It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework #511168254623 (2025-02-07)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework #511168254623 (2025-02-07)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/19.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-07T07:08:52Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Stephanie Rogers" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework #511168254623 (2025-02-07)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Stephanie Rogers",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-07T07:08:52Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/19.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/511168254623"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "511168254623",
  52.            "abstract": "Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework #511168254623 (2025-02-07)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Stephanie Rogers",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-07T07:08:52Z",
  58.                "url": "https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/3.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework" title="Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Stephanie Rogers</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-07</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Stephanie Rogers for contributing the article "Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/19.jpg" alt="Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework" title="Behavioral Economics of In-Game Purchases: An Analytical Framework" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This research explores the role of mobile games in the development of social capital within online multiplayer communities. The study draws on social capital theory to examine how players form bonds, share resources, and collaborate within game environments. By analyzing network structures, social interactions, and community dynamics, the paper investigates how mobile games contribute to the creation of virtual social networks that extend beyond gameplay and influence offline relationships. The research also explores the role of mobile games in fostering a sense of belonging and collective identity, while addressing the potential for social exclusion, toxicity, and exploitation within game communities.</p>
  100. <p>This research explores the relationship between mobile gaming habits and academic performance among students. It examines both positive aspects, such as improved cognitive skills, and negative aspects, such as decreased study time and attention.</p>
  101. <p>The evolution of gaming has been a captivating journey through time, spanning from the rudimentary pixelated graphics of early arcade games to the breathtakingly immersive virtual worlds of today's cutting-edge MMORPGs. Over the decades, we've witnessed a remarkable transformation in gaming technology, with advancements in graphics, sound, storytelling, and gameplay mechanics continuously pushing the boundaries of what's possible in interactive entertainment.</p>
  102. <p>This study explores the challenges and opportunities associated with cross-platform play in mobile games, where players can interact with others across different gaming devices, such as consoles, PCs, and smartphones. The research examines the technical, social, and business challenges of integrating cross-platform functionality, including issues related to server synchronization, input compatibility, and player matching. The paper also investigates how cross-platform play influences player engagement, community building, and game longevity, as well as the potential for cross-platform competitions and esports. Drawing on user experience research and platform integration strategies, the study provides recommendations for developers looking to implement cross-platform play in a way that enhances player experiences and extends the lifecycle of mobile games.</p>
  103. <p>This research explores the intersection of mobile gaming and behavioral economics, focusing on how in-game purchases influence player decision-making. The study analyzes common behavioral biases, such as the “anchoring effect” and “loss aversion,” that developers exploit to encourage spending. It provides insights into how these economic principles affect the design of monetization strategies and the ethical considerations involved in manipulating player behavior.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://409541848505-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://980101400118-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://793289320285-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://460210709729-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://960081850279-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://202330877808-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://889752658757-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://842960980214-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://301082970946-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://111087771068-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://066188529727-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://924019630738-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://416613429138-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://090963666167-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://021105056617-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://959963762859-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://226842555766-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://261822628615-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://982278190875-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://130606332415-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?787648147375&amp;url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?184262775746&amp;url=https://naver184262775746-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?489721209064&amp;url=https://naver489721209064-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?989616234651&amp;url=https://naver989616234651-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?839414052925&amp;url=https://naver839414052925-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?156052551423&amp;url=https://naver156052551423-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?046502696637&amp;url=https://naver046502696637-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?133435940556&amp;url=https://naver133435940556-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?801943247998&amp;url=https://naver801943247998-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?267830643987&amp;url=https://naver267830643987-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?482537228312&amp;url=https://naver482537228312-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?747547363057&amp;url=https://naver747547363057-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?111500258402&amp;url=https://naver111500258402-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-235077341006.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-732147869019.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-044995218725.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-450560234459.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-235136040530.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-051834470436.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-450995829333.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-047001007290.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-637780325315.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-998832136947.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-057787750428.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-551193783576.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-790484189958.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-633785630759.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-128485164113.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-631637490778.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-232318321179-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-796217571744-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-494461395636-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/7254086139" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/5017893264">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/19.jpg" alt="Emotion Recognition in Mobile Games: Enhancing Player Engagement through AI" title="Emotion Recognition in Mobile Games: Enhancing Player Engagement through AI" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-5017893264.mit-edu.top/post/5017893264/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-07</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/5017893264">Emotion Recognition in Mobile Games: Enhancing Player Engagement through AI</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">The future of gaming is a tapestry woven with technological innovations, creative visions, and player-driven evolution. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), cloud gaming, and blockchain technology promise to revolutionize how we play, experience, and interact with games, ushering in an era of unprecedented possibilities and immersive experiences.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/5017893264" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/3.jpg" alt="Emotion Recognition in Mobile Games: Enhancing Player Engagement through AI" title="Emotion Recognition in Mobile Games: Enhancing Player Engagement through AI" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Ruth Wood</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-07 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/1986754320">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/19.jpg" alt="The Role of Dopamine Dynamics in Player Reward Systems" title="The Role of Dopamine Dynamics in Player Reward Systems" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-1986754320.mit-edu.top/post/1986754320/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-07</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/1986754320">The Role of Dopamine Dynamics in Player Reward Systems</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">Puzzles, as enigmatic as they are rewarding, challenge players' intellect and wit, their solutions often hidden in plain sight yet requiring a discerning eye and a strategic mind to unravel their secrets and claim the coveted rewards. Whether deciphering cryptic clues, manipulating intricate mechanisms, or solving complex riddles, the puzzle-solving aspect of gaming exercises the brain and encourages creative problem-solving skills. The satisfaction of finally cracking a difficult puzzle after careful analysis and experimentation is a testament to the mental agility and perseverance of gamers, rewarding them with a sense of accomplishment and progression.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/1986754320" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/4.jpg" alt="The Role of Dopamine Dynamics in Player Reward Systems" title="The Role of Dopamine Dynamics in Player Reward Systems" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Frank James</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-07 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/1750894326">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg" alt="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" title="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-1750894326.mit-edu.top/post/1750894326/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-07</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/1750894326">The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This study explores the role of player customization in mobile games, focusing on how avatar and character customization can influence player identity, self-expression, and engagement. The research examines how customizing characters, outfits, and other in-game features enables players to create personalized experiences that reflect their preferences and identities. Drawing on social identity theory and self-concept research, the paper investigates how customization fosters emotional attachment to the game, as well as its impact on player behavior, such as social interaction and competition. The study also explores the commercial implications of offering customizable in-game items, including microtransactions and virtual economies.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://fbgpdy.mit-edu.top/post/1750894326" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" title="The Use of Serious Games to Enhance Financial Literacy Among Adolescents" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Patricia Brown</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-07 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda