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color: #ff0000;">Transistors</span></h1><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #000000;">What are Transistors?</span></h3><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A transistor is an electronic <a href="https://www.ssla.co.uk/buy">component</a> that is used in </span><b>switching</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and for </span><b>amplification</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of the electrical signals. Transistors had drastically revolutionized the world before transistors vacuum tubes were used. These tubes were not only bulky, but they also consumed a lot of power, resulting in a less efficient overall system. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, transistors are a lot </span><b>compact in size,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and they consume way </span><b>less power</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> than a vacuum tube. Modern transistors have a size in nanometers, and there are billions of them on a <a href="https://www.ssla.co.uk/about-us">signal</a> chip. Transistors can act as a switch with no moving parts; also, they can amplify a weak signal. Let us now discuss the basics of transistors.</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #000000;">Doping in Transistors</span></h3><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Modern transistors are made up of semiconductors like silicon. In the case of silicon, each of the atoms is bonded with four neighboring silicon atoms. There are no free atoms in the outermost shell for the conductance of electricity. So an atom of phosphorus is injected between those <a href="https://www.ssla.co.uk/">silicon</a> atoms, which creates a free electron in the system, and this process is known as </span><b>N-type</b> <b>doping</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Another type of doping is the </span><b>P-type doping</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in which a free hole is created/injected for the movement of electrons. Doping increases the conductivity of the semiconductor.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> There are three terminals of a transistor</span></p><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Base: </span>The base of the transistor is located in the middle of the transistor. The base is very <b style="font-size: 1rem;">thin</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and is always </span><b style="font-size: 1rem;">lightly doped</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. It forms two diodes circuits with the emitter and collector. By controlling the amount of current in the base-emitter, you can control the current at the collector’s end. This is the basic <a href="https://www.ssla.co.uk/referral">principle</a> behind the usage of transistors as a switch.</span></li></ul><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Emitter: </span>Emitter acts as the negative end of the transistor. It is a <b style="font-size: 1rem;">highly doped</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> section with a </span><b style="font-size: 1rem;">moderate width</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. This section is always set as a forward bias.</span></li></ul><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Collector: </span>Collector serves as the positive end of the transistor. This section is <b style="font-size: 1rem;">moderately doped</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and has the </span><b style="font-size: 1rem;">longest width</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> among all three sections. The wide length of this section allows it to collect the majority of the charge carrier that is supplied by the emitter of the transistor. </span></li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #000000;">Types of Transistors</span></h3><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Basically, there are two types of transistors</span></p><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)</span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Field Effect Transistor (FET)</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both of them have their own functionality with certain pros and cons. In BJTs, a small amount of </span><b>base</b> <b>current</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is responsible for controlling the large current at the collector end. In FETs, there are also three terminals, namely gate, source, and drain. For these types of transistors, the </span><b>gate voltage </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">controls the flow of current through the source and drain. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Now let us discuss the working of both of these transistors in detail</span></p><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bipolar Junction Transistor: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">BJTs are the most common type of transistor and are present in nearly every electronic device. It consists of </span><b style="font-size: 1rem;">three doped regions</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> named as the base, emitter, and collector. These transistors are further divided into two parts </span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">N-P-N Transistors</span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">P-N-P Transistors</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In an N-P-N transistor, a P-type doped semiconductor is placed in between two N-type doped semiconductors and vice versa. In N-P-N transistors, </span><b>electrons </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">are the majority</span><b> charge carrier</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> where else in </span><b>P-N-P transistors,</b> <b>holes</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> are the majority </span><b>charge carrier</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. In PNP transistors, the direction of the current is from the emitter to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor">collector</a> and is opposite for the NPN transistor. BJTs are</span><b> current control transistors</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> with </span><b>low input impedance,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> which allows a massive flow of current through the transistor. These transistors operate in three modes/regions</span></p><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cut-off Region</span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Active Region</span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Saturation Region</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For the cut-off region, the transistor remains at “OFF” state. To use the transistor as an </span><b>amplifier,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> we operate it in the active region. And in the saturation region, the transistor works as a </span><b>switch</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjU2IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzAwIDI1NiI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-7517" data-src="https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/npn-transistor-300x256.png" alt="transistors" width="300" height="256" data-srcset="https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/npn-transistor-300x256.png 300w, https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/npn-transistor.png 440w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-7517" src="https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/npn-transistor-300x256.png" alt="transistors" width="300" height="256" srcset="https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/npn-transistor-300x256.png 300w, https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/npn-transistor.png 440w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></noscript></span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The figure above represents both NPN and PNP transistors. The arrow shows the direction of the conventional current through the transistor.</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #000000;">Biasing in BJTs</span></h3><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the most common applications of the BJT is to use it as an amplifier. Where if you apply a time-varying signal as an input, then it produces an amplified signal at the output. This amplification is done using the energy supplied by the DC power source. This process of applying a </span><b>DC voltage source,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> which helps the transistor to function, is known as </span><b>biasing</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These are the commonly used methods of biasing in BJTs</span></p><ul><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Base Resistor Biasing or current Biasing </span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Feedback Biasing</span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Voltage Divider Biasing</span></li><li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Double Base Biasing</span></li></ul><p> </p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #000000;">Field Effect Transistor</span></h3><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Field-effect transistors also have three main terminals named as the </span><b>gate</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><b>drain,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and the </span><b>source</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Unlike the BJTs, these transistors are </span><b>voltage-controlled devices</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> with a very </span><b>high input</b> <b>impedance</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. The impendence ranges from several megaohms to much larger values, which allows a minimal amount of current to pass through them. These transistors use the electric field to control the flow of current through the source to drain. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyMzUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTY2IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjM1IDE2NiI+PHJlY3Qgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I2NmZDRkYjtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6IDAuMTsiLz48L3N2Zz4=" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-7518 size-full" data-src="https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/transistor.png" alt="transistors basics" width="235" height="166" /><noscript><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-7518 size-full" src="https://www.ssla.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/transistor.png" alt="transistors basics" width="235" height="166" /></noscript></span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The figure above represents an N-type FET. If the arrow is directed outwards, it represents the P-type FET. The </span><b>voltage </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">supplied at the </span><b>gate terminal</b> <b>controls</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the flow of </span><b>current</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from </span><b>source</b> <b>to</b> <b>drain</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Due to the </span><b>high impedance value</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">, these transistors </span><b>draw</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> a very </span><b>little</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> amount of </span><b>current</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the circuit, which is ideal as it does not disturb the power of the circuit. FETs are further divided into two main categories, namely JFETs and IG-FETs. MOSFET, also known as Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET, is the most common type of IG-FETs. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">FETs are ideal for applications like </span><b>current</b> <b>limiters</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to limit the excessive current from reaching the load device. Other than that, FETs are also used as </span><b>Multiplexers</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><b>Choppers,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><b>phase</b> <b>shift oscillators</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. For amplification, purpose BJTs are more suitable, but for </span><b>low noise amplifications,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> FETs are more desirable. On top of that, FETs occupy a lot </span><b>less space</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> than BJTs, so most of the electric components use FET in ICs. Another critical difference between BJTs and FETs is that the BJTs are </span><b>Bipolar,</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and FETs are </span><b>unipolar</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> devices. This means that FETs rely on either holes or electrons for its operation where else BJTs rely on both. </span></p></div></div><div class="vc_btn3-container red-button vc_btn3-inline" ><a class="vc_general vc_btn3 vc_btn3-size-md vc_btn3-shape-rounded vc_btn3-style-modern vc_btn3-color-danger" href="https://www.ssla.co.uk/contact/" title="">Contact Us</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="vc_row vc_row-fluid boxed"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner "><div class="wpb_wrapper"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></main><div id="contact_footer"><div><h2>Refer our IoT solution and Earn with us</h2><p>Contact us and one of our specialist will call you back</p><a href="http://www.ssla.co.uk/referral/" class="button1r">Refer us</a><a href="https://www.ssla.co.uk/buy/" class="button3r">IoT Store</a><a href="https://www.ssla.co.uk/affiliate-home/affiliate-register/" 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