It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #844572084003 (2025-02-05)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #844572084003 (2025-02-05)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/1.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-05T00:16:31Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Jacob Murphy" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #844572084003 (2025-02-05)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Jacob Murphy",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-05T00:16:31Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/1.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/844572084003"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "844572084003",
  52.            "abstract": "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming #844572084003 (2025-02-05)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Jacob Murphy",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-05T00:16:31Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/13.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" title="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Jacob Murphy</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-05</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Jacob Murphy for contributing the article "Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/1.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" title="Behavioral Economics of Microtransactions in Competitive Gaming" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper explores the use of mobile games as educational tools, assessing their effectiveness in teaching various subjects and skills. It discusses the advantages and limitations of game-based learning in mobile contexts.</p>
  100. <p>The allure of virtual worlds is undeniably powerful, drawing players into immersive realms where they can become anything from heroic warriors wielding enchanted swords to cunning strategists orchestrating grand schemes of conquest and diplomacy. These virtual environments transcend the mundane, offering players a chance to escape into fantastical realms filled with mythical creatures, ancient ruins, and untold mysteries waiting to be uncovered. Whether embarking on epic quests to save the realm from impending doom or engaging in fierce PvP battles against rival factions, the appeal of stepping into a digital persona and shaping their destiny is a driving force behind the gaming phenomenon.</p>
  101. <p>This research investigates how mobile games contribute to the transhumanist imagination by exploring themes of human enhancement and augmented reality (AR). The study examines how mobile AR games, such as Pokémon Go, offer new forms of interaction between players and their physical environments, effectively blurring the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds. Drawing on transhumanist philosophy and media theory, the paper explores the implications of AR technology for redefining human perception, cognition, and embodiment. It also addresses ethical concerns related to the over-reliance on AR technologies and the potential for social disconnection.</p>
  102. <p>Gaming addiction is a complex issue that warrants attention and understanding, as some individuals struggle to find a healthy balance between their gaming pursuits and other responsibilities. It's important to promote responsible gaming habits, encourage breaks, and offer support to those who may be experiencing challenges in managing their gaming habits and overall well-being.</p>
  103. <p>Nostalgia permeates gaming culture, evoking fond memories of classic titles that shaped childhoods and ignited lifelong passions for gaming. The resurgence of remastered versions, reboots, and sequels to beloved franchises taps into this nostalgia, offering players a chance to relive cherished moments while introducing new generations to timeless gaming classics.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://394977845461-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://197019791088-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://461025855252-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://037674783494-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://473672419521-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://107732045802-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://271621078346-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://688540661344-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://548038356519-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://727561220074-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://041285630543-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://489141113879-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://092090504622-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://196251590414-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://526913912112-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://173636955571-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://721772235826-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://118430757011-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://606263336413-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://737229931884-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?859661722358&amp;url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?782334707430&amp;url=https://naver782334707430-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?434512008064&amp;url=https://naver434512008064-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?147372250584&amp;url=https://naver147372250584-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?964608751103&amp;url=https://naver964608751103-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?313210634372&amp;url=https://naver313210634372-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?608757143514&amp;url=https://naver608757143514-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?489690921343&amp;url=https://naver489690921343-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?416954114989&amp;url=https://naver416954114989-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?693054402461&amp;url=https://naver693054402461-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?454599831526&amp;url=https://naver454599831526-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?948346216622&amp;url=https://naver948346216622-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?062318554013&amp;url=https://naver062318554013-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-007150755699.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-211983180321.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-177578979694.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-670139151349.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-657790907765.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-553512089002.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-918043018897.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-888564129471.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-670670872787.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-089968747503.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-015952129187.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-274443141037.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-902662063569.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-881899626161.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-485599380556.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-862129007297.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-159866915564-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-403569145467-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-378198813800-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/2098143576" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/8426093175">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/1.jpg" alt="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" title="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-8426093175.mit-edu.top/post/8426093175/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/8426093175">The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">The fusion of gaming and storytelling has birthed narrative-driven masterpieces that transport players on epic journeys filled with rich characters, moral dilemmas, and immersive worlds. Role-playing games (RPGs), interactive dramas, and story-driven adventures weave intricate narratives that resonate with players on emotional, intellectual, and narrative levels, blurring the line between gaming and literature.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/8426093175" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/13.jpg" alt="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" title="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Laura Bell</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/5730942618">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/9.jpg" alt="The Role of Language in Enhancing Accessibility in Mobile Games" title="The Role of Language in Enhancing Accessibility in Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-5730942618.mit-edu.top/post/5730942618/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/5730942618">The Role of Language in Enhancing Accessibility in Mobile Games</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">Game soundtracks, with their mesmerizing melodies and epic compositions, serve as the heartbeat of virtual adventures, evoking emotions that amplify the gaming experience. From haunting orchestral scores to adrenaline-pumping electronic beats, music sets the tone for gameplay, enhancing atmosphere, and heightening emotions. The synergy between gameplay and sound creates moments of cinematic grandeur, transforming gaming sessions into epic journeys of the senses.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/5730942618" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/5.jpg" alt="The Role of Language in Enhancing Accessibility in Mobile Games" title="The Role of Language in Enhancing Accessibility in Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Robert Jones</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/3812067945">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/11.jpg" alt="Adaptive Game Content Through Predictive Analytics and AI Models" title="Adaptive Game Content Through Predictive Analytics and AI Models" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-3812067945.mit-edu.top/post/3812067945/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-05</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/3812067945">Adaptive Game Content Through Predictive Analytics and AI Models</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research explores the integration of ethical decision-making frameworks into the design of mobile games, focusing on how developers can incorporate ethical principles into game mechanics and player interactions. The study examines the role of moral choices, consequences, and ethical dilemmas in games, analyzing how these elements influence player decision-making, empathy, and social responsibility. Drawing on ethical philosophy, game theory, and human-computer interaction, the paper investigates how ethical game design can foster awareness of societal issues, promote ethical behavior, and encourage critical thinking. The research also addresses the challenges of balancing ethical considerations with commercial success and player enjoyment.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-affejgqbs.mit-edu.top/post/3812067945" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Adaptive Game Content Through Predictive Analytics and AI Models" title="Adaptive Game Content Through Predictive Analytics and AI Models" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Shirley Ramirez</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-05 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda