It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences #911100695295 (2025-02-03)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.gifthub.news/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences #911100695295 (2025-02-03)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="gifthub.news" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/10.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-03T13:13:03Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Linda Miller" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="gifthub.news" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences #911100695295 (2025-02-03)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Linda Miller",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "gifthub.news"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-03T13:13:03Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/10.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "gifthub.news",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/911100695295"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "gifthub.news",
  49.                "url": "https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "911100695295",
  52.            "abstract": "Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences #911100695295 (2025-02-03)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Linda Miller",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-03T13:13:03Z",
  58.                "url": "https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">gifthub.news</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences" title="Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Linda Miller</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-03</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Linda Miller for contributing the article "Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences" title="Integrating Spatial Audio for Immersive AR Mobile Game Experiences" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper examines the growth and sustainability of mobile esports within the broader competitive gaming ecosystem. The research investigates the rise of mobile esports tournaments, platforms, and streaming services, focusing on how mobile games like League of Legends: Wild Rift, PUBG Mobile, and Free Fire are becoming major players in the esports industry. Drawing on theories of sports management, media studies, and digital economies, the study explores the factors contributing to the success of mobile esports, such as accessibility, mobile-first design, and player demographics. The research also considers the future challenges of mobile esports, including monetization, player welfare, and the potential for integration with traditional esports leagues.</p>
  100. <p>This paper explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting player behavior in mobile games. It focuses on how AI algorithms can analyze player data to forecast actions such as in-game purchases, playtime, and engagement. The research examines the potential of AI to enhance personalized gaming experiences, improve game design, and increase player retention rates.</p>
  101. <p>This paper analyzes the economic contributions of the mobile gaming industry to local economies, including job creation, revenue generation, and the development of related sectors such as tourism and retail. It provides case studies from various regions to illustrate these impacts.</p>
  102. <p>This study investigates how mobile games can encourage physical activity among players, focusing on games that incorporate movement and exercise. It evaluates the effectiveness of these games in promoting health and fitness. </p>
  103. <p>This study explores the economic implications of in-game microtransactions within mobile games, focusing on their effects on user behavior and virtual market dynamics. The research investigates how the implementation of microtransactions, including loot boxes, subscriptions, and cosmetic purchases, influences player engagement, game retention, and overall spending patterns. By drawing on theories of consumer behavior, behavioral economics, and market structure, the paper analyzes how mobile game developers create virtual economies that mimic real-world market forces. Additionally, the paper discusses the ethical implications of microtransactions, particularly in terms of player manipulation, gambling-like mechanics, and the impact on younger audiences.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://347841867187-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://102780362761-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://276393428202-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://398107927106-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://233409536275-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://618449688508-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://201911634985-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://948566127962-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://831681502703-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://867366850717-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://330126410588-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://749919396123-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://719790534556-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://298257131023-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://062775047927-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://071436156082-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://705907213580-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://185987685738-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://444053223824-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://545903022610-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?389952806311&amp;url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?634016571172&amp;url=https://naver634016571172-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?584746784670&amp;url=https://naver584746784670-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?850591765267&amp;url=https://naver850591765267-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?925132481855&amp;url=https://naver925132481855-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?533901997056&amp;url=https://naver533901997056-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?233850552176&amp;url=https://naver233850552176-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?414590154544&amp;url=https://naver414590154544-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?644459173458&amp;url=https://naver644459173458-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?414621272722&amp;url=https://naver414621272722-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?837282756102&amp;url=https://naver837282756102-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?119455397760&amp;url=https://naver119455397760-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?997160444273&amp;url=https://naver997160444273-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-448168380225.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-865642731558.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-503920265171.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-009032628282.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-456502462764.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-780307518411.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-783602948509.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-756922301431.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-182034112573.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-867728693296.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-537671790093.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-415673959732.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-692021775432.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-511511952420.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-726709969271.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-349883134385.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-471723806476-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-372299433322-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-745174722904-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/2143087695" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/9016274583">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/10.jpg" alt="Secure Multi-Party Computation in Mobile Games: Enabling Private Collaborative Play" title="Secure Multi-Party Computation in Mobile Games: Enabling Private Collaborative Play" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-9016274583.gifthub.news/post/9016274583/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-03</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/9016274583">Secure Multi-Party Computation in Mobile Games: Enabling Private Collaborative Play</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This research investigates the role of the psychological concept of "flow" in mobile gaming, focusing on the cognitive mechanisms that lead to optimal player experiences. Drawing upon cognitive science and game theory, the study explores how mobile games are designed to facilitate flow states through dynamic challenge-skill balancing, immediate feedback, and immersive environments. The paper also considers the implications of sustained flow experiences on player well-being, skill development, and the potential for using mobile games as tools for cognitive enhancement and education.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/9016274583" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/6.jpg" alt="Secure Multi-Party Computation in Mobile Games: Enabling Private Collaborative Play" title="Secure Multi-Party Computation in Mobile Games: Enabling Private Collaborative Play" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Scott Bennett</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-03 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/6029417538">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/18.jpg" alt="Dynamic World-Building in AR Mobile Games Using Procedural Techniques" title="Dynamic World-Building in AR Mobile Games Using Procedural Techniques" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-6029417538.gifthub.news/post/6029417538/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-03</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/6029417538">Dynamic World-Building in AR Mobile Games Using Procedural Techniques</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This study evaluates the efficacy of mobile games as gamified interventions for promoting physical and mental well-being. The research examines how health-related mobile games, such as fitness games, mindfulness apps, and therapeutic games, can improve players’ physical health, mental health, and overall quality of life. By drawing on health psychology and behavioral medicine, the paper investigates how mobile games use motivational mechanics, feedback systems, and social support to encourage healthy behaviors, such as exercise, stress reduction, and dietary changes. The study also reviews the effectiveness of gamified health interventions in clinical settings, offering a critical evaluation of their potential and limitations.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/6029417538" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/12.jpg" alt="Dynamic World-Building in AR Mobile Games Using Procedural Techniques" title="Dynamic World-Building in AR Mobile Games Using Procedural Techniques" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>David Hernandez</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-03 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/8761403259">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/post/16.jpg" alt="Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gamification in Workplace Training Programs" title="Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gamification in Workplace Training Programs" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-8761403259.gifthub.news/post/8761403259/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-03</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/8761403259">Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gamification in Workplace Training Programs</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This study examines the growing trend of fitness-related mobile games, which use game mechanics to motivate players to engage in physical activities. It evaluates the effectiveness of these games in promoting healthier behaviors and increasing physical activity levels. The paper also investigates the psychological factors behind players’ motivation to exercise through games and explores the future potential of fitness gamification in public health campaigns.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://blog-affmcer71.gifthub.news/post/8761403259" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/user/13.jpg" alt="Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gamification in Workplace Training Programs" title="Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gamification in Workplace Training Programs" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Joshua Gray</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-03 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.gifthub.news/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda