<!doctype html><html xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" lang="en-US" > <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <!-- This is Squarespace. --><!-- rust-plantain-ypds --><base href=""><meta charset="utf-8" /><title>404 — Sage Research Methods Community</title><meta http-equiv="Accept-CH" content="Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version, Sec-CH-UA-Model" /><link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/60139e15-d2e5-4a3e-bfc1-49effcec48e3/favicon.ico?format=100w"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com/404"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Sage Research Methods Community"/><meta property="og:title" content="404 — Sage Research Methods Community"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com/404"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:image" content="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/t/65a95533c56a86671ebd9109/1705596211700/S_Favicon.png?format=1500w"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="200"/><meta itemprop="name" content="404 — Sage Research Methods Community"/><meta itemprop="url" content="https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com/404"/><meta itemprop="thumbnailUrl" content="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/t/65a95533c56a86671ebd9109/1705596211700/S_Favicon.png?format=1500w"/><link rel="image_src" href="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/t/65a95533c56a86671ebd9109/1705596211700/S_Favicon.png?format=1500w" /><meta itemprop="image" content="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/t/65a95533c56a86671ebd9109/1705596211700/S_Favicon.png?format=1500w"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="404 — Sage Research Methods Community"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/t/65a95533c56a86671ebd9109/1705596211700/S_Favicon.png?format=1500w"/><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com/404"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta name="description" content="" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,700"><script type="text/javascript" crossorigin="anonymous" defer="true" nomodule="nomodule" src="//assets.squarespace.com/@sqs/polyfiller/1.6/legacy.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" crossorigin="anonymous" defer="true" src="//assets.squarespace.com/@sqs/polyfiller/1.6/modern.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">SQUARESPACE_ROLLUPS = {};</script><script>(function(rollups, name) { if (!rollups[name]) { rollups[name] = {}; } rollups[name].js = ["//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/extract-css-runtime-676a01ecb0abfa69-min.en-US.js"]; })(SQUARESPACE_ROLLUPS, 'squarespace-extract_css_runtime');</script><script crossorigin="anonymous" src="//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/extract-css-runtime-676a01ecb0abfa69-min.en-US.js" defer ></script><script>(function(rollups, name) { if (!rollups[name]) { rollups[name] = {}; } rollups[name].js = ["//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/extract-css-moment-js-vendor-b60fc53b12f6d6c5-min.en-US.js"]; })(SQUARESPACE_ROLLUPS, 'squarespace-extract_css_moment_js_vendor');</script><script crossorigin="anonymous" src="//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/extract-css-moment-js-vendor-b60fc53b12f6d6c5-min.en-US.js" defer ></script><script>(function(rollups, name) { if (!rollups[name]) { rollups[name] = {}; } rollups[name].js = ["//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/cldr-resource-pack-83544570e349a1c6-min.en-US.js"]; })(SQUARESPACE_ROLLUPS, 'squarespace-cldr_resource_pack');</script><script crossorigin="anonymous" src="//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/cldr-resource-pack-83544570e349a1c6-min.en-US.js" defer ></script><script>(function(rollups, name) { if (!rollups[name]) { rollups[name] = {}; } rollups[name].js = ["//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/common-vendors-stable-63aa6a8a011f7ecd-min.en-US.js"]; })(SQUARESPACE_ROLLUPS, 'squarespace-common_vendors_stable');</script><script crossorigin="anonymous" src="//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/common-vendors-stable-63aa6a8a011f7ecd-min.en-US.js" defer ></script><script>(function(rollups, name) { if (!rollups[name]) { rollups[name] = {}; } rollups[name].js = ["//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/common-vendors-e3821afb8a4d5260-min.en-US.js"]; })(SQUARESPACE_ROLLUPS, 'squarespace-common_vendors');</script><script crossorigin="anonymous" src="//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/common-vendors-e3821afb8a4d5260-min.en-US.js" defer ></script><script>(function(rollups, name) { if (!rollups[name]) { rollups[name] = {}; } rollups[name].js = ["//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/common-80570260ee2a7d33-min.en-US.js"]; })(SQUARESPACE_ROLLUPS, 'squarespace-common');</script><script crossorigin="anonymous" src="//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/common-80570260ee2a7d33-min.en-US.js" defer ></script><script data-name="static-context">Static = window.Static || {}; Static.SQUARESPACE_CONTEXT = {"betaFeatureFlags":["new_stacked_index","scripts_defer","campaigns_new_image_layout_picker","marketing_automations","order_status_page_checkout_landing_enabled","contacts_and_campaigns_redesign","campaigns_import_discounts","campaigns_discount_section_in_blasts","campaigns_merch_state","marketing_landing_page","override_block_styles","member_areas_feature","supports_versioned_template_assets","campaigns_thumbnail_layout","i18n_beta_website_locales","section-sdk-product-pages","nested_categories","campaigns_discount_section_in_automations"],"facebookAppId":"314192535267336","facebookApiVersion":"v6.0","rollups":{"squarespace-announcement-bar":{"js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/announcement-bar-8003bc62e0073df6-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-audio-player":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/audio-player-5d864aadea1060d1-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/audio-player-3cd3d7d5985a9870-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-blog-collection-list":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/blog-collection-list-b4046463b72f34e2-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/blog-collection-list-770996818a620a62-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-calendar-block-renderer":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/calendar-block-renderer-b72d08ba4421f5a0-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/calendar-block-renderer-f17cd4b30170c5f4-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-chartjs-helpers":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/chartjs-helpers-96b256171ee039c1-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/chartjs-helpers-2142d2f8231d73c4-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-comments":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/comments-884caa2347b9eaf3-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/comments-124b2da01b70266d-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-custom-css-popup":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/custom-css-popup-492a7334763c4678-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/custom-css-popup-ce3a5b1183b139bb-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-dialog":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/dialog-6ad3397bb3743468-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/dialog-30f3096f9da3ca7e-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-events-collection":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/events-collection-b72d08ba4421f5a0-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/events-collection-4128d59c3574eadb-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-form-rendering-utils":{"js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/form-rendering-utils-67509f8fb002f6f8-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-forms":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/forms-0afd3c6ac30bbab1-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/forms-deafd5a150731210-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-gallery-collection-list":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/gallery-collection-list-b4046463b72f34e2-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/gallery-collection-list-91bf179640922449-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-image-zoom":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/image-zoom-b4046463b72f34e2-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/image-zoom-60f9abd094f76732-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-pinterest":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/pinterest-b4046463b72f34e2-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/pinterest-24f1f90a47091f94-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-popup-overlay":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/popup-overlay-b742b752f5880972-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/popup-overlay-99c7040f5523f75f-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-product-quick-view":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/product-quick-view-0ba5bac716923b8e-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/product-quick-view-265fed3ad0494ca9-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-products-collection-item-v2":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/products-collection-item-v2-b4046463b72f34e2-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/products-collection-item-v2-6d4891a84922348b-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-products-collection-list-v2":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/products-collection-list-v2-b4046463b72f34e2-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/products-collection-list-v2-dc2433d1c2d992d5-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-search-page":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/search-page-90a67fc09b9b32c6-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/search-page-05e0b385b1e98610-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-search-preview":{"js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/search-preview-80e42752b6c4df56-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-simple-liking":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/simple-liking-701bf8bbc05ec6aa-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/simple-liking-0ce9c692006369a3-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-social-buttons":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/social-buttons-95032e5fa98e47a5-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/social-buttons-d49e30eaf5bd9640-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-tourdates":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/tourdates-b4046463b72f34e2-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/tourdates-cefd2a072aff5c4f-min.en-US.js"},"squarespace-website-overlays-manager":{"css":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/styles-compressed/website-overlays-manager-07ea5a4e004e6710-min.en-US.css","js":"//assets.squarespace.com/universal/scripts-compressed/website-overlays-manager-0fe154df485a6a6e-min.en-US.js"}},"pageType":100,"website":{"id":"606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68","identifier":"rust-plantain-ypds","websiteType":1,"contentModifiedOn":1744614769237,"cloneable":false,"hasBeenCloneable":false,"siteStatus":{},"language":"en-US","timeZone":"Europe/London","machineTimeZoneOffset":3600000,"timeZoneOffset":3600000,"timeZoneAbbr":"BST","siteTitle":"Sage Research Methods Community","fullSiteTitle":"404 \u2014 Sage Research Methods Community","siteDescription":"","logoImageId":"65aea6fea1d13b75abe31b74","socialLogoImageId":"65a95533c56a86671ebd9109","shareButtonOptions":{"1":true,"6":true,"4":true,"7":true,"8":true,"2":true,"3":true},"logoImageUrl":"//images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/171f46c5-71b9-4bfe-bc62-c38e37b06bfd/Sage_RM_Community_Logo_RGB_navy_oncolour.png","socialLogoImageUrl":"//images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/60139e15-d2e5-4a3e-bfc1-49effcec48e3/S_Favicon.png","authenticUrl":"https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com","internalUrl":"https://rust-plantain-ypds.squarespace.com","baseUrl":"https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com","primaryDomain":"researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com","sslSetting":3,"isHstsEnabled":false,"socialAccounts":[{"serviceId":62,"screenname":"Twitter","addedOn":1617889727220,"profileUrl":"https://twitter.com/SAGE_Methods","iconEnabled":true,"serviceName":"twitter-unauth"},{"serviceId":69,"screenname":"YouTube","addedOn":1628098403124,"profileUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBvwezCD-116EczfhJIO5SQ","iconEnabled":true,"serviceName":"youtube-unauth"},{"serviceId":20,"userId":"pr@sagepub.com","screenname":"methodspace@sagepub.com","addedOn":1628098444792,"profileUrl":"mailto:methodspace@sagepub.com","iconEnabled":true,"serviceName":"email"}],"typekitId":"","statsMigrated":false,"imageMetadataProcessingEnabled":false,"screenshotId":"b832206fae96546024df798329d7be91a9740c8600f84ce8ea2f8f22222541b1","captchaSettings":{"siteKey":"6Le3GmgcAAAAAEBIinKE_NEEGmy8Vc5no9fqJ4dU","enabledForDonations":false},"showOwnerLogin":false},"websiteSettings":{"id":"606f09bf9fd45e6380f33b6b","websiteId":"606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68","subjects":[],"country":"GB","state":"ENG","simpleLikingEnabled":true,"mobileInfoBarSettings":{"isContactEmailEnabled":false,"isContactPhoneNumberEnabled":false,"isLocationEnabled":false,"isBusinessHoursEnabled":false},"announcementBarSettings":{"style":2,"text":"<p class=\"\" style=\"white-space:pre-wrap;\">We kindly invite all our readers to take our survey (click here) on crafting teaching resources and utilizing new AI tools. Your insights will be valuable, aggregated and shared with the community.</p>","clickthroughUrl":{"url":"https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/9LRTVKB","newWindow":false}},"commentLikesAllowed":true,"commentAnonAllowed":false,"commentThreaded":true,"commentApprovalRequired":true,"commentAvatarsOn":true,"commentSortType":2,"commentFlagThreshold":0,"commentFlagsAllowed":true,"commentEnableByDefault":true,"commentDisableAfterDaysDefault":0,"disqusShortname":"","commentsEnabled":false,"storeSettings":{"returnPolicy":null,"termsOfService":null,"privacyPolicy":null,"expressCheckout":false,"continueShoppingLinkUrl":"/","useLightCart":false,"showNoteField":false,"shippingCountryDefaultValue":"US","billToShippingDefaultValue":false,"showShippingPhoneNumber":true,"isShippingPhoneRequired":false,"showBillingPhoneNumber":true,"isBillingPhoneRequired":false,"currenciesSupported":["USD","CAD","GBP","AUD","EUR","CHF","NOK","SEK","DKK","NZD","SGD","MXN","HKD","CZK","ILS","MYR","RUB","PHP","PLN","THB","BRL","ARS","COP","IDR","INR","JPY","ZAR"],"defaultCurrency":"USD","selectedCurrency":"USD","measurementStandard":1,"showCustomCheckoutForm":false,"checkoutPageMarketingOptInEnabled":false,"enableMailingListOptInByDefault":false,"sameAsRetailLocation":false,"merchandisingSettings":{"scarcityEnabledOnProductItems":false,"scarcityEnabledOnProductBlocks":false,"scarcityMessageType":"DEFAULT_SCARCITY_MESSAGE","scarcityThreshold":10,"multipleQuantityAllowedForServices":true,"restockNotificationsEnabled":false,"restockNotificationsSuccessText":"","restockNotificationsMailingListSignUpEnabled":false,"relatedProductsEnabled":false,"relatedProductsOrdering":"random","soldOutVariantsDropdownDisabled":false,"productComposerOptedIn":false,"productComposerABTestOptedOut":false,"productReviewsEnabled":false,"displayImportedProductReviewsEnabled":false,"hasOptedToCollectNativeReviews":false},"minimumOrderSubtotalEnabled":false,"isLive":false,"multipleQuantityAllowedForServices":true},"useEscapeKeyToLogin":false,"ssBadgeType":1,"ssBadgePosition":4,"ssBadgeVisibility":1,"ssBadgeDevices":1,"pinterestOverlayOptions":{"mode":"disabled"},"userAccountsSettings":{"loginAllowed":false,"signupAllowed":false}},"cookieSettings":{"isCookieBannerEnabled":false,"isRestrictiveCookiePolicyEnabled":false,"cookieBannerText":"<p class=\"\" style=\"white-space:pre-wrap;\">By using this website, you agree to our use of cookies. We use cookies to provide you with a great experience and to help our website run effectively.</p>","cookieBannerThemeName":"black","cookieBannerVariant":"BAR","cookieBannerPosition":"BOTTOM","cookieBannerCtaVariant":"BUTTON","cookieBannerCtaText":"Accept","cookieBannerAcceptType":"OPT_IN","cookieBannerOptOutCtaText":"Decline","cookieBannerHasOptOut":false,"cookieBannerHasManageCookies":false,"cookieBannerManageCookiesLabel":"Manage cookies","cookieBannerSavedPreferencesText":"Cookie Preferences","cookieBannerSavedPreferencesLayout":"PILL"},"websiteCloneable":false,"collection":{"title":"404","id":"6130ee887f9bdc7db343ad35","fullUrl":"/404","type":10,"permissionType":1},"subscribed":false,"appDomain":"squarespace.com","templateTweakable":true,"tweakJSON":{"form-use-theme-colors":"false","header-logo-height":"52px","header-mobile-logo-max-height":"30px","header-vert-padding":"1.5vw","header-width":"Inset","maxPageWidth":"1150px","pagePadding":"3vw","tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-image-aspect-ratio":"1:1 Square","tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-image-spacing":"5%","tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-meta-spacing":"15px","tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-primary-meta":"Categories","tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-read-more-spacing":"5px","tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-secondary-meta":"Date","tweak-blog-basic-grid-columns":"4","tweak-blog-basic-grid-image-aspect-ratio":"3:2 Standard","tweak-blog-basic-grid-image-spacing":"30px","tweak-blog-basic-grid-meta-spacing":"8px","tweak-blog-basic-grid-primary-meta":"Date","tweak-blog-basic-grid-read-more-spacing":"15px","tweak-blog-basic-grid-secondary-meta":"None","tweak-blog-item-custom-width":"60","tweak-blog-item-show-author-profile":"false","tweak-blog-item-width":"Medium","tweak-blog-masonry-columns":"2","tweak-blog-masonry-horizontal-spacing":"150px","tweak-blog-masonry-image-spacing":"25px","tweak-blog-masonry-meta-spacing":"20px","tweak-blog-masonry-primary-meta":"Categories","tweak-blog-masonry-read-more-spacing":"5px","tweak-blog-masonry-secondary-meta":"Date","tweak-blog-masonry-vertical-spacing":"100px","tweak-blog-side-by-side-image-aspect-ratio":"1:1 Square","tweak-blog-side-by-side-image-spacing":"6%","tweak-blog-side-by-side-meta-spacing":"20px","tweak-blog-side-by-side-primary-meta":"Categories","tweak-blog-side-by-side-read-more-spacing":"5px","tweak-blog-side-by-side-secondary-meta":"Date","tweak-blog-single-column-image-spacing":"22px","tweak-blog-single-column-meta-spacing":"4px","tweak-blog-single-column-primary-meta":"Date","tweak-blog-single-column-read-more-spacing":"30px","tweak-blog-single-column-secondary-meta":"None","tweak-events-stacked-show-thumbnails":"true","tweak-events-stacked-thumbnail-size":"3:2 Standard","tweak-fixed-header":"false","tweak-fixed-header-style":"Basic","tweak-global-animations-animation-curve":"ease","tweak-global-animations-animation-delay":"0.1s","tweak-global-animations-animation-duration":"0.1s","tweak-global-animations-animation-style":"fade","tweak-global-animations-animation-type":"none","tweak-global-animations-complexity-level":"detailed","tweak-global-animations-enabled":"false","tweak-portfolio-grid-basic-custom-height":"50","tweak-portfolio-grid-overlay-custom-height":"50","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-acceleration":"10%","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-animation-duration":"Fast","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-animation-type":"Fade","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-delimiter":"Bullet","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-front":"false","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-layout":"Inline","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-size":"50","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-text-spacing-x":"1.5","tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-text-spacing-y":"1.5","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-animation-duration":"Fast","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-animation-type":"Fade","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-delimiter":"Hyphen","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-front":"true","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-layout":"Inline","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-size":"50","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-text-spacing-x":"1.5","tweak-portfolio-hover-static-text-spacing-y":"1.5","tweak-portfolio-index-background-animation-duration":"Medium","tweak-portfolio-index-background-animation-type":"Fade","tweak-portfolio-index-background-custom-height":"50","tweak-portfolio-index-background-delimiter":"None","tweak-portfolio-index-background-height":"Large","tweak-portfolio-index-background-horizontal-alignment":"Center","tweak-portfolio-index-background-link-format":"Stacked","tweak-portfolio-index-background-persist":"false","tweak-portfolio-index-background-vertical-alignment":"Middle","tweak-portfolio-index-background-width":"Full Bleed","tweak-product-basic-item-click-action":"None","tweak-product-basic-item-gallery-aspect-ratio":"3:4 Three-Four (Vertical)","tweak-product-basic-item-gallery-design":"Slideshow","tweak-product-basic-item-gallery-width":"50%","tweak-product-basic-item-hover-action":"None","tweak-product-basic-item-image-spacing":"3vw","tweak-product-basic-item-image-zoom-factor":"1.75","tweak-product-basic-item-product-variant-display":"Dropdown","tweak-product-basic-item-thumbnail-placement":"Side","tweak-product-basic-item-variant-picker-layout":"Dropdowns","tweak-products-add-to-cart-button":"false","tweak-products-columns":"3","tweak-products-gutter-column":"2vw","tweak-products-gutter-row":"3vw","tweak-products-header-text-alignment":"Middle","tweak-products-image-aspect-ratio":"1:1 Square","tweak-products-image-text-spacing":"1vw","tweak-products-mobile-columns":"1","tweak-products-text-alignment":"Left","tweak-products-width":"Inset","tweak-transparent-header":"false"},"templateId":"5c5a519771c10ba3470d8101","templateVersion":"7.1","pageFeatures":[1,4],"gmRenderKey":"QUl6YVN5Q0JUUk9xNkx1dkZfSUUxcjQ2LVQ0QWVUU1YtMGQ3bXk4","templateScriptsRootUrl":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/vta/5c5a519771c10ba3470d8101/scripts/","impersonatedSession":false,"tzData":{"zones":[[0,"EU","GMT/BST",null]],"rules":{"EU":[[1981,"max",null,"Mar","lastSun","1:00u","1:00","S"],[1996,"max",null,"Oct","lastSun","1:00u","0",null]]}},"showAnnouncementBar":true,"recaptchaEnterpriseContext":{"recaptchaEnterpriseSiteKey":"6LdDFQwjAAAAAPigEvvPgEVbb7QBm-TkVJdDTlAv"},"i18nContext":{"timeZoneData":{"id":"Europe/London","name":"Greenwich Mean Time"}},"env":"PRODUCTION"};</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"url":"https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com","name":"Sage Research Methods Community","description":"","image":"//images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/171f46c5-71b9-4bfe-bc62-c38e37b06bfd/Sage_RM_Community_Logo_RGB_navy_oncolour.png","@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"WebSite"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/versioned-site-css/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/146/5c5a519771c10ba3470d8101/606f09bf9fd45e6380f33b82/1630/site.css"/><!-- Google Tag Manager --><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-W6PLSVQ');</script><!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for sagepub.com --><script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="01903b90-3e97-7898-87a2-6ece9db5ebc6" ></script><script type="text/javascript">function OptanonWrapper() { }</script><!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for sagepub.com --><script>Static.COOKIE_BANNER_CAPABLE = true;</script><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-2645338-7"></script><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}gtag('js', new Date());gtag('set', 'developer_id.dZjQwMz', true);gtag('config', 'UA-2645338-7');</script><!-- End of Squarespace Headers --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/vta/5c5a519771c10ba3470d8101/versioned-assets/1745342829624-P0F6CPG5YEGZQDJDFD56/static.css"> </head> <body id="collection-6130ee887f9bdc7db343ad35" class=" primary-button-style-solid primary-button-shape-rounded secondary-button-style-solid secondary-button-shape-rounded tertiary-button-style-solid tertiary-button-shape-rounded form-field-style-solid form-field-shape-square form-field-border-all form-field-checkbox-type-icon form-field-checkbox-fill-solid form-field-checkbox-color-inverted form-field-checkbox-shape-square form-field-checkbox-layout-stack form-field-radio-type-icon form-field-radio-fill-solid form-field-radio-color-normal form-field-radio-shape-pill form-field-radio-layout-stack form-field-survey-fill-solid form-field-survey-color-normal form-field-survey-shape-pill form-field-hover-focus-outline form-submit-button-style-label header-overlay-alignment-center header-width-inset tweak-fixed-header-style-basic tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-width-inset tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-image-aspect-ratio-11-square tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-text-alignment-left tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-read-more-style-show tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-image-text-alignment-middle tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-delimiter-bullet tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-meta-position-top tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-primary-meta-categories tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-secondary-meta-date tweak-blog-alternating-side-by-side-excerpt-show tweak-blog-basic-grid-width-inset tweak-blog-basic-grid-image-aspect-ratio-32-standard tweak-blog-basic-grid-text-alignment-left tweak-blog-basic-grid-delimiter-pipe tweak-blog-basic-grid-image-placement-above tweak-blog-basic-grid-read-more-style-show tweak-blog-basic-grid-primary-meta-date tweak-blog-basic-grid-secondary-meta-none tweak-blog-basic-grid-excerpt-show tweak-blog-item-width-medium tweak-blog-item-text-alignment-left tweak-blog-item-meta-position-above-title tweak-blog-item-show-categories tweak-blog-item-show-date tweak-blog-item-delimiter-dash tweak-blog-masonry-width-full tweak-blog-masonry-text-alignment-center tweak-blog-masonry-primary-meta-categories tweak-blog-masonry-secondary-meta-date tweak-blog-masonry-meta-position-top tweak-blog-masonry-read-more-style-show tweak-blog-masonry-delimiter-space tweak-blog-masonry-image-placement-above tweak-blog-masonry-excerpt-show tweak-blog-side-by-side-width-inset tweak-blog-side-by-side-image-placement-left tweak-blog-side-by-side-image-aspect-ratio-11-square tweak-blog-side-by-side-primary-meta-categories tweak-blog-side-by-side-secondary-meta-date tweak-blog-side-by-side-meta-position-top tweak-blog-side-by-side-text-alignment-left tweak-blog-side-by-side-image-text-alignment-middle tweak-blog-side-by-side-read-more-style-show tweak-blog-side-by-side-delimiter-bullet tweak-blog-side-by-side-excerpt-show tweak-blog-single-column-width-inset tweak-blog-single-column-text-alignment-center tweak-blog-single-column-image-placement-above tweak-blog-single-column-delimiter-bullet tweak-blog-single-column-read-more-style-hide tweak-blog-single-column-primary-meta-date tweak-blog-single-column-secondary-meta-none tweak-blog-single-column-meta-position-top tweak-blog-single-column-content-title-only tweak-events-stacked-width-inset tweak-events-stacked-height-small tweak-events-stacked-show-past-events tweak-events-stacked-show-thumbnails tweak-events-stacked-thumbnail-size-32-standard tweak-events-stacked-date-style-side-tag tweak-events-stacked-show-time tweak-events-stacked-show-location tweak-events-stacked-ical-gcal-links tweak-events-stacked-show-excerpt tweak-global-animations-complexity-level-detailed tweak-global-animations-animation-style-fade tweak-global-animations-animation-type-none tweak-global-animations-animation-curve-ease tweak-portfolio-grid-basic-width-inset tweak-portfolio-grid-basic-height-medium tweak-portfolio-grid-basic-image-aspect-ratio-43-four-three tweak-portfolio-grid-basic-text-alignment-left tweak-portfolio-grid-basic-hover-effect-zoom tweak-portfolio-grid-overlay-width-full tweak-portfolio-grid-overlay-height-small tweak-portfolio-grid-overlay-image-aspect-ratio-43-four-three tweak-portfolio-grid-overlay-text-placement-center tweak-portfolio-grid-overlay-show-text-after-hover tweak-portfolio-index-background-link-format-stacked tweak-portfolio-index-background-width-full-bleed tweak-portfolio-index-background-height-large tweak-portfolio-index-background-vertical-alignment-middle tweak-portfolio-index-background-horizontal-alignment-center tweak-portfolio-index-background-delimiter-none tweak-portfolio-index-background-animation-type-fade tweak-portfolio-index-background-animation-duration-medium tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-layout-inline tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-delimiter-bullet tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-animation-type-fade tweak-portfolio-hover-follow-animation-duration-fast tweak-portfolio-hover-static-layout-inline tweak-portfolio-hover-static-front tweak-portfolio-hover-static-delimiter-hyphen tweak-portfolio-hover-static-animation-type-fade tweak-portfolio-hover-static-animation-duration-fast image-block-poster-text-alignment-center image-block-card-content-position-center image-block-card-text-alignment-left image-block-overlap-content-position-center image-block-overlap-text-alignment-left image-block-collage-content-position-top image-block-collage-text-alignment-left image-block-stack-text-alignment-left hide-opentable-icons opentable-style-dark tweak-product-quick-view-button-style-floating tweak-product-quick-view-button-position-bottom tweak-product-quick-view-lightbox-excerpt-display-truncate tweak-product-quick-view-lightbox-show-arrows tweak-product-quick-view-lightbox-show-close-button tweak-product-quick-view-lightbox-controls-weight-light native-currency-code-usd collection-6130ee887f9bdc7db343ad35 collection-type-page collection-layout-default mobile-style-available sqs-seven-one " tabindex="-1" > <div id="siteWrapper" class="clearfix site-wrapper" > <div id="floatingCart" class="floating-cart hidden"> <a href="/cart" class="icon icon--stroke icon--fill icon--cart sqs-custom-cart"> <span class="Cart-inner"> <svg class="icon icon--cart" width="61" height="49" viewBox="0 0 61 49"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0.5 2C0.5 1.17157 1.17157 0.5 2 0.5H13.6362C14.3878 0.5 15.0234 1.05632 15.123 1.80135L16.431 11.5916H59C59.5122 11.5916 59.989 11.8529 60.2645 12.2847C60.54 12.7165 60.5762 13.2591 60.3604 13.7236L50.182 35.632C49.9361 36.1614 49.4054 36.5 48.8217 36.5H18.0453C17.2937 36.5 16.6581 35.9437 16.5585 35.1987L12.3233 3.5H2C1.17157 3.5 0.5 2.82843 0.5 2ZM16.8319 14.5916L19.3582 33.5H47.8646L56.6491 14.5916H16.8319Z" /> <path d="M18.589 35H49.7083L60 13H16L18.589 35Z" /> <path d="M21 49C23.2091 49 25 47.2091 25 45C25 42.7909 23.2091 41 21 41C18.7909 41 17 42.7909 17 45C17 47.2091 18.7909 49 21 49Z" /> <path d="M45 49C47.2091 49 49 47.2091 49 45C49 42.7909 47.2091 41 45 41C42.7909 41 41 42.7909 41 45C41 47.2091 42.7909 49 45 49Z" /></svg> <div class="legacy-cart icon-cart-quantity"> <span class="sqs-cart-quantity">0</span> </div> </span> </a> </div> <header data-test="header" id="header" class=" dark header theme-col--primary " data-section-theme="dark" data-controller="Header" data-current-styles="{"layout": "navRight","action": {"href": "https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-methods-at-sage","buttonText": "Publishing","newWindow": true},"showSocial": false,"socialOptions": {"socialBorderShape": "none","socialBorderStyle": "outline","socialBorderThickness": {"unit": "px","value": 1.0}},"sectionTheme": "dark","menuOverlayAnimation": "fade","cartStyle": "cart","cartText": "Cart","showEmptyCartState": true,"cartOptions": {"iconType": "solid-7","cartBorderShape": "none","cartBorderStyle": "outline","cartBorderThickness": {"unit": "px","value": 1.0}},"showButton": false,"showCart": false,"showAccountLogin": false,"headerStyle": "solid","languagePicker": {"enabled": false,"iconEnabled": false,"iconType": "globe","flagShape": "shiny","languageFlags": [ ]},"iconOptions": {"desktopDropdownIconOptions": {"endcapType": "square","folderDropdownIcon": "none","languagePickerIcon": "openArrowHead"},"mobileDropdownIconOptions": {"endcapType": "square","folderDropdownIcon": "openArrowHead","languagePickerIcon": "openArrowHead"}},"mobileOptions": {"layout": "logoLeftNavRight","menuIconOptions": {"style": "doubleLineHamburger","thickness": {"unit": "px","value": 1.0}}},"solidOptions": {"headerOpacity": {"unit": "%","value": 100.0},"blurBackground": {"enabled": true,"blurRadius": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"backgroundColor": {"type": "CUSTOM_COLOR","customColor": {"hslaValue": {"hue": 137.59,"saturation": 0.6823999999999999,"lightness": 0.6667000000000001,"alpha": 1.0},"userFormat": "hex"}},"navigationColor": {"type": "SITE_PALETTE_COLOR","sitePaletteColor": {"colorName": "black","alphaModifier": 1.0}}},"gradientOptions": {"gradientType": "faded","headerOpacity": {"unit": "%","value": 90.0},"blurBackground": {"enabled": false,"blurRadius": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"backgroundColor": {"type": "SITE_PALETTE_COLOR","sitePaletteColor": {"colorName": "white","alphaModifier": 1.0}},"navigationColor": {"type": "SITE_PALETTE_COLOR","sitePaletteColor": {"colorName": "black","alphaModifier": 1.0}}},"dropShadowOptions": {"enabled": false,"blur": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0},"spread": {"unit": "px","value": 0.0},"distance": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"borderOptions": {"enabled": false,"position": "bottom","thickness": {"unit": "px","value": 4.0}},"showPromotedElement": false,"buttonVariant": "primary","blurBackground": {"enabled": true,"blurRadius": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"headerOpacity": {"unit": "%","value": 100.0}}" data-section-id="header" data-header-style="solid" data-language-picker="{"enabled": false,"iconEnabled": false,"iconType": "globe","flagShape": "shiny","languageFlags": [ ]}" data-first-focusable-element tabindex="-1" style=" --solidHeaderBackgroundColor: hsla(137.59, 68.24%, 66.67%, 1); --solidHeaderNavigationColor: hsla(var(--black-hsl), 1); --gradientHeaderBackgroundColor: hsla(var(--white-hsl), 1); --gradientHeaderNavigationColor: hsla(var(--black-hsl), 1); " > <svg style="display:none" viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <symbol id="circle" > <path d="M11.5 17C14.5376 17 17 14.5376 17 11.5C17 8.46243 14.5376 6 11.5 6C8.46243 6 6 8.46243 6 11.5C6 14.5376 8.46243 17 11.5 17Z" fill="none" /> </symbol> <symbol id="circleFilled" > <path d="M11.5 17C14.5376 17 17 14.5376 17 11.5C17 8.46243 14.5376 6 11.5 6C8.46243 6 6 8.46243 6 11.5C6 14.5376 8.46243 17 11.5 17Z" /> </symbol> <symbol id="dash" > <path d="M11 11H19H3" /> </symbol> <symbol id="squareFilled" > <rect x="6" y="6" width="11" height="11" /> </symbol> <symbol id="square" > <rect x="7" y="7" width="9" height="9" fill="none" stroke="inherit" /> </symbol> <symbol id="plus" > <path d="M11 3V19" /> <path d="M19 11L3 11"/> </symbol> <symbol id="closedArrow" > <path d="M11 11V2M11 18.1797L17 11.1477L5 11.1477L11 18.1797Z" fill="none" /> </symbol> <symbol id="closedArrowFilled" > <path d="M11 11L11 2" stroke="inherit" fill="none" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2.74695 9.38428L19.038 9.38428L10.8925 19.0846L2.74695 9.38428Z" stroke-width="1" /> </symbol> <symbol id="closedArrowHead" viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/symbol"> <path d="M18 7L11 15L4 7L18 7Z" fill="none" stroke="inherit" /> </symbol> <symbol id="closedArrowHeadFilled" viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/symbol"> <path d="M18.875 6.5L11 15.5L3.125 6.5L18.875 6.5Z" /> </symbol> <symbol id="openArrow" > <path d="M11 18.3591L11 3" stroke="inherit" fill="none" /> <path d="M18 11.5L11 18.5L4 11.5" stroke="inherit" fill="none" /> </symbol> <symbol id="openArrowHead" > <path d="M18 7L11 14L4 7" fill="none" /> </symbol> <symbol id="pinchedArrow" > <path d="M11 17.3591L11 2" fill="none" /> <path d="M2 11C5.85455 12.2308 8.81818 14.9038 11 18C13.1818 14.8269 16.1455 12.1538 20 11" fill="none" /> </symbol> <symbol id="pinchedArrowFilled" > <path d="M11.05 10.4894C7.04096 8.73759 1.05005 8 1.05005 8C6.20459 11.3191 9.41368 14.1773 11.05 21C12.6864 14.0851 15.8955 11.227 21.05 8C21.05 8 15.0591 8.73759 11.05 10.4894Z" stroke-width="1"/> <path d="M11 11L11 1" fill="none"/> </symbol> <symbol id="pinchedArrowHead" > <path d="M2 7.24091C5.85455 8.40454 8.81818 10.9318 11 13.8591C13.1818 10.8591 16.1455 8.33181 20 7.24091" fill="none" /> </symbol> <symbol id="pinchedArrowHeadFilled" > <path d="M11.05 7.1591C7.04096 5.60456 1.05005 4.95001 1.05005 4.95001C6.20459 7.89547 9.41368 10.4318 11.05 16.4864C12.6864 10.35 15.8955 7.81365 21.05 4.95001C21.05 4.95001 15.0591 5.60456 11.05 7.1591Z" /> </symbol> </svg> <script> function shouldShowAnnouncementBar() { try { if (!window.Static.SQUARESPACE_CONTEXT.showAnnouncementBar) { return false; } var localDataStr = localStorage.getItem('squarespace-announcement-bar'); if (localDataStr && JSON.parse(localDataStr).closed) { return false; } return true; } catch(e) { console.error(e); return true; } } if (shouldShowAnnouncementBar()) { document.body.classList.add('announcement-bar-reserved-space'); } //# sourceURL=reserveSpaceForAnnouncementBar.js </script> <div class="sqs-announcement-bar-dropzone"></div> <div class="header-announcement-bar-wrapper"> <a href="#page" class="header-skip-link sqs-button-element--primary" > Skip to Content </a> <style> @supports (-webkit-backdrop-filter: none) or (backdrop-filter: none) { .header-blur-background { -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px); backdrop-filter: blur(12px); } }</style> <div class="header-border" data-header-style="solid" data-header-border="false" data-test="header-border" style=" " ></div> <div class="header-dropshadow" data-header-style="solid" data-header-dropshadow="false" data-test="header-dropshadow" style="" ></div> <div class="header-blur-background" data-test="header-blur-background" > <div class="header-background-solid" data-header-style="solid" data-test="header-background-solid" style="opacity: calc(100 * .01)" ></div> </div> <div class='header-inner container--fluid header-mobile-layout-logo-left-nav-right header-layout-nav-right ' data-test="header-inner" > <!-- Background --> <div class="header-background theme-bg--primary"></div> <div class="header-display-desktop" data-content-field="site-title"> <!-- Social --> <!-- Title and nav wrapper --> <div class="header-title-nav-wrapper"> <!-- Title --> <div class=" header-title " data-animation-role="header-element" > <div class="header-title-logo"> <a href="/" data-animation-role="header-element"> <img elementtiming="nbf-header-logo-desktop" src="//images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/171f46c5-71b9-4bfe-bc62-c38e37b06bfd/Sage_RM_Community_Logo_RGB_navy_oncolour.png?format=1500w" alt="Sage Research Methods Community" style="display:block" fetchpriority="high" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-loader="raw"> </a> </div> </div> <!-- Nav --> <div class="header-nav"> <div class="header-nav-wrapper"> <nav class="header-nav-list"> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--collection"> <a href="/blog" data-animation-role="header-element" > Blogs </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/discover" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="videos-events" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> Videos & Events </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="videos-events"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/videos" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Videos </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/events" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Events </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/podcasts" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Podcasts </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/methods-minute-newsletter" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Methods Minute Newsletter </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/innovation" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="innovation" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> Innovation </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="innovation"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/research-tools" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Research Tools </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/teaching-materials" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Teaching Materials </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/investments" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Investments </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/products" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="products" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> Products </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="products"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-methods-at-sage" target="_blank" >Research Methods at Sage</a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/collegeresearchmethods" target="_blank" >Research Methods Books</a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/sage-research-methods" target="_blank" >Learning Resources</a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://campus.sagepub.com#about" target="_blank" >Sage Campus</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/about-1" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="about" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> About </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="about"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/about" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> About us </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/get-involved" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Get Involved </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/contact-us" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Contact us </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Actions --> <div class="header-actions header-actions--right"> <div class="showOnMobile"> </div> <div class="showOnDesktop"> </div> </div> <style> .top-bun, .patty, .bottom-bun { height: 1px; }</style> <!-- Burger --><div class="header-burger menu-overlay-does-not-have-visible-non-navigation-items no-actions " data-animation-role="header-element"> <button class="header-burger-btn burger" data-test="header-burger"> <span hidden class="js-header-burger-open-title visually-hidden">Open Menu</span> <span hidden class="js-header-burger-close-title visually-hidden">Close Menu</span> <div class="burger-box"> <div class="burger-inner header-menu-icon-doubleLineHamburger"> <div class="top-bun"></div> <div class="patty"></div> <div class="bottom-bun"></div> </div> </div> </button></div> </div> <div class="header-display-mobile" data-content-field="site-title"> <!-- Social --> <!-- Title and nav wrapper --> <div class="header-title-nav-wrapper"> <!-- Title --> <div class=" header-title " data-animation-role="header-element" > <div class="header-title-logo"> <a href="/" data-animation-role="header-element"> <img elementtiming="nbf-header-logo-desktop" src="//images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/171f46c5-71b9-4bfe-bc62-c38e37b06bfd/Sage_RM_Community_Logo_RGB_navy_oncolour.png?format=1500w" alt="Sage Research Methods Community" style="display:block" fetchpriority="high" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-loader="raw"> </a> </div> </div> <!-- Nav --> <div class="header-nav"> <div class="header-nav-wrapper"> <nav class="header-nav-list"> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--collection"> <a href="/blog" data-animation-role="header-element" > Blogs </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/discover" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="videos-events" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> Videos & Events </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="videos-events"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/videos" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Videos </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/events" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Events </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/podcasts" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Podcasts </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/methods-minute-newsletter" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Methods Minute Newsletter </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/innovation" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="innovation" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> Innovation </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="innovation"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/research-tools" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Research Tools </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/teaching-materials" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Teaching Materials </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/investments" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Investments </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/products" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="products" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> Products </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="products"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-methods-at-sage" target="_blank" >Research Methods at Sage</a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/collegeresearchmethods" target="_blank" >Research Methods Books</a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/sage-research-methods" target="_blank" >Learning Resources</a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item header-nav-folder-item--external"> <a href="https://campus.sagepub.com#about" target="_blank" >Sage Campus</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav-item header-nav-item--folder"> <a class="header-nav-folder-title" href="/about-1" data-animation-role="header-element" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="folder dropdown" aria-controls="about" > <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text"> About </span> </a> <div class="header-nav-folder-content" id="about"> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/about" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> About us </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/get-involved" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Get Involved </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-nav-folder-item"> <a href="/contact-us" > <span class="header-nav-folder-item-content"> Contact us </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Actions --> <div class="header-actions header-actions--right"> <div class="showOnMobile"> </div> <div class="showOnDesktop"> </div> </div> <style> .top-bun, .patty, .bottom-bun { height: 1px; }</style> <!-- Burger --><div class="header-burger menu-overlay-does-not-have-visible-non-navigation-items no-actions " data-animation-role="header-element"> <button class="header-burger-btn burger" data-test="header-burger"> <span hidden class="js-header-burger-open-title visually-hidden">Open Menu</span> <span hidden class="js-header-burger-close-title visually-hidden">Close Menu</span> <div class="burger-box"> <div class="burger-inner header-menu-icon-doubleLineHamburger"> <div class="top-bun"></div> <div class="patty"></div> <div class="bottom-bun"></div> </div> </div> </button></div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- (Mobile) Menu Navigation --> <div class="header-menu header-menu--folder-list " data-section-theme="" data-current-styles="{"layout": "navRight","action": {"href": "https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-methods-at-sage","buttonText": "Publishing","newWindow": true},"showSocial": false,"socialOptions": {"socialBorderShape": "none","socialBorderStyle": "outline","socialBorderThickness": {"unit": "px","value": 1.0}},"sectionTheme": "dark","menuOverlayAnimation": "fade","cartStyle": "cart","cartText": "Cart","showEmptyCartState": true,"cartOptions": {"iconType": "solid-7","cartBorderShape": "none","cartBorderStyle": "outline","cartBorderThickness": {"unit": "px","value": 1.0}},"showButton": false,"showCart": false,"showAccountLogin": false,"headerStyle": "solid","languagePicker": {"enabled": false,"iconEnabled": false,"iconType": "globe","flagShape": "shiny","languageFlags": [ ]},"iconOptions": {"desktopDropdownIconOptions": {"endcapType": "square","folderDropdownIcon": "none","languagePickerIcon": "openArrowHead"},"mobileDropdownIconOptions": {"endcapType": "square","folderDropdownIcon": "openArrowHead","languagePickerIcon": "openArrowHead"}},"mobileOptions": {"layout": "logoLeftNavRight","menuIconOptions": {"style": "doubleLineHamburger","thickness": {"unit": "px","value": 1.0}}},"solidOptions": {"headerOpacity": {"unit": "%","value": 100.0},"blurBackground": {"enabled": true,"blurRadius": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"backgroundColor": {"type": "CUSTOM_COLOR","customColor": {"hslaValue": {"hue": 137.59,"saturation": 0.6823999999999999,"lightness": 0.6667000000000001,"alpha": 1.0},"userFormat": "hex"}},"navigationColor": {"type": "SITE_PALETTE_COLOR","sitePaletteColor": {"colorName": "black","alphaModifier": 1.0}}},"gradientOptions": {"gradientType": "faded","headerOpacity": {"unit": "%","value": 90.0},"blurBackground": {"enabled": false,"blurRadius": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"backgroundColor": {"type": "SITE_PALETTE_COLOR","sitePaletteColor": {"colorName": "white","alphaModifier": 1.0}},"navigationColor": {"type": "SITE_PALETTE_COLOR","sitePaletteColor": {"colorName": "black","alphaModifier": 1.0}}},"dropShadowOptions": {"enabled": false,"blur": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0},"spread": {"unit": "px","value": 0.0},"distance": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"borderOptions": {"enabled": false,"position": "bottom","thickness": {"unit": "px","value": 4.0}},"showPromotedElement": false,"buttonVariant": "primary","blurBackground": {"enabled": true,"blurRadius": {"unit": "px","value": 12.0}},"headerOpacity": {"unit": "%","value": 100.0}}" data-section-id="overlay-nav" data-show-account-login="false" data-test="header-menu"> <div class="header-menu-bg theme-bg--primary"></div> <div class="header-menu-nav"> <nav class="header-menu-nav-list"> <div data-folder="root" class="header-menu-nav-folder"> <div class="header-menu-nav-folder-content"> <!-- Menu Navigation --><div class="header-menu-nav-wrapper"> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item header-menu-nav-item--collection"> <a href="/blog" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Blogs </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a data-folder-id="/discover" href="/discover" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content header-menu-nav-item-content-folder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Folder:</span> <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text">Videos & Events</span> </div> </a> </div> <div data-folder="/discover" class="header-menu-nav-folder"> <div class="header-menu-nav-folder-content"> <div class="header-menu-controls container header-menu-nav-item"> <a class="header-menu-controls-control header-menu-controls-control--active" data-action="back" href="/"> <span>Back</span> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/videos" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Videos </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/events" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Events </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/podcasts" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Podcasts </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/methods-minute-newsletter" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Methods Minute Newsletter </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a data-folder-id="/innovation" href="/innovation" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content header-menu-nav-item-content-folder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Folder:</span> <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text">Innovation</span> </div> </a> </div> <div data-folder="/innovation" class="header-menu-nav-folder"> <div class="header-menu-nav-folder-content"> <div class="header-menu-controls container header-menu-nav-item"> <a class="header-menu-controls-control header-menu-controls-control--active" data-action="back" href="/"> <span>Back</span> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/research-tools" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Research Tools </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/teaching-materials" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Teaching Materials </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/investments" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Investments </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a data-folder-id="/products" href="/products" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content header-menu-nav-item-content-folder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Folder:</span> <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text">Products</span> </div> </a> </div> <div data-folder="/products" class="header-menu-nav-folder"> <div class="header-menu-nav-folder-content"> <div class="header-menu-controls container header-menu-nav-item"> <a class="header-menu-controls-control header-menu-controls-control--active" data-action="back" href="/"> <span>Back</span> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item header-menu-nav-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-methods-at-sage" target="_blank" >Research Methods at Sage</a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item header-menu-nav-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/collegeresearchmethods" target="_blank" >Research Methods Books</a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item header-menu-nav-item--external"> <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/sage-research-methods" target="_blank" >Learning Resources</a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item header-menu-nav-item--external"> <a href="https://campus.sagepub.com#about" target="_blank" >Sage Campus</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a data-folder-id="/about-1" href="/about-1" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content header-menu-nav-item-content-folder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Folder:</span> <span class="header-nav-folder-title-text">About</span> </div> </a> </div> <div data-folder="/about-1" class="header-menu-nav-folder"> <div class="header-menu-nav-folder-content"> <div class="header-menu-controls container header-menu-nav-item"> <a class="header-menu-controls-control header-menu-controls-control--active" data-action="back" href="/"> <span>Back</span> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/about" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> About us </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/get-involved" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Get Involved </div> </a> </div> <div class="container header-menu-nav-item"> <a href="/contact-us" > <div class="header-menu-nav-item-content"> Contact us </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <main id="page" class="container" role="main"> <article class="sections" id="sections" data-page-sections="6130ee887f9bdc7db343ad36"> <section data-test="page-section" data-section-theme="" class='page-section layout-engine-section background-width--full-bleed section-height--medium content-width--wide horizontal-alignment--center vertical-alignment--middle ' data-section-id="6130eeaa7f9bdc7db343ae2a" data-controller="SectionWrapperController" data-current-styles="{"imageOverlayOpacity": 0.15,"backgroundWidth": "background-width--full-bleed","sectionHeight": "section-height--medium","customSectionHeight": 10,"horizontalAlignment": "horizontal-alignment--center","verticalAlignment": "vertical-alignment--middle","contentWidth": "content-width--wide","customContentWidth": 50,"backgroundColor": "","sectionTheme": "","sectionAnimation": "none","backgroundMode": "image"}" data-current-context="{"video": {"filterStrength": 0,"zoom": 0,"videoSourceProvider": "none"},"backgroundImageId": null,"backgroundMediaEffect": null,"divider": null,"typeName": "page"}" data-animation="none" > <div class="section-border" > <div class="section-background"> </div> </div> <div class='content-wrapper' style=' ' > <div class="content" > <div class="sqs-layout sqs-grid-12 columns-12" data-type="page-section" id="page-section-6130eeaa7f9bdc7db343ae2a"><div class="row sqs-row"><div class="col sqs-col-12 span-12"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-6130eeaafc2a6c40bb068f15"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <h1 style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><strong> 404</strong></h1><p class="sqsrte-large" style="white-space:pre-wrap;">We’re sorry - we couldn’t find that page. </p><p class="" style="white-space:pre-wrap;">We have recently migrated to a new platform. If this is a broken link, please <a href="/contact-us">let us know. </a></p></div> </div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </section> </article> </main> <footer class="sections" id="footer-sections" data-footer-sections> <section data-test="page-section" data-section-theme="bright" class='page-section full-bleed-section layout-engine-section background-width--full-bleed section-height--small content-width--wide horizontal-alignment--center vertical-alignment--middle bright' data-section-id="62ea4b10d01cab2618298bde" data-controller="SectionWrapperController" data-current-styles="{"imageOverlayOpacity": 0.15,"backgroundWidth": "background-width--full-bleed","sectionHeight": "section-height--small","horizontalAlignment": "horizontal-alignment--center","verticalAlignment": "vertical-alignment--middle","contentWidth": "content-width--wide","customContentWidth": 50,"sectionTheme": "bright","sectionAnimation": "none","backgroundMode": "image"}" data-current-context="{"video": {"playbackSpeed": 0.5,"filter": 1,"filterStrength": 0,"zoom": 0,"videoSourceProvider": "none"},"backgroundImageId": null,"backgroundMediaEffect": null,"divider": null,"typeName": "page"}" data-animation="none" data-fluid-engine-section > <div class="section-border" > <div class="section-background"> </div> </div> <div class='content-wrapper' style=' ' > <div class="content" > <div data-fluid-engine="true"><style> .fe-62ea4b106665d4c3996f05bc { --grid-gutter: calc(var(--sqs-mobile-site-gutter, 6vw) - 11.0px); --cell-max-width: calc( ( var(--sqs-site-max-width, 1500px) - (11.0px * (8 - 1)) ) / 8 ); display: grid; position: relative; grid-area: 1/1/-1/-1; grid-template-rows: repeat(8,minmax(24px, auto)); grid-template-columns: minmax(var(--grid-gutter), 1fr) repeat(8, minmax(0, var(--cell-max-width))) minmax(var(--grid-gutter), 1fr); row-gap: 11.0px; column-gap: 11.0px;} @media (min-width: 768px) { .background-width--inset .fe-62ea4b106665d4c3996f05bc { --inset-padding: calc(var(--sqs-site-gutter) * 2); } .fe-62ea4b106665d4c3996f05bc { --grid-gutter: calc(var(--sqs-site-gutter, 4vw) - 11.0px); --cell-max-width: calc( ( var(--sqs-site-max-width, 1500px) - (11.0px * (24 - 1)) ) / 24 ); --inset-padding: 0vw; --row-height-scaling-factor: 0.0215; --container-width: min(var(--sqs-site-max-width, 1500px), calc(100vw - var(--sqs-site-gutter, 4vw) * 2 - var(--inset-padding) )); grid-template-rows: repeat(7,minmax(calc(var(--container-width) * var(--row-height-scaling-factor)), auto)); grid-template-columns: minmax(var(--grid-gutter), 1fr) repeat(24, minmax(0, var(--cell-max-width))) minmax(var(--grid-gutter), 1fr); }} .fe-block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154 { grid-area: 2/2/4/10; z-index: 0; @media (max-width: 767px) { } } .fe-block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154 .sqs-block { justify-content: flex-start; } .fe-block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154 .sqs-block-alignment-wrapper { align-items: flex-start; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .fe-block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154 { grid-area: 1/2/2/26; z-index: 0; } .fe-block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154 .sqs-block { justify-content: flex-start; } .fe-block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154 .sqs-block-alignment-wrapper { align-items: flex-start; } } .fe-block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544 { grid-area: 4/4/6/8; z-index: 4; @media (max-width: 767px) { } } .fe-block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544 .sqs-block { justify-content: center; } .fe-block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544 .sqs-block-alignment-wrapper { align-items: center; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .fe-block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544 { grid-area: 3/11/5/17; z-index: 4; } .fe-block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544 .sqs-block { justify-content: center; } .fe-block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544 .sqs-block-alignment-wrapper { align-items: center; } } .fe-block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd { grid-area: 8/2/9/10; z-index: 3; @media (max-width: 767px) { } } .fe-block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd .sqs-block { justify-content: flex-start; } .fe-block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd .sqs-block-alignment-wrapper { align-items: flex-start; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .fe-block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd { grid-area: 6/2/8/26; z-index: 3; } .fe-block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd .sqs-block { justify-content: flex-start; } .fe-block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd .sqs-block-alignment-wrapper { align-items: flex-start; } } </style><div class="fluid-engine fe-62ea4b106665d4c3996f05bc"><div class="fe-block fe-block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154"><div class="sqs-block code-block sqs-block-code" data-block-type="23" id="block-62ea4b104385be0f58789154"><div class="sqs-block-content"><center><h2 id="newsletter">Subscribe to our methods mailing list</h2></center> </div></div></div><div class="fe-block fe-block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544"><div class="sqs-block button-block sqs-block-button" data-block-type="53" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1708530585346_7544"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-block-button-container sqs-block-button-container--center" data-animation-role="button" data-alignment="center" data-button-size="medium" data-button-type="primary"> <a href="https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/YHLY3YL?Campaign=SiteFooter" class="sqs-block-button-element--medium sqs-button-element--primary sqs-block-button-element" target="_blank" > Subscribe </a></div></div></div></div><div class="fe-block fe-block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd"><div class="sqs-block socialaccountlinks-v2-block sqs-block-socialaccountlinks-v2" data-block-type="54" id="block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-svg-icon--outer social-icon-alignment-center social-icons-color- social-icons-size-small social-icons-style-regular " > <style> #block-62ea4b10b9d5b36ad4b7c7bd .social-icons-style-border .sqs-svg-icon--wrapper { box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px inset; border: none; } </style> <nav class="sqs-svg-icon--list"> <a href="https://twitter.com/SAGE_Methods" target="_blank" class="sqs-svg-icon--wrapper twitter-unauth" aria-label="Twitter"> <div> <svg class="sqs-svg-icon--social" viewBox="0 0 64 64"> <use class="sqs-use--icon" xlink:href="#twitter-unauth-icon"></use> <use class="sqs-use--mask" xlink:href="#twitter-unauth-mask"></use> </svg> </div> </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBvwezCD-116EczfhJIO5SQ" target="_blank" class="sqs-svg-icon--wrapper youtube-unauth" aria-label="YouTube"> <div> <svg class="sqs-svg-icon--social" viewBox="0 0 64 64"> <use class="sqs-use--icon" xlink:href="#youtube-unauth-icon"></use> <use class="sqs-use--mask" xlink:href="#youtube-unauth-mask"></use> </svg> </div> </a><a href="mailto:methodspace@sagepub.com" target="_blank" class="sqs-svg-icon--wrapper email" aria-label="methodspace@sagepub.com"> <div> <svg class="sqs-svg-icon--social" viewBox="0 0 64 64"> <use class="sqs-use--icon" xlink:href="#email-icon"></use> <use class="sqs-use--mask" xlink:href="#email-mask"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </nav></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </section> <section data-test="page-section" data-section-theme="white" class='page-section layout-engine-section background-width--full-bleed section-height--small content-width--wide horizontal-alignment--center vertical-alignment--middle white' data-section-id="606f09bf9fd45e6380f33b95" data-controller="SectionWrapperController" data-current-styles="{"imageOverlayOpacity": 0.15,"backgroundWidth": "background-width--full-bleed","sectionHeight": "section-height--small","customSectionHeight": 20,"horizontalAlignment": "horizontal-alignment--center","verticalAlignment": "vertical-alignment--middle","contentWidth": "content-width--wide","customContentWidth": 100,"sectionTheme": "white","sectionAnimation": "none","backgroundMode": "image"}" data-current-context="{"video": {"playbackSpeed": 0.5,"filter": 1,"filterStrength": 0,"zoom": 0,"videoSourceProvider": "none"},"backgroundImageId": null,"backgroundMediaEffect": null,"divider": null,"typeName": "page"}" data-animation="none" > <div class="section-border" > <div class="section-background"> </div> </div> <div class='content-wrapper' style=' ' > <div class="content" > <div class="sqs-layout sqs-grid-12 columns-12" data-type="page-section" id="page-section-606f09bf9fd45e6380f33b95"><div class="row sqs-row"><div class="col sqs-col-12 span-12"><div class="row sqs-row"><div class="col sqs-col-2 span-2"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-6122711c3e82e40fe777"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><strong>Research Stage</strong></p><p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><a href="/identifying-planning-research">Identifying & Planning Research</a><br><a href="/research-design">Research Design</a><br><a href="/data-collection">Data Collection</a><br><a href="/data-analysis">Data Analysis</a><br><a href="/communicating-research">Communicating Research</a></p></div> </div></div></div><div class="col sqs-col-2 span-2"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1627640190996_5841"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><strong>Topic</strong></p><p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><a href="/teaching-methods">Teaching Methods</a><br><a href="/tools-technology">Tools & Technology</a><br><a href="/methods-innovation">Methods Innovation</a><br><a href="/impact-society">Impact & Society</a><br><a href="/computational-social-science">Computational <br>Social Science</a><br><a href="/big-data">Big Data</a></p><p class="" data-rte-preserve-empty="true" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"></p></div> </div></div></div><div class="col sqs-col-2 span-2"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1630493174706_18934"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><strong>Discover</strong></p><p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><a href="/mentors-in-residence">Mentors-in-Residence</a><br><a href="/events">Events</a><br><a href="/videos">Videos</a><br><a href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a><br><a href="/monthly-focus">Monthly focus</a><br><a href="/methods-minute-newsletter">Methods Minute newsletter</a></p></div> </div></div></div><div class="col sqs-col-2 span-2"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1630493174706_14761"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><strong>Innovation</strong></p><p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><a href="/research-tools">Research tools</a><br><a href="/teaching-materials">Teaching materials for computational social science</a><br><a href="/sage-concept-grants">Concept grants</a><br><a href="/investments">Investments</a></p></div> </div></div></div><div class="col sqs-col-2 span-2"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1627640190996_8362"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><strong>About</strong></p><p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><a href="/about">About us</a><br><a href="/get-involved">Get involved</a><br><a href="/contact-us">Contact</a></p></div> </div></div></div><div class="col sqs-col-2 span-2"><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-2df54edd4065621db3cf"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <h4 style="text-align:right;white-space:pre-wrap;">Sage Research Methods Community</h4><p style="text-align:right;white-space:pre-wrap;" class="sqsrte-large">Brought to you by <br><a href="https://group.sagepub.com" target="_blank">Sage</a></p></div> </div></div><div class="row sqs-row"><div class="col sqs-col-1 span-1"><div class="sqs-block spacer-block sqs-block-spacer sized vsize-1" data-block-type="21" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1630493174706_39605"><div class="sqs-block-content"> </div></div></div><div class="col sqs-col-1 span-1"><div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1628249515136_20468"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class=" image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-below design-layout-inline combination-animation-site-default individual-animation-site-default individual-text-animation-site-default " data-test="image-block-inline-outer-wrapper" > <figure class=" sqs-block-image-figure intrinsic " style="max-width:2358px;" > <a class=" sqs-block-image-link " href="https://group.sagepub.com" target="_blank" > <div class="image-block-wrapper" data-animation-role="image" > <div class="sqs-image-shape-container-element has-aspect-ratio " style=" position: relative; padding-bottom:34.43596267700195%; overflow: hidden;-webkit-mask-image: -webkit-radial-gradient(white, black); " > <img data-stretch="false" data-src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png" data-image="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png" data-image-dimensions="2358x812" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" alt="Blue Sage logo." data-load="false" elementtiming="system-image-block" src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png" width="2358" height="812" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 8.333333333333332vw, 8.333333333333332vw" style="display:block;object-fit: cover; width: 100%; height: 100%; object-position: 50% 50%" onload="this.classList.add("loaded")" srcset="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png?format=100w 100w, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png?format=300w 300w, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png?format=500w 500w, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png?format=750w 750w, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png?format=1000w 1000w, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png?format=1500w 1500w, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/606f09be9fd45e6380f33b68/cd694054-0302-43b4-af81-e6d3f6b95a65/Sage_logo_RGB_navy_onwhite.png?format=2500w 2500w" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-loader="sqs"> </div> </div> </a> </figure> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html sqs-col-10 span-10 float float-left" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1630493174706_63843"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <p class="sqsrte-small" style="white-space:pre-wrap;"><a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy policy </a>| <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/accessibility" target="_blank">Accessibility </a>|<a href="https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/cookie-policy" target="_blank">Manage cookies</a> | <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/california-privacy-statement">Do not sell my information </a>| <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/copyright" target="_blank">Legal notices</a> | <a href="https://group.sagepub.com/about" target="_blank">About us</a></p></div> </div></div><div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" data-border-radii="{"topLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"topRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomLeft":{"unit":"px","value":0.0},"bottomRight":{"unit":"px","value":0.0}}" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1630493174706_67163"><div class="sqs-block-content"> <div class="sqs-html-content"> <p style="text-align:right;white-space:pre-wrap;" class="sqsrte-small">© 2023 Sage Publications</p></div> </div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </section> </footer> </div> <script defer="true" src="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/vta/5c5a519771c10ba3470d8101/scripts/site-bundle.c2cfdab736232e04f74312eb76d23dfe.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!-- Search Icon In Header Code from Will-Myers.com--><script>(function(){ // Desktop HTML let searchEl = `<div class="header-actions-action--social header-nav-wrapper"> <a href="/search"><div class="header-search-icon">Search</div></a></div>`; let referenceEl = document.querySelector(".header-actions"); referenceEl.insertAdjacentHTML("afterbegin", searchEl); // Mobile HTML let mobileSearchEl = `<div class="container header-menu-nav-item"><a href="/search"><div class="header-menu-nav-item-content header-search-icon">Search</div></a></div>`; let mobileReferenceEl = document.querySelector('[data-folder="root"] .header-menu-nav-wrapper'); mobileReferenceEl.insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", mobileSearchEl);}());</script><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" style="display:none" data-usage="social-icons-svg"><symbol id="twitter-unauth-icon" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path d="M48,22.1c-1.2,0.5-2.4,0.9-3.8,1c1.4-0.8,2.4-2.1,2.9-3.6c-1.3,0.8-2.7,1.3-4.2,1.6 C41.7,19.8,40,19,38.2,19c-3.6,0-6.6,2.9-6.6,6.6c0,0.5,0.1,1,0.2,1.5c-5.5-0.3-10.3-2.9-13.5-6.9c-0.6,1-0.9,2.1-0.9,3.3 c0,2.3,1.2,4.3,2.9,5.5c-1.1,0-2.1-0.3-3-0.8c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.1c0,3.2,2.3,5.8,5.3,6.4c-0.6,0.1-1.1,0.2-1.7,0.2c-0.4,0-0.8,0-1.2-0.1 c0.8,2.6,3.3,4.5,6.1,4.6c-2.2,1.8-5.1,2.8-8.2,2.8c-0.5,0-1.1,0-1.6-0.1c2.9,1.9,6.4,2.9,10.1,2.9c12.1,0,18.7-10,18.7-18.7 c0-0.3,0-0.6,0-0.8C46,24.5,47.1,23.4,48,22.1z"/></symbol><symbol id="twitter-unauth-mask" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path d="M0,0v64h64V0H0z M44.7,25.5c0,0.3,0,0.6,0,0.8C44.7,35,38.1,45,26.1,45c-3.7,0-7.2-1.1-10.1-2.9 c0.5,0.1,1,0.1,1.6,0.1c3.1,0,5.9-1,8.2-2.8c-2.9-0.1-5.3-2-6.1-4.6c0.4,0.1,0.8,0.1,1.2,0.1c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.2 c-3-0.6-5.3-3.3-5.3-6.4c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.1c0.9,0.5,1.9,0.8,3,0.8c-1.8-1.2-2.9-3.2-2.9-5.5c0-1.2,0.3-2.3,0.9-3.3 c3.2,4,8.1,6.6,13.5,6.9c-0.1-0.5-0.2-1-0.2-1.5c0-3.6,2.9-6.6,6.6-6.6c1.9,0,3.6,0.8,4.8,2.1c1.5-0.3,2.9-0.8,4.2-1.6 c-0.5,1.5-1.5,2.8-2.9,3.6c1.3-0.2,2.6-0.5,3.8-1C47.1,23.4,46,24.5,44.7,25.5z"/></symbol><symbol id="youtube-unauth-icon" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path d="M46.7,26c0,0-0.3-2.1-1.2-3c-1.1-1.2-2.4-1.2-3-1.3C38.3,21.4,32,21.4,32,21.4h0 c0,0-6.3,0-10.5,0.3c-0.6,0.1-1.9,0.1-3,1.3c-0.9,0.9-1.2,3-1.2,3S17,28.4,17,30.9v2.3c0,2.4,0.3,4.9,0.3,4.9s0.3,2.1,1.2,3 c1.1,1.2,2.6,1.2,3.3,1.3c2.4,0.2,10.2,0.3,10.2,0.3s6.3,0,10.5-0.3c0.6-0.1,1.9-0.1,3-1.3c0.9-0.9,1.2-3,1.2-3s0.3-2.4,0.3-4.9 v-2.3C47,28.4,46.7,26,46.7,26z M28.9,35.9l0-8.4l8.1,4.2L28.9,35.9z"/></symbol><symbol id="youtube-unauth-mask" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path d="M0,0v64h64V0H0z M47,33.1c0,2.4-0.3,4.9-0.3,4.9s-0.3,2.1-1.2,3c-1.1,1.2-2.4,1.2-3,1.3 C38.3,42.5,32,42.6,32,42.6s-7.8-0.1-10.2-0.3c-0.7-0.1-2.2-0.1-3.3-1.3c-0.9-0.9-1.2-3-1.2-3S17,35.6,17,33.1v-2.3 c0-2.4,0.3-4.9,0.3-4.9s0.3-2.1,1.2-3c1.1-1.2,2.4-1.2,3-1.3c4.2-0.3,10.5-0.3,10.5-0.3h0c0,0,6.3,0,10.5,0.3c0.6,0.1,1.9,0.1,3,1.3 c0.9,0.9,1.2,3,1.2,3s0.3,2.4,0.3,4.9V33.1z M28.9,35.9l8.1-4.2l-8.1-4.2L28.9,35.9z"/></symbol><symbol id="email-icon" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path d="M17,22v20h30V22H17z M41.1,25L32,32.1L22.9,25H41.1z M20,39V26.6l12,9.3l12-9.3V39H20z"/></symbol><symbol id="email-mask" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path d="M41.1,25H22.9l9.1,7.1L41.1,25z M44,26.6l-12,9.3l-12-9.3V39h24V26.6z M0,0v64h64V0H0z M47,42H17V22h30V42z"/></symbol></svg> </body></html> 
