewards, challenges, and feedback influence knowledge retention, motivation, and problem-solving skills. By reviewing case studies of mobile learning games, the paper identifies best practices for designing educational games that foster deep learning experiences while maintaining player engagement. The study also examines the potential for mobile games to address disparities in education access and equity, particularly in resource-limited environments.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-904005402280.mit-edu.top/post/5984702613" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/19.jpg" alt="Game-Based Learning for Environmental Science Education: A Systematic Review" title="Game-Based Learning for Environmental Science Education: A Systematic Review" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Michael Davis</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-01-31 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda