It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies #847157143315 (2025-02-01)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies #847157143315 (2025-02-01)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/6.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-01T05:06:55Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Stephanie Rogers" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies #847157143315 (2025-02-01)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Stephanie Rogers",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-01T05:06:55Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/6.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/847157143315"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "847157143315",
  52.            "abstract": "Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies #847157143315 (2025-02-01)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Stephanie Rogers",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-01T05:06:55Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies" title="Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Stephanie Rogers</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-01</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Stephanie Rogers for contributing the article "Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/6.jpg" alt="Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies" title="Anomaly Detection Mechanisms for Fraud Prevention in Game Economies" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>The fusion of gaming and storytelling has birthed narrative-driven masterpieces that transport players on epic journeys filled with rich characters, moral dilemmas, and immersive worlds. Role-playing games (RPGs), interactive dramas, and story-driven adventures weave intricate narratives that resonate with players on emotional, intellectual, and narrative levels, blurring the line between gaming and literature.</p>
  100. <p>This research investigates the environmental footprint of mobile gaming, including energy consumption, electronic waste, and resource usage. It proposes sustainable practices for game development and consumption.This study examines how mobile gaming serves as a platform for social interaction, allowing players to form and maintain relationships. It explores the dynamics of online communities and the social benefits of gaming.</p>
  101. <p>This paper explores the use of mobile games as educational tools, assessing their effectiveness in teaching various subjects and skills. It discusses the advantages and limitations of game-based learning in mobile contexts.</p>
  102. <p>Multiplayer madness ensues as alliances are forged and tested, betrayals unfold like intricate dramas, and epic battles erupt, painting the virtual sky with a kaleidoscope of chaos, cooperation, and camaraderie. In the vast and dynamic world of online gaming, players from across the globe come together to collaborate, compete, and forge meaningful connections. Whether teaming up with friends to tackle cooperative challenges or engaging in fierce competition against rivals, the social aspect of gaming adds an extra layer of excitement and immersion, creating unforgettable experiences and lasting friendships.</p>
  103. <p>This research explores the evolution of game monetization models in mobile games, with a focus on player preferences and developer strategies over time. By examining historical data and trends from the mobile gaming industry, the study identifies key shifts in monetization practices, such as the transition from premium models to free-to-play with in-app purchases (IAP), subscription services, and ad-based monetization. The research also investigates how these shifts have impacted player behavior, including spending habits, game retention, and perceptions of value. Drawing on theories of consumer behavior, the paper discusses the relationship between monetization models and player satisfaction, providing insights into how developers can balance profitability with user experience while maintaining ethical standards.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://937567962216-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://855460821977-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://874656759406-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://203434120666-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://659857534900-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://575516237580-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://992969624610-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://363854811373-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://097745844041-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://013474411896-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://288425725409-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://984488589937-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://489579297140-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://613163161500-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://469462211168-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://198902974290-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://606767704650-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://971198008908-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://106625685362-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://043418506725-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?626416337909&amp;url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?468005309650&amp;url=https://naver468005309650-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?511183656398&amp;url=https://naver511183656398-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?032732779689&amp;url=https://naver032732779689-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?120086137256&amp;url=https://naver120086137256-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?611351155428&amp;url=https://naver611351155428-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?706664676785&amp;url=https://naver706664676785-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?399124886021&amp;url=https://naver399124886021-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?237780550216&amp;url=https://naver237780550216-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?784352992914&amp;url=https://naver784352992914-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?303015139918&amp;url=https://naver303015139918-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?973995563009&amp;url=https://naver973995563009-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?299591921322&amp;url=https://naver299591921322-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-946937735024.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-681981911860.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-062105490194.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-967470948037.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-139225321641.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-291200607345.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-330243057989.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-512686806027.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-187921565589.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-995684636804.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-594197816508.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-754313303972.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-335926375895.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-586147023564.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-994282415008.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-646225874598.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-291647037565-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-707318172804-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-392852781846-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/9356801742" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/1289306547">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/6.jpg" alt="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" title="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-1289306547.mit-edu.top/post/1289306547/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/1289306547">Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">Esports, the competitive gaming phenomenon, has experienced an unprecedented surge in popularity, evolving into a multi-billion-dollar industry with professional players competing for lucrative prize pools in tournaments watched by millions of viewers worldwide. The rise of esports has not only elevated gaming to a mainstream spectacle but has also paved the way for new career opportunities and avenues for aspiring gamers to showcase their skills on a global stage.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/1289306547" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" title="Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Player Engagement in Gamified Experiences" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Donna Perez</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/4509218763">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/4.jpg" alt="The Role of Transaction Fees in Blockchain-Based Mobile Game Economies" title="The Role of Transaction Fees in Blockchain-Based Mobile Game Economies" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-4509218763.mit-edu.top/post/4509218763/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/4509218763">The Role of Transaction Fees in Blockchain-Based Mobile Game Economies</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This research investigates the environmental footprint of mobile gaming, including energy consumption, electronic waste, and resource usage. It proposes sustainable practices for game development and consumption.This study examines how mobile gaming serves as a platform for social interaction, allowing players to form and maintain relationships. It explores the dynamics of online communities and the social benefits of gaming.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/4509218763" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/12.jpg" alt="The Role of Transaction Fees in Blockchain-Based Mobile Game Economies" title="The Role of Transaction Fees in Blockchain-Based Mobile Game Economies" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Brenda Watson</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/3056978124">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/16.jpg" alt="Machine Learning Applications for Predictive Scene Adaptation in AR Games" title="Machine Learning Applications for Predictive Scene Adaptation in AR Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-3056978124.mit-edu.top/post/3056978124/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-01</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/3056978124">Machine Learning Applications for Predictive Scene Adaptation in AR Games</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This systematic review examines existing literature on the effects of mobile gaming on mental health, identifying both beneficial and detrimental outcomes. It provides evidence-based recommendations for stakeholders in the gaming industry and healthcare sectors.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-affcutkgl.mit-edu.top/post/3056978124" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="Machine Learning Applications for Predictive Scene Adaptation in AR Games" title="Machine Learning Applications for Predictive Scene Adaptation in AR Games" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Mary Johnson</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-01 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda