It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion #617050961231 (2025-02-04)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion #617050961231 (2025-02-04)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-04T06:03:39Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Anthony Edwards" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion #617050961231 (2025-02-04)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Anthony Edwards",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-04T06:03:39Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/617050961231"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "617050961231",
  52.            "abstract": "Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion #617050961231 (2025-02-04)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Anthony Edwards",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-04T06:03:39Z",
  58.                "url": "https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/10.jpg" alt="Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion" title="Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Anthony Edwards</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-04</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Anthony Edwards for contributing the article "Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion" title="Quantifying the Impact of In-Game Advertisements on Player Immersion" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper explores the potential of mobile games to serve as therapeutic tools in the treatment of mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It examines how game mechanics and immersive environments can be used to provide psychological relief, improve emotional regulation, and facilitate cognitive-behavioral therapy. The study discusses challenges in integrating therapeutic design with traditional game elements and offers recommendations for the development of clinically effective mobile health games.</p>
  100. <p>This study examines the role of social influence in mobile game engagement, focusing on how peer behavior, social norms, and social comparison processes shape player motivations and in-game actions. By drawing on social psychology and network theory, the paper investigates how players' social circles, including friends, family, and online communities, influence their gaming habits, preferences, and spending behavior. The research explores how mobile games leverage social influence through features such as social media integration, leaderboards, and team-based gameplay. The study also examines the ethical implications of using social influence techniques in game design, particularly regarding manipulation, peer pressure, and the potential for social exclusion.</p>
  101. <p>Gaming culture has transcended borders and languages, emerging as a vibrant global community that unites people from all walks of life under the banner of shared enthusiasm for interactive digital experiences. From casual gamers to hardcore enthusiasts, gaming has become a universal language, fostering connections, friendships, and even rivalries that span continents and time zones.</p>
  102. <p>This research explores the intersection of mobile gaming and behavioral economics, focusing on how in-game purchases influence player decision-making. The study analyzes common behavioral biases, such as the “anchoring effect” and “loss aversion,” that developers exploit to encourage spending. It provides insights into how these economic principles affect the design of monetization strategies and the ethical considerations involved in manipulating player behavior.</p>
  103. <p>This study explores the integration of augmented reality (AR) technologies in mobile games, examining how AR enhances user engagement and immersion. It discusses technical challenges, user acceptance, and the future potential of AR in mobile gaming.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://243855995640-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://480418125038-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://407073397683-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://282746895936-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://749253093701-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://031809228502-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://191685359385-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://795065279360-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://383133453622-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://167196775282-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://800736875188-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://534896013823-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://500028308382-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://979588331821-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://532825176288-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://019958245203-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://137320473766-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://383902714709-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://524054368190-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://138514142542-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?713194047542&amp;url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?989798802663&amp;url=https://naver989798802663-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?078322694013&amp;url=https://naver078322694013-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?427272570450&amp;url=https://naver427272570450-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?231507814746&amp;url=https://naver231507814746-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?906407850577&amp;url=https://naver906407850577-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?824879893043&amp;url=https://naver824879893043-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?734119819550&amp;url=https://naver734119819550-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?336393076563&amp;url=https://naver336393076563-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?553858222743&amp;url=https://naver553858222743-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?735690724354&amp;url=https://naver735690724354-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?752418864159&amp;url=https://naver752418864159-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?082357621290&amp;url=https://naver082357621290-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-372717283435.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-311737735061.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-833953091262.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-091434075159.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-922439513919.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-318445654708.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-206811713956.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-918309240085.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-650130950532.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-713019700531.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-565573139142.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-248301572984.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-864818964522.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-845750085816.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-064362748230.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-027570764340.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-458030637073-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-348261274021-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-108533688581-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/3561042789" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/4608193725">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/12.jpg" alt="The Role of Social Identity in Driving Engagement in Multiplayer Mobile Games" title="The Role of Social Identity in Driving Engagement in Multiplayer Mobile Games" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-4608193725.mit-edu.top/post/4608193725/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/4608193725">The Role of Social Identity in Driving Engagement in Multiplayer Mobile Games</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This paper provides a comparative analysis of the various monetization strategies employed in mobile games, focusing on in-app purchases (IAP) and advertising revenue models. The research investigates the economic impact of these models on both developers and players, examining their effectiveness in generating sustainable revenue while maintaining player satisfaction. Drawing on marketing theory, behavioral economics, and user experience research, the study evaluates the trade-offs between IAPs, ad placements, and player retention. The paper also explores the ethical concerns surrounding monetization practices, particularly regarding player exploitation, pay-to-win mechanics, and the impact on children and vulnerable audiences.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/4608193725" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/10.jpg" alt="The Role of Social Identity in Driving Engagement in Multiplayer Mobile Games" title="The Role of Social Identity in Driving Engagement in Multiplayer Mobile Games" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Martha Perry</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/2196370845">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg" alt="Designing Stable Virtual Economies Through Dynamic Supply Chain Mechanisms" title="Designing Stable Virtual Economies Through Dynamic Supply Chain Mechanisms" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-2196370845.mit-edu.top/post/2196370845/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/2196370845">Designing Stable Virtual Economies Through Dynamic Supply Chain Mechanisms</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the potential role of mobile games in the development of digital twin technologies—virtual replicas of real-world entities and environments—focusing on how gaming engines and simulation platforms can contribute to the creation of accurate, real-time digital representations. The study examines the technological infrastructure required for mobile games to act as tools for digital twin creation, as well as the ethical considerations involved in representing real-world data and experiences in virtual spaces. The paper discusses the convergence of mobile gaming, AI, and the Internet of Things (IoT), proposing new avenues for innovation in both gaming and digital twin industries.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/2196370845" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/14.jpg" alt="Designing Stable Virtual Economies Through Dynamic Supply Chain Mechanisms" title="Designing Stable Virtual Economies Through Dynamic Supply Chain Mechanisms" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Donald Green</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/0714962835">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg" alt="Analyzing the Role of Social Ties in Sustaining Player Communities" title="Analyzing the Role of Social Ties in Sustaining Player Communities" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-0714962835.mit-edu.top/post/0714962835/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-04</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/0714962835">Analyzing the Role of Social Ties in Sustaining Player Communities</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This paper explores the evolution of user interface (UI) design in mobile games, with a focus on how innovative UI elements influence player engagement, immersion, and retention. The study investigates how changes in interface design, such as touch gestures, visual feedback, and adaptive layouts, impact the user experience and contribute to the overall success of a game. Drawing on theories of cognitive load, human-computer interaction (HCI), and usability testing, the paper examines the relationship between UI design and player satisfaction. The research also considers the cultural factors influencing UI design in mobile games and the challenges of creating intuitive interfaces that appeal to diverse player demographics.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://gvkgth.mit-edu.top/post/0714962835" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/15.jpg" alt="Analyzing the Role of Social Ties in Sustaining Player Communities" title="Analyzing the Role of Social Ties in Sustaining Player Communities" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Joshua Gray</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-04 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda