It looks like this is a web page, not a feed. I looked for a feed associated with this page, but couldn't find one. Please enter the address of your feed to validate.

Source: https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950

  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
  3.  
  4.  <head>
  5.    <meta charset="utf-8">
  6.    <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile">
  7.    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  8.    <title>Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures #098329557882 (2025-02-06)</title>
  9.    <link rel="canonical" href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950">
  10.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;700&display=swap">
  11.    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/css/style.css">
  12.    <script src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/js/lazysizes.min.js" async></script>
  13.    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
  14.    <!-- Open Graph Metadata -->
  15.    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  16.    <meta property="og:title" content="Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures" />
  17.    <meta property="og:description" content="Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures #098329557882 (2025-02-06)" />
  18.    <meta property="og:url" content="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" />
  19.    <meta property="og:site_name" content="mit-edu.top" />
  20.    <meta property="og:image" content="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg" />
  21.    <meta property="og:article:published_time" content="2025-02-06T00:49:26Z" />
  22.    <meta property="og:article:author" content="Dr. Evelyn Griffin" />
  23.    <meta property="og:article:section" content="mit-edu.top" />
  24.    <meta property="og:article:tag" content="Games, Mobile Games, Video Games" />
  25.    <!-- Schema.org -->
  26.    <script type="application/ld+json">{
  27.            "@context": "https://schema.org",
  28.            "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  29.            "headline": "Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures #098329557882 (2025-02-06)",
  30.            "author": {
  31.                "@type": "Person",
  32.                "name": "Dr. Evelyn Griffin",
  33.                "affiliation": {
  34.                    "@type": "Organization",
  35.                    "name": "mit-edu.top"
  36.                },
  37.                "url": "https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950"
  38.            },
  39.            "datePublished": "2025-02-06T00:49:26Z",
  40.            "image": "https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg",
  41.            "journal": {
  42.                "@type": "Periodical",
  43.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  44.                "issn": "10.1069/098329557882"
  45.            },
  46.            "publisher": {
  47.                "@type": "Organization",
  48.                "name": "mit-edu.top",
  49.                "url": "https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top"
  50.            },
  51.            "doi": "098329557882",
  52.            "abstract": "Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures #098329557882 (2025-02-06)",
  53.            "citation": {
  54.                "@type": "CreativeWork",
  55.                "name": "Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures",
  56.                "author": "Dr. Evelyn Griffin",
  57.                "datePublished": "2025-02-06T00:49:26Z",
  58.                "url": "https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950"
  59.            }
  60.        }
  61.    </script>
  62. </head>
  63.  
  64. <body>
  65.    <div class="site-mobile-menu site-navbar-target">
  66.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-header">
  67.            <div class="site-mobile-menu-close">
  68.                <span class="icofont-close js-menu-toggle"></span>
  69.            </div>
  70.        </div>
  71.        <div class="site-mobile-menu-body"></div>
  72.    </div>
  73.    <nav class="site-nav">
  74.        <div class="container">
  75.            <div class="site-navigation">
  76.                <div class="row">
  77.                    <div class="col-md-6 text-center order-1 order-md-2 mb-3 mb-md-0">
  78.                        <a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top" class="logo m-0 text-uppercase">mit-edu.top</a>
  79.                    </div>
  80.                    <div class="col-md-3 order-3 order-md-1">
  81.                    </div>
  82.                </div>
  83.            </div>
  84.        </div>
  85.    </nav>
  86.    <div class="section post-section pt-5">
  87.        <div class="container">
  88.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  89.                <div class="col-lg-8">
  90.                    <div class="text-center">
  91.                        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures" title="Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures" class="author-pic img-fluid rounded-circle mx-auto">
  92.                    </div>
  93.                    <span class="d-block text-center">Evelyn Griffin</span>
  94.                    <span class="date d-block text-center small text-uppercase text-black-50 mb-5">2025-02-06</span>
  95.                    <h2 class="heading text-center">Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures</h2>
  96.                    <p class="lead mb-4 text-center">Thanks to Evelyn Griffin for contributing the article "Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures".
  97.                    </p>
  98.                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg" alt="Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures" title="Adversarial Attacks on AI Systems in Competitive Mobile Games: Threats and Countermeasures" class="img-fluid rounded mb-4 lazyload">
  99.                    <p>This paper explores the potential role of mobile games in the development of digital twin technologies—virtual replicas of real-world entities and environments—focusing on how gaming engines and simulation platforms can contribute to the creation of accurate, real-time digital representations. The study examines the technological infrastructure required for mobile games to act as tools for digital twin creation, as well as the ethical considerations involved in representing real-world data and experiences in virtual spaces. The paper discusses the convergence of mobile gaming, AI, and the Internet of Things (IoT), proposing new avenues for innovation in both gaming and digital twin industries.</p>
  100. <p>This systematic review examines existing literature on the effects of mobile gaming on mental health, identifying both beneficial and detrimental outcomes. It provides evidence-based recommendations for stakeholders in the gaming industry and healthcare sectors.</p>
  101. <p>This study explores the challenges and opportunities associated with cross-platform play in mobile games, where players can interact with others across different gaming devices, such as consoles, PCs, and smartphones. The research examines the technical, social, and business challenges of integrating cross-platform functionality, including issues related to server synchronization, input compatibility, and player matching. The paper also investigates how cross-platform play influences player engagement, community building, and game longevity, as well as the potential for cross-platform competitions and esports. Drawing on user experience research and platform integration strategies, the study provides recommendations for developers looking to implement cross-platform play in a way that enhances player experiences and extends the lifecycle of mobile games.</p>
  102. <p>Esports has risen as a global phenomenon, transforming skilled gamers into celebrated athletes. They compete in electrifying tournaments watched by millions, showcasing their talents, earning recognition, fame, and substantial prize pools that rival those of traditional sports. The professionalization of esports has also led to the development of coaching, training facilities, and esports academies, paving the way for a new generation of esports professionals and cementing gaming as a legitimate career path.</p>
  103. <p>The immersive world of gaming beckons players into a realm where fantasy meets reality, where pixels dance to the tune of imagination, and where challenges ignite the spirit of competition. From the sprawling landscapes of open-world adventures to the intricate mazes of puzzle games, every corner of this digital universe invites exploration and discovery. It's a place where players not only seek entertainment but also find solace, inspiration, and a sense of accomplishment as they navigate virtual realms filled with wonder and excitement.</p>
  104.  
  105.                    <p>
  106.                    <a href="/redirect/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Link</a>
  107.                    </p>
  108.                    <p><a href="https://www.linegames.org/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  109. <a href="https://www.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  110. <a href="https://www.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  111. <a href="https://www.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  112. <a href="https://www.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  113. <a href="https://540004859175-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  114. <a href="https://168172078765-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  115. <a href="https://673477731832-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  116. <a href="https://318235742669-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  117. <a href="https://867743301648-gov.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  118. <a href="https://422615847660-gov.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  119. <a href="https://245502598272-gov.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  120. <a href="https://513788621882-gov.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  121. <a href="https://376143178729-gov-edu.iliiili.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  122. <a href="https://978806167536-gov-edu.digwow.net/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  123. <a href="https://399577705429-gov-edu.free-giftcodes.com/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  124. <a href="https://846619517497-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  125. <a href="https://113966596453-edu.iliiili.com/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  126. <a href="https://224776750422-edu.digwow.net/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  127. <a href="https://483133944231-edu.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  128. <a href="https://991536969446-edu.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  129. <a href="https://012164303716-gov.iliiili.com/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  130. <a href="https://000534633786-gov.digwow.net/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  131. <a href="https://483327938245-gov.free-giftcodes.com/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  132. <a href="https://785057667721-gov.gifthub.com.ru/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  133. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?194573211544&amp;url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  134. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?247162630136&amp;url=https://naver247162630136-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  135. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?903786895243&amp;url=https://naver903786895243-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  136. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?574729144960&amp;url=https://naver574729144960-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  137. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?124248938206&amp;url=https://naver124248938206-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  138. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?896411878250&amp;url=https://naver896411878250-gov.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  139. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?275661783108&amp;url=https://naver275661783108-gov.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  140. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?902822511163&amp;url=https://naver902822511163-gov.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  141. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?241176203760&amp;url=https://naver241176203760-gov.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  142. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?948369159342&amp;url=https://naver948369159342-gov-edu.digwow.net" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  143. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?694800135352&amp;url=https://naver694800135352-gov-edu.iliiili.com" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  144. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?973349444270&amp;url=https://naver973349444270-gov-edu.1717173.xyz" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  145. <a href="https://link.naver.com/bridge?296220499970&amp;url=https://naver296220499970-gov-edu.gifthub.com.ru" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  146. <a href="https://blog-993538725060.gifthub.news/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  147. <a href="https://blog-005532561184.jp-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  148. <a href="https://blog-233121121574.kr-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  149. <a href="https://blog-457963074527.krlinkedin.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  150. <a href="https://blog-883992325738.mit-edu.sbs/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  151. <a href="https://blog-950008443149.mit-edu.buzz/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  152. <a href="https://blog-557919797197.mit-edu.tech/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  153. <a href="https://blog-339913708809.mit-edu.site/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  154. <a href="https://blog-653078033725.mit-edu.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  155. <a href="https://blog-705414247248.usa-gov.top/" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  156. <a href="https://research-529309375782.mit-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  157. <a href="https://research-585968438989.harvard-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  158. <a href="https://research-414239181022.stanford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  159. <a href="https://research-950528787374.cambridge-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  160. <a href="https://research-128926977491.berkeley-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  161. <a href="https://research-309511707760.oxford-edu.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  162. <a href="https://research-638366889681-edu.wwv.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  163. <a href="https://research-379128269110-edu.sean.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  164. <a href="https://research-381167121967-edu.line.pp.ua/?url=https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/8624317950" target="_blank" class="custom-link">External link</a>
  165. </p>
  166.                    <div class="row mt-5 pt-5 border-top">
  167.                    </div>
  168.                </div>
  169.            </div>
  170.        </div>
  171.    </div>
  172.    <div class="section pb-0">
  173.        <div class="container">
  174.            <div class="row">
  175.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  176.                    <h2 class="heading">Related</h2>
  177.                </div>
  178.            </div>
  179.            <div class="row justify-content-center">
  180.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  181.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  182.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  183.                            <a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/7814509236">
  184.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/17.jpg" alt="The Influence of Localization Quality on Player Retention in Global Markets" title="The Influence of Localization Quality on Player Retention in Global Markets" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  185.                            </a>
  186.                        </div>
  187.                        <div class="content">
  188.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  189.                                <a href="https://blog-7814509236.mit-edu.top/post/7814509236/" target="_blank">
  190.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  191.                                </a>
  192.                            </div>
  193.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/7814509236">The Influence of Localization Quality on Player Retention in Global Markets</a></h2>
  194.                            <p class="info">This paper examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design of mobile games, focusing on how AI enables adaptive game mechanics that adjust to a player’s behavior. The research explores how machine learning algorithms personalize game difficulty, enhance NPC interactions, and create procedurally generated content. It also addresses challenges in ensuring that AI-driven systems maintain fairness and avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes.</p>
  195.                            <a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/7814509236" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  196.                                <div class="author-pic">
  197.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/8.jpg" alt="The Influence of Localization Quality on Player Retention in Global Markets" title="The Influence of Localization Quality on Player Retention in Global Markets" class="lazyload">
  198.                                </div>
  199.                                <div class="text">
  200.                                    <strong>Donald Green</strong>
  201.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  202.                                </div>
  203.                            </a>
  204.                        </div>
  205.                    </div>
  206.                </div>
  207.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  208.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  209.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  210.                            <a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/4187596203">
  211.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/18.jpg" alt="Assessing the Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Learning" title="Assessing the Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Learning" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  212.                            </a>
  213.                        </div>
  214.                        <div class="content">
  215.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  216.                                <a href="https://blog-4187596203.mit-edu.top/post/4187596203/" target="_blank">
  217.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  218.                                </a>
  219.                            </div>
  220.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/4187596203">Assessing the Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Learning</a></h2>
  221.                            <p class="info">This research investigates the environmental footprint of mobile gaming, including energy consumption, electronic waste, and resource usage. It proposes sustainable practices for game development and consumption.This study examines how mobile gaming serves as a platform for social interaction, allowing players to form and maintain relationships. It explores the dynamics of online communities and the social benefits of gaming.</p>
  222.                            <a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/4187596203" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  223.                                <div class="author-pic">
  224.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/10.jpg" alt="Assessing the Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Learning" title="Assessing the Impact of Multiplayer Educational Games on Collaborative Learning" class="lazyload">
  225.                                </div>
  226.                                <div class="text">
  227.                                    <strong>Larry Sanders</strong>
  228.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  229.                                </div>
  230.                            </a>
  231.                        </div>
  232.                    </div>
  233.                </div>
  234.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  235.                    <div class="post-entry d-md-flex small-horizontal mb-5">
  236.                        <div class="me-md-5 thumbnail mb-3 mb-md-0">
  237.                            <a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/3486217590">
  238.                            <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/post/19.jpg" alt="Exploring Prosocial Behavior in Cooperative Mobile Game Contexts" title="Exploring Prosocial Behavior in Cooperative Mobile Game Contexts" class="img-fluid lazyload">
  239.                            </a>
  240.                        </div>
  241.                        <div class="content">
  242.                            <div class="post-meta mb-3">
  243.                                <a href="https://blog-3486217590.mit-edu.top/post/3486217590/" target="_blank">
  244.                                <span class="date">2025-02-06</span>
  245.                                </a>
  246.                            </div>
  247.                            <h2 class="heading"><a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/3486217590">Exploring Prosocial Behavior in Cooperative Mobile Game Contexts</a></h2>
  248.                            <p class="info">This research investigates how mobile gaming influences cognitive skills such as problem-solving, attention span, and spatial reasoning. It analyzes both positive and negative effects, providing insights into the potential educational benefits and drawbacks of mobile gaming.</p>
  249.                            <a href="https://qbtukd.mit-edu.top/post/3486217590" class="post-author d-flex align-items-center">
  250.                                <div class="author-pic">
  251.                                    <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/user/11.jpg" alt="Exploring Prosocial Behavior in Cooperative Mobile Game Contexts" title="Exploring Prosocial Behavior in Cooperative Mobile Game Contexts" class="lazyload">
  252.                                </div>
  253.                                <div class="text">
  254.                                    <strong>Brenda Watson</strong>
  255.                                    <span>2025-02-06 published post</span>
  256.                                </div>
  257.                            </a>
  258.                        </div>
  259.                    </div>
  260.                </div>
  261.            </div>
  262.        </div>
  263.    </div>
  264.    <div class="py-5 bg-light mx-md-3 sec-subscribe">
  265.        <div class="container">
  266.            <div class="row">
  267.                <div class="col-lg-12">
  268.                    <h2 class="h4 fw-bold">Subscribe to newsletter</h2>
  269.                </div>
  270.            </div>
  271.            <form class="row">
  272.                <div class="col-md-8">
  273.                    <div class="mb-3 mb-md-0">
  274.                        <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter your email">
  275.                    </div>
  276.                </div>
  277.                <div class="col-md-4 d-grid">
  278.                    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Subscribe">
  279.                </div>
  280.            </form>
  281.        </div>
  282.    </div>
  283.    <div class="site-footer">
  284.        <div class="container">
  285.            <div class="row justify-content-center copyright">
  286.                <div class="col-lg-7 text-center">
  287.                    <div class="widget">
  288.                        <p>Copyright &copy;
  289.                            <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script> All rights reserved.
  290.                        </p>
  291. <p>
  292.    < Top VPS Hosting Choice ><br>
  293.    <a href="https://evolution-host.com?ref=DQgZ6P" target="_blank">
  294.        <img src="https://x.mit-edu.top/static/images/evolution-host.png" alt="Evolution Host" title="Evolution Host" class="evhost lazyload">
  295.    </a>
  296. </p>
  297.                    </div>
  298.                </div>
  299.            </div>
  300.        </div>
  301.    </div>
  302. </body>
  303.  
  304. </html>
Copyright © 2002-9 Sam Ruby, Mark Pilgrim, Joseph Walton, and Phil Ringnalda