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... llaborator on the CMS experiment.</p>]]></content:encoded>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/" > <channel> <title>RSS Univers</title> <link>https://www.universator.com/</link> <description>Univers</description> <lastBuildDate>Sat, 23 Nov 2024 12:40:34 +0100</lastBuildDate> <language>en</language> <sy:updatePeriod>daily</sy:updatePeriod> <sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency> <item> <title>When was the Higgs boson particle discovered</title> <description>Proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider show events consistent with the Higgs boson particle. Credit: CERN/CMS/Taylor, L; McCauley, T A newfound particle discovered at the world's largest atom smasher last year is ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/higgs_boson_found_scientists_find_god.jpg" alt="Higgs boson found: Scientists" align="left" /><p>Proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider show events consistent with the Higgs boson particle. Credit: CERN/CMS/Taylor, L; McCauley, T A newfound particle discovered at the world's largest atom smasher last year is, indeed, a Higgs boson, the particle thought to explain how other particles get their mass, scientists reported today (March 14) at the annual Rencontres de Moriond conference in Italy. Physicists announced on July 4, 2012, that, with more than 99 percent certainty, they had found a new elementary particle weighing about 126 times the mass of the proton that was likely the long-sought Higgs boson. The Higgs is sometimes referred to as the "God particle, " to the chagrin of many scientists, who prefer its official name. But the two experiments, CMS and ATLAS, hadn't collected enough data to say the particle was, for sure, the Higgs boson, the last undiscovered piece of the puzzle predicted by the Standard Model, the reigning theory of particle physics. Now, after collecting two and a half times more data inside the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) — where protons zip at near light-speed around the 17-mile-long (27 kilometer) underground ring beneath Switzerland and France — physicists say the particle is a Higgs. [In Photos: Searching for the Higgs Boson] "The preliminary results with the full 2012 data set are magnificent and to me it is clear that we are dealing with a Higgs boson though we still have a long way to go to know what kind of Higgs boson it is, " said CMS spokesperson Joe Incandela in a statement. Dave Charlton, ATLAS spokesperson agreed, the new results "point to the new particle having the spin-parity of a Higgs boson as in the Standard Model, " referring to a quantum property of elementary particles. To confirm the particle as a Higgs boson, physicists needed to collect tons of data that would reveal its quantum properties as well as how it interacted with other particles. For instance, a Higgs particle should have no spin and its parity, or the measure of how its mirror image behaves, should be positive, both of which were supported by data from the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Even so, the scientists are not sure whether this Higgs boson is the one predicted by the Standard Model or perhaps the lightest of several bosons predicted to exist by other theories. Seeing how this particle decays into other particles could let physicists know whether this Higgs is the "plain vanilla" Standard Model Higgs. Detecting a Higgs boson is rare, with just one observed for every 1 trillion proton-proton collisions. As such, the LHC physicists say they need much more data to understand all of the ways in which the Higgs decays. From what is known about the particle now, physicists have said the Higgs boson may spell the universe's doom in the very far future. That's because the mass of the Higgs boson is a critical part of a calculation that portends the future of space and time. Its mass of 126 times the mass of the proton is just about what would be needed to create a fundamentally unstable universe that would lead to a cataclysm billions of years from now. "This calculation tells you that many tens of billions of years from now there'll be a catastrophe, " Joseph Lykken, a theoretical physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill., said last month at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. "It may be the universe we live in is inherently unstable, and at some point billions of years from now it's all going to get wiped out, " added Lykken, a collaborator on the CMS experiment.</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Higgs Boson]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/HiggsBoson/when-was-the-higgs-boson-particle-discovered</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/HiggsBoson/when-was-the-higgs-boson-particle-discovered</guid> <pubDate>Sat, 23 Nov 2024 10:40:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Definition of gravitational constant</title> <description>British Dictionary definitions for gravitational-constant gravitational constant noun 1. the factor relating force to mass and distance in Newton's law of gravitation. It is a universal constant with the value 6.673 × 10–11 N ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/gravitation_part_1_millennium_physics.jpg" alt="Gravitation" align="left" /><p>British Dictionary definitions for gravitational-constant gravitational constant noun 1. the factor relating force to mass and distance in Newton's law of gravitation. It is a universal constant with the value 6.673 × 10–11 N m² kg–2 G Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Source gravitational-constant in Medicine gravitational constant grav·i·ta·tion·al constant (grāv'ĭ-tā'shə-nəl) n. Abbr. The constant in Newton's law of gravitation that yields the attractive force between two bodies when multiplied by the product of the masses of the two bodies and divided by the square of the distance between them. Also called newtonian constant of gravitation The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Cite This Source</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Universal Gravitation Constant]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/UniversalGravitationConstant/definition-of-gravitational-constant</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/UniversalGravitationConstant/definition-of-gravitational-constant</guid> <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 2024 10:40:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Creating dark matter</title> <description>Share This article At MIT, members of the DarkLight project are preparing to create tiny amounts of dark matter using a particle accelerator, to finally prove once and for all just how dark matter operates. As it stands, the ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/mits_darklight_project_prepares_to_finally.jpg" alt="A prototype dark matter" align="left" /><p>Share This article At MIT, members of the DarkLight project are preparing to create tiny amounts of dark matter using a particle accelerator, to finally prove once and for all just how dark matter operates. As it stands, the generally accepted theory is that almost 27% of the universe is fashioned out of dark matter, compared to just 5% for ordinary matter. We say “theory” because no one has ever observed dark matter (nor dark energy, which makes up the remaining 68% of the universe), but given our current understanding of the universe, it’s the explanation that makes the most sense. Not only do we not know if dark matter actually exists, but we also don’t know how it works — how it appears to exert gravitational attraction on the ordinary matter that makes up the visible, observed-by-humans universe. The leading theory for dark matter used to be WIMPs — weakly interacting massive particles — that only interacted via gravity and the weak force, making them very hard to detect. Following recent research results, though, a new theory is dark matter actually consists of bosons in the 10 MeV to 10 GeV range — essentially a massive photon, dubbed “A prime” or A’ — that couples to electrons and positrons. DarkLight is an experiment to prove (or disprove) this theory of dark matter’s form and function. DarkLight will use the particle accelerator at the Jefferson Lab’s Free Electron Laser, in Virginia, to bombard an oxygen target with a stream of electrons with one megawatt of power. This will be able to test for these massive photons at a mass-energy of up to 100 MeV. It is hoped that this hugely powerful beam of electrons will hit the target and create this theorized form of dark matter (A’ particles). The dark matter, if it’s created, will then immediately decay into two other particles that can be (relatively) easily detected. Sadly, it will now take a couple of years to build and test the DarkLight experiment [PDF], followed by another two years of smashing electrons into the target and gathering data. At that point, we should have a good idea about whether dark matter consists of A prime particles, or whether we’ve sadly been barking up the wrong tree. It we can pinpoint the basis of dark matter, it would be a truly monumental finding that would greatly enhance our understanding of the universe. After that, we only have to find a way of observing and understanding the other 68% of the universe that is apparently fashioned out of dark energy…</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Dark Matter]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/DarkMatter/creating-dark-matter</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/DarkMatter/creating-dark-matter</guid> <pubDate>Tue, 05 Nov 2024 10:26:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Dark matter space</title> <description>Credit: Karl Tate, Space.com Infographics Artist "The signal's distribution within the galaxy corresponds exactly to what we were expecting with dark matter — that is, concentrated and intense in the center of objects and ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/inside_look_the_evolution_of_a.jpg" alt="Of a “Dark Matter” Space" align="left" /><p>Credit: Karl Tate, Space.com Infographics Artist "The signal's distribution within the galaxy corresponds exactly to what we were expecting with dark matter — that is, concentrated and intense in the center of objects and weaker and diffuse on the edges, " study co-author Oleg Ruchayskiy, of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, said in a statement. Dark matter is so named because it neither absorbs nor emits light and therefore cannot be directly observed. But astronomers know dark matter exists because it interacts gravitationally with the "normal" matter we can see and touch. Dark matter and dark energy are elusive, invisible phenomena scientists have long been hunting. Will dark matter and dark energy ever be actually seen? Yes, it\'s only a matter of time and technology to see these elusive targets. Maybe, but scientists may debate the discovery for years before it is accepted. No, there are some things in this universe humans are not meant to understand. Get Results Share This And there is apparently a lot of dark matter out there: Observations of star motion and galaxy dynamics suggest that about 80 percent of all matter in the universe is "dark, " exerting a gravitational force but not interacting with light. Researchers have proposed a number of different exotic particles as the constituents of dark matter, including weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), axions and sterile neutrinos, hypothetical cousins of "ordinary" neutrinos (confirmed particles that resemble electrons but lack an electrical charge). The decay of sterile neutrinos is thought to produce X-rays, so the research team suspects these may be the dark matter particles responsible for the mysterious signal coming from Andromeda and the Perseus cluster. If the results — which will be published next week in the journal Physical Review Letters — hold up, they could usher in a new era in astronomy, study team members said. "Confirmation of this discovery may lead to construction of new telescopes specially designed for studying the signals from dark matter particles, " Boyarsky said. "We will know where to look in order to trace dark structures in space and will be able to reconstruct how the universe has formed." You can read the paper at the online preprint site arXiv: Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Dark Matter]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/DarkMatter/dark-matter-space</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/DarkMatter/dark-matter-space</guid> <pubDate>Sun, 27 Oct 2024 10:26:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>What is the definition of gravitational pull?</title> <description>Laurie bit his lips, and turning a little from the pensive speaker, read the following document, with praiseworthy gravity, considering the spelling:A large, civil cocked hat, like those worn by clergymen within the last thirty ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/iglobe.jpg" alt="This definition of gravity has" align="left" /><p>Laurie bit his lips, and turning a little from the pensive speaker, read the following document, with praiseworthy gravity, considering the spelling:A large, civil cocked hat, like those worn by clergymen within the last thirty years, surmounted the whole, furnishing dignity to a good-natured and somewhat vacant countenance, that apparently needed such artificial aid, to support the gravity of some high and extraordinary trust.I've bin kalklatin', " said Dick Mattingly, leaning on his long- handled shovel with lazy gravity, "that when I go to Rome this winter, I'll get one o' them marble sharps to chisel me a statoo o' some kind to set up on the spot where we made our big strike.Without appearing to differ, in any tangible way, from other people's clothes, there was yet a wide and rich gravity about them that must have been a characteristic of the wearer, since it could not be defined as pertaining either to the cut or material.A party of Indians - in their savage finery of curiously embroidered deerskin robes, wampum-belts, red and yellow ochre, and feathers, and armed with the bow and arrow and stone-headed spear - stood apart with countenances of inflexible gravity, beyond what even the Puritan aspect could attain.To see her, without a convulsion of her small pink face, not even feign to glance in the direction of the prodigy I announced, but only, instead of that, turn at ME an expression of hard, still gravity, an expression absolutely new and unprecedented and that appeared to read and accuse and judge me- this was a stroke that somehow converted the little girl herself into the very presence that could make me quail.The masts reeled, and the sails fell altogether, while we who were below all sprang instantly upon the deck, concluding that we had struck upon some rock; instead of this we saw the monster sailing off with the utmost gravity and solemnity.We thought the tissued, infiltrated head of the Sperm Whale, was the lightest and most corky part about him; and yet thou makest it sink in an element of a far greater specific gravity than itself.The boy drew his chubby face down to a formidable length, and commenced toning a psalm tune through his nose, with imperturbable gravity.Do I seem to have lost my solemnity, my gravity, my poise, my dignity?This vastly amused the spectators, and even broke down their studied and courtly gravity and surprised them into laughter.Tom looked up in her face with just a perceptible twinkle peeping through his gravity.</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Gravitational Pull]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/GravitationalPull/what-is-the-definition-of-gravitational-pull</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/GravitationalPull/what-is-the-definition-of-gravitational-pull</guid> <pubDate>Fri, 18 Oct 2024 09:18:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Gravitational force depends on</title> <description>Commonly referred to as gravity, it is important to encourage the use of the correct term, \x91gravitational force\x92. In the SPACE research report \x91Forces\x92 (Russell, et al 1998) clear stages in the progression of children\x92s ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/presentation_chapter_7_law_of_gravity.jpg" alt="Matter Gravitational force" align="left" /><p>Commonly referred to as gravity, it is important to encourage the use of the correct term, \x91gravitational force\x92. In the SPACE research report \x91Forces\x92 (Russell, et al 1998) clear stages in the progression of children\x92s understanding of gravitational force and associated phenomena are identified. This provides a useful framework upon which to consider and develop your own ideas. Gravitational force keeps things on the ground and stops them floating away At the simplest level this statement describes the most obvious phenomenon associated with gravitational force. Film of astronauts in \x91weightless\x92 or \x91low gravity situations\x92 clearly show what happens when gravitational force is not pulling with the strength that we are familiar Gravitational force is a property of the Earth and thus a pull from beneath The pull of gravitational force is directed towards the centre of the Earth In both cases, the word \x91pull\x92 is important as it starts to lead children away from the common misconception of \x91gravity acting as an adhesive\x92. The second statement clearly builds on the first and is exemplified by the children\x92s drawing of the Earth in cross section with arrows indicating the direction that gravitational force is acting which adorns the recent National Curriculum Attainment Targets (p22). Our society\x92s perception of geographical North being \x91above\x92 geographical South contributes to both children\x92s and adults\x92 inability to shake off the intuitive notion that \x91people in Australia should fall off!\x92 The size of gravitational force depends on the mass of the object being pulled by the Earth The size of this force is the weight of the object These linked statements are the root of much of the difficulty that people associate with an understanding of gravitational force. Children and adults when confronted with this statement find it hard to understand how the Earth\x92s gravitational force \x91knows\x92 that it must pull a bigger mass with greater force than a smaller mass. To help clarify this, adopt a simple, particulate model of matter that visualises all objects being made up of different numbers of unit masses (i.e. each unit mass is exactly the same). It is logical that gravitational force will pull on each unit mass with the same degree of force. It follows that an object made of two unit masses will be pulled twice as hard as an object made of only one unit mass. The same model helps overcome the difficulty of understanding why, if this is the case, do objects of different mass accelerate towards the Earth at the same rate (assuming that air resistance effects are ignored). This is counter-intuitive to the commonly held mis-conception that \x91heavy objects fall faster than light ones\x92 (even when experiments dropping objects such as screwed up balls of paper and steel kilogram masses prove otherwise). Gravitational force pulls on each unit mass with a constant force resulting in a constant acceleration (an increase in speed of about 10 metres per second every second). Whether it is pulling one unit mass or a thousand unit masses, this constancy of acceleration remains the same. [These two ideas of larger gravitational pulls on larger massed objects and the constancy of acceleration due to the pull of gravitational force regardless of the mass become confused, of course, because of the impact of air resistance on falling objects. This will be discussed in the section on friction and air resistance.] The notion of unit mass as being a constant value whether gravity is acting or not also helps us to distinguish between mass and weight. An objects mass is determined by the number of unit masses that make it up. Its weight is determined by the degree to which gravitational force acts on it. On Earth an object whose mass is 100 grams is pulled towards the centre of the planet with a force of 1 Newton. This is said to be the \x91weight\x92 of the object (i.e. the downward force it exerts because gravitational force is acting on it). In space where there is negligible gravity, the force on the object is virtually nil so the object, while still retaining its mass of 100 grams is now \x91weightless\x92. Gravitational force on the Moon is less than on Earth The Moon is a smaller object than the Earth and of lower mass. As a consequence, its gravitational field only pulls with a force of about a fifth of that of the Earth. An object of mass 100 grams which weighs 1 Newton on Earth would only weigh 0.2 Newton\x92s on the Moon (NB: the mass remains unchanged at 100 grams). The size of the gravitational force is determined by the mass of the object and the mass of the Earth or Moon There is gravitational force between any two objects Children and adults will come to accept that the invisible gravitational forces that they experience are associated with the unimaginably large masses of planets and other heavenly bodies. The idea that small massed objects such as themselves also exert gravitational force is often a step too far in terms of credulity! However accepting that this last statement is true, then the gravitational force between two objects is the sum of both. The size of this gravitational force is not only dependent on their masses but also the distance between these objects</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Gravitational Force]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/GravitationalForce/gravitational-force-depends-on</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/GravitationalForce/gravitational-force-depends-on</guid> <pubDate>Wed, 09 Oct 2024 09:17:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Universal law of motion</title> <description>While Copernicus rightly observed that the planets revolve around the Sun, it was Kepler who correctly defined their orbits. At the age of 27, Kepler became the assistant of a wealthy astronomer, Tycho Brahe, who asked him to ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/slide_14.jpg" alt="Slide 14" align="left" /><p>While Copernicus rightly observed that the planets revolve around the Sun, it was Kepler who correctly defined their orbits. At the age of 27, Kepler became the assistant of a wealthy astronomer, Tycho Brahe, who asked him to define the orbit of Mars. Brahe had collected a lifetime of astronomical observations, which, on his death, passed into Kepler’s hands. (Brahe, who had his own Earth-centered model of the Universe, withheld the bulk of his observations from Kepler at least in part because he did not want Kepler to use them to prove Copernican theory correct.) Using these observations, Kepler found that the orbits of the planets followed three laws. Brahe believed in a model of the Universe with the Sun (rayed disk) orbiting the Earth (black dot), but the other planets (symbols) orbiting the Sun. In an attempt to prove his theory, Brahe compiled extensive astronomical records, which Kepler eventually used to prove heliocentrism and to calculate the orbital laws. [Adapted from Tycho Brahe, Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata (“Introductory exercises toward the restoration of astronomy.”)] Like many philosophers of his era, Kepler had a mystical belief that the circle was the Universe’s perfect shape, and that as a manifestation of Divine order, the planets’ orbits must be circular. For many years, he struggled to make Brahe’s observations of the motions of Mars match up with a circular orbit. Eventually, however, Kepler noticed that an imaginary line drawn from a planet to the Sun swept out an equal area of space in equal times, regardless of where the planet was in its orbit. If you draw a triangle out from the Sun to a planet’s position at one point in time and its position at a fixed time later—say, 5 hours, or 2 days—the area of that triangle is always the same, anywhere in the orbit. For all these triangles to have the same area, the planet must move more quickly when it is near the Sun, but more slowly when it is farthest from the Sun. This discovery (which became Kepler’s second law of orbital motion) led to the realization of what became Kepler’s first law: that the planets move in an ellipse (a squashed circle) with the Sun at one focus point, offset from the center. Through Brahe’s astronomical measurements and Kepler’s own drawings of the geometrical relationship between the Sun and Mars in various parts of the planet’s orbit, Kepler discovered that planets moved faster when they were closer to the Sun. From this realization, he concluded that the orbit of Mars was elliptical, not circular. [Adapted from Johannes Kepler, Epitome astronomia Copernicanae (“Epitome of Copernican Astronomy.”)] Kepler’s third law shows that there is a precise mathematical relationship between a planet’s distance from the Sun and the amount of time it takes revolve around the Sun. It was this law that inspired Newton, who came up with three laws of his own to explain why the planets move as they do. Newton’s Laws of Motion If Kepler’s laws define the motion of the planets, Newton’s laws define motion. Thinking on Kepler’s laws, Newton realized that all motion, whether it was the orbit of the Moon around the Earth or an apple falling from a tree, followed the same basic principles. “To the same natural effects, ” he wrote, “we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes.” Previous Aristotelian thinking, physicist Stephen Hawking has written, assigned different causes to different types of motion. By unifying all motion, Newton shifted the scientific perspective to a search for large, unifying patterns in nature. Newton outlined his laws in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, ”) published in 1687. Law I. Every body perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed theron. In essence, a moving object won’t change speed or direction, nor will a still object start moving, unless some outside force acts on it. The law is regularly summed up in one word: inertia. Law II. The alteration of motion is ever proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed. Newton’s second law is most recognizable in its mathematical form, the iconic equation: F=ma. The strength of the force (F) is defined by how much it changes the motion (acceleration, a) of an object with some mass (m).</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Newton Universal Law]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/NewtonUniversalLaw/universal-law-of-motion</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/NewtonUniversalLaw/universal-law-of-motion</guid> <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 09:16:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Higgs boson models</title> <description>An artist's conception of the Higgs boson. Credit: sakkmesterke/Shutterstock.com Editor's Note: This story was updated at 7:20 p.m. E.T. For a subatomic particle that remained hidden for nearly 50 years, the Higgs boson is ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/higgs_boson_confirms_reigning_physics_model.jpg" alt="Higgs Boson Confirms Reigning" align="left" /><p>An artist's conception of the Higgs boson. Credit: sakkmesterke/Shutterstock.com Editor's Note: This story was updated at 7:20 p.m. E.T. For a subatomic particle that remained hidden for nearly 50 years, the Higgs boson is turning out to be remarkably well behaved. Yet more evidence from the world's largest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Switzerland, confirms that the Higgs boson particle, thought to explain why other particles have mass, acts just as predicted by the Standard Model, the dominant physics theory that describes the menagerie of subatomic particles that make up the universe. "This is exactly what we have expected from the Standard Model, " said Markus Klute, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and one of the researchers involved in the Higgs search. The new results show that the Higgs boson decays into subatomic particles that carry matter called fermions — in particular, it decays into a heavier brother particle of the electron called a tau lepton, Klute said. This decay has been predicted by the Standard Model. Even so, the findings are a bit of a disappointment for physicists who were hoping for hints of completely new physics. [Top 5 Implications of the Higgs Boson Discovery] God particle discovered On July 4, 2012, scientists at the LHC announced they had found the Higgs boson, an elusive particle first proposed 50 years ago by English physicist Peter Higgs. In Higgs' conception, in the blink after the Big Bang, an energy field, now dubbed the Higgs field, emerged that imparts mass to the subatomic particles that trawl through it. Particles that are "stickier" and slow down more while traversing the field become heavier. Because subatomic particles are either matter carriers called fermions, such as electrons and protons, or force-carrying particles called bosons, such as photons and gluons, the existence of the Higgs field implied an associated force-carrying particle, called the Higgs boson, which is like a ripple in that field, Klute said. The 2012 discovery left little doubt that the Higgs boson exists, and Higgs and his colleague, François Englert, won the Nobel Prize for the theory in 2013. But there were still many unanswered questions. Is there one Higgs boson or multiple? If there are multiple, what are their masses? And just how do these different-flavored Higgs behave? [Nature's Tiniest Particles Dissected (Infographic)] Well-behaved particle Of the billions of collisions produced by the LHC every second, just a few hundred had the signature energy levels associated with the Higgs boson, Klute said. When the LHC collaborators analyzed those Higgs events, they found about 6 percent of the elusive particles decayed into tau leptons, Klute told Live Science. And though not unexpected, the new results show no hint of additional Higgs bosons that would lend credence to alternate theories such as supersymmetry, which predicts that every particle currently known has a "superpartner" with slightly different properties. Unanswered questions The idea of the Higgs decaying to tau leptons was somewhat tacked onto the Standard Model after its creation, yet this "ad hoc addition to the Standard model turns out to be how nature does it, " Klute said. But there are still a few pieces left to complete the picture predicted by the Standard Model, said Nitesh Soni, a particle physicist at the University of Adelaide in Australia, who works on a different experiment at the LHC that focuses on similar physics questions. "The Higgs is predicted to decay into some other particles too, but those have relatively smaller decay rates and higher background" noise, making it too difficult to detect those particles from the current dataset, Soni said. New physics? Though the Standard Model has been stunningly successful at predicting behavior in the subatomic realm, there has to be more to the laws of nature, Klute said. "My hope was that we would already find some new physics, " Klute said. But he's not giving up hope yet. The hunt for new particles will continue once the LHC is turned on again at much higher energies in 2015, Klute said. The new analysis of the LHC data was published yesterday (June 22) in the journal Nature Physics. Editor's Note: This story was updated to add information on Nitesh Soni's research. Follow Tia Ghose on Twitter and Google+. Follow Live Science @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science.</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Higgs Boson]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/HiggsBoson/higgs-boson-models</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/HiggsBoson/higgs-boson-models</guid> <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 09:16:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Theory of quantum gravity</title> <description>This division is concerned with the unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics into a theory of quantum gravity, which should also provide a consistent framework for incorporating the other fundamental forces in ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/general_relativity_and_quantum_gravity.jpg" alt="Theory of quantum gravity" align="left" /><p>This division is concerned with the unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics into a theory of quantum gravity, which should also provide a consistent framework for incorporating the other fundamental forces in nature. Despite intense efforts over the last years it is far from clear at this time what a consistent theory of quantum gravity will look like and what its main features will be. In view of these uncertainties, the best strategy appears to be one which is both diversified and interdisciplinary. For this reason, the division aims to represent all the major current approaches to quantum gravity, in particular supergravity and string theory and their modern developments, as well as canonical quantization (e.g. loop quantum gravity) and discrete models of quantum gravity. The canonical approaches to quantum gravity emphasize the geometrical aspects and appear well suited to deal with unsolved conceptual issues of quantum gravity, such as e.g. the problem of time or the interpretation of the wave function of the universe. Important new insights have been gained over the past decade in the framework of loop quantum gravity, whose modern variants (spin foam gravity and group field theory) are among the division's main research directions. This approach, which complements and extends the old geometrodynamics approach, employs a non-perturbative and background independent framework allowing (at least in principle) to describe the fluctuations of geometry itself, and leading to a discrete structure at the Planck scale. On this basis, it is now possible to study the full quantum dynamics of gravity and space-time itself. Most recently, these concepts have been successfully applied to the study of cosmological and black hole singularities, where classical general relativity breaks down. In this way it may become possible to understand how the Big Bang singularity of classical relativity is “dissolved” in quantum cosmology. String theory, on the other hand, takes a very different point of departure in tackling the problem of quantum gravity. The requirement of mathematical consistency and the non-renormalizability of perturbatively quantized gravity, and the need to incorporate the non-gravitational interactions are likely to force us to modify Einstein's theory at the smallest distances (Planck scale). This may not only lead to a geometrization of the other fundamental forces (as exemplified by Kaluza-Klein theories and supergravity) and the unification of matter and gravity, but to an entirely new type of theory, which could explain how space-time is dissolved at very small distances, and in which Einstein's theory emerges only as an effective low energy theory, valid above distances above the Planck scale. Superstring and supermembrane theory, and supersymmetric matrix theory are the most promising ansaetze so far in this direction. Major progress in this area has been recently achieved by members of the division, in particular the framework of the so-called AdS/CFT correspondence, and the study of certain infinite dimensional symmetries, which might underlie a unified and non-perturbative description of string theory (M theory).</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Dark Energy]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/DarkEnergy/theory-of-quantum-gravity</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/DarkEnergy/theory-of-quantum-gravity</guid> <pubDate>Thu, 12 Sep 2024 09:13:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> <item> <title>Scientific law of gravity</title> <description>[Textbook disclaimers are down, but not out. This satirical look at "only a theory" disclaimers imagines what might happen if advocates applied the same logic to the theory of gravitation that they do to the theory of evolution.] ...</description> <content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="/img/two_new_improvements_in_googles_algorithm.jpg" alt="Search for “scientific law" align="left" /><p>[Textbook disclaimers are down, but not out. This satirical look at "only a theory" disclaimers imagines what might happen if advocates applied the same logic to the theory of gravitation that they do to the theory of evolution.] All physics textbook should include this warning label: This textbook contains material on Gravity. Universal Gravity is a theory, not a fact, regarding the natural law of attraction. This material should be approached with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically considered. The Universal Theory of Gravity is often taught in schools as a fact, when in fact it is not even a good theory. First of all, no one has measured gravity for every atom and every star. It is simply a religious belief that it is "universal". Secondly, school textbooks routinely make false statements. For example, "the moon goes around the earth." If the theory of gravity were true, it would show that the sun's gravitational force on the moon is much stronger than the earth's gravitational force on the moon, so the moon would go around the sun. Anybody can look up at night and see the obvious gaps in gravity theory. The existence of tides is often taken as a proof of gravity, but this is logically flawed. Because if the moon's "gravity" were responsible for a bulge underneath it, then how can anyone explain a high tide on the opposite side of the earth at the same time? Anyone can observe that there are two — not one — high tides every day. It is far more likely that tides were given us by an Intelligent Creator long ago and they have been with us ever since. In any case, the fact that there are two high tides falsifies gravity. There are numerous other flaws. For example, astronomers, who seem to have a fetish for gravity, tell us that the moon rotates on its axis but at the same time it always presents the same face to the earth. This is patently absurd. Moreover, if gravity were working on the early earth, then earth would have been bombarded out of existence by falling asteroids, meteors, comets, and other space junk. Furthermore, gravity theory suggests that the planets have been moving in orderly orbits for millions and millions of years, which wholly contradicts the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Since everything in the Universe tends to disorder according to the Second Law, orderly orbits are impossible. This cannot be resolved by pointing to the huge outpouring of energy from the sun. In fact, it is known that the flux of photons from the sun and the "solar wind" actually tends to push earth away.</p>]]></content:encoded> <category><![CDATA[Dark Energy]]></category> <link>https://www.universator.com/DarkEnergy/scientific-law-of-gravity</link> <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.universator.com/DarkEnergy/scientific-law-of-gravity</guid> <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2024 09:09:00 +0000</pubDate> </item> </channel></rss>If you would like to create a banner that links to this page (i.e. this validation result), do the following:
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